Article(id=1149844394620223987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.266, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1644336000000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-09, revisedDate=1654099200000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-02, acceptedDate=1655740800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-21, onlineDate=1752073866753, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752075833959, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866753, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752073866753, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752073866753, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=266, endPage=273, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844395152900601, articleId=1149844394620223987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Fractional-order Modeling and State Estimation Method for Lithium Battery, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the accuracy of a lithium battery model and realize accurate state estimation of the lithium battery, a fractional-order electric model of the lithium battery was built, and the model parameters were identified using adaptive genetic algorithm. Based on the fractional-order electric model, the unscented Kalman filter was adopted to estimate the lithium battery’s state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH). Stimulation results show that, the established fractional- order electric model of the lithium battery can more accurately describe its dynamic characteristics during charging and discharging, and the accuracy of the proposed state estimation strategy was higher than that the conventional control strategy.

, correspAuthors=Zhihua XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhihua XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149844440963089096, articleId=1149844394620223987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=锂电池的分数阶建模及状态估计方法研究, columnId=1149830274575463188, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电池与储能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高锂电池模型的精度,实现锂电池状态的精确估计,建立了锂电池的分数阶电气模型,并采用自适应遗传算法对模型参数进行辨识。以分数阶电气模型为基础,采用无迹卡尔曼滤波UKF(unscented Kalman filter)算法实现对锂电池荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)和健康状态SOH(state-of-health)的估计。仿真结果表明,所建立的锂电池分数阶电气模型能更精确地描述锂电池的充、放电动态特性,所提状态估计策略相比于常规控制策略具有更高的精度。

, correspAuthors=许志华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
许志华(1979— ),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,讲师。研究方向:新能源发电技术、储能技术。E-mail:
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许志华(1979-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士,讲师。研究方向:新能源发电技术、储能技术。E-mail:

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Parameter identification results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
$R_{0} / \Omega$ 0.003 $C_{2} / \mathrm{kF}$ 3.110
$R_{1} / \Omega$ 0.002 m 0.976
$R_{2} / \Omega$ 0.009 n 0.995
$C_{1} / \mathrm{kF}$ 1.627
), ArticleFig(id=1205945150002492265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844394620223987, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参数辨识结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
$R_{0} / \Omega$ 0.003 $C_{2} / \mathrm{kF}$ 3.110
$R_{1} / \Omega$ 0.002 m 0.976
$R_{2} / \Omega$ 0.009 n 0.995
$C_{1} / \mathrm{kF}$ 1.627
), ArticleFig(id=1205945150124127091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844394620223987, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparsion of performance among different estimation methods (RMSE)

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状态估计
方法
SOC初始值为1.0 SOC初始值为0.8
SOC误差 电压误差/V SOC误差 电压误差/V
FOUKF 0.005 8 0.005 0 0.006 0 0.005 2
FOEKF 0.009 9 0.005 5 0.011 2 0.005 6
UKF 0.025 4 0.006 3 0.025 8 0.006 6
), ArticleFig(id=1205945150258344830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844394620223987, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同估计方法性能对比(均方根误差)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态估计
方法
SOC初始值为1.0 SOC初始值为0.8
SOC误差 电压误差/V SOC误差 电压误差/V
FOUKF 0.005 8 0.005 0 0.006 0 0.005 2
FOEKF 0.009 9 0.005 5 0.011 2 0.005 6
UKF 0.025 4 0.006 3 0.025 8 0.006 6
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锂电池的分数阶建模及状态估计方法研究
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许志华
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2025,23(2): 266-273
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2025, 23(2): 266-273
锂电池的分数阶建模及状态估计方法研究
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许志华
作者信息
  • 盐城工学院电气工程学院,盐城 224051

通讯作者:

许志华(1979— ),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,讲师。研究方向:新能源发电技术、储能技术。E-mail:
Fractional-order Modeling and State Estimation Method for Lithium Battery
Zhihua XU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.266
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为了提高锂电池模型的精度,实现锂电池状态的精确估计,建立了锂电池的分数阶电气模型,并采用自适应遗传算法对模型参数进行辨识。以分数阶电气模型为基础,采用无迹卡尔曼滤波UKF(unscented Kalman filter)算法实现对锂电池荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)和健康状态SOH(state-of-health)的估计。仿真结果表明,所建立的锂电池分数阶电气模型能更精确地描述锂电池的充、放电动态特性,所提状态估计策略相比于常规控制策略具有更高的精度。

分数阶  /  锂电池  /  参数辨识  /  荷电状态  /  无迹卡尔曼

To enhance the accuracy of a lithium battery model and realize accurate state estimation of the lithium battery, a fractional-order electric model of the lithium battery was built, and the model parameters were identified using adaptive genetic algorithm. Based on the fractional-order electric model, the unscented Kalman filter was adopted to estimate the lithium battery’s state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH). Stimulation results show that, the established fractional- order electric model of the lithium battery can more accurately describe its dynamic characteristics during charging and discharging, and the accuracy of the proposed state estimation strategy was higher than that the conventional control strategy.

Fractional-order  /  lithium battery  /  parameter identification  /  state-of-charge (SOC)  /  unscented Kalman
许志华. 锂电池的分数阶建模及状态估计方法研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 266 -273 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.266
Zhihua XU. Fractional-order Modeling and State Estimation Method for Lithium Battery[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 266 -273 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.266
随着时代的进步,全球汽车保有量与日俱增,所引起的能源危机与空气污染也在逐渐加深。为了节能减排,锂电池的发展已经成为企业研发和大规模生产的重点[1],对其建模的方法主要分为2类:电化学模型[2-3]和电气模型[4]
电化学模型可以近似模拟电池在使用过程中所出现的化学反应现象,具有高精度的特点,但是计算量、复杂度较高,仅在测试电池系统标量时比较常见。电气模型根据RC电路的阶数可分为整数阶[5-7]与分数阶,建立整数阶电气模型是以整数阶RC等效电路为参考,电路结构简易且易于实现;建立分数阶电气模型是以分数阶RC等效电路为参考,能够精确描述锂电池在使用过程中系统的非线性变化,减小了电池模型的误差。
在电气模型中,因电路中含有分数阶的元件(电容),根据阻抗谱定义,相对于整数阶模型,搭建分数阶的电池模型可以更准确地反应电池在充、放电过程中的动、静态特性,减小电池模型的误差。在模型的推导过程中,虽然分数阶模型的计算复杂度较大,但是可以利用化简模型的方法缩减计算量,使之能更好地在电池建模中使用。因此,采用建立分数阶模型的方法能够提高模型的精度,具有较好的鲁棒性。
荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)是指电池还未使用的电能容量与其所能存储的最大电能容量的比值,在电池系统设计中具有极其重要的价值[8]。为了保护电池,应当精准估计电池的SOC,尽量避免对电池过量使用,使电池可以更长期的工作。因为SOC不能直接测量,所以往往利用电池的输出电压和电流来估计。目前,为了减小估计SOC与实际SOC的差值,提出诸多方法[9-10],包括卡尔曼滤波KF(Kalman filter)、Ah计数、人工神经网络ANN(artificial neural network)、开路电压OCV (open circuit voltage)、阻抗测量和模糊逻辑等。
电池健康状态SOH(state-of-health)的预测方法主要分为2种:利用实验数据分析的预测与利用特征值的预测[11-12]。利用实验数据分析的预测是通过大量的电池循环充、放电实验数据,并依据实验数据总结电池在长期充、放电过程中健康状况的演变规律,但这种预测需要耗费大量的人力、物力,导致实验进展十分缓慢。利用特征值的预测是利用电池在长期的循环充、放电过程中主要参数的变化,如电池的内阻[13]逐渐增大、电池所能储存的电能[14]逐渐变小,从而根据这些参数的变化趋势预测电池的SOH。
搭建分数阶电气模型,并基于分数阶无迹卡尔曼滤波FOUKF(fractional-order unscented Kalman filter)算法[15-16]对SOC与SOH进行估计。首先,以锂电池的整数阶模型为基础,结合电容的分数阶性质,搭建锂电池的分数阶模型;然后,根据FOUKF算法的计算过程推导电池的SOC与SOH;最后,通过仿真实验证明所提状态估计策略相比于常规控制策略具有更高的精度。
为了准确描述锂电池端电压的动、静态特性,本文采用图1所示的整数阶二阶RC电路。图中:$U$为整数阶电路的输出端电压;${U}_{\text{ocv}}$为锂电池的开路电压;${R}_{0}$为锂电池的内部电阻;${R}_{1}$${R}_{2}$${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$为二阶电路的阻容参数。
根据基尔霍夫定律得二阶RC电路的状态空间表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} {\left[\begin{array}{l} \dot{U}_{1} \\ \dot{U}_{2} \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc} -\frac{1}{C_{1} R_{1}} & 0 \\ 0 & -\frac{1}{C_{2} R_{2}} \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l} U_{1} \\ U_{2} \end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{1}{C_{1}} \\ \frac{1}{C_{2}} \end{array}\right] I} \\ U=\left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 1 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l} U_{1} \\ U_{2} \end{array}\right]+R_{0} I+U_{\mathrm{ocv}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${\dot{U}}_{1}$${C}_{1}$两端电压随时间的变化率;${\dot{U}}_{2}$${C}_{2}$两端电压随时间的变化率;${U}_{1}$${C}_{1}$两端电压;${U}_{2}$${C}_{2}$两端电压;I为输出电流。
式(1)所示模型为锂电池的整数阶电气模型,不同于下文进一步建立的分数阶电气模型。
Westerlund和Ekstam指出,电容的阻抗特性在实际电路中通常具有分数的特性,因为其受到电池成分多样性、微观结构的孔隙率和电介质的吸引性影响。因此,作为1种可行的方法,可以通过二阶RC电路中电容的分数效应来计算电池的分数特性。
具有分数特性的电容器${C}_{\text{f}}$通常称为分数电容器,其阻抗可定义为
${Z}_{\text{f}}\text{(j}\omega )=\frac{1}{{C}_{\text{f}}{\text{(j}\omega )}^{p}}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }0<p<1$
式中:$\omega $为角频率,其与频率的关系为$\omega =2\text{π}f$$p$为分数电容器的阶数。
对式(2)进行拉普拉斯逆变换,得到分数电容器阻抗的微分形式,即
$i(t)={C}_{\text{f}}\frac{{\text{d}}^{p}u(t)}{\text{d}{t}^{p}}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }0<p<1$
式中:$i(t)$为分数阶电容器的电流,表示在t时刻通过电容器的电流;$u(t)$为分数阶电容器的电压,表示在t时刻通过电容器的电压;t为时间变量,表示电流和电压随时间的变化。
式(3)描述了流过分数电容器的电流与流过分数电容器的电压之间的时域关系。假设图1整数阶模型中的电容器${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$为分数阶电容器,获得分数阶二阶电气模型,其阻抗为
${Z}_{\text{f}}\text{(j}\omega )={R}_{0}+\frac{1}{1/{R}_{1}+{C}_{1}{(\text{j}\omega )}^{m}}+\frac{1}{1/{R}_{2}+{C}_{2}{(\text{j}\omega )}^{n}}$
$m,n>0$
式中,m、n分别为电容${C}_{1}、{C}_{2}$的阶数。当m=n=1时,${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$为理想电容,当m=n=0时,${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$为理想电阻。
依据分数阶二阶RC电路的基尔霍夫定律与电池的动态响应特性,并结合式(4)的阻抗公式,推导出分数阶锂电池电气模型的状态空间方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\text{d}}^{m}{U}_{1}}{\text{d}{t}^{m}}\\ \frac{{\text{d}}^{m}{U}_{2}}{\text{d}{t}^{m}}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}-\frac{1}{{C}_{1}{R}_{1}}& 0\\ 0& -\frac{1}{{C}_{2}{R}_{2}}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{U}_{1}\\ {U}_{2}\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{{C}_{1}}\\ \frac{1}{{C}_{2}}\end{array}\right]I\\ U=[\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\end{array}]\left[\begin{array}{c}{U}_{1}\\ {U}_{2}\end{array}\right]+{R}_{0}I+{U}_{\text{ocv}}\end{array}\right.$
如果采样间隔h足够小,则可以获得导数(α>0)、积分(α<0 )和原始函数(α=0)的离散等效值,即
${D}_{t}^{\alpha }f(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{{\text{d}}^{\alpha }}{\text{d}{t}^{\alpha }}f(t)\approx {h}^{-a}{\displaystyle \sum _{j=0}^{l}{\omega }_{j}^{\alpha }f(t-jh)}\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Re}(\alpha )>0\\ f(t)\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Re}(\alpha )=0\\ {\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{t}{\int }}f(\tau )\text{d}{\tau }^{-\alpha }\approx {h}^{\alpha }{\displaystyle \sum _{j=0}^{l}{\omega }_{j}^{-\alpha }f(t-jh)}}\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Re}(\alpha )<0\end{array}\right.$
式中:${D}_{t}^{\alpha }f(t)$为函数$f(t)$$\alpha $阶导数或积分;$\alpha $为分数差的阶数,属于实数集;l为分数导数计算中的样本数;j为离散时间点的索引;${\omega }_{j}^{\alpha }$为分数阶微积分的权重系数;$\tau $为积分变量。
因为电池在使用过程中会发生一系列较复杂的物理及化学反应,且时变因素、不确定性和建模误差均将被视为外部干扰,所以用整数阶模型来表示电池的实际行为时存在着系统误差和测量误差。常用的SOC估算方法较多,如安时计数的SOC估算是估算电池SOC最广泛使用的方法,简单可靠,可表示为
${\text{SOC}}_{k}={\text{SOC}}_{k-1}+\frac{{\displaystyle {\int }_{k-1}^{k}{\eta }_{k}i(t)\text{d}t}}{{Q}_{\text{N}}}$
式中:k为时间离散点;${Q}_{\text{N}}$为电池的额定容量;${\eta }_{k}$为电池循环充、放电的效率。
嵌入式系统硬件上的实现要以离散时间表示的电池模型进行迭代。因此,分数阶电模型的状态空间表达式的离散非线性可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{k}={A}_{k-1}{x}_{k-1}+{B}_{k-1}{I}_{k-1}+{w}_{k-1}-{\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{k}{k}_{j}{x}_{k-j}}\\ {U}_{k}={\overline{C}}_{k}{x}_{k}-{R}_{0}{I}_{k}+{E}_{k}+{v}_{k}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${x}_{k}$为在k时刻的状态向量,${x}_{k}=[{U}_{1}(k)\text{ }\text{ }{U}_{2}(k)$$\text{SOC}(k)]{}^{\text{T}}$${I}_{k}$$k$时刻的输入电流;${A}_{k-1}=\text{diag}\left(-\frac{{h}^{m}}{{C}_{1}{R}_{1}}\right.$$\left.-\frac{{h}^{n}}{{C}_{2}{R}_{2}}\text{ }\text{ }1\right)$${B}_{k-1}=\text{diag}{\left[\frac{{h}^{m}}{{C}_{1}}\text{ }\text{ }\frac{{h}^{n}}{{C}_{2}}\text{ }\text{ }\left.-\frac{{\eta }_{k-1}}{{Q}_{\text{N}}}h\right]\right.}^{\text{T}}$${w}_{k}$为锂电池系统噪音;${k}_{j}$为分数阶模型的权重系数,${k}_{j}=\text{diag}$$\left({\omega }_{j}^{m}\text{ }\text{ }{\omega }_{j}^{n}\text{ }\text{ }0\right)$${U}_{k}$$k$时刻的电压;${\overline{C}}_{k}=[-1\text{ }\text{ }-1\text{ }\text{ }0]$${E}_{k}$ 为电池的开路电压;${v}_{k}$为锂电池系统测量噪声。
自适应遗传算法的基本步骤如下。
步骤1 在种群中以随机选取的方式选择若干个体为初始种群。
步骤2 对选择的初始种群进行编码。
步骤3 根据适应度函数$f(i)$对选取的种群开展适应度检测,淘汰不满足适应条件的个体,$f(i)$可表为
$f(i)=\sum_{j=1}^{M}\left[Y_{\mathrm{e}}(j)-Y_{\mathrm{r}}(j)\right]^{2}$
式中:M为所测的个体量;${Y}_{\text{e}}(j)$为测试的输出;${Y}_{\text{r}}(j)$为目标输出。
步骤4 对适应度高的个体进行自适应遗传操作(自由变异概率${P}_{\text{m}}$、交叉繁衍概率${P}_{\text{c}}$),从而诞生新的种群。${P}_{\text{m}}$${P}_{\text{c}}$可分别表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\text{m}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{k}_{1}({f}_{\mathrm{max}}-f\text{'})/({f}_{\mathrm{max}}-{f}_{\text{avg}})\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }f\text{ }⩾\text{ }{f}_{\text{avg}}\\ {k}_{2}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }f<{f}_{\text{avg}}\end{array}\right.\\ {P}_{\text{c}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{k}_{3}({f}_{\mathrm{max}}-f\text{'})/({f}_{\mathrm{max}}-{f}_{\text{avg}})\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }f\text{ }⩾\text{ }{f}_{\text{avg}}\\ {k}_{4}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }f<{f}_{\text{avg}}\end{array}\right.\end{array}\right.$
式中:${f}_{\mathrm{max}}$为所需适应度的最大值;${f}_{\text{ }}\text{'}$为进行自适应交叉繁衍的2个个体中较大的适应值;${f}_{\text{avg}}$为种群适应度的平均值;f为进行自适应自由变异的适应度;${k}_{1}~{k}_{4}$为权重系数,用于调整功率分配的比例。
步骤5 将新的种群重复进行步骤2与步骤3,直至产生满足所需适应度的最优解。
自适应遗传算法流程如图2所示。
参数辨识是以实验数据为基础,利用算法求取模型结构的未知参数。本文所建立的分数阶电气模型需要识别的未知参数是每个RC网络的电阻和电容、内阻和分数阶阶数。在SOC=1,室温情况下,通过自适应遗传算法识别RC网络的电阻、电容和内阻大小,并搜索最优阶数使电池端电压在循环充、放电过程中误差最小。参数辨识结果见表1
用标准卡尔曼滤波算法经过无迹变换,设计出FOUKF算法,减少了非必要的系统方程线性化,可以较准确估计锂电池在使用过程中的系统状态。
首先,根据前文所建分数阶电气模型的空间状态方程搭建1个全新模型,并结合安时积分法,把不能直接观测的SOC和当前电池所能储存的电能Q作为系统状态变量,选择Q作为状态变量是因为其在电池使用过程中变化缓慢,可以作为预测电池健康状况的特征值。该电气模型的端子电压U为观测量,被定义为在式(8)的基础上关于SOC和Q的函数。根据锂电池充、放电实验,选取适当的循环充、放电电流I作为分数阶模型的输入电流。新模型的状态空间方程离散形式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\text{SOC}(k+1)=\text{SOC}(k)-\frac{I(k)}{{Q}_{\mathrm{max}}}+{w}_{1}\\ {Q}_{k+1}={Q}_{k}+{r}_{k}\\ {U}_{k}={\overline{C}}_{k}{x}_{k}-{R}_{0}{I}_{k}+{E}_{k}+{v}_{k}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{max}}$为电池的最大容量;${Q}_{k}$为电池在当前时刻能够存储的最大电量;${w}_{1}$为过程噪声;${r}_{k}$为系统的过程噪声。
其次,结合分数阶电池模型的状态空间方程,令$x={\left[\text{SOC}\text{ }\text{ }Q\right]}^{\text{T}}$,使用UKF算法完成对锂电池的荷电状态估计,其算法过程如下。
(1)状态量和误差量初始化,即
${\widehat{X}}_{0}=E\left[{X}_{0}\right]$
${P}_{0}=E[({X}_{0}-{\widehat{X}}_{0}){({X}_{0}-{\widehat{X}}_{0})}^{T}]$
式中:${\widehat{X}}_{0}$为状态量的初始估计值;E为随机变量的均值;${P}_{0}$为误差协方差矩阵的初始值。
(2)采样点x和权重值r的确定,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} x_{0}=\bar{x} & i=0 \\ x_{i}=\bar{x}+\left[\sqrt{(L+\lambda) \boldsymbol{P}_{x}}\right]_{i} & i=1,2, \cdots, L \\ x_{i}=\bar{x}-\left[\sqrt{(L+\lambda) \boldsymbol{P}_{x}}\right]_{i-L} & i=L, L+1, \cdots, 2 L \\ W_{0}^{(m)}=\frac{\lambda}{L+\lambda} & i=0 \\ W_{0}^{(c)}=\frac{\lambda}{L+\lambda}+1-\alpha^{2}+\beta & i=0 \\ W_{i}^{(m)}=W_{i}^{(c)}=\frac{\lambda}{2(L+\lambda)} & i=1,2, \cdots, 2 L \end{array}\right.$
式中:${x}_{0}$为中心采样点;$\overline{x}$为状态量的均值;i为采样点;${x}_{i}$为第i个采样点;L为状态量的维度;$\lambda $为缩放参数,用于调整采样点的分布;${P}_{x}$为状态量的协方差矩阵;${W}_{0}^{(m)}$为中心采样点${x}_{0}$的均值权重;$\beta $为用于调整高阶矩阵的参数;${W}_{i}^{(m)}$为第i个采样点的均值权重;${W}_{i}^{(c)}$为第i个采样点的协方差权重。
(3)状态估计
(a)Sigma点可表示为
${x}_{k-1}=\left[{\widehat{X}}_{k-1}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\widehat{X}}_{k-1}+\gamma \sqrt{{P}_{k-1}}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\widehat{X}}_{k-1}-\gamma \sqrt{{P}_{k-1}}\right]$
式中:${x}_{k-1}$为Sigma点矩阵,表示在时间步k-1时刻生成的Sigma点;${\widehat{X}}_{k-1}$为状态量在时间步k-1时刻的均值;$\gamma $为缩放参数,用于调整Sigma点的分布范围。
(b)时间传播方程可表示为
${x}_{k|k-1}^{i}=f({x}_{k-1}^{i})$
${\widehat{X}}_{k}^{-}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2L}{W}_{i}^{(m)}{x}_{k|k-1}^{i}}$
${P}_{x,k}^{-}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2L}{W}_{i}^{c}}\left[{x}_{k|k-1}^{i}-{\widehat{X}}_{k}^{-}\right]{\left[{x}_{k|k-1}^{i}-{\widehat{X}}_{k}^{-}\right]}^{\text{T}}+{Q}_{k}$
${y}_{k|k-1}^{i}=h({x}_{k|k-1}^{i})$
${\widehat{y}}_{k}^{-}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2L}{W}_{\text{i}}^{\text{(m)}}{y}_{k|k-1}^{i}}$
式中:${x}_{k|k-1}^{i}$为在时间步k时刻的状态预测值;${\widehat{X}}_{k}^{-}$为状态量在时间步k时刻的均值;${P}_{x,k}^{-}$为在时间步k 时刻的状态估计的不确定性;${W}_{i}^{c}$为第i个Sigma点的协方差权重;${y}_{k|k-1}^{i}$为通过观测函数$h(\cdot )$传播的第i个Sigma点;${\widehat{y}}_{k}^{-}$为在时间步k时刻的观测估计值。
(c)测量更新方程可表示为
${P}_{y,k}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2L}{W}_{i}^{c}}\left[{y}_{k|k-1}^{i}-{\widehat{y}}_{k}^{-}\right]{\left[{y}_{k|k-1}^{i}-{\widehat{y}}_{k}^{-}\right]}^{\text{T}}+{R}_{k}$
${P}_{xy,k}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2L}{W}_{i}^{c}}\left[{x}_{k|k-1}^{i}-{\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-}\right]{\left[{x}_{k|k-1}^{i}-{\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-}\right]}^{\text{T}}$
$K={P}_{xy,k}{P}_{y,k}^{-}$
${\widehat{x}}_{k}={\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-}+K({y}_{k}-{\widehat{y}}_{k}^{-})$
${P}_{x,k}={P}_{x,k}^{-}-K{P}_{y,k}{K}^{\text{T}}$
式中:${P}_{y,k}$为观测量的协方差矩阵;${R}_{k}$为观测噪声的协方差矩阵;${P}_{xy,k}$为状态量与观测量的互协方差矩阵;K为卡尔曼增益矩阵;${P}_{y,k}^{-}$为观测量在时间步k时刻的预测协方差矩阵;${P}_{x,k}$为更新后的状态协方差矩阵;${P}_{x,k}^{-}$为状态量在时间步k时刻的预测协方差矩阵。
SOH是指使用后的电池还能存储的能量与电池在出厂时的最大容量之比,等同于电池的寿命。用基于特征的预测老化去描述电池的SOH有2种常见方法:一种是用电池实际容量的逐渐减小去形容电池健康状况的变化;另一种是用电池内阻的缓慢增大去描述电池健康状况。两者均能间接体现电池的SOH。因为电池当前存储的电能容量可以更直接地描述电池的健康状况,故本文以电池实际容量逐渐减小去体现电池健康状况的变化。
因此将SOH定义为
$\text{SOH}=\frac{Q}{{Q}_{\text{N}}}\times 100\%$
为了确保数据的真实性,本文实验数据来源于江苏海基新能源股份有限公司。实验选取10个INR 18650-30Q型锂电池并联作为研究主体,其端电压5 V并联后容量3 000×10 mA·h。在室温环境下对INR18650-30Q型锂电池开展大量的充、放电测试,并记录所需要的测试数据。
为了验证无迹卡尔曼滤波UKF(unscented Kalman filter)算法估计SOC的精确度,根据测试数据选取适当的充、放电电流,并利用MATLAB运行FOUKF算法代码。
电池端电压和端电压误差波形如图3所示。图3(a)锂电池中虚线是根据锂电池在循环充、放电实验中测得的端电压波形,实线是由分数阶模型仿真得到的端电压波形,根据局部放大图可以明显看出两者相差很小。由图3(b)可见,建立的分数阶模型的端电压误差仅在0.04以内,证明分数阶电池模型的精度高,可以较好地体现出锂电池在实际使用中的动态特性。
为了测试FOUKF算法的自我修复能力,实验设置SOC的初始值为0.8,FOUKF、UKF、分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波FOEKF(fractional-order extended Kalman filter)这3种算法的SOC对比与SOC误差对比如图4所示。可以看出:FOUKF算法估计SOC曲线可以很快趋近于真实值,有着较好的自我修复能力;FOUKF算法估计SOC的误差最小,且始终小于0.02。改变SOC初始值为1.0,3种方法的SOC对比与SOC误差对比如图5所示,可以看出,FOUKF算法精度明显优于UKF与FOEKF算法。
不同SOC初始值下3种估计方法的性能对比见表2,证明了本文所提FOUKF方法的有效性,且能降低所建分数阶模型的误差。当SOC初始值不同时,本文所提FOUKF方法依旧保持着较好的精度,模型具有很好的鲁棒性。
卡尔曼滤波算法估计电池SOC过程中,用电池当前实际容量与额定容量的百分比表征电池的健康状态,根据仿真结果绘制锂电池当前所能存储的最大容量演变曲线,如图6所示。可见,电池当前所能存储的能量Q位于29.6 A·h附近。因此,SOH可以估算为SOH=29.6/30.0×100%=98.6%,电池的健康状态接近最好,满足电动车能源的需求。
本文采用1种基于分数阶理论的锂电池建模方法,并利用分数阶模型状态空间方程的离散形式,将SOC与容量Q作为状态变量,通过FOUKF算法进行锂电池的状态估计。根据MATLAB仿真结果发现,所建立的锂电池分数阶电气模型能够更精确地描述锂电池的充、放电动态特性,具有很好的鲁棒性。对比分析3种SOC估计算法可得,基于分数阶电气模型的FOUKF算法在精确度上明显优于其他2种算法,最贴近真实值,可以在误差仅为3%的范围内估计锂电池的SOC,并且能够通过电池当前所能存储的最大容量间接估计电池的健康状态。
  • 江苏省高校“青蓝工程”资助项目(2021-11)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.266
  • 接收时间:2022-02-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-09
  • 修回日期:2022-06-02
  • 录用日期:2022-06-21
基金
“Blue Project” of Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province(2021-11)
江苏省高校“青蓝工程”资助项目(2021-11)
作者信息
    盐城工学院电气工程学院,盐城 224051

通讯作者:

许志华(1979— ),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,讲师。研究方向:新能源发电技术、储能技术。E-mail:
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