Article(id=1146828035375890788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.48, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650124800000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-17, revisedDate=1655222400000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-15, acceptedDate=1656000000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-24, onlineDate=1751354710667, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354710667, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867154, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354710667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354710667, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844397518512704, articleId=1146828035375890788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Unified Control of Bidirectional H4 Bridge Converter, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the time-delay oscillation of a bidirectional H4 bridge converter in a single-phase energy storage inverter, a unified control method for the bidirectional H4 bridge converter is proposed. In this method, a voltage regulator is used to control the power flow of the converter, and a set of bidirectional feasible control parameters are derived based on the power balance theory. At the same time, in order to realize AC current tracking input voltage without static error and increase the stability, the current inner-loop adopts a quasi proportional resonance controller, and a second-order generalized integrator is used to design a phase-locked loop. PSIM simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can realize seamless switching between the rectification and active inverter modes, and it also has a good effect in the startup and switching between different modes. Therefore, it can realize stable control of the bidirectional AC-DC bridge converter in a single-phase photovoltaic energy storage system and obtain a good dynamic performance.

, correspAuthors=Yu FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuyan JU, Yu FANG, Wei TANG, Xiaofei WANG, Li ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828043294736445, articleId=1146828035375890788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=双向H4桥变换器的统一控制, columnId=1149829799759339522, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=DC-DC变换器, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对单相储能逆变器中双向H4桥变换器换路瞬间的时延振荡,提出1种双向H4桥变换器的统一控制方法。该方法利用电压调节器控制变换器的功率流向,基于功率平衡理论推导出1套双向可行的控制参数,同时为实现交流电流无静差跟踪输入电压、增加稳定性,电流内环采用准比例谐振控制器,并采用二阶广义积分器设计锁相环。PSIM仿真和实验均表明该方法能实现整流和有源逆变状态之间的无缝切换,且在启动及状态切换时都有很好的效果,实现单相光伏储能系统中双向AC-DC的稳定控制并获得良好的动态性能。

, correspAuthors=方宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
方宇(1972— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:
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鞠禹堰(1995— ),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏储能变换器及其控制。E-mail:

汤伟(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与新能源技术。E-mail:

王笑飞(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏储能变换器及其控制。E-mail:

张犁(1985— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源并网装备拓扑与控制技术。E-mail:

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鞠禹堰(1995— ),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏储能变换器及其控制。E-mail:

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鞠禹堰(1995— ),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏储能变换器及其控制。E-mail:

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汤伟(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与新能源技术。E-mail:

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汤伟(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与新能源技术。E-mail:

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王笑飞(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏储能变换器及其控制。E-mail:

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王笑飞(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏储能变换器及其控制。E-mail:

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张犁(1985— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源并网装备拓扑与控制技术。E-mail:

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张犁(1985— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源并网装备拓扑与控制技术。E-mail:

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label=Fig. 1, caption=Topology of bidirectional H4 bridge converter, figureFileSmall=s90+2CBkLZmKJ//prd8xyw==, figureFileBig=xr3bI5vNdQVvQ4aNXagvPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148832281368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035375890788, language=CN, label=图1, caption=双向H4桥变换器拓扑结构, figureFileSmall=s90+2CBkLZmKJ//prd8xyw==, figureFileBig=xr3bI5vNdQVvQ4aNXagvPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945149100716844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035375890788, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Rectification modes of H4 bridge converter, figureFileSmall=OcCnavwUWIptxGi5BfxddA==, figureFileBig=D7YNRarww5mVTFU5OedVdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945149180408626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035375890788, language=CN, label=图2, caption=H4桥变换器整流工作模态, figureFileSmall=OcCnavwUWIptxGi5BfxddA==, 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双向H4桥变换器的统一控制
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鞠禹堰 1 , 方宇 1 , 汤伟 1 , 王笑飞 1 , 张犁 2
电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025,23(2): 48-56
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电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025, 23(2): 48-56
双向H4桥变换器的统一控制
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鞠禹堰1 , 方宇1 , 汤伟1 , 王笑飞1 , 张犁2
作者信息
  • 1 扬州大学信息工程学院,扬州 225000
  • 2 河海大学电气与动力工程学院,南京 211100
  • 鞠禹堰(1995— ),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏储能变换器及其控制。E-mail:

    汤伟(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与新能源技术。E-mail:

    王笑飞(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏储能变换器及其控制。E-mail:

    张犁(1985— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源并网装备拓扑与控制技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

方宇(1972— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:
Unified Control of Bidirectional H4 Bridge Converter
Yuyan JU1 , Yu FANG1 , Wei TANG1 , Xiaofei WANG1 , Li ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
  • 2 College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.48
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针对单相储能逆变器中双向H4桥变换器换路瞬间的时延振荡,提出1种双向H4桥变换器的统一控制方法。该方法利用电压调节器控制变换器的功率流向,基于功率平衡理论推导出1套双向可行的控制参数,同时为实现交流电流无静差跟踪输入电压、增加稳定性,电流内环采用准比例谐振控制器,并采用二阶广义积分器设计锁相环。PSIM仿真和实验均表明该方法能实现整流和有源逆变状态之间的无缝切换,且在启动及状态切换时都有很好的效果,实现单相光伏储能系统中双向AC-DC的稳定控制并获得良好的动态性能。

光伏储能逆变器  /  双闭环控制  /  统一控制  /  无缝切换

Aimed at the time-delay oscillation of a bidirectional H4 bridge converter in a single-phase energy storage inverter, a unified control method for the bidirectional H4 bridge converter is proposed. In this method, a voltage regulator is used to control the power flow of the converter, and a set of bidirectional feasible control parameters are derived based on the power balance theory. At the same time, in order to realize AC current tracking input voltage without static error and increase the stability, the current inner-loop adopts a quasi proportional resonance controller, and a second-order generalized integrator is used to design a phase-locked loop. PSIM simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can realize seamless switching between the rectification and active inverter modes, and it also has a good effect in the startup and switching between different modes. Therefore, it can realize stable control of the bidirectional AC-DC bridge converter in a single-phase photovoltaic energy storage system and obtain a good dynamic performance.

Photovoltaic energy storage inverter  /  double closed-loop control  /  unified control  /  seamless switching
鞠禹堰, 方宇, 汤伟, 王笑飞, 张犁. 双向H4桥变换器的统一控制. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 48 -56 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.48
Yuyan JU, Yu FANG, Wei TANG, Xiaofei WANG, Li ZHANG. Unified Control of Bidirectional H4 Bridge Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 48 -56 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.48
光伏储能系统在微电网、智能电网中广泛应用,促进了“碳达峰”和“碳中和”事业的发展[1-2]。在单相光伏储能逆变器中,H4桥拓扑因结构简单和成本低而被广泛应用于网侧的双向AC-DC电路,以实现电网与储能电池之间的能量双向流动[3]
已有较多文献[4-9]在单相逆变模式下设计了双向AC-DC电路的控制器参数,以确保变换器的稳定运行。文献[4]提出1种模块化AC-DC并联系统的双向运行控制方法,采用分裂的正向和负向电压调节器以保证并联模块功率流向的一致,整流和逆变状态以不同的直流母线电压运行,并实现了两者之间的无缝平滑切换;文献[5]提出1种变参数QPR (quasi proportional resonant)数字控制方法,通过QPR控制器增大带宽来减小因电网频率偏移所导致的网侧电流和电压相位不同步问题[6],然而,因换路瞬间电路中的储能不发生突变,引用2套控制参数会产生约10 ms时延的振荡,无法真正实现双向AC-DC电路整流与逆变之间的无缝切换;文献[7]提出了双向H6桥变换器的一致单极性调制方法,基于直流母线电压环的稳定控制,实现了双向H6桥双向变换器的能量双向流动,但未分析电压调节器的控制参数是否适用于整流状态,且带宽很窄,不能满足双向AC-DC电路整流与逆变状态切换的动态响应性能。
基于此,本文针对单相光伏储能逆变器的双向H4桥变换器,研究整流和逆变的统一控制方法。单相H4桥变换器处于整流工作模态时,采用双闭环控制,电压外环采用比例积分PI(proportional-integral)控制器,电流内环引入QPR控制器。因单相H4桥变换器无论处于整流运行模式还是逆变运行模式,都需控制电感中电流跟踪电网的相位以实现网侧的单位功率因数,故电流内环所引入的QPR控制器应适用于整流和逆变模式。对于电压外环而言,单相H4桥变换器处于整流运行和逆变运行模式下具有不同的控制模型,故本文首先分析其整流工作模态,然后建立其数学模型,并基于功率平衡的方法推导整流器的开环传递函数,从而得到电压外环PI控制器参数的整定方法,最后将单相H4桥变换器在整流模式下的电压外环控制参数代入逆变模式下的模型中进行验证和优化,实现了单相H4桥变换器并网逆变与整流工作模式的无缝切换,从而验证在单相光伏储能逆变器中对双向AC-DC电路采用统一控制方法的可行性和正确性。
H4桥变换器主电路结构如图1所示,图中:${u}_{\text{ac}}$为电网电动势;L为交流侧储能电感,${r}_{\text{L}}$L的等效内阻;${i}_{\text{s}}$为网侧电流;${i}_{\text{dc}}$为直流侧输出电流;${R}_{\text{L}}$为负载电阻;${C}_{\text{dc}}$为直流母线电容;${V}_{\text{dc}}$为直流母线电压;${\text{V}}_{\text{1}}{\text{~V}}_{\text{4}}$为IGBT,${\text{VD}}_{\text{1}}{\text{~VD}}_{\text{4}}$分别为其体二极管。当H4桥双向变换器工作在整流模式时,主要由4个开关管的通断控制来实现整流,其调制方法主要有双极性调制和单极性调制。因单极性正弦脉宽调制法SPWM(sinusoidal pulse width modulation)调制效率较高[8-9],本文对H4桥双向变换器采用单极性调制方法,正半周时下管${\text{V}}_{\text{2}}$高频工作(此时${\text{V}}_{\text{4}}$可以半周开通),负半周时下管${\text{V}}_{\text{4}}$高频工作(此时${\text{V}}_{\text{2}}$可以半周开通),相应的上管${\text{V}}_{\text{1}}$${\text{V}}_{\text{3}}$与它们互补工作。${\text{V}}_{\text{1}}$${\text{V}}_{\text{3}}$在整个电网周期内也可以不用开通,而是采用其体二极管工作。
H4桥双向变换器整流工作模式时的主要模态如图2所示。
整流模态1:当电网在正半周期时,工作流程如图2(a)所示。此时${\text{V}}_{\text{2}}$导通,电网电流经电感L流过开关管${\text{V}}_{\text{2}}$,再经由${\text{V}}_{\text{4}}$的体二极管${\text{VD}}_{\text{4}}$流回电网。在此工作模态中,电感L进行储能,直流母线电容${C}_{\text{dc}}$向直流负载提供能量。
整流模态2:如图2(b)所示,当${\text{V}}_{\text{2}}$关断后,电网电流经电感L流向${\text{V}}_{\text{1}}$的反并联二极管${\text{VD}}_{\text{1}}$,继而通过直流母线电容${C}_{\text{dc}}$${\text{V}}_{\text{4}}$的体二极管${\text{VD}}_{\text{4}}$流向电网。该过程中,整流后的电网电压与电感L中的能量同时给直流母线电容${C}_{\text{dc}}$充电,并为直流负载提供能量,从而实现整流升压。
整流模态3:如图2(c)所示,当电网电压工作于负半周期时,${\text{V}}_{\text{4}}$导通,电网电流通过由${\text{V}}_{\text{4}}$${\text{V}}_{\text{2}}$的体二极管${\text{VD}}_{\text{2}}$和电感L构成的回路。在此过程中,电感L反向储能,直流母线电容${C}_{\text{dc}}$为直流负载提供能量。
整流模态4:如图2(d)所示,当${\text{V}}_{\text{4}}$关断后,电网电流通过开关管${\text{V}}_{\text{3}}$的体二极管${\text{VD}}_{\text{3}}$,再经过由母线电容${C}_{\text{dc}}$、开关管${\text{V}}_{\text{2}}$的体二极管${\text{VD}}_{\text{2}}$和电感L构成的回路。此时,整流后的电网电压与电感L中的能量同时给直流母线电容${C}_{\text{dc}}$充电,并为直流负载提供能量,从而实现整流升压。
通过上述分析可知,采用单极性调制方式后,H4桥变换器通过4种工作模态的组合,实现了网侧能量到直流母线的传输,且可通过改变开关管的导通时间来调整直流母线电压的幅值。同理,H4桥在逆变工作时也有4种工作模态,不再赘述。
根据图1的拓扑,绘制控制流程图如图3所示。本文中应用在单相光伏储能逆变器中的双向H4桥变换器采用了电压外环和电流内环的双闭环控制,锁相环PLL(phase locked-loop)用以实现网侧电流的相位控制。系统控制框图如图4所示。
图5为单相H4桥变换器电流内环的控制框图,可得电流环开环系统传递函数[10]
${G}_{\text{i,open}}(s)=\frac{{k}_{\text{pwm}}}{1+0.5{T}_{\text{s}}s}\cdot \frac{{k}_{\text{if}}}{1+{T}_{\text{s}}s}\cdot \frac{1}{Ls+{r}_{L}}$
式中:${k}_{\text{pwm}}$为可逆变换器输出基波相对于正弦调制波的放大比;${T}_{\text{s}}=1/{f}_{\text{s}}=1/20\text{ }000$${f}_{\text{s}}$为开关频率;${k}_{\text{if}}$为电流增益。取储能电感L=1.3 mH;L的等效内阻${r}_{\text{L}}$=0,实际采用数字控制,DSP程序中将采样值经过增益换算成实际电流值,故${k}_{\text{if}}$=1。
QPR相较于PI及比例谐振PR(proportional-resonant)控制能够实现无静差跟踪,同时使稳定性增加。QPR控制器的传递函数为
${G}_{\text{QPR}}(s)={K}_{\text{P}}+\frac{2{K}_{\text{r}}{\omega }_{\text{c}}s}{{s}^{2}+2{\omega }_{\text{c}}s+{\omega }_{0}{}^{2}}$
式中:${K}_{\text{P}}$为比例项系数;${K}_{\text{r}}$为谐振项系数;${\omega }_{\text{c}}$为QPR调节器的-3 dB截止频率;${\omega }_{0}$为谐振频率,${\omega }_{0}$= 2πf=314 rad/s。
加入调节器的电流环开环传递函数为
$\begin{array}{l}{G}_{\text{i,open,reg}}(s)=\left(\frac{{k}_{\text{pwm}}}{1+0.5{T}_{\text{s}}s}\right)\left(\frac{1}{Ls+{r}_{L}}\right)\left(\frac{{k}_{\text{if}}}{1+{T}_{\text{s}}s}\right)\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left({K}_{\text{P}}+\frac{2{K}_{\text{r}}{\omega }_{\text{c}}s}{{s}^{2}+2{\omega }_{\text{c}}s+{\omega }_{0}{}^{2}}\right)\end{array}$
设电网频率允许波动范围为±0.5 Hz,则有${\omega }_{\text{c}}$/π=1 Hz,因此${\omega }_{\text{c}}$=3.14 rad/s。将QPR控制器写成零极点形式,即
$\begin{array}{l}{G}_{\text{QPR}}(s)={K}_{\text{P}}+\frac{2{K}_{\text{r}}{\omega }_{\text{c}}s}{{s}^{2}+2{\omega }_{\text{c}}s+{\omega }_{0}{}^{2}}=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{K}_{\text{P}}\frac{{s}^{2}+6.28(1+{K}_{\text{r}}/{K}_{\text{P}})s+98\text{ }596}{{s}^{2}+6.28s+98\text{ }596}\end{array}$
当考虑电流内环需获得较快的电流跟随性能时,可按典型I型系统设计电流调节器[11],QPR调节器零点抵消电流控制对象传递函数的极点。根据式(4)可求解出${K}_{\text{r}}、{K}_{\text{P}}$的取值范围。综合考虑以上因素,确定QPR控制器的参数为${K}_{\text{P}}=1$${\omega }_{\text{c}}=3.14\text{ rad/s}$${K}_{\text{r}}=100$。将以上参数代入式(3),得校正后的电流环开环伯德图如图6所示,截止频率为300 Hz,校正后的电流环相角裕度为69.2°,幅值裕度为33 dB,满足设计要求。
逆变运行时的电流内环建模方法相同,可得到与整流运行下相同的电流内环模型,故采用的QPR控制器可采用相同的控制参数。
图7为单相H4桥整流器电压闭环控制系统框图。图中:$G(s)$为单相H4桥整流器控制到输出的传递函数,$G(S)={\widehat{u}}_{\text{dc}}(s)\text{/}{\widehat{i}}_{\text{s}}=K(1-{T}_{\text{Z}}S)\text{/}(1+{T}_{\text{P}}S)$,其中,${\widehat{u}}_{\text{dc}}$${\widehat{i}}_{\text{s}}$分别为${V}_{\text{dc}}$${i}_{\text{s}}$在稳态工作点处的小扰动量,${T}_{\text{P}}=0.5RC$${T}_{\text{Z}}=L{I}_{\text{s}}\text{/}{u}_{\text{ac}}$$K=3R{u}_{\text{ac}}\text{/}$$(4{V}_{\text{dc}})$S为拉普拉斯变换复变量;${G}_{\text{c}}(s)$为电压控制器。根据$G(s)$的特点选取预期开环模型$Q(s)$设计电压控制器${G}_{\text{c}}(s)$,为了实现直流侧电压的无静差调节,预设校正后开环系统为I型系统,则$Q(s)$传递函数[12-16]
$Q\left(s\right)={G}_{\text{c}}\left(s\right)G\left(s\right)=\frac{m\left(1-{T}_{\text{Z}}S\right)}{{T}_{\text{Z}}S\left(1+{T}_{\text{Z}}S\right)}$
由式(5)可得
${G}_{\text{c}}\left(s\right)=Q\left(s\right)\text{/}G\left(s\right)=\frac{m\left(1+{T}_{\text{P}}S\right)}{K{T}_{\text{Z}}S\left(1+{T}_{\text{Z}}S\right)}$
为实现电流的完全跟踪,取电压控制环带宽为156 rad/s,由式(5)可知带宽等于$m/{T}_{\text{Z}}$${T}_{\text{Z}}$=0.000 08,故m=0.012 48。本设计可忽略${T}_{\text{Z}}$,则电压控制器传递函数为
${G}_{\text{c}}(s)=\frac{0.012(1+{T}_{\text{P}}S)}{K{T}_{\text{Z}}S}$
根据式(7)可写出PI调节器参数为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{K}_{\text{p}}=\frac{0.012{T}_{\text{P}}}{K{T}_{\text{Z}}}\\ {K}_{\text{i}}=\frac{0.012}{K{T}_{\text{Z}}}\end{array}\right.$
未校正系统传递函数为
${G}_{\text{v,open}}(s)=\frac{K(1-{T}_{\text{Z}}s)}{(1+{T}_{\text{P}}s)}\frac{1}{1+{T}_{\text{s}}s}$
未校正系统相角裕量为94°,幅值裕度为38 dB。加入PI调节器校正后开环系统为
${G}_{\text{v,open}}{}_{\text{,regulated}}(s)=\frac{K(1-{T}_{\text{Z}}s)}{(1+{T}_{\text{P}}s)}\cdot \frac{{k}_{\text{vf}}}{1+{T}_{\text{s}}s}\cdot \frac{{K}_{\text{vp}}s+{K}_{\text{vi}}}{s}$
式中:${k}_{\text{vf}}$为电压反馈系数;${K}_{\text{vp}}$${K}_{\text{vi}}$分别为比例系数和积分系数。
校正后稳定时系统的开环增益为1情况下具有45°的相角裕度,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left|{G}_{\text{v,open,regulated}}(\text{j}\omega )\right|=1\\ \gamma =180°+\angle {G}_{\text{v,open,regulated}}(\text{j}\omega )=45°\end{array}\right.$
可求出
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{K}_{\text{vp}}=0.518\\ {K}_{\text{vi}}=78.778\end{array}\right.$
将参数代入式(10),可得到校正后电压开环伯德图如图8所示。由图8可知,截止频率为20.1 Hz,校正后幅值裕度为43.7 dB,相角裕度为45.3°,实现了稳定校正。
采用数字控制时,DSP程序中已将采样值经过增益换算成实际电流值,故此处的电流内环增益取1。图9为逆变控制框图,即和整流控制一样采用了双闭环控制方法。对于逆变运行时,电压外环PI调节器的输出为负,从而实现逆变运行模式。
校正前的电压开环传递函数为
${G}_{\text{u,open}}(s)=\frac{{k}_{\text{c}}}{{C}_{\text{dc}}s}\cdot \frac{{k}_{\text{uf}}}{1+{T}_{\text{s}}s}$
式中:${k}_{\text{c}}$为逆变器输入电流和输出电流峰值的比例系数;${k}_{\text{uf}}$为电压反馈系数。
图10为未校正的电压开环伯德图,图中电压开环传递函数的截止频率156 Hz处对应的相角裕度为89.6°,电压外环虽然是稳定的,但一般来说工程中相角裕度取45°~70°为佳。因此,需对电压外环进行校正。
加入PI调节器校正后的电压开环传递函数为
${G}_{\text{u,open,reg}}(s)=\frac{{k}_{\text{up}}s+{k}_{\text{ui}}}{s}\cdot \frac{{k}_{\text{c}}}{{C}_{\text{dc}}s}\cdot \frac{{k}_{\text{uf}}}{1+{T}_{\text{s}}s}$
式中:${k}_{\text{up}}$${k}_{\text{ui}}$分别为电压外环PI控制器的比例系数和积分系数。
设定校正后的电压环截止频率为20 Hz,相角裕度45°,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left|{G}_{\text{u,close}}(\text{j}\omega )\right|=1\\ \gamma =180°+\angle {G}_{\text{u,close}}(\text{j}\omega )=45°\end{array}\right.$
结合式(14)和式(15)解得方程组的结果为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{k}_{\text{up}}=0.573\\ {k}_{\text{ui}}=71.128\end{array}\right.$
由式(16)和式(12)可看出,整流和逆变运行模式下的电压外环控制参数相近。将整流运行模式下的电压外环控制参数代入式(14),得到如图11的电压环开环伯德图。可知,此时逆变运行模式下的电压环截止频率为20.1 Hz,相角裕度为39.4°,故系统稳定。可见在单相光伏储能逆变器中,能够采用统一控制方法实现网侧双向H4桥的整流与逆变运行的稳定,从而实现能量的双向流动。
在实际应用中,软件锁相环的思想来源于硬件锁相环;从应用范围看,锁相环可分为三相锁相环和单相锁相环,三相锁相环适用于三相并网系统,单相锁相环则主要应用于单相并网系统。图12 SPLL- SOGI的算法中采用正交信号发生器,然后使用dq变换将得到的无功分量通过PI调节,使无功分量为0,继而实现锁相。单相锁相后的波形如图13所示,图中的曲线${V}_{\text{sin}\theta }$是锁相后的波形,在0.1 s时,电网的振幅从314 V突变为200 V,并在0.3 s时恢复正常。可以看出,锁相环的输出与电网的相位一致,以实现精确的锁相。
基于PSIM进行仿真,设置参数如下:开关频率${f}_{\text{s}}$为20 kHz,电网频率为50 Hz,电网电压有效值为220 V;${K}_{\text{p}}$=0.518,${K}_{\text{i}}$=78.778(PI控制器);${K}_{\text{P}}$=1;${K}_{\text{r}}$=100;${\omega }_{\text{c}}$=3.14 rad/s,${\omega }_{\text{0}}$=314 rad/s(QPR控制器);L=1.3 mH,C=4.7 μF/350 V,${C}_{\text{dc}}$=2 500 µF;开关管IGBT的型号为FGH40N65 UFD。双向H4桥变换器处于整流工作模式下的关键波形如图14所示,逆变工作模式下的关键波形如图15所示。
系统稳定运行后,给负载电阻${R}_{\text{L}}$加入1个阶跃变化量从而进行负载突变的仿真,先后在负载量分别为25%(0~0.1 s),50%(0.1~0.2 s),75%(0.2~0.3 s),100%(0.3~0.4 s)的情况下实验,由图16的突加载、突卸载波形可知系统动态性能良好,电压缓起动波形平稳。
图17中整流运行在0.15 s时在直流输出侧接入440 V直流电源,工作状态由整流状态切换到逆变状态;图18中逆变运行在0.15 s时断开440 V直流源,逆变状态切换到整流状态。
在5 kW样机上进行试验,实验结果如图19~图22所示,图中${v}_{\text{ac}}$为网侧电压。H4桥整流运行波形如图19所示,逆变运行波形如图20所示,由整流向逆变工况切换波形如图21所示,逆变向整流工况切换波形如图22所示。通过统一的电压调节器实现了双向H4桥变换器的整流运行模式与逆变运行模式的平滑切换,实现了电网与直流侧之间能量双向流动。
本文研究了单相光伏储能逆变器中双向H4桥变换器的控制参数整定方法。在整流运行模式下设计了双向H4桥变换器的双闭环控制参数,验证了整流运行模式下的控制参数同样适用于逆变运行模式,从而提出了单相光伏储能逆变器中双向H4桥变换器的统一控制方法,实现了双向H4桥变换器整流和逆变状态之间的无缝切换,避免了过大的振荡延时。本文所研究的控制方法适用于光伏储能逆变器中双向AC-DC电路的控制,具有很好的实际应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52177176)
  • 扬州市科技计划资助项目——产业前瞻与共性关键技术(YZ2021022)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.48
  • 接收时间:2022-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-17
  • 修回日期:2022-06-15
  • 录用日期:2022-06-24
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52177176)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52177176)
The Industrial Foresight and Universal Key Technology Research and Development Project of Yangzhou Science and Technology Project(YZ2021022)
扬州市科技计划资助项目——产业前瞻与共性关键技术(YZ2021022)
作者信息
    1 扬州大学信息工程学院,扬州 225000
    2 河海大学电气与动力工程学院,南京 211100

通讯作者:

方宇(1972— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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