Article(id=1146828035585606005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.21, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1646064000000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-01, revisedDate=1650211200000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-18, acceptedDate=1650556800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-22, onlineDate=1751354710717, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354710717, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866762, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354710717, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354710717, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844395194843642, articleId=1146828035585606005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Voltage Doubling Variable Duty Cycle Wide Output Two-phase Parallel LLC Resonant Converter, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problems of a traditional LLC resonant converter in wide voltage applications such as a wide switching frequency range and a poor voltage regulation performance, a voltage doubling two-phase parallel resonant converter is proposed. There is a parallel double half-bridge LLC structure on the primary side of this converter, and a bidirectional switch is introduced into the full-bridge rectifier network on its secondary side to form a reconfigurable voltage doubling rectifier network. Fixed frequency control is adopted during operation. The lower half-bridge on the primary side changes the input voltage of the resonant tank by changing the duty cycle, while the upper half-bridge works with a fixed duty cycle. The rectifier network on the secondary side realizes full-bridge and voltage doubling hybrid rectification under the bidirectional switch, which can achieve 4 times of voltage gain. At the same time, this converter has a good soft switching performance, its voltage gain is independent of magnetizing inductance and load, and a larger magnetizing inductance can be selected to reduce the switch-off loss and conduction loss. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed converter was verified by simulation and experimental results.

, correspAuthors=Jian PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian PAN, Hongzhan GUO, Huijian ZHANG, Bing SHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828040648131426, articleId=1146828035585606005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=一种倍压型变占空比宽输出两相并联LLC谐振变换器, columnId=1149829799759339522, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=DC-DC变换器, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统LLC谐振变换器在宽电压应用时开关频率范围过宽且电压调节性能较差的问题,提出1种倍压型两相并联谐振变换器。该变换器一次侧为并联双半桥LLC结构,二次侧在全桥整流网络中引入双向开关,构成可重构倍压整流网络。工作时采用定频控制,一次侧下半桥通过改变占空比来改变谐振槽输入电压,上半桥则以固定占空比工作,二次侧整流网络在双向开关的作用下实现全桥和倍压混合整流,可实现4倍的电压增益范围。同时,该变换器具有良好的软开关性能,且电压增益与励磁电感、负载无关,可选用较大的励磁电感来减小开关的关断和导通损耗。最后,仿真与实验验证了该变换器的有效性。

, correspAuthors=潘健, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
潘健(1962— ),男,本科,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术。E-mail:
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郭泓展(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。 E-mail:

张恢鉴(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:系统辨识、控制工程。E-mail:

邵冰(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。 研究方向:控制理论。E-mail:

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郭泓展(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。 E-mail:

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郭泓展(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。 E-mail:

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张恢鉴(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:系统辨识、控制工程。E-mail:

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张恢鉴(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:系统辨识、控制工程。E-mail:

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邵冰(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。 研究方向:控制理论。E-mail:

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IET Power Electronics, 2020, 13(15): 3283-3293., articleTitle=Wide voltage gain range application for full-bridge LLC resonant converter with narrow switching frequency range, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205931311064216229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, awardId=HBSEES201902, language=EN, fundingSource=Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System(HBSEES201902), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205931311148102313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, awardId=HBSEES201902, language=CN, fundingSource=太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205931302826602706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931302834991314, 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label=Fig. 3, caption=Curve of relationship between duty cycle and voltage gain, figureFileSmall=sHSa/1HruSvU0XttTs9oZw==, figureFileBig=lYHdNj8WEXxjyQqa6nnp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931307339674112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, language=CN, label=图3, caption=占空比与电压增益关系曲线, figureFileSmall=sHSa/1HruSvU0XttTs9oZw==, figureFileBig=lYHdNj8WEXxjyQqa6nnp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931307448726024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Working modes of converter, figureFileSmall=+yrlmz4fUMfwHIYG88NqFA==, figureFileBig=H5mQNRn6ryaeStoAltP+ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931307561972242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, language=CN, label=图4, caption=变换器工作模态, figureFileSmall=+yrlmz4fUMfwHIYG88NqFA==, figureFileBig=H5mQNRn6ryaeStoAltP+ww==, 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journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Circuit parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压/V 100
输出电压/V 60~240
死区时间/μs 0.2
额定功率/kW 0.64
谐振频率fs/kHz 100
谐振电感Lr1Lr2/μH 17
谐振电容Cr1Cr2/nF 150
励磁电感Lm1Lm2/μH 170
输出电容Co1Co2/μF 50
变压器匝数比n 8:10
), ArticleFig(id=1205931310657368717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电路参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压/V 100
输出电压/V 60~240
死区时间/μs 0.2
额定功率/kW 0.64
谐振频率fs/kHz 100
谐振电感Lr1Lr2/μH 17
谐振电容Cr1Cr2/nF 150
励磁电感Lm1Lm2/μH 170
输出电容Co1Co2/μF 50
变压器匝数比n 8:10
), ArticleFig(id=1205931310753837713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of performance among different wide output LLC resonant converters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑 开关管数量 二极管数量 励磁电感/μH 控制策略 频率范围/kHz 调压范围/V
PWM-LLC[4] 5 3 300.00 PS+PWM 100 250~400
LLC-SRC[10] 6 4 749.76 PFM 54.0~256.5 50~420
LLC-RVMR[12] 4 3 400.00 PFM+PS 69~129 100~300
VFPPS-iLLC[14] 8 6 430.00 PFM+PS 40~100 150~500
本文 6 4 170.00 PWM 100 60~240
), ArticleFig(id=1205931310850306710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035585606005, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

宽输出LLC谐振变换器性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑 开关管数量 二极管数量 励磁电感/μH 控制策略 频率范围/kHz 调压范围/V
PWM-LLC[4] 5 3 300.00 PS+PWM 100 250~400
LLC-SRC[10] 6 4 749.76 PFM 54.0~256.5 50~420
LLC-RVMR[12] 4 3 400.00 PFM+PS 69~129 100~300
VFPPS-iLLC[14] 8 6 430.00 PFM+PS 40~100 150~500
本文 6 4 170.00 PWM 100 60~240
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一种倍压型变占空比宽输出两相并联LLC谐振变换器
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潘健 , 郭泓展 , 张恢鉴 , 邵冰
电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025,23(1): 21-31
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电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025, 23(1): 21-31
一种倍压型变占空比宽输出两相并联LLC谐振变换器
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潘健 , 郭泓展 , 张恢鉴 , 邵冰
作者信息
  • 湖北工业大学电气与电子工程学院,武汉 430068
  • 郭泓展(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器。 E-mail:

    张恢鉴(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:系统辨识、控制工程。E-mail:

    邵冰(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。 研究方向:控制理论。E-mail:

通讯作者:

潘健(1962— ),男,本科,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术。E-mail:
Voltage Doubling Variable Duty Cycle Wide Output Two-phase Parallel LLC Resonant Converter
Jian PAN , Hongzhan GUO , Huijian ZHANG , Bing SHAO
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.21
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针对传统LLC谐振变换器在宽电压应用时开关频率范围过宽且电压调节性能较差的问题,提出1种倍压型两相并联谐振变换器。该变换器一次侧为并联双半桥LLC结构,二次侧在全桥整流网络中引入双向开关,构成可重构倍压整流网络。工作时采用定频控制,一次侧下半桥通过改变占空比来改变谐振槽输入电压,上半桥则以固定占空比工作,二次侧整流网络在双向开关的作用下实现全桥和倍压混合整流,可实现4倍的电压增益范围。同时,该变换器具有良好的软开关性能,且电压增益与励磁电感、负载无关,可选用较大的励磁电感来减小开关的关断和导通损耗。最后,仿真与实验验证了该变换器的有效性。

谐振变换器  /  定频控制  /  倍压整流  /  宽电压  /  软开关

Aimed at the problems of a traditional LLC resonant converter in wide voltage applications such as a wide switching frequency range and a poor voltage regulation performance, a voltage doubling two-phase parallel resonant converter is proposed. There is a parallel double half-bridge LLC structure on the primary side of this converter, and a bidirectional switch is introduced into the full-bridge rectifier network on its secondary side to form a reconfigurable voltage doubling rectifier network. Fixed frequency control is adopted during operation. The lower half-bridge on the primary side changes the input voltage of the resonant tank by changing the duty cycle, while the upper half-bridge works with a fixed duty cycle. The rectifier network on the secondary side realizes full-bridge and voltage doubling hybrid rectification under the bidirectional switch, which can achieve 4 times of voltage gain. At the same time, this converter has a good soft switching performance, its voltage gain is independent of magnetizing inductance and load, and a larger magnetizing inductance can be selected to reduce the switch-off loss and conduction loss. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed converter was verified by simulation and experimental results.

Resonant converter  /  fixed frequency control  /  voltage doubling rectification  /  wide voltage  /  soft switch
潘健, 郭泓展, 张恢鉴, 邵冰. 一种倍压型变占空比宽输出两相并联LLC谐振变换器. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 21 -31 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.21
Jian PAN, Hongzhan GUO, Huijian ZHANG, Bing SHAO. Voltage Doubling Variable Duty Cycle Wide Output Two-phase Parallel LLC Resonant Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 21 -31 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.21
随着电力电子技术的发展,LLC谐振变换器以其优良的软开关性能、高开关频率和高功率密度[1]等优点被广泛应用于DC-DC领域,如可再生能源系统[2]、LED驱动器[3]和电动汽车[4-5]等。变频控制LLC谐振变换器的电压增益由频率来调节,当开关频率等于谐振频率时,转换器性能最佳,此时归一化电压增益为1。然而,在需要宽输出电压的应用中[6-7],开关频率必须工作在宽范围内来满足宽增益调节范围,当开关频率远离谐振频率时,电路中循环电流增大,软开关性能缺失,开关损耗和导通损耗显著增大。因此,传统频率调制不适用于宽电压应用场景。
为解决上述问题,文献[8-15]研究了诸多不同方案,在保持高效率的同时实现宽电压调节范围。文献[8-9]提出了改进设计方法来优化LLC谐振变换器,但开关频率远离谐振频率时,改进效果不明显。文献[10-12]采用可重构整流器结构使变换器更适用于宽输出电压应用,其中文献[10-11]通过改变调制策略来控制变换器工作在多种模式,进而拓宽输出电压范围,切换过程中输出电压不会出现突变但需要重置开关频率,同时为达到最小电压增益,开关频率范围变得较宽;文献[12]一次侧为2个交错并联的半桥,仅通过主开关的移相和变频控制来实现平稳的模式转换,重新配置二次侧的整流网络,缩小了开关频率范围并拓宽了电压调节范围,但在高输出电压时,电路中存在较大的循环电流。同样,改变一次侧网络也可以实现电压调节,文献[13-15]均在一次侧采用交错结构来调节输出电压,其中文献[13]通过控制一次侧双桥工作模式和二次侧辅助开关,使电路工作在4 种不同模式,缩小了开关频率范围,但在模式切换过程中会出现电压、电流突变;文献[14]研究了1种带混合整流结构的两相交错LLC谐振变换器,在低压和高压时分别采用定频和变频控制,通过自适应改变二次侧整流网络配置来扩展增益范围,从而降低开关频率范围和循环电流,但额外的器件增加了电路成本和控制复杂程度;文献[15]将变压器二次绕组反向串联,输出电压由2个半桥的移相角决定,极大地拓宽了输出电压范围,但较小的移相角对应着大循环电流。
本文介绍了1种定频变占空比调制的倍压型两相并联LLC谐振变换器,其一次侧由2个并联的半桥LLC谐振槽组成,2个变压器二次绕组串联并共用1个全桥整流网络,同时二次侧引入双向开关构成可重构倍压整流网络。与变频控制相比,该变换器旨在通过改变下半桥的占空比和二次侧整流的方式来调节输出电压,当开关频率等于谐振频率时,则可拓宽电压调节范围。
本文所提倍压型两相并联LLC谐振变换器拓扑如图1所示,一次侧逆变网络为并联的双半桥结构,二次侧整流网络引入反向串联的辅助开关S5和S6,形成可以工作在全桥和倍压2种整流模式下的可重构整流网络。其中,开关S1~S4构成2个半桥逆变器,谐振电感(Lr1=Lr2=Lr)、谐振电容(Cr1=Cr2=Cr)与励磁电感(Lm1=Lm2=Lm)共同构成2个参数相同的谐振网络;变压器T1和T2具有电气隔离和电压调节的作用,二次绕组以正向串联的方式相连接,且2个变压器具有相同的匝数比;整流二极管D1~D4构成全桥整流网络,改变双向开关的通断可改变整流方式;Co1Co2为2个大容量的输出滤波电容,同时对整流二极管两端电压具有钳位作用,使得二极管电压应力降低;R0为等效阻性负载。变换器LC串联谐振频率${f}_{\text{r}}=1\text{/}2\text{π}\sqrt{{L}_{\text{r}}{C}_{\text{r}}}$,电压和电流的参考方向如图1所示。
针对上述拓扑结构设计1种定频变占空比的调制策略,所有开关的开关频率fs与谐振频率fr相等。一次侧上半桥S1和S2以0.5的固定占空比互补导通,因此1个周期内上半桥谐振槽输入电压 Vab=0或与Vin的区间各占1/2;下半桥S3和S4互补导通,S4的占空比D∈[0,0.50],且下半桥谐振槽输入电压Vcd=0的区间与D相同。同时,S3与S1相位相同,S4和S2在同一时刻关断,二次侧辅助开关S6、S5分别与S3、S4具有相同的驱动信号。稳态下该变换器的驱动信号及主要工作波形如图2所示,Vg1~Vg6分别为6个开关管的驱动信号,VabVcd为谐振槽的输入电压,${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{m}}}$分别为一次侧流过谐振电感和励磁电感的电流,${V}_{L}{}_{{}_{\text{m1}}}$${V}_{L}{}_{{}_{\text{m}2}}$为2个励磁电感两端的电压,Vse为变压器二次绕组串联电压之和。需要指出的是,由于变压器二次侧绕组串联,因此流经2个变压器的电流始终相等;同时,为避免同一桥臂2个开关同时导通,每对开关(S1 与S2、S3与S4、S5与S6)间引入死区时间td
在1.2节控制策略下,通过调节占空比D的大小可实现输出电压的调节。当D=0时,开关S4与S5常开,一次侧仅接入1个半桥,下半桥不向负载传递能量,二次侧双向开关断开不工作,整流网络工作在全桥模式,变压器二次绕组串联电压之和VseVo,相当于半桥LLC谐振变换器工作,对应输出电压增益G=0.48。当0<D<0.50时,下半桥的谐振槽输入电压Vin的脉宽随D的增大而变窄,Vse包含-Vo${V}_{C}{}_{{}_{\text{o1}}}$$-{V}_{C}{}_{{}_{\text{o2}}}$这3个等级,二次侧整流网络工作在全桥和倍压混合整流模式,归一化电压增益逐渐增大。当D>0.50时,开关S1、S3、S6的驱动信号相同,S2、S4、S5的驱动信号相同,一次侧接入2个半桥,二次侧双向开关持续导通,整流网络工作在倍压整流模式,增益是全桥整流的2倍,VseVo,但此时Vo的幅值是占空比为0时的4倍,归一化电压增益G=1.92。因此,通过改变占空比D,可以实现0.48~1.92倍的电压增益调节范围。
变换器的输出电压增益与占空比的关系如图3所示。图3(a)中品质因数Q固定为0.50,改变电感比$k(k={L}_{\text{m}}/{L}_{\text{r}})$得到对应增益特性曲线,可见,k取不同值时增益曲线几乎重合,可以认为变占空比控制下电压增益与电感无关,可用于指导励磁电感的参数设计。图3(b)中取k=10,D在0~0.50之间变化,得到变换器增益调节范围为0.48~1.92,可见:电压增益随着占空比的增大而增大,在占空比相同时重载下电压增益相对较小,但差异不明显,因此负载的选取对电压增益的影响较小。如图2所示,1个周期内变换器工作在8个模态,图4为稳态下每个工作模态的电路。为便于电路分析,假设开关管和整流二极管均为理想器件,二极管导通压降忽略不计,具体过程如下。
模态1[t0, t1]:t0时刻,开关S2和S4关断,谐振槽输入电压上升为Vin。谐振电流${i}_{L}{}_{{}_{\text{r1}}}$${i}_{L}{}_{{}_{\text{r2}}}$分别对S1、S3和S2、S4的寄生电容进行放电和充电,为S1和S3的零电压导通做准备,当寄生电容放电完毕时,开关S1和S3的体二极管开始导通续流,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$显著减小。二次侧双向开关不工作,整流二极管D2和D3组成全桥整流回路,变压器二次侧绕组串联电压之和Vse$-{V}_{C}{}_{{}_{\text{o}2}}$变为-Vo。励磁电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{m}}}$呈线性减小,由于励磁电感较大,减小速度缓慢。
模态2[t1, t2]:t1时刻,开关S1和S3实现ZVS导通,一次侧2个半桥同时工作,谐振电感Lr1Lr2分别与谐振电容Cr1Cr2发生串联谐振,谐振电流大于励磁电流的差值$-{i}_{L}{}_{{}_{\text{r}}}-{i}_{L}$流经变压器向二次侧传递能量,电压${V}_{\text{in}}-{V}_{L}$施加在谐振槽两端,反向谐振电流${i}_{L}{}_{{}_{\text{r}}}$快速减小。二次侧开关S5的体二极管由于承受反向电压呈反向偏置,双向开关不工作,整流网络仍工作在全桥整流模式。t2时刻,${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$=${i}_{L}$ 经变压器流向二次侧的电流减小为0,整流二极管D2和D3在ZCS状态下实现关断,此模态结束。根据基尔霍夫定律可得
${V}_{in}={L}_{m}\frac{d{i}_{{L}_{m1}}(t)}{dt}+{v}_{{C}_{r1}}(t)+{L}_{r}\frac{d{i}_{{L}_{r1}}(t)}{dt}$
${V}_{in}={L}_{m}\frac{d{i}_{{L}_{m2}}(t)}{dt}+{v}_{{C}_{r2}}(t)+{L}_{r}\frac{d{i}_{{L}_{r2}}(t)}{dt}$
${L}_{m}\frac{d{i}_{{L}_{m1}}(t)}{dt}+{L}_{\text{m}}\frac{d{i}_{{L}_{m2}}(t)}{dt}=-n{V}_{o}$
式中:${v}_{{C}_{\text{r1}}}$${v}_{{C}_{\text{r2}}}$分别为谐振电容Cr1Cr2上的电压;n为变压器匝比。
模态3[t2,t3]:一次侧2个半桥保持上一模态的工作方式不变,谐振网络中发生串联谐振。t2时刻,变压器二次绕组串联电压之和Vse由-Vo变为${V}_{C}{}_{{}_{o1}},$励磁电感两端电压被正向电压钳位,励磁电流呈线性增加,谐振电流开始换向并逐渐增大,流入变压器一次侧的电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{m}}}$也逐渐增大。二次侧整流管D1与双向开关构成回路,整流网络工作在倍压整流模式。直到t3时刻开关S1关断,此模态结束。此时有
${V}_{\text{in}}={L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m1}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}+{v}_{{C}_{\text{r1}}}(t)+{L}_{\text{r}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}$
${V}_{\text{in}}={L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m2}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}+{v}_{{C}_{\text{r2}}}(t)+{L}_{\text{r}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}$
${L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m1}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}+{L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m2}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}=n{V}_{{C}_{\text{o1}}}$
模态4[t3,t4]:t3时刻,开关S1关断,S3保持导通,一次侧上半桥谐振槽电压VabVin变为0。此模态下,上半桥谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$分别对S1和S2的寄生电容进行充电和放电,为S2的零电压导通做准备,当寄生电容放电完毕时,S2的体二极管开始导通续流,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$显著减小,二次侧保持上一模态工作方式不变。
模态5[t4,t5]:t4时刻,S2实现ZVS导通。在模态4和模态5中,2个谐振槽中发生LC串联谐振,一次侧向二次侧传递能量,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$减小,励磁电感两端电压均被正向电压钳位,励磁电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{m}}}$呈线性增加,二次侧整流网络仍工作在倍压整流模式。t5时刻,${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}={i}_{{L}_{\text{m}}}$ 经变压器流向二次侧的电流减小为0,整流二极管D1实现ZCS关断,此模态结束。
模态6[t5,t6]:一次侧上半桥S2导通,下半桥S3和S4导通,谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$逐渐减小并开始反向; t5时刻,变压器二次侧绕组串联电压之和Vse${V}_{{C}_{\text{o1}}}$变为-Vo,励磁电感两端电压均被反向电压钳位,励磁电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{m}}}$在此作用下呈线性减小。二次侧开关S5的体二极管由于承受反向电压呈反向偏置,双向开关不工作,整流二极管D2和D3导通,整流电路工作在全桥整流模式。此时有
$0={L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m1}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}+{v}_{{C}_{\text{r1}}}(t)+{L}_{\text{r}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}$
${V}_{\text{in}}={L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m2}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}+{v}_{{C}_{\text{r2}}}(t)+{L}_{\text{r}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}$
${L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m1}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}+{L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m2}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}=-n{V}_{\text{o}}$
模态7[t6,t7]:t6时刻,开关S3和S6关断,S2保持导通。下半桥的谐振电流${i}_{L}{}_{{}_{\text{r2}}}$分别对S3和S4的寄生电容进行充电和放电,为S4的零电压导通做准备,谐振电流$ i_{L_{\mathrm{r}}}$减小,谐振网络发生串联谐振,一次侧向二次侧传递能量。二次侧网络双向开关关断,整流电路工作在全桥整流模式。t7时刻S4导通,此模态结束。
模态8[t7,t8]:此模态下,开关S2和S4导通,一次侧下半桥谐振槽输入电压VcdVin变为0,变压器二次绕组串联电压之和Vse由-Vo变为$-{V}_{C}{}_{{}_{\text{o2}}}$。 谐振电感Lr1Lr2分别与谐振电容Cr1Cr2发生串联谐振,反向谐振逐渐增大,上半桥励磁电流增大,下半桥励磁电流减小,一次侧向二次侧传递能量。二次侧整流二极管D2与双向开关构成倍压整流回路。此时有
$0={L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m1}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}+{v}_{{C}_{\text{r1}}}(t)+{L}_{\text{r}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}$
$0={L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m2}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}+{v}_{{C}_{\text{r2}}}(t)+{L}_{\text{r}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}$
${L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m1}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}+{L}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{m2}}}(t)}{\text{d}t}=-n{V}_{{C}_{\text{o2}}}$
磁性元件是决定变换器电压增益及性能的主要参数,传统变频控制参数设计复杂。本文采用定频控制,开关频率fs等于谐振频率fr,有效简化了磁性元件的参数设计。主要参数设置如下:输入电压100 V,输出电压60~240 V,额定功率640 W,fr=fs=100 kHz。由于2个谐振网络被设计为相同的参数,因此仅需完成1个谐振网络的设计。参考文献[13]得到具体设计步骤如下。
1)计算变压器变比
根据输入电压Vin=100 V、最小输出电压Vomin= 60 V时对应最小电压增益Gmin=0.48,可以得到变压器变比为
${n}_{1}\text{=}{n}_{2}=\frac{{G}_{\text{min}}{V}_{\text{in}}}{{V}_{\text{omin}}}=0.8$
2)设计电感比k
图3(a)可见,电感比k对输出电压增益无影响,因此尽量选取较大的励磁电感Lm来获得较小的励磁电流,以减少电路中的导通损耗;但较小的励磁电流无法在死区时间内完成对开关管寄生电容的充、放电,因此选取Lm的上限应考虑一次侧开关的ZVS。由于死区时间极短,因此认为完成对寄生电容的充、放电的时间等于死区时间,可以得到励磁电流的最小值为
${I}_{{L}_{\text{m}-\mathrm{min}}}=\frac{2{C}_{\text{oss}}{V}_{\text{in}}}{{t}_{\text{d}}}$
式中,Coss为开关管寄生电容。
为满足ZVS条件,根据式(14)可得Lm的设计应满足
${L}_{\text{m}}\le \frac{n{V}_{\text{o}}{t}_{\text{d}}}{8{C}_{\text{oss}}{V}_{\text{in}}{f}_{\text{s}}}$
考虑一定设计裕量,本文选取励磁电感Lm1= Lm2=170 μH。
3)计算谐振参数
图3(b)可见,负载对电压增益影响较小,即品质因数Q的设计独立于电压增益,根据分析取Q=0.50,再结合Q得到谐振参数LrCr,即
$Q=\frac{{\text{π}}^{2}}{8{n}^{2}{R}_{0}}\sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\text{r}}}{{C}_{\text{r}}}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\text{r1}}={L}_{\text{r2}}=\frac{{Z}_{\text{r}}}{2\text{π}{f}_{\text{r}}}\\ {C}_{\text{r1}}={C}_{\text{r2}}=\frac{1}{2\text{π}{f}_{\text{r}}{Z}_{\text{r}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,Zr为特征阻抗,${Z}_{\text{r}}=\sqrt{{L}_{\text{r}}\text{/}{C}_{\text{r}}}$
根据上述分析,为验证变换器的工作原理及其可行性,基于MATLAB/Simulink平台进行仿真分析,并搭建实验样机进行验证。具体电路参数设计见表1
图5为占空比D=0、输出电压为60 V时变换器主要工作波形。由图5(a)可见,此时一次侧仅有上半桥向二次侧传递能量(S3常开、S4常闭),上半桥谐振槽输入电压Vab为两电平的方波,2个谐振槽的谐振电流均为正弦波。由图5(b)可见,开关S1、S2的驱动信号Vg1Vg2均在漏源极两端电压Vs1Vs2下降为0后才上升为高电平,因此一次侧开关管可实现ZVS;由于一次侧开关的切换,经变压器传递至二次侧二极管的电流自然下降为0,因此整流二极管可实现ZCS,二极管不存在反向恢复损耗。
图6为占空比D=0.25时变换器主要工作波形,此时上、下2个半桥同时工作,二次侧整流桥工作在全桥和倍压2种混合整流模式。由图6(a)可见,此时下半桥谐振槽输入电压Vcd=0的区间与占空比D相等,因此D在0~0.50之间变化的过程中,下半桥逐渐接入1个完整的半桥,向负载传递的能量随D的增大而增大。由图6(b)可见,开关S1、S3的驱动信号Vg1Vg3均在漏源极两端电压Vs1Vs3下降为0后才上升为高电平,因此一次侧开关管可实现ZVS;二次侧整流二极管同样可实现ZCS。
图7为占空比D=0.50时变换器主要工作波形,此时上、下2个半桥开关S1和S2、S3和S4均以0.50的占空比互补导通,一次侧向二次侧传递能量最大,二次侧整流桥工作在倍压整流模式。由图7(a)可见,2个谐振槽电压及电流相同,谐振电流为正弦波,电路工作于完全谐振状态。由图7(b)可见,开关S1和S3可实现ZVS;当$i_{L_{\mathrm{r}}}=i_{L_{\mathrm{m}}}$时,二次侧流过整流二极管电流自然下降为0,整流二极管可实现ZCS。
由仿真分析可知,通过改变占空比D实现调压的过程中,电路中循环电流较小,有效降低了变换器的环流损耗;开关S1和S3具有良好的软开关性能,开关S2和S4同样可以实现ZVS导通(不再赘述S2和S4的软开关波形),有效降低了一次侧开关损耗。然而,二次侧双向开关由于采用不对称控制,仅开关S6可实现ZVS导通,开关S5的硬开关对于变换器效率提升存在一定程度的负面影响。
为评估变换器性能,参考文献[16]将本文所述PWM控制和传统PFM控制进行仿真对比验证。 图8为输出电压240 V时采用2种调制得到的性能对比波形,可见:传统PFM控制下,变换器存在较大的关断电流和循环电流,严重降低了变换器效率;本文所提PWM控制下,谐振变换器工作在谐振频率点,可以降低一次侧的循环电流,此外设计较大的励磁电感,开关管的关断电流明显减小,有效降低了开关管的关断损耗和导通损耗。因此,本文所提变换器比传统PFM控制下的变换器具有更好的性能。
根据工作原理可知,二次侧整流网络结构在辅助开关控制下逐渐由半桥整流结构转变为倍压整流结构,开关S5电压应力等于电容Co1两端电压。图9为变换器调压过程中二次侧串联电容两端电压和输出电压关系曲线,可见:在整个调压过程中,当输出电压较低时,开关S5电压应力等于输出电压,但随着占空比D逐渐增大,开关S5电压应力逐渐减小至输出电压的1/2。因此,此拓扑结构对于二次侧辅助开关电压应力有所缓解。
为验证仿真分析,本文搭建了1台最大功率为2 kW的实验样机,如图10所示,实验参数设置与仿真实验时(表1)保持一致。
改变占空比D得到不同输出电压下变换器的稳态波形,如图11所示,此时输入电压均为100 V,输出电压的调节范围为60~240 V。可见:改变占空比D可以改变下半桥谐振槽的输入电压,随着开关S4占空比的增大,输出电压也逐渐增大;由于变压器二次侧绕组采用串联结构,且谐振槽参数相同,因此2个谐振槽的谐振电流近乎相同,同时设计较大的励磁电感可有效减小励磁电流,在D=0和D=0.50时,谐振电流近似为正弦波。
图12为改变占空比得到的变换器软开关波形,可见:驱动信号Vg上升沿均在漏源极两端电压Vs下降沿下降为0后才上升为高电平,这表明本文所设计的LLC谐振变换器开关管S1和S3在整个占空比D的调节范围内均可实现ZVS。由图12(a)可见,二次侧二极管的电流可自然地下降为0,整流二极管工作在断续模式,实现了ZCS,不存在反向恢复损耗。
通过上述分析可知:改变占空比D,变换器可以很好地实现宽输出电压调节;在整个调压过程中循环电流较小,一次侧开关及二次侧整流二极管均能够实现软开关,实验结果与理论分析一致。
为评估本文所提变换器的性能,对宽输出LLC谐振变换器性能进行比较,结果见表2。文献[4]为定频控制且循环电流小,但输出电压范围有限;文献[10]虽然具有超宽输出电压范围,但切换过程需要重置开关频率且开关频率范围较宽;文献[12]缩小了开关频率范围并拓宽了增益范围,但在高输出电压时一次侧存在较大循环电流;文献[14]开关频率范围依然较宽且未考虑模式切换时电压、电流突变问题。相比之下,本文所提谐振变换器的调压性能较好且控制策略简单。
本文针对宽输出电压应用领域设计了1种倍压型两相并联LLC谐振变换器。该变换器通过改变一次侧下半桥的占空比,使一次侧实现2倍增益调节,配合辅助开关控制二次侧整流方式,实现60~240 V的4倍宽增益调节范围,一次侧2个开关管同二次侧的辅助开关具有相同的控制信号,控制简单。同时,变换器采用定频PWM控制,开关频率固定且等于谐振频率,输出电压增益与电感比k、负载无关,可选用较大的励磁电感来减小电路中的开关关断损耗和导通损耗,有利于磁性元件的设计。此外,在占空比变化范围内,一次侧开关管和二次侧整流二极管均具有良好的软开关性能,但引入的辅助开关存在部分无法实现软开关的问题,需进一步改进。
  • 太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902)
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2025年第23卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.21
  • 接收时间:2022-03-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-01
  • 修回日期:2022-04-18
  • 录用日期:2022-04-22
基金
Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System(HBSEES201902)
太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HBSEES201902)
作者信息
    湖北工业大学电气与电子工程学院,武汉 430068

通讯作者:

潘健(1962— ),男,本科,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、控制理论与控制工程、计算机应用技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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