Article(id=1146828035023569214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.32, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703779200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-29, revisedDate=1709827200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-08, acceptedDate=1713283200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-17, onlineDate=1751354710584, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354710584, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866974, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354710584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354710584, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844396050444922, articleId=1146828035023569214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Phase-shifted Full-bridge ZVZCS Converter with Low Duty Cycle Loss, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phase-shifted full-bridge zero-voltage zero-current switching(ZVZCS) converters are favored in high- power DC conversion applications owing to their advantages such as simple structures and high efficiency. However, high-power phase-shifted full-bridge ZVZCS converters still face problems including difficulty in the current reset and severe duty cycle loss. In response to the above issues, a novel phase-shifted full-bridge ZVZCS converter is put forward, which ensures that it can realize zero-current switching over a wide load range by introducing an auxiliary circuit on the primary side to reset the current to zero before the turn-on of lagging-leg switches. At the same time, it can accelerate the commutation speed on the primary side, reduce the duty cycle loss and realize an optimized design of power supply. Based on the analysis of the circuit structure, working principle and characteristics of the proposed converter, a 1 kW experimental prototype was designed to verify its correctness.

, correspAuthors=Yong SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zelong FENG, Yong SHI, Yuting WANG, Kexin XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828041369551772, articleId=1146828035023569214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=一种低占空比丢失的移相全桥ZVZCS变换器, columnId=1149829799759339522, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=DC-DC变换器, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

移相全桥零电压零电流开关ZVZCS(zero-voltage zero-current switching)变换器因结构简单、效率高等优点,在大功率直流变换应用场合备受青睐。目前,大功率移相全桥ZVZCS变换器仍存在电流复位困难、占空比丢失严重等问题。针对上述问题,提出1种新型移相全桥ZVZCS变换器,通过在一次侧引入辅助电路,在滞后桥臂开通前将电流复位至0,保证其可以在宽负载范围内实现零电流开关;与此同时,还可以加速一次侧续流换流速度,减少占空比丢失,实现电源的优化设计。在分析了变换器的电路结构、工作原理和特性的基础上,设计1台1 kW实验样机,验证了其正确性。

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石勇(1974— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新型电力电子电路拓扑及其应用研究。E-mail:
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封泽龙(2000— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

王宇婷(1997— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

徐可心(1998— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

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封泽龙(2000— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

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王宇婷(1997— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

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王宇婷(1997— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

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徐可心(1998— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

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徐可心(1998— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2019, 34(6): 5032-5037., articleTitle=Wide load range ZVZCS three-level DC-DC converter with compact structure, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205931313048122119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035023569214, awardId=2024GX-YBXM-281, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2024GX-YBXM-281), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205931313132008199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035023569214, awardId=2024GX-YBXM-281, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2024GX-YBXM-281), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205931306127520145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035023569214, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931306135908755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035023569214, 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articleId=1146828035023569214, language=CN, label=图13, caption=效率曲线, figureFileSmall=tasxsmu9VblpbOci8QPnnA==, figureFileBig=1FL/F+92CjWRBRWhQz8tzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931312511251182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035023569214, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison results of performance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 增加器件数量 变压器数量 滞后桥臂ZCS负载
范围
二次侧整流二极管
电压应力
一次侧开关管
电压应力
占空比丢失 复位电流能力 额定功率限制
本文 5 2 ${V}_{\text{in}}/{k}_{{\text{T}}_{1}}$ Vin ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{\text{res}})$ 最优
文献[10] 3 1 一般 $({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{b}}})/{k}_{\text{T}}$ ${V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}}$ ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}})$ 一般
文献[16] 2 1 一般 $({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{b}}})/{k}_{\text{T}}$ ${V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}}$ ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}})$
文献[17] 2 1 一般 VC Vin ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}{V}_{\text{in}}$ 一般
文献[18] 4 1 一般 Vin(2-D)/kT Vin ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}{V}_{\text{in}}$ 一般
文献[19] 3 1 一般 $\begin{array}{l}({V}_{\text{in}}/2+\Delta {V}_{{C}_{\text{BL}}})/{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}\hfill \end{array}$ ${V}_{\text{in}}/2+\Delta {V}_{{C}_{\text{BL}}}$ ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}{V}_{{C}_{\text{BLmax}}}$ 一般
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312616108786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035023569214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

性能比较结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 增加器件数量 变压器数量 滞后桥臂ZCS负载
范围
二次侧整流二极管
电压应力
一次侧开关管
电压应力
占空比丢失 复位电流能力 额定功率限制
本文 5 2 ${V}_{\text{in}}/{k}_{{\text{T}}_{1}}$ Vin ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{\text{res}})$ 最优
文献[10] 3 1 一般 $({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{b}}})/{k}_{\text{T}}$ ${V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}}$ ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}})$ 一般
文献[16] 2 1 一般 $({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{b}}})/{k}_{\text{T}}$ ${V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}}$ ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}({V}_{\text{in}}+{V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}})$
文献[17] 2 1 一般 VC Vin ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}{V}_{\text{in}}$ 一般
文献[18] 4 1 一般 Vin(2-D)/kT Vin ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}{V}_{\text{in}}$ 一般
文献[19] 3 1 一般 $\begin{array}{l}({V}_{\text{in}}/2+\Delta {V}_{{C}_{\text{BL}}})/{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}\hfill \end{array}$ ${V}_{\text{in}}/2+\Delta {V}_{{C}_{\text{BL}}}$ ${L}_{\text{lk}}{L}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{\text{T}}{V}_{{C}_{\text{BLmax}}}$ 一般
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312725160694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035023569214, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Detailed circuit parameters

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参数 数值
直流输入电压Vin/V 500
输出电压Vo/V 20
输出电流Io/A 50
开关频率f/kHz 20
主变压器变比${k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}$ 15:1
辅助变压器变比${k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{2}}}$ 2:1
滤波电感Lo/μH 80
滤波电容Co/μF 2 000
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312846795516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828035023569214, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

具体电路参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流输入电压Vin/V 500
输出电压Vo/V 20
输出电流Io/A 50
开关频率f/kHz 20
主变压器变比${k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}$ 15:1
辅助变压器变比${k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{2}}}$ 2:1
滤波电感Lo/μH 80
滤波电容Co/μF 2 000
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一种低占空比丢失的移相全桥ZVZCS变换器
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封泽龙 , 石勇 , 王宇婷 , 徐可心
电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025,23(1): 32-43
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电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025, 23(1): 32-43
一种低占空比丢失的移相全桥ZVZCS变换器
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封泽龙 , 石勇 , 王宇婷 , 徐可心
作者信息
  • 陕西科技大学电气与控制工程学院,西安 710021
  • 封泽龙(2000— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

    王宇婷(1997— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

    徐可心(1998— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子及其应用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

石勇(1974— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新型电力电子电路拓扑及其应用研究。E-mail:
Phase-shifted Full-bridge ZVZCS Converter with Low Duty Cycle Loss
Zelong FENG , Yong SHI , Yuting WANG , Kexin XU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.32
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移相全桥零电压零电流开关ZVZCS(zero-voltage zero-current switching)变换器因结构简单、效率高等优点,在大功率直流变换应用场合备受青睐。目前,大功率移相全桥ZVZCS变换器仍存在电流复位困难、占空比丢失严重等问题。针对上述问题,提出1种新型移相全桥ZVZCS变换器,通过在一次侧引入辅助电路,在滞后桥臂开通前将电流复位至0,保证其可以在宽负载范围内实现零电流开关;与此同时,还可以加速一次侧续流换流速度,减少占空比丢失,实现电源的优化设计。在分析了变换器的电路结构、工作原理和特性的基础上,设计1台1 kW实验样机,验证了其正确性。

移相全桥  /  零电压零电流开关  /  占空比丢失

Phase-shifted full-bridge zero-voltage zero-current switching(ZVZCS) converters are favored in high- power DC conversion applications owing to their advantages such as simple structures and high efficiency. However, high-power phase-shifted full-bridge ZVZCS converters still face problems including difficulty in the current reset and severe duty cycle loss. In response to the above issues, a novel phase-shifted full-bridge ZVZCS converter is put forward, which ensures that it can realize zero-current switching over a wide load range by introducing an auxiliary circuit on the primary side to reset the current to zero before the turn-on of lagging-leg switches. At the same time, it can accelerate the commutation speed on the primary side, reduce the duty cycle loss and realize an optimized design of power supply. Based on the analysis of the circuit structure, working principle and characteristics of the proposed converter, a 1 kW experimental prototype was designed to verify its correctness.

Phase-shifted full-bridge  /  zero-voltage zero-current switching(ZVZCS)  /  duty cycle loss
封泽龙, 石勇, 王宇婷, 徐可心. 一种低占空比丢失的移相全桥ZVZCS变换器. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 32 -43 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.32
Zelong FENG, Yong SHI, Yuting WANG, Kexin XU. Phase-shifted Full-bridge ZVZCS Converter with Low Duty Cycle Loss[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 32 -43 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.32
移相全桥变换器因结构简单、功率密度高、电能转换效率高等优点,成为广泛使用的大功率DC-DC变换器[1-3],尤其是在电动汽车、新能源发电等重要领域[4-5]。然而,移相全桥变换器存在一些明显缺陷,如滞后桥臂开关器件的软开关负载范围窄、占空比丢失和存在环流损耗等[6-7]
针对上述问题,学术界给出了多种解决方案,其中改进型零电压开关ZVS(zero-voltage switching) 变换器[8-9]和零电压零电流开关ZVZCS(zero-voltage zero-current switching)变换器[10-15]是2种主流思路。改进型ZVS变换器主要通过增加一次侧电感或者增加一次侧电流的方式拓展滞后桥臂开关器件的负载范围。文献[8]的电路通过在变压器一次侧串联电感拓展了滞后桥臂开关器件的ZVS范围;文献[9]通过增加附加无源辅助电路拓展了滞后桥臂的软开关负载范围,与此同时有效降低了传导损耗。
在大功率变换器中,IGBT器件通流能力强、可靠性高,因而成为首选器件,但该种器件所固有的拖尾电流会影响传统ZVS变换器的转换效率,因此基于IGBT的ZVZCS变换器成为另一研究热点。移相全桥ZVZCS变换器在复位阶段将一次侧电流复位,使滞后桥臂器件工作在零电流开关ZCS (zero-current switching)状态,有效拓展ZVZCS变换器的软开关负载范围[10-11]。另外,该类变换器还具有更低的通态损耗、更少的占空比丢失及更小的器件关断损耗。在ZVZCS变换器中,超前桥臂开关器件可利用滤波电感和漏感储能轻松实现ZVS,滞后桥臂开关器件则在一次侧电流为0时进行换流[12]。根据不同的一次侧电流复位方式,ZVZCS变换器可分为2类,分别是一次侧辅助复位变换器和二次侧辅助复位变换器[13]。文献[14]通过辅助电路在一次侧引入可变复位电压源,可在宽负载范围内实现滞后桥臂的软开关,不会增加额外的电压应力;文献[15]通过在二次侧加入有源钳位环节能够同时实现滞后臂开关器件ZCS,并可有效抑制二极管的寄生振荡。
目前,ZVZCS变换器仍然存在一些技术问题,有待进一步探索。在移相全桥ZVZCS变换器中占空比丢失的现象依然存在。在宽输入电压应用场合,需要降低变比补偿占空比丢失,从而大幅增加一次侧开关器件的电流应力,降低电源转换效率。针对上述问题,本文提出1种低占空比丢失的移相全桥ZVZCS变换器,通过在一次侧引入可控复位电压源,可实现变换器一次侧电流的快速复位,并可加速一次侧换流阶段的电流变化速率,减少占空比丢失。本文分析了变换器的拓扑结构、工作原理及电路的基本特性,搭建1台1 kW的实验样机,理论与实验结果证明所提方案的正确性和有效性。
图1为本文提出的移相全桥ZVZCS变换器电路拓扑。其中:Vin为直流输入电压;Q1~Q4为主开关管;D1~D4为其反并联二极管;C1C2为并联电容;T1为主变压器,将能量从一次侧传输至负载;ip为变压器T1一次侧电流;${k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}$为变压器T1的变比;vp为变压器T1一次侧电压;Qs1~Qs4为辅助开关管,Ds1~Ds4为其反并联二极管;T2为辅助变压器;${k}_{{\text{T}}_{2}}$为T2的变比;${i}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{2}}}$为T2二次侧电流;Llk为变压器T1和T2共同的漏感;CBL为辅助电路的隔直电容;Cin1Cin2为IGBT的2个分压电容;Do1和Do2为2个整流二极管;LoCo分别为输出滤波电路的电感和电容;${i}_{{L}_{\text{o}}}$为电感Lo的电流;Ro为负载;Vo为输出电压;vrec为整流电压;vres为辅助变压器一次侧电压,也即复位电压;vsec为辅助变压器二次侧电压。变换器使用辅助电路将可变电压源vres引入一次侧,在功率传输阶段,该电压源电压为0,对运行没有影响;在续流阶段,vres复位原边电流,确保滞后桥臂开关的ZCS;在换流阶段,加速电流的变化速率,减少占空比丢失。
本文所提变换器共有2种工作模式,分别为电流复位模式和占空比补偿模式。图2给出了这2种模式的控制方式和工作波形。
该电路的上半周期模态如图3所示。为简化分析计算过程,假设如下:电路中的所有功率器件均为理想器件;T1和T2的励磁电感足够大,可忽略励磁电流的影响;IGBT并联电容C1=C2Cin1Cin2Co足够大,输出电压恒定;Lo足够大,可忽略电流纹波;Io表示输出电流的平均值。
模态1[t0之前]:t0时刻前,Q1和Q4开通,直流输入电压通过变压器T1给负载供电,整流二极管Do1导通,Do2关断。辅助开关管Qs2、Qs4处于开通状态,辅助变压器T2一次侧被短路,复位电压vres=0。此模态下有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{\text{p}}=\frac{{I}_{\text{o}}}{{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}}\\ {v}_{\text{P}}={V}_{\text{in}}\end{array}\right.$
模态2[t0, t1]:t0时刻,Q1关断,变压器漏感Llk和滤波电感Lo对Q1的并联电容C1充电和对Q2的并联电容C2放电。在t1时刻充、放电结束,Q1两端电压上升至Vin,Q2两端电压下降至0。由于C1C2的充、放电速率有限,${v}_{{\text{Q}}_{1}}$上升缓慢,因此Q1的关断损耗很低,所以可认为Q1为准ZVS关断。此模态下漏感Llk和滤波电感Lo串联,储存的能量用于电容充、放电,ip近似不变,类似于一个恒流源,即
${i}_{\text{p}}=\frac{{I}_{\text{o}}}{{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}}$
模态3[t1, t2]:t1时刻,Q2两端电压降为0,其并联二极管D2自然导通,变压器一次侧进入续流模式。Q2可以在一个较宽的负载范围内实现ZVS开通。此模态下ip保持不变。
模态4[t2, t3]:t2时刻,Q2零电压开通,Qs4关断,辅助开关管Qs3的反并联二极管Ds3自然导通提供电流回路,直流输入电压通过辅助变压器向一次侧提供复位电压vres,一次侧电流ip开始减小,不足以提供负载所需电流,整流二极管Do1、Do2同时导通,均分负载电流,变压器T1一、二次侧电压被钳位在0。此模态下有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{\text{p}}(t)=\frac{{I}_{\text{o}}}{{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}}-\frac{{v}_{\text{res}}}{{L}_{\text{lk}}}(t-{t}_{2})\\ {v}_{\text{res}}=\frac{{V}_{\text{in}}}{2{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{2}}}}\\ {T}_{\text{32}}=\frac{{L}_{\text{lk}}{I}_{\text{o}}}{{v}_{\text{res}}{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:T32t2~t3阶段的时间。
模态5[t3, t4]:t3时刻,一次侧电流ip复位到0,辅助电路电流${i}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{2}}}$也随之减小到0,Ds3实现ZCS关断,辅助电路提供的复位电压vres变为0。t3时刻之后,Q4可以实现ZCS关断。
模态6[t4, t5]:t4时刻,Q4零电流关断。二次侧的2个二极管仍然同时导通,变压器T1一、二次侧电压被钳位在0。
模态7[t5, t7]:t5时刻,Q3零电流开通,因为Llk限制了ip的变化速率,在此间隔内,ip随时间反向线性增大,这一阶段的时间持续到${i}_{\text{p}}={i}_{{L}_{\text{o}}}\text{/}{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}$ 此模态下有
${i}_{\text{p}}(t)=-\frac{{V}_{\text{in}}}{{L}_{\text{lk}}}(t-{t}_{5})$
占空比补偿模式下的模态1~6与电流复位模式相同。
模态8[t5, t6]:t5时刻,Q3和Qs3零电流开通,CBL通过辅助变压器向一次侧提供反向电压vres,在 vresvp的叠加影响下增大了一次侧电流ip的变化速率。此模态下有
${i}_{\text{p}}(t)=-\frac{{v}_{\text{res}}+{V}_{\text{in}}}{{L}_{\text{lk}}}(t-{t}_{5})$
模态9[t6, t7]:t6时刻,Qs3关断,一次侧向负载提供能量,二次侧退出换流状态。辅助电路经Qs2和Ds4构成续流回路,辅助变压器一次侧被短路,vres变为0。t7时刻,Qs4零电压开通。此模态下有
${i}_{\text{p}}(t)=-\frac{{V}_{\text{in}}}{{L}_{\text{lk}}}(t-{t}_{6})$
t7时刻之后,电路工作在下半开关周期,原理与上半开关周期类似,不再赘述。
工作模式依据有效占空比决定。有效占空比Deff的确定方式如图4所示,其表达式为
${D}_{\text{eff}}=1-\frac{{t}_{\text{dead}}+{t}_{\text{reset}}+{t}_{\text{ZCS}}+{t}_{\text{loss}}}{{T}_{\text{s}}/2}$
式中:${t}_{\text{dead}}$为死区时间;${t}_{\text{reset}}$为电流复位时间;${t}_{\text{ZCS}}$为滞后桥臂实现ZCS的时间,与开关管特性相关;${t}_{\text{loss}}$为占空比丢失的时间;Ts为1个开关周期。
假设占空比为0.80,辅助电路模式切换采用滞环控制,当占空比大于0.82时,由电流复位模式变为占空比补偿模式;当占空比小于0.78时,由占空比补偿模式变为电流复位模式。电流复位模式与占空比补偿模式下,辅助电路的Qs2与Qs4的控制波形相同,不同点在于,占空比补偿模式下的Qs1和Qs3分别在Q4、Q3的上升边缘开通,加速一次侧电流换流,减小占空比丢失。电路采用电压、电流双闭环控制,控制框图如图5所示,其中辅助电路模式切换与电压、电流控制器的闭环调节解耦。
开通时刻:Q1和Q2可以实现ZVS开通,由于滤波电感储能能够满足C1C2的充、放电,因此Q1和Q2可以在宽负载范围内实现ZVS开通,其 ZVS开通的条件为
$\frac{1}{2}({L}_{\text{lk}}+{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}^{2}{L}_{\text{o}}){\left(\frac{{I}_{\text{o}}}{{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}}\right)}^{2}\ge \frac{1}{2}({C}_{\text{1}}+{C}_{2}){V}_{\text{in}}^{2}$
由此可得ZVS开通的最小输出电流Iomin
${I}_{\text{omin}}=\text{ }{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}{V}_{\text{in}}\sqrt{\frac{{C}_{1}+{C}_{2}}{{L}_{\text{lk}}+{L}_{\text{o}}{k}_{{\text{T}}_{1}}^{2}}}$
由式(9)可知,软开关范围与${L}_{\text{lk}}+{L}_{\text{o}}{k}_{{\text{T}}_{1}}^{2}$C1 + C2有关。在实验设计中样机的额定输入电压为500 V,变压器变比${k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}=15$。根据式(9)绘制超前桥臂ZVS的负载范围,如图6所示。
关断时刻:Q1和Q2在关断时,由于并联电容的充、放电速率有限,开关管两端电压的上升速率缓慢。因此认为Q1和Q2可实现准ZVS关断,开关损耗很小。
开通时刻:由于漏感${L}_{\text{lk}}$的存在,电流ip不会立刻上升,Q3和Q4的开通功率损失很小,可以实现准ZCS开通。
关断时刻:以Q4为例,在Q4关断前,关闭了Qs4,输入电压Vin通过辅助电路在一次侧施加复位电压vres,实现电流ip的复位。在Q4关断时,ip已复位至0,Q4可实现ZCS关断。ip的复位时间为${T}_{32}$,为保持安全的ZCS,vres应满足
${v}_{\text{res}}\ge \frac{{L}_{\text{lk}}{I}_{\text{omax}}}{{T}_{\text{32}}{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}}$
式中,Iomax为输出电流Io的最大值。
由式(10)可知,当复位时间为2 μs、变压器变比为15:1时,复位电压、变压器漏感及输出电流之间的关系如图7所示。
高复位电压更有利于Q3和Q4的ZCS关断。与传统的移相全桥ZVZCS变换器不同,高复位电压不会对整流二极管造成额外的电压应力,因此可以适应更高的额定功率,应用于大功率场合中。
辅助电路中Qs1和Qs3的工作情况相同,Qs2和Qs4的工作情况相同。在电流复位模式下Qs1和Qs3没有控制信号,仅利用2个反并联二极管工作,如图2(a)图3所示,Ds1和Ds3实现了ZCS关断。当Qs2和Qs4开通时,电流${i}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{2}}}$保持为0,可以实现ZCS开通;当Qs2和Qs4关断时,开关管两端电容会限制电压的上升速度,认为是准ZVS关断。
占空比补偿模式下,Qs1、Qs3分别与Q4、Q3同时开通,此时电流${i}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{2}}}$从0开始增大,但漏感${L}_{\text{lk}}$限制了电流的上升速度,可认为是准ZCS开通;同时关断时,开关管两端电容会限制电压的上升速度,可认为是准ZVS关断。Qs2、Qs4与电流复位模式工作状态相同,可实现ZCS开通和准ZVS关断。
占空比丢失会导致电路输出电压不稳定、效率降低,是移相全桥电路存在的主要问题之一。定义占空比丢失为ΔD
无辅助电路时,电路为传统的ZVS变换器,其占空比丢失$\Delta {D}_{\text{ZVS}}$
$\Delta {D}_{\text{ZVS}}>\frac{\text{4}{L}_{\text{lk}}{I}_{\text{o}}}{{V}_{\text{in}}{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}{T}_{\text{s}}}$
增加辅助电路后,其占空比丢失$\Delta {D}_{\text{ZVZCS}}$
$\Delta {D}_{\text{ZVZCS}}=\frac{\text{2}{L}_{\text{lk}}{I}_{\text{o}}}{({V}_{\text{in}}+{v}_{\text{res}}){k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}{T}_{\text{s}}}$
图8给出了本文所提变换器与传统ZVS和传统ZVZCS变换器的占空比丢失随输入电压和输出功率的变化情况。可以看出,随着输出功率的增加,3种变换器的占空比丢失都增大,但本文所提变换器的占空比丢失相对更小,尤其是在低电压的情况下,减小占空比丢失的优势更加明显。当输入电压为300 V、输出功率为50 kW时,该变换器的占空比丢失仅为0.1,约为传统ZVZCS变换器的1/2,为传统ZVS变换器的1/5。
在功率传输阶段,T2的一次侧电压和二次侧电压均为0。在电流复位和电流换流阶段,T2的电压是窄脉冲。当ip=0后,T2的电流和电压均为0,所以T2工作时间远少于T1,T2的伏秒积要比T1小得多。变压器磁芯的有效截面积可由伏秒积公式求得,即
$A_{\mathrm{e}}=\frac{V T}{K B N}$
式中:Ae为变压器磁芯的有效截面积,cm2V为变压器工作时的电压,V;T为辅助变压器T2一、二次侧电压不为0的时间,s;B为磁芯磁感应强度,T;N为变压器初级线圈匝数;K为常数,用来统一单位。取磁感应强度B = 0.2 T,常数K = 1,分别计算主变压器T1和辅助变压器T2的磁芯有效截面积Ae1Ae2,得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{A}_{\text{e1}}=\frac{500\times 16\times {10}^{-6}}{0.2\times {10}^{4}\times 15}=27\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{2}\\ {A}_{\text{e2}}=\frac{250\times 2\times {10}^{-6}}{0.2\times {10}^{4}\times 6}=4\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{2}\end{array}\right.$
由式(14)可知,Ae1约为Ae2的7倍,因此辅助变压器的体积远小于主变压器,对功率密度影响较小,未来若将二者集成在1个变压器上,则对功率密度的影响会进一步减小。
本电路通过一次侧辅助电路实现ip的复位,电路的主要特点有:第一,复位电压仅出现在续流阶段,不会给整流二极管增加额外的电压应力;第二,vres可根据变换器功率设计,没有其他约束,突破传统ZVZCS变换器的功率限制;第三,可有效减少占空比丢失。为进一步说明本电路的优势,选择文献[10,16-19],与本文进行比较研究,结果见表1
文献[10,16,19]均需在变压器一次侧串联1个隔直电容,一般在输出满载时,隔直电容电压峰值${V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}}$= 20%Vin,在500 V输入电压下隔直电容的最大电压仅为100 V,若复位时间为1 μs,能复位的最大输出电流仅为150 A,限制了额定功率;而本文的复位电压可轻松达到300 V,复位输出电流达到450 A;文献[17-18]同样存在额定功率限制,因为变压器二次侧的隔直电容会引起一次侧电流过冲,增加主开关管的额定电流,并且隔直电容不仅需要重置一次侧电流,还需要提供整流后的输出电流,如果隔直电容不够大,其能量将不足以重置一次侧电流。所以,本文所提变换器因无功率限制,可能是高功率应用下的最优选择。
变换器的损耗主要由开关管损耗、变压器损耗及整流二极管损耗组成。开关管损耗主要包括通态损耗、开通损耗和关断损耗。其中,通态损耗${P}_{\text{cond}}$是由通态电阻RDS(on)产生的,表示为
${P}_{\text{cond}}={I}_{\text{rms}}^{2}{R}_{\text{DS(on)}}$
式中,Irms为流过通态电阻的电流有效值。
开通损耗${E}_{\text{on}}$表示为
${E}_{\text{on}}=\frac{1}{2}({C}_{1}+{C}_{2})({V}_{\text{s}}^{2}-{V}_{\text{d}}^{2})$
式中:Vs为直流母线电压;Vd为换流结束时IGBT的两端电压。由于在死区时间内超前桥臂并联谐振电容C1C2完成了充、放电,所以Vd=Vs,开通损耗Eon=0。
IGBT关断过程存在电流拖尾现象,使得IGBT的集电极电压和发射极电流出现重叠部分,产生了关断损耗。将关断过程中的电压、电流线性化处理,则关断损耗Eoff近似为
${E}_{\text{off}}\text{=}\frac{{({I}_{\text{o}}/{k}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{1}}}\cdot \text{ }{t}_{\text{f}})}^{\text{2}}}{\text{6}({C}_{1}+\text{ }{C}_{2})}$
式中,${t}_{\text{f}}$为IGBT电流下降时间。由于滞后桥臂在关断之前,一次侧电流为0,实现了ZCS关断,不会产生关断损耗。
变压器的损耗主要由铁芯损耗和绕组损耗组成。铁芯损耗PFe一般可计算为
${P}_{\text{Fe}}=k{f}^{\alpha }{B}_{\text{m}}^{\beta }{V}_{\text{Fe}}$
式中:kαβ为常数,取决于材料的等级;f为开关频率;Bm为最大磁感应强度;VFe为铁芯的体积。
绕组损耗${P}_{\text{winding}}$可以表示为
${P}_{\text{winding}}={I}_{\text{rms}}^{2}{R}_{\text{coil}}$
式中,${R}_{\text{coil}}$为绕组的电阻。
整流二极管的导通损耗${P}_{\text{D}}$可计算为
${P}_{\text{D}}={U}_{\text{F}}{I}_{\text{F}(\text{AV})}$
式中:UF为二极管的正向导通压降;IF(AV)为流过二极管的平均电流。
加入辅助电路前、后变换器的损耗对比如图9所示。在加入辅助电路后,由于占空比丢失的减小,增大了变压器变比,使得一次侧电流更小,大幅度减小了开关管的通态损耗和开关损耗;整流二极管的耐压需求降低,可选择正向压降更小的二极管来减小损耗;辅助电路虽增加了4个开关管和1个变压器,但因为开关管均可实现软开关,流过的电流小于0.05Io,且变压器T2体积远小于T1,因此增加的损耗很小。
为进一步阐明所提变换器的优势及工程应用的可能性,本文所提变换器与文献[10,17]的变换器在以下条件下进行额外损耗对比:Vin=500 V,Vo= 20 V,Io从10 A变化至400 A,f = 20 kHz。
图10给出3种变换器附加器件引起的功率损耗对比。在文献[10]中,阻断电容电压${V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}}$Io的变化而变化,且决定了钳位二极管D2和D4的两端电压,因此D2和D4的通态压降随Io的增加而增加,其传导损耗也随Io的增加而增加。在高Io的条件下,文献[10]的变换器需要1个高${V}_{{C}_{\text{bp}}}$来正确地复位ip,从而导致整流二极管上产生1个高电压尖峰。通常地,高压器件所需的反向恢复能量Eres远高于低压元件,这导致了较高的反向恢复损失。文献[17]的变换器在二次侧添加有源钳位开关以实现ZVZCS操作,二次侧流过的电流远高于一次侧,因此应使用高伏安值的器件,以确保安全运行,但高电流应力意味着较高的额外功率损耗。本文所提变换器增加的辅助开关管所承受的电压为Vin/2,流过的电流小于0.05Io,均可实现软开关,且不会对原本器件的电压、电流应力产生任何影响,可以使用低伏安值的器件,因此增加的额外损耗很小;同时,辅助变压器的体积远小于主变压器,对功率密度的影响也较小。
综上,变换器的辅助变压器体积较小,因辅助电路而增加的功率损耗较低;同时,通过辅助变压器复位电流,复位能力更强,占空比丢失更小,还可以拓宽ZCS负载范围,更容易实现软开关。因此,本文所提变换器是一种很有前途的大功率ZVZCS变换器。
为验证上述理论分析的正确性,本文搭建了1台1 kW实验样机,如图11所示。具体电路参数见表2
图12给出了实验波形。为了便于表述,通过占空比补偿模式的结果说明共同特征。
图12(a)为变压器一次侧电压和一次侧电流波形,辅助电路在超前桥臂开关切换后产生复位电压。复位时间已在图中标出,在大功率场合中,可以通过改变辅助变压器变比自由地对复位电压进行调节,以减小电流复位时间。一次侧电压vp在功率传输阶段的开始有一个峰值,可以减少占空比丢失。
图12(b)为超前桥臂的ZVS工作波形,超前桥臂借助滤波电感和漏感中的能量,可以在宽负载范围内实现ZVS开通。在${t}_{1}$时刻,Q1的反并联二极管导通,两端电压${v}_{{\text{Q}}_{1}\left(\text{CE}\right)}$被钳位到0,此时Q1实现了零电压开通。
图12(c)为滞后桥臂在宽负载范围内实现ZCS的工作波形。在${t}_{1}$时刻,${v}_{{\text{Q}}_{3}(\text{CE})}$约为15 V,${i}_{{\text{Q}}_{3}}$达到0。在${t}_{2}$时刻,${v}_{{\text{Q}}_{3}(\text{CE})}$约为-10 V,这意味着此时Q3已经关断,因此,Q3可以实现零电流关断。
图12(d)为辅助变压器T2的二次侧电压和二次侧电流波形。辅助变压器的电压只出现在电流复位与电流换流阶段,电流复位阶段整流二极管不会承受额外的电压应力。
图12(e)为辅助电路开关管Qs4的波形,这些开关管可以实现宽范围的ZVS开通。由于${i}_{{\text{T}}_{\text{2}}}$在功率传输阶段会流过这些开关,因此会导致一些传导损耗,但增加的功率损耗较低。
图12(f)中,整流二极管的电压应力在电流复位阶段不增加,但会在功率传输阶段开始的峰值处增加,这与理论分析结果一致。在一次侧电流增大到足以支撑输出电流时关断Qs1(或Qs3),整流二极管便不会承受额外的电压应力。
图12(g)(h)(i)为电流复位模式下的部分实验波形。图12(j)(k)分别给出了轻载情况下超前桥臂ZVS和滞后桥臂ZCS的工作波形,Q1和Q3分别实现了宽范围的零电压开通和零电流关断。
图12(l)给出了负载跳变的实验波形。在所提变换器中,增加辅助电路不影响变换器的状态空间平均模型,因此,该变换器具有与传统移相全桥变换器相似的动态性能。
图13给出了加入辅助电路前、后变换器效率随输出电流变化的趋势。从图中可以看出,加入辅助电路后,效率有明显提升,并随着输出电流增大而增大,效率最大约为95%。
本文提出1种新型大功率低占空比丢失的移相全桥ZVZCS变换器,通过引入辅助电路可以实现一次侧电流的有效复位和快速换向,克服了传统ZVZCS变换器的问题,且具有以下优点:
(1)可有效降低占空比丢失,提升变换器效率;
(2)主开关管可在宽负载范围内实现软开关,增加的功率损耗较低;
(3)辅助电路具有强电流复位能力;
(4)可以突破传统ZVZCS变换器的额定功率的限制;
(5)各器件的电压应力远低于传统的ZVZCS变换器。
  • 陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2024GX-YBXM-281)
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2025年第23卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.32
  • 接收时间:2023-12-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-29
  • 修回日期:2024-03-08
  • 录用日期:2024-04-17
基金
Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2024GX-YBXM-281)
陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2024GX-YBXM-281)
作者信息
    陕西科技大学电气与控制工程学院,西安 710021

通讯作者:

石勇(1974— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新型电力电子电路拓扑及其应用研究。E-mail:
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