Article(id=1149844468288942481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.219, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647273600000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-15, revisedDate=1651420800000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-02, acceptedDate=1653321600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-24, onlineDate=1752073884316, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752076372553, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073884316, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752073884316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752073884316, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=219, endPage=228, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844468662235538, articleId=1149844468288942481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Modeling and Designing Method for Planar Differential Rogowski Coil for SiC MOSFET Short-circuit Protection, columnId=1153024086025429058, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Semiconductor Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of wide band gap devices, SiC MOSFET has been widely applied, and the research on its short-circuit protection has become an important topic to ensure the reliability of power electronic equipment. In view of the short short-circuit withstand time of SiC MOSFET and the difficulty in short-circuit fault protection, a short-circuit detection method for SiC MOSFET based on a planar differential Rogowski coil is proposed, which realizes a rapid identification of short-circuit fault by measuring the drain source current of the circuit and has advantages such as a fast response speed, a strong anti-interference capability and complete isolation from the main circuit. First, the working process of the SiC MOSFET short-circuit detection method based on the planar Rogowski coil is introduced. The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) modeling method for planar Rogowski coil is studied in detail, and an equivalent model which can reflect the coil’s high-frequency characteristics is obtained. At the same time, the influence of the geometric structure of the planar Rogowski coil on its performance is analyzed, and an optimal design scheme considering both the high gain and high bandwidth is proposed. Aimed at the problem of low measurement accuracy of the Rogowski coil in an environment with strong electromagnetic interference, a scheme of using the differential coil is put forward to improve the anti-interference performance. Finally, the anti-interference per-formance of the designed planar differential Rogowski coil and the reliability of short-circuit protection method based on this coil were verified by experimental results.

, correspAuthors=Zhen XIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Teng LI, Zhen XIN, Yafei SHI, Ju XUE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149844505253343410, articleId=1149844468288942481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=用于SiC MOSFET短路保护的平面型差分罗氏线圈建模与设计方法, columnId=1153024086184812611, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=功率半导体器件, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着宽禁带器件的发展,SiC MOSFET得到广泛应用,对其短路保护的研究成为保障电力电子设备可靠性的重要课题。针对SiC MOSFET短路耐受时间短、短路故障难保护的问题,提出1种基于平面型差分罗氏线圈的SiC MOSFET短路检测方法。该方法通过测量电路的漏源极电流实现对短路故障的快速识别,具有响应速度快、抗干扰能力强、与主电路完全隔离等优点。首先介绍基于平面型罗氏线圈的SiC MOSFET短路检测方法的工作过程,着重研究平面型罗氏线圈的部分元等效电路PEEC(partial element equivalent circuit)建模方法,得到能反映线圈高频特性的等效模型。同时分析平面型罗氏线圈几何结构对线圈性能的影响,提出兼顾高增益及高带宽的优化设计方案,并针对罗氏线圈在强电磁干扰环境中测量准确度较低的问题,提出使用差分线圈方案提高抗扰性能。最后通过实验验证了所设计平面型差分罗氏线圈的抗干扰性能及基于该线圈的短路保护方法的可靠性。

, correspAuthors=辛振, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
辛振(1988— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail:
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李腾(1995— ),男,硕士。研究方向:罗氏线圈电流传感器。E-mail:

石亚飞(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:碳化硅器件的电、磁、热感知。E-mail:

薛聚(1995— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:固态断路器。E-mail:

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李腾(1995— ),男,硕士。研究方向:罗氏线圈电流传感器。E-mail:

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石亚飞(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:碳化硅器件的电、磁、热感知。E-mail:

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石亚飞(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:碳化硅器件的电、磁、热感知。E-mail:

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薛聚(1995— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:固态断路器。E-mail:

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薛聚(1995— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:固态断路器。E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图11, caption=短路保护实验波形, figureFileSmall=nSisnvrjsbmGw7auyCBNIw==, figureFileBig=jrLhN2a4EhzqfLlUIb6KIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311617868069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844468288942481, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Parameters of short-circuit protection platform and devices

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参数 数值
母线电压VDC/V 400
直流电容C/μF 225
负载电感Lload/μH 245
回路电感Lloop/nH 25
导通电阻RDS(on)/mΩ 75
内部栅极电阻RG(in) 10.5
驱动电压/V +15/-5
栅极驱动电阻RG 10
), ArticleFig(id=1205931311743697195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844468288942481, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

短路保护平台及器件参数

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参数 数值
母线电压VDC/V 400
直流电容C/μF 225
负载电感Lload/μH 245
回路电感Lloop/nH 25
导通电阻RDS(on)/mΩ 75
内部栅极电阻RG(in) 10.5
驱动电压/V +15/-5
栅极驱动电阻RG 10
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用于SiC MOSFET短路保护的平面型差分罗氏线圈建模与设计方法
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李腾 , 辛振 , 石亚飞 , 薛聚
电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2025,23(1): 219-228
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电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2025, 23(1): 219-228
用于SiC MOSFET短路保护的平面型差分罗氏线圈建模与设计方法
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李腾 , 辛振 , 石亚飞 , 薛聚
作者信息
  • 河北工业大学省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室,天津 300130
  • 李腾(1995— ),男,硕士。研究方向:罗氏线圈电流传感器。E-mail:

    石亚飞(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:碳化硅器件的电、磁、热感知。E-mail:

    薛聚(1995— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士。研究方向:固态断路器。E-mail:

通讯作者:

辛振(1988— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail:
Modeling and Designing Method for Planar Differential Rogowski Coil for SiC MOSFET Short-circuit Protection
Teng LI , Zhen XIN , Yafei SHI , Ju XUE
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.219
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随着宽禁带器件的发展,SiC MOSFET得到广泛应用,对其短路保护的研究成为保障电力电子设备可靠性的重要课题。针对SiC MOSFET短路耐受时间短、短路故障难保护的问题,提出1种基于平面型差分罗氏线圈的SiC MOSFET短路检测方法。该方法通过测量电路的漏源极电流实现对短路故障的快速识别,具有响应速度快、抗干扰能力强、与主电路完全隔离等优点。首先介绍基于平面型罗氏线圈的SiC MOSFET短路检测方法的工作过程,着重研究平面型罗氏线圈的部分元等效电路PEEC(partial element equivalent circuit)建模方法,得到能反映线圈高频特性的等效模型。同时分析平面型罗氏线圈几何结构对线圈性能的影响,提出兼顾高增益及高带宽的优化设计方案,并针对罗氏线圈在强电磁干扰环境中测量准确度较低的问题,提出使用差分线圈方案提高抗扰性能。最后通过实验验证了所设计平面型差分罗氏线圈的抗干扰性能及基于该线圈的短路保护方法的可靠性。

SiC MOSFET  /  短路保护  /  平面型罗氏线圈  /  部分元等效电路建模  /  线圈设计

With the development of wide band gap devices, SiC MOSFET has been widely applied, and the research on its short-circuit protection has become an important topic to ensure the reliability of power electronic equipment. In view of the short short-circuit withstand time of SiC MOSFET and the difficulty in short-circuit fault protection, a short-circuit detection method for SiC MOSFET based on a planar differential Rogowski coil is proposed, which realizes a rapid identification of short-circuit fault by measuring the drain source current of the circuit and has advantages such as a fast response speed, a strong anti-interference capability and complete isolation from the main circuit. First, the working process of the SiC MOSFET short-circuit detection method based on the planar Rogowski coil is introduced. The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) modeling method for planar Rogowski coil is studied in detail, and an equivalent model which can reflect the coil’s high-frequency characteristics is obtained. At the same time, the influence of the geometric structure of the planar Rogowski coil on its performance is analyzed, and an optimal design scheme considering both the high gain and high bandwidth is proposed. Aimed at the problem of low measurement accuracy of the Rogowski coil in an environment with strong electromagnetic interference, a scheme of using the differential coil is put forward to improve the anti-interference performance. Finally, the anti-interference per-formance of the designed planar differential Rogowski coil and the reliability of short-circuit protection method based on this coil were verified by experimental results.

SiC MOSFET  /  short-circuit protection  /  planar Rogowski coil  /  partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) modeling  /  coil design
李腾, 辛振, 石亚飞, 薛聚. 用于SiC MOSFET短路保护的平面型差分罗氏线圈建模与设计方法. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 219 -228 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.219
Teng LI, Zhen XIN, Yafei SHI, Ju XUE. Modeling and Designing Method for Planar Differential Rogowski Coil for SiC MOSFET Short-circuit Protection[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 219 -228 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.219
与传统Si IGBT相比,SiC MOSFET具有禁带宽度大、临界击穿场强高和工作温度高等优点[1-2]。目前,中等电压等级的SiC MOSFET已实现量产,但是市场化应用尚不成熟,除成本高之外,可靠性低是制约其应用的主要因素之一。由于SiC MOSFET栅氧层可靠性较低,与同等级的Si IGBT相比,短路故障对SiC MOSFET的威胁更大[3]
退饱和检测法是当前SiC MOSFET应用最多的短路保护方案,该方案利用器件漏源极电压VDS与漏极电流ID之间的关系间接识别短路故障,但是受SiC MOSFET开关特性、输出特性和短路耐受力的限制,退饱和检测在实际应用中存在响应慢和精度低的问题[4]。栅极电压检测和源级寄生电感电流变化率检测也是常用于SiC MOSFET的短路保护方案,但也分别存在精度低及电气隔离差等缺点,无法被广泛应用[5-6]
文献[7]使用PCB罗氏线圈测量电路的漏源极电流,实现对SiC MOSFET短路故障的直接识别,具有速度快、精度高、与主电路电气隔离等优点,但是仍存在2个重要问题影响其在短路保护中的应用:①应用于短路保护的罗氏线圈需具备体积小、工作频率高的特性,然而线圈走线产生的寄生参数对线圈的高频特性影响显著,传统建模方法多使用集总参数模型,不能准确反映高频环境下走线对线圈特性的影响,无法指导平面型罗氏线圈的结构和参数设计;②应用于SiC MOSFET短路保护的线圈需要具有较高的带宽,但高带宽设计要求线圈减少绕组匝数并减小绕组面积,这会导致线圈的输出增益减小,抗扰性能降低,因此需要在线圈设计中协调高带宽、高抗扰和高增益之间存在的矛盾。
本文提出了1种基于平面型差分罗氏线圈的SiC MOSFET短路保护方法。相比于绕线型罗氏线圈,平面型线圈可以更紧密地贴近被测导线,使得线圈在微型、少匝数的情况下获得高增益,有利于同时实现高带宽与高增益,并且线圈使用的差分结构可以极大地提高线圈的抗干扰能力。同时,本文采了用部分元等效电路PEEC(partial element equivalent circuit)建模方法对线圈进行高频建模,得到线圈的高频等效模型,并在该等效模型的基础上分析了线圈结构与性能的关系,用于指导线圈设计[8]
本文使用的短路保护电路如图1(a)所示,包括SiC MOSFET驱动电路、短路保护模块和平面型罗氏线圈电流传感器。SiC MOSFET驱动电路施加栅极驱动信号控制SiC MOSFET的开通和关断。罗氏线圈与积分电路共同构成罗氏线圈电流传感器,通过电磁感应原理将漏源极电流i1(t)转换为同波形、成比例的电压信号Vout(t),并将电压信号输入到短路保护模块中。根据罗氏线圈电流传感器的电压、电流比例,在短路保护模块中设置与短路阈值电流Iref对应的阈值电压Vref。短路保护模块将输入的电压信号与阈值电压Vref进行比较,判断短路发生后立即控制SiC MOSFET关断。
短路保护电路工作过程如图1(b)所示。t1时刻前器件处于关断状态,t1时刻后器件开通,经开通延迟后器件电流迅速上升,罗氏线圈电流传感器开始出现输出,但是输出值未达到阈值电压Vref,不触发短路保护。t2时刻开始,器件处于负载电流上升过程,输出仍未到达参考阈值。t3时刻,主电路收到短路发生信号,发生短路故障,器件电流迅速上升,电流传感器的输出也迅速增高。t4时刻,电流传感器的输出达到故障电压阈值Vref,短路保护模块识别发生了短路故障,输出信号将驱动电路中的栅源极电压vGS降为负值,t5时刻器件开始关断。t6时刻,器件完全关断,短路故障被切除。
平面型罗氏线圈体积小、匝数少的特点使得传统的集总参数等效模型无法准确模拟高频环境中线圈的对外特性,因此需要使用更为精确的参数提取方法,建立能表征平面型罗氏线圈高频特性的模型。PEEC是1种结合了电路和电磁场理论的电磁建模方法,将基于积分方程的麦克斯韦方程的解转换成对应的等效电路,将电磁场问题转化为电路求解,从而获得线圈的寄生参数及高频等效模型。
图2为PEEC建模步骤。
首先,在平面型罗氏线圈上,根据建模需要划分出足够多的等电位节点,再根据节点位置进行2种网格划分:①模拟电流分布的2个节点之间的体积单元划分;②模拟电荷分布的以节点为中心的表面单元划分。
然后,在每个单元上通过离散化电场混合势积分方程MPIE(mixed potential integral equation)推导并获得PEEC单元等效模型。无限薄导体的准静态MPIE可以表示为
${E}^{\text{i}}(t)=\frac{J(r,t)}{\sigma }+\frac{\partial A(r,t)}{\partial t}+\nabla \Phi (r,t)$
式中:${E}^{\text{i}}$为外部入射场强;J为电流密度;r为场点位置矢量;σ为电导率;A为磁势矢量;$\Phi $为电势标量。
在每个单元上对MPIE进行体积积分,将MPIE中的电磁场参数表示为PEEC单元的等效电路参数。根据基尔霍夫定律,式(1)还可表示为
${E}^{\text{i}}\text{=}{R}_{\text{γ}}I+{\displaystyle \sum _{m}\text{j}\omega {L}_{{p}_{ij}}{I}_{j}+{\displaystyle \sum _{n}({P}_{i}-{P}_{j})}}{Q}_{j}$
式中:Rγ为所有单元的部分电阻之和;I为流过每个单元上的电流;ω为角频率;${L}_{{p}_{ij}}$为电感单元i、j之间的部分互感;Ij为流过电感单元j的电流;PiPj分别为电容单元ij的电位系数;Qj为电容单元j上的总电荷。
图3(a)为1个导体单元的等效电路模型,其中:Ri为节点i的等效电阻;${L}_{{p}_{ii}}$为节点i的等效自感;VL为受控电压源,用于模拟磁场耦合;CiiCjj分别为节点i和节点j的对地电容;φiφj分别为节点i和节点j的电势;isiisj为受控电流源,表示线圈中其余节点对节点i和节点j的电场耦合。
接着,将所有单元的等效电路根据MPIE方程连接在一起,可以得到平面型罗氏线圈完整的等效电路模型,如图3(b)所示。通过将基尔霍夫电压定律和基尔霍夫电流定律分别应用于电路模型的支路回路和节点,再根据等效电路模型列写出改进节点MNA (modified nodal analysis)电压方程,进而求出模型的对外输出特性。PEEC模型的MNA方程的一般形式为
$\left[\begin{array}{cc}sC& {A}_{L}\\ {A}_{L}^{\text{T}}& -(R+sL)\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{V}_{n}\\ {I}_{L}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_{\text{S}}\\ 0\end{array}\right]$
式中:AL为电感支路节点关联矩阵;CLR分别为电容、电感、电阻参数矩阵;s为拉普拉斯变量,s=jωVn为节点电压;IL为电感支路电流;IS为节点输入电流。由式(3)可以得出PEEC电路网络的节点导纳矩阵Yn
最后,进行平面型罗氏线圈PEEC建模的降阶。因为完整的等效电路模型通常过于复杂,无法直观地观察线圈等效电路与输出特性间的关系,利用广义特征值理论,在保留原模型物理意义的基础上将复杂的线圈模型降阶。
假设PEEC等效电路模型为无损模型,其GR矩阵均为零矩阵,Yn可以由式(3)推导为
$\begin{array}{l}{Y}_{n}=\frac{1}{s}{A}_{L}{L}^{-\text{1}}{A}_{L}^{\text{T}}+s{A}_{C}{C}_{\text{b}}{A}_{C}^{\text{T}}\Rightarrow \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{j}\omega {Y}_{n}={A}_{L}{L}^{-\text{1}}{A}_{L}^{\text{T}}-{\omega }^{2}{A}_{C}{C}_{\text{b}}{A}_{C}^{\text{T}}\end{array}$
式中:AC为电容支路关联矩阵;Cb为支路电容矩阵。
通过对比可得,jωYn=0与求取广义特征值的公式([A-λB]x=0)相同,因此PEEC等效电路模型可以使用广义特征值理论求解并完成降阶。首先计算jωYn=0特征频率和特征向量;然后在线圈使用的频率范围内适当选择降阶模型的节点数量,如有k个谐振点低于线圈测量的最高频率(n为网络划分的节点数,k一般远小于n),那么降阶后的PEEC电路模型至少应含有k+1个节点(含有1个参考节点);最后根据所选的降阶节点选择对应的特征值和特征向量,利用降阶后的电感矩阵Lr、电容矩阵Cbr与降阶节点对应的特征频率和特征向量之间的关系求取LrCbr,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\text{r}}={\left[{A}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}^{-\text{1}}{X}_{\text{r}}^{-\text{1}}{\Lambda }_{\text{r}}{X}_{\text{r}}^{-\text{1}}{A}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}^{\text{T}}\right]}^{-1}\text{ }\\ {C}_{\text{br}}={[{A}_{{C}_{\text{r}}}^{\text{T}}{A}_{{C}_{\text{r}}}]}^{-1}[{A}_{{C}_{\text{r}}}^{\text{T}}{X}_{\text{r}}^{-\text{T}}{X}_{\text{r}}^{-\text{1}}{A}_{{C}_{\text{r}}}]{[{A}_{{C}_{\text{r}}}^{\text{T}}{A}_{{C}_{\text{r}}}]}^{-1}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${A}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$为降阶后的电感支路关联矩阵;${A}_{{C}_{\text{r}}}$为降阶后的电容支路关联矩阵;Xr为由降阶节点的特征向量组成的矩阵,Xr=(v1, v2,$\cdots $,vk);Ʌr为由特征值组成的对角矩阵,Ʌr=diag(ω12, ω22,$\cdots $,ωk2),其中ωi为线圈的第i个谐振点角频率。
至此可得降阶模型的电感和电容参数,根据电路连接关系构建降阶后的等效电路模型,降阶模型的端口阻抗Zportr可以推导为
${Z}_{\text{portr}}={A}_{\text{r}}^{\text{T}}{\left[(s{A}_{{C}_{\text{r}}}{C}_{\text{br}}{A}_{{C}_{\text{r}}}^{\text{T}})+{A}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}{(sL)}^{-1}{A}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}^{\text{T}}\right]}^{-1}{A}_{\text{r}}$
式中:Ar为降阶后的电流支路关联矩阵。
设计平面型罗氏线圈的结构并通过图2的建模步骤对其进行PEEC建模,得到该线圈的高频等效电路及阻抗特性曲线,并与使用阻抗分析仪Keysight E4990A测量得到的曲线进行对比,以验证PEEC等效电路模型的精确度。
用于建模的平面型罗氏线圈如图4所示,分为上、下2层。其中:导体材料为铜;介质材料为FR-4,其相对介电常数为4.2;每个线圈匝数均为8匝,线圈外部长度a=23 mm,宽度b=17 mm,内部长度c=9 mm,两线圈间距d=3 mm;线圈走线的宽度为0.6 mm,厚度为0.035 mm,绕组间距为0.4 mm;电路板的厚度h=1.6 mm。
建模的第1步是进行网格划分,平面型罗氏线圈网格划分的基本原则是每最短波长λmin(对应于测量过程中的最高频率)使用固定数量的单元,以确保建模参数的准确性。本文线圈测量的频率范围为50 MHz以内,取其最短波长为60 cm,一般要求每λmin最少分为20个单元,即每个单元最多为3 cm。此外,单元的尺寸还应考虑以下条件:①单元的形状,在使用数值积分方程时,过大的长宽比会导致部分元计算出现误差;②对于重叠、平行或垂直的导体段,为保证计算的准确性,导体之间的离散化必须是对称的;③受计算成本的限制,过度离散化模型的计算时间和求解时间会急剧增加。综合上述要求,为保证建模精度及计算量均在合理的范围内,将导体单元划分为1.8 mm×0.6 mm的矩形单元。同时,由于走线的厚度较薄,因此可以忽略高度上的剖分。最后,线圈被分成486个节点,包括485个电感单元及486个电容单元,节点导纳矩阵的阶数为486,如图4(c)所示。
第2步,将网络划分得到的各节点坐标代入参数公式中,算出平面型罗氏线圈的部分参数矩阵。假定PEEC模型为无损模型,然后求解无损PEEC模型的矩阵jωYn的广义特征值,计算出线圈的特征频率为30、52、212 MHz等。
第3步,根据计算所得的谐振频率,分别计算两节点等效模型和三节点等效模型。以两节点模型为例,选择第1个特征频率作为降阶模型中的特征频率,降阶模型仅需保留2个节点,分别选为2个端口节点,利用式(5)得到降阶模型的电感和电容参数矩阵,使用经验公式得到降阶模型的寄生电阻。
平面型罗氏线圈降价模型如图5所示。图5(a)为两节点电路模型,寄生电阻R0=1.24 Ω,寄生电感L0=11.13 μH,寄生电容C0=2.51 pF。图5(b)给出了两节点降阶模型及三节点降阶模型的输入阻抗曲线和使用Keysight E4990A测量得到的输入阻抗曲线。由测量得到线圈的谐振点频率分别为31和43 MHz,使用PEEC计算得出的谐振频率为30和52 MHz。可以看出,在降阶时选择的频率范围内,使用PEEC模型预测的输入阻抗与测量阻抗非常匹配,说明可以使用PEEC方法对平面型罗氏线圈进行精确建模。
应用于短路保护的罗氏线圈需要同时满足高带宽和高增益的要求,而平面型罗氏线圈为实现这一要求提供了条件。罗氏线圈的线圈面积、线宽、线间距等几何参数在设计中具有较大的自由度,可直接决定线圈互感系数、寄生参数等参数,进而影响线圈传递特性、带宽及灵敏度等性能。
图1(a)包含了通过PEEC建模得到的平面型罗氏线圈高频简化模型,其中L0C0R0分别为由PEEC建模求出的线圈寄生电感、电容和电阻,RD为外接阻尼电阻。由等效电路可求出罗氏线圈的二阶传递函数G(s)为
$\begin{array}{l}G(s)=\frac{{V}_{\text{coil}}(s)}{i(s)}=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\frac{sM{R}_{0}}{{s}^{2}{L}_{0}{C}_{0}+s({R}_{\text{D}}{R}_{0}{C}_{0}\text{+}{L}_{0})+{R}_{\text{D}}+{R}_{0}}=\end{array}$
$\text{ }\text{ }\frac{sM{R}_{\text{D}}}{{s}^{2}(1\text{/}{\omega }_{0}^{2})+s(2\xi \text{/}{\omega }_{0})+1}$
式中:Vcoil为罗氏线圈感应电压;i为被测电流;M为罗氏线圈的总互感,影响线圈的增益大小;ω0为固有频率,影响线圈的带宽;ξ为阻尼系数,影响线圈的传递特性。
固有频率ω0及谐振频率f0的计算公式为
${\omega }_{0}=2\text{π}{f}_{0}=\sqrt{\frac{{R}_{0}+{R}_{\text{D}}}{{L}_{0}{C}_{0}{R}_{\text{D}}}}$
由式(8)可知,f0(即带宽)由寄生电容和寄生电感决定。
阻尼系数ξ的取值影响f0附近的传递特性:当0 < ξ < 1时,产生过冲现象;当ξ > 1时,引起线圈谐振频率及带宽降低;仅当ξ = 1时能获得最佳传递特性。ξ由罗氏线圈的寄生参数和阻尼电阻RD决定,在实际操作中可以通过调整RD的取值使ξ = 1,RD可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}{R}_{\text{D}}=-{L}_{0}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\frac{2\xi \sqrt{{C}_{0}({\xi }^{2}{R}_{0}^{2}{C}_{0}-{R}_{0}^{2}{C}_{0}+{L}_{0})}+{R}_{0}{C}_{0}-2{\xi }^{2}{R}_{0}{C}_{0}}{{R}_{0}^{2}{C}_{0}^{2}-4{\xi }^{2}{L}_{0}{C}_{0}}\end{array}$
平面线圈总互感M为各绕组互感之和,线圈的增益(即灵敏度SR)与M成正比,M越大,线圈的输出电压越大,其中单个绕组互感MN
${M}_{N}=\frac{{\mu }_{0}{l}_{\text{coil,}N}}{2\text{π}}\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{{d}_{\text{coil}}+{w}_{\text{wind}}+{w}_{\text{coil,}N}}{{d}_{\text{coil}}+{w}_{\text{wind}}}\right)$
式中:μ0为真空磁导率;lcoil,Nwcoil,N分别为第N匝线圈的长度和宽度;dcoil为线圈与被测导线之间的距离;wwind为线宽。
由式(10)可知,互感M取决于每个绕组的面积和线圈绕组匝数。为了获得更大的M,线宽及线间距应尽可能小,以便获得绕组的最大匝数和最大面积。一般来说,线圈面积越大,M越大。
综上所述,罗氏线圈的传递特性、灵敏度及带宽受线圈的互感系数和寄生参数影响,而互感系数与寄生参数又由线圈的几何结构决定,因此可以通过对几何结构进行优化设计提高线圈性能。
线圈输出特性与几何结构的关系如图6所示。图6(a)为1 MHz频率下灵敏度SR的变化,可见,随着绕组匝数N的增加,互感M逐渐增加,并在匝数达到一定值时SR达到最大值。图6(b)ξ = 1时罗氏线圈的带宽变化曲线,可见,随着N的增加,罗氏线圈的谐振频率降低。此外,根据图6可得,减小绕组宽度可以同时提高线圈的带宽和灵敏度。
综上可得:线圈面积越大,灵敏度越高;减小绕组宽度有利于提高线圈灵敏度SR和带宽;减小绕组的间距可以提高灵敏度SR。因此在设计中,罗氏线圈的线宽和绕组间距应取按照制作工艺可达到的最小值,本文均取0.125 mm,线圈尺寸设定为3 mm×5 mm,至此所有几何参数均已给出。
图7中分别给出阻尼系数ξ=1时灵敏度和谐振频率f0(此处带宽等于f0)随线圈匝数变化的曲线。用于短路保护的平面型罗氏线圈的目标带宽为50~100 MHz,为确保线圈在测量时带宽有足够的裕量,应将罗氏线圈的最大带宽取为目标带宽的5~7倍,本文取500 MHz。由图7曲线可见,当N=5时,线圈的谐振频率f0=470 MHz,满足短路保护中平面型罗氏线圈的带宽需求,同时SR仅比最大值-31 dB减少了1 dB,因此认为N=5的线圈结构为满足需求的最佳设计。
平面型罗氏线圈差分抗扰设方案如图8所示。罗氏线圈与被测器件距离较近,将在器件与线圈的 2个输出端子间引入较大的耦合电容CPACPB,如图8(a)所示,测量时外部的大电压梯度变化uext(t)通过耦合电容引入耦合电流icouple(t),电容耦合电流在流经线圈的寄生电感、电阻时会产生耦合电压ucouple(t),ucouple(t)会叠加到线圈感应电压e(t)上,从而使线圈的输出电压波形出现较大电压偏差。因此本文采用差分设计,在被测导线另一侧增加1个对称的线圈,并将第1个线圈的一端和第2个线圈的另一端接地,等效电路如图8(b)所示,模型如 图8(c)所示,2个线圈的等效电路相同,由此引入的电压波动极性与大小均相同,从而形成共模信号,可以通过线圈后续的差分电路相互抵消,消除由于耦合电容产生的干扰。
最终设计的平面型差分罗氏线圈的几何参数:绕组匝数N=5,走线宽度w=0.125 mm,绕组间隙s=0.125 mm,线圈面积S=3 mm×5 mm=15 mm2,介质厚度h=1.6 mm,两对称线圈的间距d=2 mm。通过PEEC建模得出该线圈的性能参数:寄生电阻R0= 0.241 Ω,寄生电感L0=96.24 nH,寄生电容C0= 1.329 pF,阻尼电阻RD=260.88 Ω,带宽为445 MHz,1 MHz时的线圈增益为-33.62 dB,改进后的差分线圈与单侧线圈相比虽然牺牲了一部分带宽和增益,但是提高了线圈的抗干扰能力,保证了测量的精确度。
平面型差分罗氏线圈短路保护平台如图9(a)所示,基于CREE公司的1200 V 30 A SiC MOSFET模块C3M0075120K进行实验。平台的上管为短路触发电路,用于控制平台发生短路;平台的下管与罗氏线圈电流传感器共同组成漏源极电流采样电路。实验中通过控制下管的开断产生双脉冲电流波形,然后使用平面型差分罗氏线圈电流传感器在线检测短路平台的漏源极电流,并将测得的信号传送至短路保护模块中。短路保护模块将测得的电流信号与阈值电压Vref进行比较,如果该信号超过阈值电压,则立即触发短路保护,控制下管关断。图9(b)为短路保护平台的等效电路,具体参数见表1
将平面型罗氏线圈和积分器串联,测量基于SiC MOSFET产生的双脉冲电流波形。图10(a)比较了商用电流传感器的电流波形和未加差分的平面型罗氏线圈电流传感器的电流波形,可以看出,罗氏线圈得到的电流波形存在振荡,这是由于器件外部的大电压梯度变化通过寄生耦合电容CP向线圈注入耦合电流造成的。本文使用了差分线圈结构,在被测导线两侧首尾相连的位置放置2个对称线圈,使得由耦合电容产生的电压波形极性相同从而相互抵消,测量结果如图10(b)所示,可见,差分结构大大降低了外部干扰,使得电流波形得到了较好再现。
SiC MOSFET的短路故障主要分为2种情况:硬开关短路故障HSF(hard switching fault)和负载短路故障FUL(fault under load)。HSF是指器件在导通之前已处于短路回路中,即器件一导通就会发生短路故障;FUL是指器件在正常工作状态下,负载发生短路引起的故障。为了测试所设计保护电路的实际效果,进行2组实验,分别模拟SiC MOSFET发生硬开关短路故障和负载短路故障。SiC MOSFET短路承受时间仅为2 μs左右[9-10],并且随着母线电压和温度的升高,其短路承受时间进一步降低,为了减少短路保护的动作时间,一般将短路阈值电流设置为SiC MOSFET最大工作电流的2~3倍。此外,由于平面型差分罗氏线圈的抗扰性较强,因此可以忽略因外部干扰造成的误动作,将短路保护的电流阈值设置的较低。综合考虑短路保护对快速性、可靠性的要求,本文中将短路阈值电流Iref设置为SiC MOSFET最大工作电流的约1.5倍,即44 A。
实验结果如图11所示,可见:当发生负载短路故障时,漏源极电流IROG升高,在60 ns时达到阈值电流,此时短路保护模块动作,通过降低栅源极电压VGS控制器件关断,最终在180 ns后器件完全关断,此时漏源极电压VDS达到稳定状态;发生硬开关短路故障时,在SiC MOSFET驱动电路的驱动信号控制下器件开通,在经过80 ns后电流达到阈值,短路保护动作并输出信号,最终在180 ns内控制器件关断。
本文提出了1种基于平面型罗氏线圈的SiC MOSFET短路保护方法,通过直接检测器件电流状态进行短路诊断,可以实现快速、准确、可靠的短路保护,且响应时间几乎不受短路故障类型的影响。针对微型线圈建模难、设计难的问题,本文使用PEEC建模方法得到了计及走线的高频等效模型,通过将模型的输入阻抗特性曲线与使用阻抗分析仪得到的曲线进行对比,验证了该建模方法的准确性。 利用PEEC建模得到的线圈模型辅助分析平面型罗氏线圈的输出性能与几何结构的关系,通过分析结果指导线圈设计,得到了在3 mm×5 mm尺寸下兼具高带宽和高增益的线圈结构。同时还引入了差分抗扰方案,将由于电场耦合引入的干扰电压大幅降低,提高了线圈测量结果的精确度。最后通过实验验证了本文设计的平面型罗氏线圈满足SiC MOSFET器件短路保护对快速性、准确性和抗扰性的要求。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(51907048)
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2025年第23卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.219
  • 接收时间:2022-03-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-15
  • 修回日期:2022-05-02
  • 录用日期:2022-05-24
基金
Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51907048)
国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(51907048)
作者信息
    河北工业大学省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室,天津 300130

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辛振(1988— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail:
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光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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