Article(id=1149844471094931908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.236, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1665331200000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-10, revisedDate=1671465600000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-20, acceptedDate=1674057600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-01-19, onlineDate=1752073884986, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752076373935, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073884986, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752073884986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752073884986, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=236, endPage=242, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844471480807885, articleId=1149844471094931908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Power Module Automatic Layout Optimization Based on Lattice Boltzmann Method, columnId=1153024086025429058, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Semiconductor Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the traditional power module automatic layout optimization algorithm, the electrical evaluation is inefficient and takes up a lot of computing time. To solve this problem, lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to replace the traditional evaluation method. Since LBM does not need to solve multiple invertible matrices, it can quickly judge the rationality of electrical interconnection and calculate the voltage/current. With the program of automatic layout design based on the genetic algorithm, an evaluation method of two-dimensional layout is established by using a D2Q4 lattice type, and the accuracy of the evaluation result under the layout scheme is verified by ANSYS Q3D software simulation. A comparative test was conducted in Python 3.10, and results show that LBM reduces the total time of scheme evaluation by 75.4% on average. Moreover, the more the number of loops in the evaluation scheme, the greater the computing advantage of LBM.

, correspAuthors=Puqi NING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoshuang HUI, Puqi NING, Jian CUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149844508260659444, articleId=1149844471094931908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的功率模块自动布局优化, columnId=1153024086184812611, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=功率半导体器件, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对在传统的功率模块自动布局优化算法中,方案的电气评估效率低、占用大量计算时间的问题,提出利用格子波尔兹曼方法LBM(lattice Boltzmann method)代替传统评估方法,由于LBM不需要进行多个可逆矩阵的求解,可以更快地进行电气互连合理性判断及电压/电流计算。首先,在基于遗传算法自动布局设计程序的基础上,采用D2Q4格子类型建立二维布局评估方法;然后,通过ANSYS Q3D 软件仿真验证了布局方案评估结果的准确性;最后,在Python 3.10环境中进行对比测试,结果表明LBM平均缩短了75.4%的方案电气评估总时间,且评估方案中回路数量越多,LBM的计算优势越大。

, correspAuthors=宁圃奇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宁圃奇(1982— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:半导体器件特性建模及模块封装技术。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=94MLB9/0J/ZDPdoId7e1pw==, magXml=rGXgWwcRVmWOixYj+h+bUA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0YJvD7yFnZVMqKIL1TlYBw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=k6/LKk08poctmwumWdsVPw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=P7Y4MFvR6rhDKOlYa5t25w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

回晓双(1999— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:高功率密度电机驱动系统的集成优化。E-mail:

崔健(1995— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车用电机驱动控制器优化。E-mail:

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回晓双(1999— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:高功率密度电机驱动系统的集成优化。E-mail:

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崔健(1995— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车用电机驱动控制器优化。E-mail:

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Layout of four typical power modules

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功率模块 需评估回路数 位置DNA 相对位置SP 旋转方向 衬底面积/mm2
桥臂模块 1 ‘31024130…000000’ ‘31024,13042’ ‘1010100100’ 696
半桥模块 2 ‘034156234…000000’ ‘0341562,3401265’ ‘10011000001111’ 1 092
全桥模块 4 ‘01458296371011…000000’ ‘01458296371011,10549287361110’ ‘101010101000010001000100’ 2 070
多芯片
桥臂模块
4 ‘206103748591021…000000’ ‘206103748591,021067384915’ ‘1010100101010100000000’ 1 980
), ArticleFig(id=1205931313534661403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844471094931908, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种典型功率模块的布局

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功率模块 需评估回路数 位置DNA 相对位置SP 旋转方向 衬底面积/mm2
桥臂模块 1 ‘31024130…000000’ ‘31024,13042’ ‘1010100100’ 696
半桥模块 2 ‘034156234…000000’ ‘0341562,3401265’ ‘10011000001111’ 1 092
全桥模块 4 ‘01458296371011…000000’ ‘01458296371011,10549287361110’ ‘101010101000010001000100’ 2 070
多芯片
桥臂模块
4 ‘206103748591021…000000’ ‘206103748591,021067384915’ ‘1010100101010100000000’ 1 980
), ArticleFig(id=1205931314730038044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844471094931908, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of time consumption of two algorithms on four typical power modules

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功率模块 矩量法 格子法 Q3D电感/nH
电感/nH 平均用时/(s·次-1) 电感/nH 平均用时/(s·次-1)
桥臂模块 10.593 0 0.064 0 12.095 0 0.260 9 11.542
半桥模块 9.319 0 0.171 0 10.701 0 0.746 1 9.707
全桥模块 22.778 2 0.789 3 24.823 9 2.406 1 23.235
多芯片
桥臂模块
8.652 9 0.812 2 9.800 3 2.433 8 9.404
), ArticleFig(id=1205931314834895650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844471094931908, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2种算法对4种典型功率模块计算用时对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功率模块 矩量法 格子法 Q3D电感/nH
电感/nH 平均用时/(s·次-1) 电感/nH 平均用时/(s·次-1)
桥臂模块 10.593 0 0.064 0 12.095 0 0.260 9 11.542
半桥模块 9.319 0 0.171 0 10.701 0 0.746 1 9.707
全桥模块 22.778 2 0.789 3 24.823 9 2.406 1 23.235
多芯片
桥臂模块
8.652 9 0.812 2 9.800 3 2.433 8 9.404
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基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的功率模块自动布局优化
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回晓双 1, 2, 3 , 宁圃奇 1, 2, 3 , 崔健 1, 2, 3
电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2025,23(1): 236-242
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电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2025, 23(1): 236-242
基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的功率模块自动布局优化
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回晓双1, 2, 3 , 宁圃奇1, 2, 3 , 崔健1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院电工研究所,北京 100190
  • 2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3 电力电子与电气驱动重点实验室(中国科学院电工研究所),北京 100190
  • 回晓双(1999— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:高功率密度电机驱动系统的集成优化。E-mail:

    崔健(1995— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车用电机驱动控制器优化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

宁圃奇(1982— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:半导体器件特性建模及模块封装技术。E-mail:
Power Module Automatic Layout Optimization Based on Lattice Boltzmann Method
Xiaoshuang HUI1, 2, 3 , Puqi NING1, 2, 3 , Jian CUI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.236
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针对在传统的功率模块自动布局优化算法中,方案的电气评估效率低、占用大量计算时间的问题,提出利用格子波尔兹曼方法LBM(lattice Boltzmann method)代替传统评估方法,由于LBM不需要进行多个可逆矩阵的求解,可以更快地进行电气互连合理性判断及电压/电流计算。首先,在基于遗传算法自动布局设计程序的基础上,采用D2Q4格子类型建立二维布局评估方法;然后,通过ANSYS Q3D 软件仿真验证了布局方案评估结果的准确性;最后,在Python 3.10环境中进行对比测试,结果表明LBM平均缩短了75.4%的方案电气评估总时间,且评估方案中回路数量越多,LBM的计算优势越大。

功率模块  /  遗传算法  /  格子波尔兹曼方法  /  阻抗评估

In the traditional power module automatic layout optimization algorithm, the electrical evaluation is inefficient and takes up a lot of computing time. To solve this problem, lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to replace the traditional evaluation method. Since LBM does not need to solve multiple invertible matrices, it can quickly judge the rationality of electrical interconnection and calculate the voltage/current. With the program of automatic layout design based on the genetic algorithm, an evaluation method of two-dimensional layout is established by using a D2Q4 lattice type, and the accuracy of the evaluation result under the layout scheme is verified by ANSYS Q3D software simulation. A comparative test was conducted in Python 3.10, and results show that LBM reduces the total time of scheme evaluation by 75.4% on average. Moreover, the more the number of loops in the evaluation scheme, the greater the computing advantage of LBM.

Power module  /  genetic algorithm  /  lattice Boltzmann method (LBM)  /  impedance evaluation
回晓双, 宁圃奇, 崔健. 基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的功率模块自动布局优化. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 236 -242 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.236
Xiaoshuang HUI, Puqi NING, Jian CUI. Power Module Automatic Layout Optimization Based on Lattice Boltzmann Method[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 236 -242 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.236
随着电动汽车的发展,功率模块正在向高频率、集成化、大功率、高效率和高温的应用方向积极发展[1]。性能和成本的要求促进了硅器件和碳化硅器件的发展,也推进了功率模块布局优化设计方法的发展[2-3]。2010年之前,自动布局算法可应用性较低,各大功率模块厂家的布局设计大多依赖人工经验和手动设计方法提出若干布局方案,再通过有限元软件评估其性能并开展对比分析,最后经过局部修改来达到使用标准[4-5]。由于手动设计多基于枚举算法,因此方案的生成与评估时间较长,备选数量较少超过30个[6],其主要缺点是备选方案选择有限,很难做到全局最优。
近10年来,电动汽车总体性能需求推动了碳化硅功率模块功率等级的增大,并联芯片数量越来越多[7]。为了更好地平衡并联芯片的电气和散热特性,出现了多种模块自动布局设计方法,并实现了功率模块性能大幅度提升和成本降低[8]。自动布局算法一般可以分为备选方案自动生成、方案评估和优化算法3大主要部分。其中,备选方案自动生成包括器件放置和布线互连,方案评估包括电气寄生提取和热分析[9],优化算法则包括遗传算法等进化性算法[10],该类方法能够有向性地探索大范围布局空间,降低陷入局部最小陷阱的风险,能够提供较为全面的优化方案。但随着芯片数量的增加,种群数量与备选方案呈指数级增长,若想保持较好的优化性能,遗传算法的计算时间将大幅增长[11]。经过调试发现,程序中寄生参数提取过程耗时最多,常规电气量计算方法多为矩量法MoM(method of moments)等[12-13]
为了降低计算资源,大幅降低自动布局所需时间,本文提出了1种应用格子波尔兹曼方法LBM (lattice Boltzman method)来实现布局评估。首先,梳理基于遗传算法的功率模块自动布局流程;然后,分析矩量法评估布局方案速度慢的原因;接着,详细介绍格子玻尔兹曼方法评估布局方案的流程,并通过ANSYS Q3D验证本文所提布局评估方案的效果;最后,对比2种方法的计算结果与速度。
遗传算法是根据大自然中的自然随机选择和遗传学机制,经过编码转换、生成初代种群、适应度评估、DNA操作(选择、交叉、变异)得到最优解[14]。由于布局方案的自动生成主要为放置与连线2个步骤,因此基于遗传算法的自动布局优化多分为内、外2个循环,外循环为芯片放置,内循环为芯片互连布线。每种芯片放置结果对应1组内循环,并将内循环布线的筛选结果作为该芯片放置结果的适应度参考,经过迭代筛选,最终可以得到最大适应度的布局结果。基于遗传算法的功率模块自动布局设计流程如图1所示。
每种布局方案中的芯片放置可以采用不同的DNA映射方法,如B-Tree、O-Tree、有向闭包图和序列对法等。本文选用序列对SP(sequence pair)方法[15],其中n个器件的各种逻辑排列方式均可以用2n位的字符来表示。图2为1个芯片放置DNA映射的示意,其中每个芯片4个旋转方向可以由2n个字符表示,芯片间距也可以由某个芯片的规定范围内间距值表示,n个芯片的空间布局可以由10n个字符的DNA表示出来。
当外循环生成芯片放置DNA后,内循环根据电路图连接情况应用衬底覆铜层实现芯片之间的连接。模块中各部件(芯片、功率端子、信号端子)端点的互连方法随机产生,可以得到多种互连的结果。互连完成之后,查明空白的阵点数目,作为衬底覆铜层覆盖的阵点基础,并在此基础上用随机散点的方式拓展衬底覆铜互连方案。覆盖过程中,及时判定互连合理性,可大大提高互连布线效率。内循环衬底覆铜层如图3所示,由此可以得到由1或0组成的长度达数百位衬底覆铜层的DNA。
传统的矩量法评估流程如图4所示。首先,对2组端点间的衬底覆铜层点阵进行编号并判断是否出现无效互连。对衬底覆铜层点阵编号多选用迷宫算法,主要包括数据准备、扩展过程和回找过程等[16]
图5为迷宫编号示意,若从起点连接到了错误的端子,则程序判断出现互连,该衬底覆铜层基因淘汰。在正常情况下,将源点处方格电压设为2 V,汇点处方格电压设为1 V。
首先,根据KVL方程可以得到
$4{U}_{n(x,y)}={U}_{n(x+1,y)}+{U}_{n(x,y-1)}+{U}_{n(x-1,y)}+{U}_{n(x,y+1)}$
式中:n为点阵编号;xy为坐标。
由式(1)可以看出,编号方格电压可以由周围4个方格表示,若周围有方格未铺铜,则用其本身电压表示,则每个方格电压的计算公式为
${a}_{n\times n}\cdot {U}_{n\times 1}={b}_{n\times 1}$
式中:a为系数矩阵;b为汇点与源点设置的电压。
然后,根据KCL方程,可以得到每个点的电流向量,其表达式为
$\begin{array}{l}{\dot{I}}_{n(x,y)}=({I}_{n}{}_{x},{I}_{ny})=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left(\frac{{U}_{n(x+1,y)}-{U}_{n(x-1,y)}}{2R},\frac{{U}_{n(x,y+1)}-{U}_{n(x,y\text{-}1)}}{2R}\right)\end{array}$
式中,R为衬底覆铜层电阻,$R=\rho \frac{L}{S}$,其中$\rho $为电阻率,L为导体长度,S为横截面积。
最后,根据麦克斯韦方程[17],该衬底覆铜层的磁矢量A与电感Lij的计算公式分别为
$\boldsymbol{A}=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4 \pi} \sum_{V} \frac{J}{r}$
式中:A为磁矢量;μ0为真空磁导率;J为电流密度;V为积分体积;r为求解点间距。
${L}_{ij}={\displaystyle \sum _{{V}_{i}}A{J}_{j}}$
式中,ij为具有不同源端子的电流路径。
格子玻尔兹曼方法是1种介于宏观与微观之间的介观方法[18],其将所有粒子的运动视为1个整体,而粒子的整体运动特性则由分布函数表示,可以看作是有限差分方法的特殊计算类型,不需要求解矩阵,易于并行计算,方便应用于各类复杂几何域。格子玻尔兹曼方法评估衬底覆铜层阻抗流程,如图6所示。
格子玻尔兹曼方程可以表示为
${f}_{i}(x+{c}_{i}\text{Δ}t,t+\text{Δ}t)={f}_{i}(x,t)+\frac{\text{Δ}t}{\tau }\left[{f}_{i}^{0}(x,t)-{f}_{i}(x,t)\right]$
式中:x为格子上的1个格点;ci为流体粒子的离散速度集合;Δt为离散时间步长;t为当前时间步;τ为松弛时间;fi为以速度ci运动的速度分布函数。该方程模型包含3个要素:粒子的离散速度集合、格子结构和演化方程,其描述了具有离散速度的流体粒子分布函数在1个固定格子上的运动过程。
本文采用LBM方法中的D2Q4模型,如图7所示,其中D2代表二维,Q4代表4个迁移方向,以此来求解功率模块的衬底覆铜层电参数。
通常LBM包含2个过程,即碰撞和迁移。无外力项时,碰撞过程和迁移过程的函数可分别表示为
${f}_{k}(x,y,t+\text{Δ}t)={f}_{k}(x,y,t)\cdot (1-\omega )+\omega {f}_{k}^{\text{eq}}(x,y,t)$
${f}_{k}(x+\text{Δ}x,y+\text{Δ}y,t+\text{Δ}t)={f}_{k}(x,y,t+\text{Δ}t)$
式中:k =1,2,3,4;ω为松弛频率,在本文中ω=1。
求解衬底覆铜层电感的平衡分布函数可以由式(1)得到,经过数百步长的迭代,即可得到每个衬底覆铜层方格的电压。每个端子的给定电压即为LBM方法的边界条件,在迭代过程中根据每个端子格点的电流方向可以判断衬底覆铜层是否出现互连,同时根据加压迭代的求解结果,也可判断每个回路是否连通。最后将电压、电流计算结果代入式(5)即可求解出所需电感。
为验证格子法的时间优势,本文在Python 3.10的环境下运行程序进行测试。在含有3端子、2芯片的桥臂模块布局中,矩量法和格子法得到的最优布局分别如图8(a)(b)所示,可以看出:由于计算时间优势,格子法可以得到适应度更高的最优布局,而矩量法的结果仅为局部最优解。
通过ANSYS Q3D软件对格子法和矩量法这2种算法的布局计算结果进行对比分析,可以验证格子法计算结果的准确性。然后,对出现互连后的判断用时进行对比,即随机引入互连情况多次运行程序进行计算,结果如图9所示;2种算法用时随运行次数的变化对比如图10所示。可见,2种算法均可以正确判断互连情况,但格子法用时较短,且平均节约了75.4%的时间。
图11为算法测试所用布局。针对图11所示的4种典型功率模块,将LBM方法放入本文第1节提到的遗传算法内循环,取不同计算次数所需的时间与传统矩量法的计算时间进行对比。4种典型功率模块的布局见表12种算法对4种典型功率模块计算用时对比结果见表2
图12为不同功率模块采用2种不同算法计算1 000次用时的对比,可以看出,随着所需评估回路的增多,LBM的计算优势越来越明显。
在功率模块自动布局优化过程中,本文所提基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的评估方法,避免了大量的矩阵求解运算,可以有效提高布局评估效率。通过不同拓扑结构功率模块的布局优化对比可知,相对于传统的矩量法,本文方法可以节省75.4%的计算时间,并且随着所需评估回路的增多,时间优势越来越明显。该方法对推动功率模块自动布局优化方法的应用具有一定意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFB2500600)
  • 中国科学院青年交叉团队资助项目(JCTD-2021-09)
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2025年第23卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.236
  • 接收时间:2022-10-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-10
  • 修回日期:2022-12-20
  • 录用日期:2023-01-19
基金
National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2500600)
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFB2500600)
CAS Youth Multi-discipline Project(JCTD-2021-09)
中国科学院青年交叉团队资助项目(JCTD-2021-09)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院电工研究所,北京 100190
    2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3 电力电子与电气驱动重点实验室(中国科学院电工研究所),北京 100190

通讯作者:

宁圃奇(1982— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:半导体器件特性建模及模块封装技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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