Article(id=1149844395446465141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.232, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650816000000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-25, revisedDate=1657987200000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-17, acceptedDate=1658160000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-07-19, onlineDate=1752073866949, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752075833900, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866949, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752073866949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752073866949, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=232, endPage=239, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844396117553788, articleId=1149844395446465141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery Based on WOA Optimized Extended Kalman Algorithm, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development of industry and economy has caused a huge consumption of energy, which brings serious energy crisis and environmental pollution. Therefore, building a safe and clean energy interconnection network is a way to solve the relationship among social development, environment and energy at present. Nowadays, different countries have proposed their policies for the development of new energy electric vehicles (EVs). As the core component of EVs, lithium-ion batteries are directly related to the driving performance and safety of EVs. The state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is a core parameter of lithium-ion batteries used in various industries, and the estimation accuracy is directly related to the service life and efficiency of batteries. In this paper, the problem of battery SOC estimation accuracy in EV applications is studied, and an SOC estimation method based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) optimized by the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is proposed. On the basis of constructing the covariance matrix of system noise and observation noise, the improved and optimized WOA-EKF algorithm is used to optimize the noise covariance matrix under dynamic conditions, thus improving the SOC estimation accuracy. The model parameter identification and comparative simulation verification are carried out in MATLAB/ Simulink. Results show that the SOC estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on the WOA optimized EKF algorithm can control the SOC estimation error to be within 2% under different working conditions, which is of significance to the promotion of develop- ment of batteries in the new energy field.

, correspAuthors=Aoran XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Aoran XU, Jing DAI, Cailian GU, Xuemin LENG, Jiahe WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149844440556204893, articleId=1149844395446465141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=基于WOA优化扩展卡尔曼算法的锂离子电池SOC估算研究, columnId=1149830274575463188, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电池与储能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

工业和经济的发展对能源造成了巨大的消耗,同时也带来了严重的能源危机和环境污染,而构建安全、清洁的能源互联网络是解决当今社会发展和环境、能源关系的途径。现在各国都提出新能源电动汽车发展政策,锂离子电池作为电动汽车的核心部件直接关系着它的行驶性能和安全性。电池的荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)作为锂离子电池应用在各个行业的核心参数,其估算精度直接关系到电池的使用寿命和效率。针对电动汽车应用中电池SOC估算精度存在的问题进行研究,提出基于鲸鱼优化算法WOA(whale optimization algorithm)优化扩展卡尔曼滤波EKF(extended Kalman filter)的SOC估算方法,在构建系统噪声和观测噪声的协方差矩阵的基础上,在动态工况下利用改进优化后的WOA-EKF算法优化噪声协方差矩阵,提高SOC估算精度。并在MATLAB/Simulink中进行了模型参数辨识和对比仿真验证,结果表明:基于WOA优化扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的锂离子电池SOC估算能够在不同的工况下控制SOC估算误差在2%以内,在促进电池在新能源领域中的进一步发展方面具有一定的研究意义。

, correspAuthors=许傲然, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
许傲然(1983— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:
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戴菁(1991— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电力设备检测及继电保护。E-mail:

谷彩莲(1980— ),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

冷雪敏(1986— ),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

魏家和(2003— ),男,本科。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

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戴菁(1991— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电力设备检测及继电保护。E-mail:

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戴菁(1991— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电力设备检测及继电保护。E-mail:

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谷彩莲(1980— ),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

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谷彩莲(1980— ),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

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冷雪敏(1986— ),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

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冷雪敏(1986— ),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

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魏家和(2003— ),男,本科。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

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魏家和(2003— ),男,本科。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

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SOC estimation accuracy under DST and NEDC conditions, figureFileSmall=wLmVjMjmb7BhH2vBqpgpIA==, figureFileBig=CuptyxozHHJlRQXX2i8MkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945145619448452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844395446465141, language=CN, label=图6, caption=DST和NEDC工况下的SOC估算精度对比, figureFileSmall=wLmVjMjmb7BhH2vBqpgpIA==, figureFileBig=CuptyxozHHJlRQXX2i8MkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945145724306059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844395446465141, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Main performance parameters of battery sample

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参数 数值
额定容量/(mA·h) 1 500
额定电压/V 3.20
充电截止电压/V 3.65
放电截止电压/V 2.50
欧姆内阻/Ω 28
最大放电持续电流/A 2
工作温度/℃ 25
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样品电池主要性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定容量/(mA·h) 1 500
额定电压/V 3.20
充电截止电压/V 3.65
放电截止电压/V 2.50
欧姆内阻/Ω 28
最大放电持续电流/A 2
工作温度/℃ 25
), ArticleFig(id=1205945145929826976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844395446465141, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Offline identification test data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${}_{}^{}{\text{SOC}}_{}^{}$ $R_{\mathrm{s}}$ $R_{\mathrm{m}}$ $R_{\mathrm{l}}$ $C_{\mathrm{s}}$ $C_{\mathrm{m}}$ $C_{\mathrm{l}}$
1.00 0.281 0.056 0.009 565 4 104 835
0.90 0.278 0.057 0.008 625 5 028 970
0.80 0.264 0.062 0.009 570 4 104 853
0.70 0.260 0.058 0.036 541 1 029 795
0.60 0.260 0.046 0.046 778 3 581 1 020
0.50 0.600 0.042 0.016 761 2 582 1 080
0.40 0.260 0.043 0.015 780 2 170 1 133
0.30 0.268 0.045 0.026 845 1 303 1 205
0.20 0.265 0.049 0.037 897 1 365 1 238
0.10 0.257 0.065 0.016 452 2 141 655
0.05 0.349 0.195 0.056 44.3 2 230 108
), ArticleFig(id=1205945146085016235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844395446465141, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

离线辨识测试数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${}_{}^{}{\text{SOC}}_{}^{}$ $R_{\mathrm{s}}$ $R_{\mathrm{m}}$ $R_{\mathrm{l}}$ $C_{\mathrm{s}}$ $C_{\mathrm{m}}$ $C_{\mathrm{l}}$
1.00 0.281 0.056 0.009 565 4 104 835
0.90 0.278 0.057 0.008 625 5 028 970
0.80 0.264 0.062 0.009 570 4 104 853
0.70 0.260 0.058 0.036 541 1 029 795
0.60 0.260 0.046 0.046 778 3 581 1 020
0.50 0.600 0.042 0.016 761 2 582 1 080
0.40 0.260 0.043 0.015 780 2 170 1 133
0.30 0.268 0.045 0.026 845 1 303 1 205
0.20 0.265 0.049 0.037 897 1 365 1 238
0.10 0.257 0.065 0.016 452 2 141 655
0.05 0.349 0.195 0.056 44.3 2 230 108
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基于WOA优化扩展卡尔曼算法的锂离子电池SOC估算研究
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许傲然 1 , 戴菁 2 , 谷彩莲 1 , 冷雪敏 1 , 魏家和 1
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2025,23(2): 232-239
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2025, 23(2): 232-239
基于WOA优化扩展卡尔曼算法的锂离子电池SOC估算研究
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许傲然1 , 戴菁2 , 谷彩莲1 , 冷雪敏1 , 魏家和1
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳工程学院电力学院, 沈阳 110136
  • 2 国网辽宁省电力有限公司营销服务中心, 沈阳 110136
  • 戴菁(1991— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电力设备检测及继电保护。E-mail:

    谷彩莲(1980— ),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

    冷雪敏(1986— ),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

    魏家和(2003— ),男,本科。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

许傲然(1983— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:
Research on SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery Based on WOA Optimized Extended Kalman Algorithm
Aoran XU1 , Jing DAI2 , Cailian GU1 , Xuemin LENG1 , Jiahe WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electric Power, Shenyang Institute of Engineering, Shenyang 110136, China
  • 2 Marketing Service Center, State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Supply Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110136, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.232
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工业和经济的发展对能源造成了巨大的消耗,同时也带来了严重的能源危机和环境污染,而构建安全、清洁的能源互联网络是解决当今社会发展和环境、能源关系的途径。现在各国都提出新能源电动汽车发展政策,锂离子电池作为电动汽车的核心部件直接关系着它的行驶性能和安全性。电池的荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)作为锂离子电池应用在各个行业的核心参数,其估算精度直接关系到电池的使用寿命和效率。针对电动汽车应用中电池SOC估算精度存在的问题进行研究,提出基于鲸鱼优化算法WOA(whale optimization algorithm)优化扩展卡尔曼滤波EKF(extended Kalman filter)的SOC估算方法,在构建系统噪声和观测噪声的协方差矩阵的基础上,在动态工况下利用改进优化后的WOA-EKF算法优化噪声协方差矩阵,提高SOC估算精度。并在MATLAB/Simulink中进行了模型参数辨识和对比仿真验证,结果表明:基于WOA优化扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的锂离子电池SOC估算能够在不同的工况下控制SOC估算误差在2%以内,在促进电池在新能源领域中的进一步发展方面具有一定的研究意义。

锂离子电池  /  荷电状态估算  /  观测噪声  /  鲸鱼优化算法-扩展卡尔曼滤波

The development of industry and economy has caused a huge consumption of energy, which brings serious energy crisis and environmental pollution. Therefore, building a safe and clean energy interconnection network is a way to solve the relationship among social development, environment and energy at present. Nowadays, different countries have proposed their policies for the development of new energy electric vehicles (EVs). As the core component of EVs, lithium-ion batteries are directly related to the driving performance and safety of EVs. The state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is a core parameter of lithium-ion batteries used in various industries, and the estimation accuracy is directly related to the service life and efficiency of batteries. In this paper, the problem of battery SOC estimation accuracy in EV applications is studied, and an SOC estimation method based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) optimized by the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is proposed. On the basis of constructing the covariance matrix of system noise and observation noise, the improved and optimized WOA-EKF algorithm is used to optimize the noise covariance matrix under dynamic conditions, thus improving the SOC estimation accuracy. The model parameter identification and comparative simulation verification are carried out in MATLAB/ Simulink. Results show that the SOC estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on the WOA optimized EKF algorithm can control the SOC estimation error to be within 2% under different working conditions, which is of significance to the promotion of develop- ment of batteries in the new energy field.

Lithium-ion battery  /  state-of-charge (SOC) estimation  /  observation noise  /  whale optimization algorithm-extended Kalman filter (WOA-EKF)
许傲然, 戴菁, 谷彩莲, 冷雪敏, 魏家和. 基于WOA优化扩展卡尔曼算法的锂离子电池SOC估算研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 232 -239 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.232
Aoran XU, Jing DAI, Cailian GU, Xuemin LENG, Jiahe WEI. Research on SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery Based on WOA Optimized Extended Kalman Algorithm[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 232 -239 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.232
在面临能源危机和严重的环境问题背景下,新能源成为了解决矛盾的主要途径之一。新能源的开发利用需要绿色能源储备技术的支撑,锂离子电池以其能量密度高、重量轻和自放电率低等优良特性得到广泛应用。电池荷电状态作为锂离子的一个关键参数,关系到电池的剩余电量和使用时间,是衡量电池所剩电量的主要参数[1-2]。动力电池的过充或者过放会造成电池使用寿命缩短,严重时可能引发电池的自燃甚至爆炸,对动力电池的荷电状态SOC(state of charge)进行准确估算以及将其控制在适当的范围内能够避免这一问题。在对动力电池SOC进行估算过程中,电池的电动势会产生较大的影响[3-4]。由于电动势存在滞回效应,某一时刻电动势的数值是由此前长时间充放电状态所决定。传统的一阶和二阶模型不能较准确地对电池充放电造成的电压回弹特性和滞回特性进行表征,因此,考虑用三阶模型对特性进行模拟表征[5]。如果要提高动力电池的使用年限、安全可靠性及适用性,要对它施加一定的管理和控制。作为电池均衡管理的主要指标,SOC用于防止电池出现过充或过放,减少对储能元件的损害,延长电池的使用寿命[6-7]
目前,电池SOC估算常用方法主要有安时积分法、开路电压法、神经网络法和Kalman滤波算法等[8]。安时积分法由于简单可靠,在工程上得到普遍应用,但对SOC初值依赖性强,在估计中存在累积误差;开路电压法估算电池SOC时需要在电池稳定状态下,即电池必须离线静置一段时间后才能估算,一般用于离线状态小电池SOC的估算;神经网络算法由于需要大量的数据训练,将电压、电流等作为估算网络的输入量,网络输出SOC要在大量的样本训练后才能得到需要的估算精度;Kalman滤波算法在电池SOC估算中应用广泛,其原理是基于对最小方差意义上的估计[9-10]
随着动力电池应用工况复杂度的提高,Kalman滤波算法在SOC估算精度上已经难以满足一些特殊领域和工况的要求。为了提高电池SOC估算的精度,降低估算误差,学者们研究了扩展卡尔曼滤波EKF(extended Kalman filter)算法以及几种算法的结合算法,以提高SOC的估算精度。EKF算法能够估算动态系统状态和动态系统时变参数集合,但在电池SOC估算,尤其是电池模型参数辨识时,如果噪声协方差矩阵和观测噪声协方差矩阵难以确定,就不容易得到精确的估算值[11-12]
本文在分析已有锂离子电池等效模型的基础上,结合Thevenin等效电路的电池混合噪声模型和电池充放电过程中的特性,对传统模型进行修正。为了能够准确模拟电池的充放电过程,构建了一种新型的三阶等效电路模型,并依据模型进行参数辨识,验证用于电池SOC估算模型的准确性。为了获得系统噪声和测量噪声的最优值,利用鲸鱼优化算法的寻优机制进行改进,对扩展卡尔曼滤波的噪声协方差矩阵中的元素进行寻优,提高SOC估算精度。
根据目前使用较多的电池种类和应用工况,对电池的等效模型加以分析。已有研究中,锂离子电池常用的模型有电化学模型、电热耦合模型和等效电路模型[13],其中等效电路模型是电池SOC估算的基础,利用不同元器件和它们之间的关系,根据电气参数如电流、电压、电阻、电容及温度等,建立电池参数模型,模拟电池工作的电气特性[14]。一阶和二阶电池等效电路模型不能充分表示出电池工作过程中的特性,如:电池电压的回弹特性、极化特性和滞回特性,三阶等效模型可以利用等效电阻和电容对电池工作的暂态响应、电极之间阻抗及极化等特性进行描述,特别是电池充放电过程中外特性参数随着SOC的变化情况。根据电池SOC估算的需求和锂离子电池的外特性,在动态模型的基础上建立锂离子电池的三阶动态等效模型,如图1所示。
根据电池OCV-SOC曲线进行分析。图1中:Ccap是锂离子电池的额定容量;电动势EMF(electromotive force)反映电压源与电池的荷电状态之间的关系;${V}_{\text{h}}$是电压源;${V}_{\text{Lh}}$是电池充放电过程中存在的滞回电压,也表示电池在充放电过程中电压的回弹和滞回特性;${R}_{\Omega }$是电池的等效内阻;${R}_{\text{s}}、{R}_{\text{m}}$${R}_{\text{l}}$是电池的极化等效内阻;${C}_{\text{s}}、{C}_{\text{m}}$${C}_{\text{l}}$是电池工作中存在的极化电容;${V}_{\text{B}}$是电池的开路电压;A、B和C是由3条支路分别组成的3个受控等效电压源,可以表示锂离子电池充放电中极化造成的电压滞回特性。在三阶等效电路模型中加入激励电流,得到状态方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{\Omega }={I}_{\text{B}}{R}_{\Omega }\\ {\dot{U}}_{\text{s}}=-\frac{{U}_{\text{s}}}{{R}_{\text{s}}{C}_{\text{s}}}+\frac{{I}_{\text{B}}}{{C}_{\text{s}}}\\ {\dot{U}}_{\text{m}}=-\frac{{U}_{\text{m}}}{{R}_{\text{m}}{C}_{\text{m}}}+\frac{{I}_{\text{B}}}{{C}_{\text{m}}}\\ {\dot{U}}_{\text{l}}=-\frac{{U}_{\text{l}}}{{R}_{\text{l}}{C}_{\text{l}}}+\frac{{I}_{\text{B}}}{{C}_{\text{l}}}\\ {U}_{\text{t}}={E}_{\text{B}}-{U}_{\text{s}}-{U}_{\text{m}}-{U}_{\text{l}}-{I}_{\text{B}}{R}_{\Omega }\end{array}\right.$
式中:${U}_{\Omega }$为电池的等效内阻${R}_{\Omega }$的端电压;UsUm、Ul分别为${R}_{\text{s}}$${R}_{\text{m}}$${R}_{\text{l}}$的端电压;${U}_{\text{t}}$为电池端电压;${E}_{\text{B}}$为电池的内电动势。
将状态方程离散化,可以得到离散时间方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{\Omega,k}={i}_{k-1}{R}_{\Omega }\\ {U}_{\text{s},k}={i}_{k-1}\frac{{R}_{\text{s}}}{{R}_{\text{s}}{C}_{\text{s}}}+\frac{{R}_{\text{s}}{C}_{\text{s}}}{1+{R}_{\text{s}}{C}_{\text{s}}}{U}_{\text{s}}{}_{,k-1}\\ {U}_{\text{m},k}={i}_{k-1}\frac{{R}_{\text{m}}}{{R}_{\text{m}}{C}_{\text{m}}}+\frac{{R}_{\text{m}}{C}_{\text{m}}}{1+{R}_{\text{m}}{C}_{\text{m}}}{U}_{\text{m},k-1}\\ {U}_{\text{l},k}={i}_{k-1}\frac{{R}_{\text{l}}}{{R}_{\text{l}}{C}_{\text{l}}}+\frac{{R}_{\text{l}}{C}_{\text{l}}}{1+{R}_{\text{l}}{C}_{\text{l}}}{U}_{\text{l},k-1}\end{array}\right.$
需要获得模型中的器件参数对电池内部状态进行表征。对锂离子电池施加激励,通过外部响应分析电池的内部特性。以18650型磷酸铁锂动力电池作为实验样品,利用宁波拜特公司的NBT 30V100AC4-T测试仪和恒温箱等设备进行测试,样品电池主要性能参数见表1
建立的锂离子电池三阶动态等效电路模型较为复杂,且需要辨识的参数较多。采用离线辨识的方法可以实现快速收敛,具有较高的稳定性和准确度。通过动力电池混合脉冲功率特性HPPC(hybrid pulse power characterization)工况测试,测试的电流激励和端电压如图2所示。获取电池脉冲充放电瞬间的电压变化,再结合欧姆定律来辨识电池的阻抗参数,得到的离线辨识测试数据见表2
利用MATLAB软件进行数据拟合,对锂离子电池三阶等效电路模型中的极化电阻和极化电容等参数进行辨识。为了提高模型参数的辨识精度,避免三阶模型在受到干扰时影响辨识的结果,分别对多次实验的数据进行统计。
根据得到的离线辨识参数和曲线拟合了解到,等效阻抗与电池SOC之间具有紧密的联系。极化电容随SOC的降低而减小;当SOC恒定时,极化电容随放电倍率即放电电流的增大而增大。对极化内阻和放电倍率的变化趋势进行分析,极化内阻随放电倍率增大而降低,符合锂离子电池的工作特性。
锂离子电池单体可以用非线性系统方程进行表征,主要包括状态方程和观测方程[15-16]。三阶RC网络两端的电压也会随电流的变化而变化。本文将三阶RC网络两端的电压列为状态变量进行迭代计算,因此在k时刻,EKF滤波器的状态向量选取为${x}_{k}=\left[\text{SOC},{U}_{\Omega },{U}_{\text{s}},{U}_{\text{m}},{U}_{\text{l}}\right]$,观测变量选取为电池的开路电压,即${y}_{k}={U}_{\text{OCV}}$
如果状态方程为
${x}_{k+1}=f({x}_{k},{u}_{k})+{w}_{k}\text{        }{w}_{k}~(0,{Q}_{k})$
式中:${w}_{k}$${Q}_{k}$分别为系统k时刻的状态噪声矩阵和状态噪声协方差矩阵;${u}_{k}$k时刻的控制输入向量。那么观测方程为
${y}_{k}=h({x}_{k})+{v}_{k}\text{        }{v}_{k}~(0,{R}_{k})$
式中:${v}_{k}$为观测噪声矩阵;${R}_{k}$为观测噪声协方差矩阵。
扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的迭代流程主要包括:初始化;状态预测,估计状态变量协方差矩阵,并对雅克比矩阵进行求解;求解卡尔曼滤波增益矩阵,更新状态变量及协方差矩阵等步骤,具体如下。
步骤1 初始化。设定EKF算法中系统状态变量及其协方差矩阵、系统过程噪声协方差矩阵、观测噪声协方差矩阵的初始值为${x}_{0}、{P}_{\text{0}}、Q、R$
步骤2 状态预测。根据当前时刻状态变量预测下一时刻状态变量,状态预测方程为
${x}_{k+1\left|k\right.}=f({x}_{k},{u}_{k})\text{  }$
式中,${x}_{k+1\left|k\right.}$k+1时刻系统状态变量的最优估计值。
根据当前时刻误差协方差矩阵预测下一时刻误差协方差矩阵。预测协方差方程为
${P}_{k+1\left|k\right.}={f}_{x}(k){P}_{k}{f}_{x}^{\text{T}}\left(k\right)+Q$
式中:${P}_{k+1\left|k\right.}$k+1时刻系统状态变量的最优协方差矩阵;${P}_{k}$k时刻系统状态变量的预测协方差矩阵;$Q$为系统过程噪声的协方差矩阵;${f}_{x}(k)$为预测函数。
步骤3 修正更新状态。计算卡尔曼滤波增益为
${K}_{k+1}={P}_{k+1\left|k\right.}{H}_{k}^{\text{T}}{\left({H}_{k}{P}_{k+1\left|k\right.}{H}_{k}^{\text{T}}+R\right)}^{-1}$
式中:${K}_{k+1}$为卡尔曼增益;${H}_{k}$k时刻的系统观测矩阵;$R$为测量噪声的协方差矩阵。
根据卡尔曼增益修正状态变量的估算值为
${x}_{k+1}={x}_{k+1\left|k\right.}+{K}_{k+1}\left({y}_{k+1}-{H}_{k}{x}_{k+1\left|k\right.}\right)$
根据卡尔曼增益更新误差协方差矩阵为
${P}_{k+1}=\left(E-{K}_{k}{H}_{k}\right){P}_{k+1\left|k\right.}$
式中,E为单位矩阵。
EKF算法的迭代流程如图3所示。利用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法进行SOC估算时,算法的迭代过程对噪声统计具有较强的依赖性,需要得到精确的状态噪声和状态噪声协方差,才能提高SOC的估算精度,为此可以利用具有较强的搜索能力和鲁棒性能的鲸鱼优化算法获取EKF噪声协方差的最优解。
鲸鱼优化算法WOA(whale optimization algorithm)是参照鲸鱼种群独特的气泡捕食方式进行寻优,利用以下3种机制进行最优搜索,分别是:包围猎物、寻找猎物和螺旋气泡攻击捕食。虽然WOA是一种结构简单、易于实现的群体智能的元启发式算法,在实际的工程应用中原理简单、参数设置较少、易于编程实现,在函数求解优化方面,求解精度和收敛速度等方面比粒子群算法和引力搜索算法具有更优的性能,但是在使用过程中,将鲸鱼的捕食方式抽象为数学模型,能够对简单的最优化问题进行分析,而在解决复杂问题或是高维度空间搜索上就存在全局搜索能力不足、收敛精度差以及易于陷入局部最优的问题[17]。为了能够提高在SOC估算中扩展卡尔曼参数的寻优精度,对WOA进行改进设计。
1) 引入非线性收敛因子,提高WOA在全局搜索域内最优解的收敛速度。
对WOA的原理进行分析得知,全局搜索的能力由系数向量$\overrightarrow{A}$决定,如果在算法运行过程中收敛因子$\overrightarrow{a}$线性减小,则在算法迭代的后期就容易陷入局部区域搜索。为了在不影响算法后期搜索的收敛速度的前提下提高WOA的全局搜索能力,引入分段收敛因子对WOA进行改进。根据对算法迭代过程的分析对算法进行优化,引入的收敛因子$a(\epsilon )$表示为
$a(\epsilon )=\left\{\begin{array}{l}2-{(\frac{\epsilon }{M})}^{2}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\epsilon \text{ }⩽\text{ }\frac{M}{2}\\ 1-\frac{2(\epsilon -\epsilon \text{/}M)}{M}+(\frac{\epsilon -M\text{/}2}{M})\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\text{ }}_{\text{ }\text{ }}\epsilon >\frac{M}{2}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\varepsilon$为迭代次数;M为算法的最大迭代次数。
2) 多样性变异操作。
在算法搜索的过程中,为避免个体出现局部早熟收敛的情况,利用生物学中的种群多样性进行研究,引入种群聚集度指标1/k。根据算法的运行原理,可以将种群聚集程度[18]表示为
$\frac{1}{k}=\frac{D-m}{{m}^{2}}$
式中:D为种群的适应度方差;$m$为种群适应度均值。
$1/k\gg 0$时,种群处于聚集状态;当$1/k\to 0$时,种群处于随机状态。全局搜索时要避免在算法迭代寻优的早期出现聚集。因此,在算法迭代的早期,即$\epsilon ⩽M/2$时,对种群进行变异操作。设置变异操作的阈值$1/k=0.125$,得到变异方程为
$X(\epsilon +1)=X(\epsilon )(1+0.5\zeta )$
式中:$X(\epsilon )$$X(\epsilon +1)$分别为第$\epsilon $$\epsilon +1$次的变异值;$\zeta $为服从负二项分布的随机变量。
将改进后的WOA和EKF算法进行结合,得到WOA-EKF算法,并使用此算法对锂离子电池SOC估算中的噪声进行优化。在建立的三阶锂离子电池等效电路模型的基础上,利用WOA-EKF算法进行SOC估算噪声优化的流程如图4所示。在图4中,P为[0,1]的随机数,当P≥0.5时螺旋更新位置;当P<0.5时进行收缩包围;$\overrightarrow{A}$为全局搜索的能力,由系数向量决定,当A为[-1,1]的随机值时鲸鱼可由原始位置向目标位置进行收缩包围,当|A|≥1时鲸鱼种群进行全局搜索,不再根据当前最优解更新位置,而是根据随机选择的1条鲸鱼进行位置更新,寻找最优解以保证种群的多样性。有关WOA的原理及过程参考文献[19]中鲸鱼优化算法及其改进算法部分内容。
不同工况下在电池等效模型中输入电流激励,得到模型的仿真输出电压,将其与实测的电池端电压对比,根据对比结果对模型参数辨识进行分析和验证。分别在美国电池循环动应力测试DST (dynamic stress test)工况和新欧洲汽车法规循环NEDC(new Europe driving cycle)工况下进行仿真和测试,得到电压和电压误差如图5所示。
图5可见,构建的三阶等效电路模型下的仿真电压和实测电压基本一致,误差在-0.02~0.06 V之间,属于误差允许范围内,证明了模型和参数辨识的有效性。
将在实验室安时积分法下测得的SOC作为基准值,对利用WOA-EKF算法和EKF算法估算的SOC进行仿真对比,得到DST和NEDC工况下对应的SOC估算结果,如图6所示。
图6可见,在DST和NEDC工况下,EKF算法估算SOC曲线在电池放电初期没有收敛到基准值,放电后期SOC估算曲线偏离基准值,且出现了发散;WOA-EKF算法从放电开始时其SOC估算曲线就可以收敛到基准值。根据误差曲线的对比,EKF算法在估算SOC后期误差较大,而WOA- EKF算法在整个估算SOC过程中误差都在0.2%以内,具有较高的估算精度。
本文在新能源汽车发展的背景下,对电动汽车储能锂离子电池的SOC估算进行了研究。结合已有的电池模型,考虑电池在充放电过程中的外部特性和极化造成的电压滞回特性,构建了锂离子电池三阶动态等效模型,并对模型进行了参数辨识,实验测试验证了模型的有效性。同时,对鲸鱼优化算法做了改进,将改进后的WOA和扩展卡尔曼滤波算法进行结合,利用结合后的WOA- EKF算法对迭代过程中的系统噪声和观测噪声进行优化,并且在不同的工况下展开仿真对比测试。仿真结果证明,本文提出的WOA-EKF算法在SOC估算上具有较高的估算精度和良好的适应性,满足电动汽车电池管理系统的要求。
  • 辽宁省博士启动基金资助项目(2021-BS-198)
  • 辽宁省教育厅科技2020资助项目(JJL-2008)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.232
  • 接收时间:2022-04-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-25
  • 修回日期:2022-07-17
  • 录用日期:2022-07-19
基金
Liaoning Doctoral Startup Fund(2021-BS-198)
辽宁省博士启动基金资助项目(2021-BS-198)
Science and Technology 2020 Project of Educational Department of Liaoning Province(JJL-2008)
辽宁省教育厅科技2020资助项目(JJL-2008)
作者信息
    1 沈阳工程学院电力学院, 沈阳 110136
    2 国网辽宁省电力有限公司营销服务中心, 沈阳 110136

通讯作者:

许傲然(1983— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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