Article(id=1146828032993525907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.84, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1654876800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-11, revisedDate=1660233600000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-12, acceptedDate=1664208000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-09-27, onlineDate=1751354710099, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354710099, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867440, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354710099, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354710099, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844398021804552, articleId=1146828032993525907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Transient Instability Boundary of PLL-synchronous VSC in Multiple Scenarios, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the transient instability of a voltage source converter (VSC) based on phase locked loop (PLL) under weak network conditions and considering the influences of power grid line impedance, VSC reactive power injection and PLL filtering, the transient instability boundary of VSC is comprehensively studied based on the critical voltage in a variety of fault scenarios such as grid voltage sag, frequency fluctuation and three-phase asymmetric fault. Through the analysis of the VSC grid-connected vector diagram in different operation scenarios, the mathematical models of relationships between the grid voltage of VSC grid-connected system and factors (e.g., line impedance and impedance angle, VSC operation power and its power factor, PLL phase-locked error, and grid frequency) in multiple scenarios are established. Then, the transient instability boundary of VSC is indicated based on the critical voltage. Results show that both the line resistance and reactive power injection can directly reduce the critical voltage and improve the stability of the system. The increase or decrease in grid-side frequency will directly lead to the phase lag or lead of PLL and an increase or decrease in line reactance, thus indirectly affecting the critical voltage and further affecting the transient stability of VSC. The PLL pre-filter may cause errors in the phase-locked result, and its phase lag or lead will reduce or increase the critical instability voltage of the system, respectively.

, correspAuthors=Pengfei HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zheng CHEN, Pengfei HU, Zaixin YANG, Yanxue YU, Chongxi JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828039620526853, articleId=1146828032993525907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=多场景下锁相环同步VSC暂态失稳边界研究, columnId=1149829992055595012, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=新能源系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对弱网状态下基于锁相环PLL(phase locked loop)电压源换流器VSC(voltage source converter)的暂态失稳问题,综合考虑电网线路阻抗、VSC无功注入、PLL滤波的影响,并针对电网电压跌落、频率波动、三相不对称故障等多种故障场景,基于临界失稳电压对VSC的暂态失稳边界进行全面研究。通过分析不同运行场景下VSC并网向量图,建立多场景下VSC并网系统电网电压与线路阻抗及其阻抗角、VSC运行功率及其功率因数、PLL锁相误差和电网频率等因素之间的数学模型,进而基于临界失稳电压指明VSC的暂态失稳边界。实验结果表明:线路电阻和无功注入均会直接降低临界失稳电压,提高系统的稳定性;网侧频率增加或降低会直接导致锁相环产生相位滞后或超前、线路电抗增大或降低,间接影响临界失稳电压,进而影响VSC的暂态稳定性;锁相环前级滤波器可能导致锁相结果产生误差,其相位滞后或超前会分别降低或提高系统的临界失稳电压。

, correspAuthors=胡鹏飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
胡鹏飞(1988— ),男,博士。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电技术、新能源并网与主动配电网、电力电子化电力系统分析与控制。E-mail:
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陈征(1999— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:新能源并网与主动配网。E-mail:

杨再欣(1993— ),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统控制保护。E-mail:

于彦雪(1991— ),女,博士。研究方向:弱电网下并网逆变器建模及稳定性。E-mail:

江崇熙(1992— ),男,博士。研究方向:电力系统稳定分析与控制。 E-mail:

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陈征(1999— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:新能源并网与主动配网。E-mail:

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陈征(1999— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:新能源并网与主动配网。E-mail:

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杨再欣(1993— ),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统控制保护。E-mail:

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杨再欣(1993— ),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统控制保护。E-mail:

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于彦雪(1991— ),女,博士。研究方向:弱电网下并网逆变器建模及稳定性。E-mail:

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于彦雪(1991— ),女,博士。研究方向:弱电网下并网逆变器建模及稳定性。E-mail:

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江崇熙(1992— ),男,博士。研究方向:电力系统稳定分析与控制。 E-mail:

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江崇熙(1992— ),男,博士。研究方向:电力系统稳定分析与控制。 E-mail:

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figureFileBig=C+YRAHYIR7jYlviFG3iQ+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931312930685265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828032993525907, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Parameters of grid-connected VSC system

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参数 数值
线路电感$L$/$L$ $0.025$
线路阻抗角$\phi $/ rad $0.1$
电网基准频率${f}_{\text{g}}$/${f}_{\text{g}}$ $50$
电网电压额定值(幅值)$V$/$V$ $220\sqrt{2}$
有功功率额定值$P$/$P$ $5$
无功电流额定值${I}_{q\text{ref}}$/ A $0$
开关频率${f}_{\text{s}}$/${f}_{\text{s}}$ $2$
采样频率${f}_{\text{c}}$/${f}_{\text{c}}$ $10$
PLL比例系数${k}_{\text{p}\_\text{PLL}}$ $1$
PLL积分系数${k}_{\text{i}\_\text{PLL}}$ $50$
电流内环比例系数${k}_{\text{p}\_\text{c}}$ $0.000\text{ }1$
电流内环积分系数${k}_{\text{i}\_\text{c}}$ $0.01$
功率环比例系数${k}_{\text{p}\_\text{p}}$ $15$
功率环电压系数${k}_{\text{i}\_\text{p}}$ $500$
直流侧电压额定值${V}_{\text{dc}}$/${V}_{\text{dc}}$ $700$
), ArticleFig(id=1205931313048125783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828032993525907, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

VSC并网系统参数

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参数 数值
线路电感$L$/$L$ $0.025$
线路阻抗角$\phi $/ rad $0.1$
电网基准频率${f}_{\text{g}}$/${f}_{\text{g}}$ $50$
电网电压额定值(幅值)$V$/$V$ $220\sqrt{2}$
有功功率额定值$P$/$P$ $5$
无功电流额定值${I}_{q\text{ref}}$/ A $0$
开关频率${f}_{\text{s}}$/${f}_{\text{s}}$ $2$
采样频率${f}_{\text{c}}$/${f}_{\text{c}}$ $10$
PLL比例系数${k}_{\text{p}\_\text{PLL}}$ $1$
PLL积分系数${k}_{\text{i}\_\text{PLL}}$ $50$
电流内环比例系数${k}_{\text{p}\_\text{c}}$ $0.000\text{ }1$
电流内环积分系数${k}_{\text{i}\_\text{c}}$ $0.01$
功率环比例系数${k}_{\text{p}\_\text{p}}$ $15$
功率环电压系数${k}_{\text{i}\_\text{p}}$ $500$
直流侧电压额定值${V}_{\text{dc}}$/${V}_{\text{dc}}$ $700$
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多场景下锁相环同步VSC暂态失稳边界研究
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陈征 1 , 胡鹏飞 1 , 杨再欣 2 , 于彦雪 1 , 江崇熙 3
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025,23(1): 84-92
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025, 23(1): 84-92
多场景下锁相环同步VSC暂态失稳边界研究
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陈征1 , 胡鹏飞1 , 杨再欣2 , 于彦雪1 , 江崇熙3
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学电气工程学院,杭州 310027
  • 2 内蒙古电力科学研究院, 呼和浩特 010020
  • 3 国网浙江省电力有限公司杭州供电公司,杭州 310001
  • 陈征(1999— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:新能源并网与主动配网。E-mail:

    杨再欣(1993— ),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统控制保护。E-mail:

    于彦雪(1991— ),女,博士。研究方向:弱电网下并网逆变器建模及稳定性。E-mail:

    江崇熙(1992— ),男,博士。研究方向:电力系统稳定分析与控制。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡鹏飞(1988— ),男,博士。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电技术、新能源并网与主动配电网、电力电子化电力系统分析与控制。E-mail:
Transient Instability Boundary of PLL-synchronous VSC in Multiple Scenarios
Zheng CHEN1 , Pengfei HU1 , Zaixin YANG2 , Yanxue YU1 , Chongxi JIANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  • 2 Inner Mongolia Electric Power Research Institute, Hohhot 010020, China
  • 3 Hangzhou Power Supply Company, State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310001, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.84
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针对弱网状态下基于锁相环PLL(phase locked loop)电压源换流器VSC(voltage source converter)的暂态失稳问题,综合考虑电网线路阻抗、VSC无功注入、PLL滤波的影响,并针对电网电压跌落、频率波动、三相不对称故障等多种故障场景,基于临界失稳电压对VSC的暂态失稳边界进行全面研究。通过分析不同运行场景下VSC并网向量图,建立多场景下VSC并网系统电网电压与线路阻抗及其阻抗角、VSC运行功率及其功率因数、PLL锁相误差和电网频率等因素之间的数学模型,进而基于临界失稳电压指明VSC的暂态失稳边界。实验结果表明:线路电阻和无功注入均会直接降低临界失稳电压,提高系统的稳定性;网侧频率增加或降低会直接导致锁相环产生相位滞后或超前、线路电抗增大或降低,间接影响临界失稳电压,进而影响VSC的暂态稳定性;锁相环前级滤波器可能导致锁相结果产生误差,其相位滞后或超前会分别降低或提高系统的临界失稳电压。

电压源变流器  /  暂态稳定性  /  多场景  /  锁相环

Aimed at the transient instability of a voltage source converter (VSC) based on phase locked loop (PLL) under weak network conditions and considering the influences of power grid line impedance, VSC reactive power injection and PLL filtering, the transient instability boundary of VSC is comprehensively studied based on the critical voltage in a variety of fault scenarios such as grid voltage sag, frequency fluctuation and three-phase asymmetric fault. Through the analysis of the VSC grid-connected vector diagram in different operation scenarios, the mathematical models of relationships between the grid voltage of VSC grid-connected system and factors (e.g., line impedance and impedance angle, VSC operation power and its power factor, PLL phase-locked error, and grid frequency) in multiple scenarios are established. Then, the transient instability boundary of VSC is indicated based on the critical voltage. Results show that both the line resistance and reactive power injection can directly reduce the critical voltage and improve the stability of the system. The increase or decrease in grid-side frequency will directly lead to the phase lag or lead of PLL and an increase or decrease in line reactance, thus indirectly affecting the critical voltage and further affecting the transient stability of VSC. The PLL pre-filter may cause errors in the phase-locked result, and its phase lag or lead will reduce or increase the critical instability voltage of the system, respectively.

Voltage source converter (VSC)  /  transient stability  /  multiple scenarios  /  phase locked loop (PLL)
陈征, 胡鹏飞, 杨再欣, 于彦雪, 江崇熙. 多场景下锁相环同步VSC暂态失稳边界研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 84 -92 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.84
Zheng CHEN, Pengfei HU, Zaixin YANG, Yanxue YU, Chongxi JIANG. Transient Instability Boundary of PLL-synchronous VSC in Multiple Scenarios[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 84 -92 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.84
实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会变革,以风电、太阳能发电为主体的新能源发电技术是实现“双碳”目标的重要抓手。2021年底,新型储能累计装机容量超过400万kW,“新能源+储能”、常规火电配置储能、海上风电[1]等新型应用场景不断涌现。电压源换流器VSC (voltage source converter)因其控制结构简单,被广泛应用于上述新能源并网和柔性直流输电环节[2]。与同步发电机不同,VSC通常通过锁相环PLL (phase locked loop)实现与交流电网同步[3],然而由于我国“源−荷”分布不均匀,在大容量、远距离输电过程中大电网呈现弱网特性[4],并网VSC容易发生与PLL密切相关的失稳问题。
诸多学者对VSC的暂态失稳问题开展了大量预测性研究,以线性理论为基础的变换器小扰动稳定性研究方法主要侧重于PLL动态性能和内、外环控制交互的影响[5]。文献[6]分析了传统同步参考系锁相环SRF-PLL(synchronous reference frame PLL)在电网电压畸变时的性能,研究结果表明,增大PLL带宽虽提高了PLL的响应速度,但同时也增大PLL的锁相误差;文献[7]研究了VSC-HVDC变换器在弱网下的小信号模型和特征值模型,研究结果表明,小信号不稳定性与PLL和电网阻抗密切相关。
上述研究主要针对VSC小扰动稳定,随着可再生能源渗透率不断增加,大电网的支撑能力变弱[8]。因此,国内外学者越来越关注大扰动对系统稳定性的影响[9-14]。文献[9]参照同步发电机模型对PLL进行建模分析,利用等面积法则分析VSC的暂态稳定性;文献[10]建立电流限幅后的并网VSC降阶系统模型,分析大扰动下电流限幅导致的切换型振荡机理,研究结果表明,切换型振荡的必要条件是降阶系统发生负阻尼振荡;文献[11]建立PLL准静态模型,分析弱网状态下线路电抗对功率传输能力的影响,但并未涉及不对称故障、频率变化等复杂工况;文献[12]建立VSC降阶非线性模型,以电压暂降故障为例分析电网参数和PLL参数对系统稳定性的影响,定性地给出了系统失稳的条件;文献[13]分析了低电压穿越时功率参考值对系统稳定性的影响,提出1种基于动态有功功率平衡的暂态稳定增强方法,但忽略了故障时电网电压畸变的影响;文献[14]通过相位图分析了不同参数锁相环的大信号非线性响应,研究结果表明,只要稳态工作点存在,一阶PLL同步下的VSC就不会失稳。
综上所述,现有针对并网VSC大扰动失稳的研究场景较为单一,且多集中于电网电压跌落故障,大都忽略了网侧频率波动、无功注入和锁相环延迟对系统暂态失稳的影响。为弥补现有研究的不足,本文以基于PLL的VSC为对象,通过失稳边界的定量计算,旨在揭示多场景下并网VSC暂态失稳的机理。
锁相环同步VSC并网示意如图1所示。其中:${U}_{\text{dc}}$为直流母线电压;滤波电感${L}_{\text{f}}$和滤波电容${C}_{\text{f}}$组成$\text{LC}$滤波器;$L$$R$分别为线路电感和电阻;$P$为VSC注入电网的有功功率;${V}_{\text{g}}$为电网电压;${V}_{\text{tabc}}$${I}_{\text{tabc}}$分别为公共耦合点PCC(point of common cou-pling)处的电压和电流;${V}_{\text{t}dq}$${I}_{\text{t}dq}$分别为$dq$轴下的PCC电压和电流;${V}_{dq\text{ref}}$dq轴下电压参考值;${P}_{\text{ref}}$${U}_{\text{dcref}}$分别为直接功率控制和动态电压控制DVC(dynamic voltage control)的参考值;${\theta }_{\text{pll}}$为锁相环的输出相角。
为模拟光伏和风机出力,直流侧输入等效为电流源[15],采用并联电容稳定直流侧电压,经逆变器、滤波环节和线路阻抗接入电网。控制环节包括锁相环、功率外环和$dq$电流内环。典型有功功率外环可以分为直接功率控制和DVC。
为简化分析,本文考虑如下假设:①鉴于电流环带宽远高于外环和PLL的带宽,即电流环输出能够较好地跟踪外环的参考输出,因此在分析外环的动态特性时,忽略内部电流控制环的影响;②忽略VSC的器件损耗,换流器仅用作功率传递。
图1所示,直接功率控制的反馈信号为有功功率测量值$P$,通过将功率误差控制为0来实现功率跟踪。锁相环正常工作时,PCC点电压与$d$轴同相,有功功率$P$的计算式[16]
$P=\frac{3}{2}{V}_{\text{t}d}{I}_{\text{t}d}$
DVC的反馈信号为直流侧母线电压,通过维持直流侧母线电压的稳定间接控制变流器输出功率,直流侧电容两侧的功率平衡方程[15]
${P}_{\text{in}}-P=sC{U}_{\text{dc}}^{2}$
式中,${P}_{\text{in}}$为电流源输出功率。
基于式(1)和式(2),结合图1双环控制框图,可分别得到如图2(a)(b)所示直接功率控制和DVC下的功率闭环控制框图。可以看出,虽然2种控制的直接控制信号不同,但系统有功-电流(P-Id)之间的关系均满足式(1)。并且文献[1]指出,DVC下只要给定外环带宽,变流器输出的极限功率是一个定值。因此,DVC可以等效为直接功率控制。
作为1种跟网控制型逆变器,锁相环同步的VSC常被等效为1个电流源,其并网等效电路如 图3(a)所示,其中$\overrightarrow{{V}_{\text{g}}}$为电网电压矢量,$\overrightarrow{{V}_{\text{t}}}$$\overrightarrow{{I}_{\text{t}}}$分别为PCC处的电压和电流矢量;其向量如图3(b)所示,其中$\phi $为阻抗角,定义为
$\phi =\mathrm{arctan}\frac{R}{X}$
式中,X为线路电抗。
根据图3(b),网侧电压和PCC点电压的向量关系可以表示为
$\overrightarrow{V_{\mathrm{t}}}=\vec{Z} \overrightarrow{I_{\mathrm{t}}}+\overrightarrow{V_{\mathrm{g}}}$
式中,$\overrightarrow{Z }$为阻抗向量。
将式(4)在$dq$坐标系下分解,可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{t}d}=-X{I}_{\text{t}q}+R{I}_{\text{t}d}+{V}_{\text{g}d}\hfill \\ {V}_{\text{t}q}=X{I}_{\text{t}d}+R{I}_{\text{t}q}+{V}_{\text{g}q}\hfill \end{array}\right.$
单位功率因数下,PCC点的电压、电流与$d$轴同相,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{c}{V}_{\text{t}d}={V}_{\text{t}},{V}_{\text{t}q}=0\\ {I}_{\text{t}d}={I}_{\text{t}},{I}_{\text{t}q}=0\end{array}\right.$
因此,网侧电压${V}_{\text{g}}$可表示为
${V}_{\text{g}}=\sqrt{{Z}^{2}{I}_{\text{t}}^{2}+{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}-2Z{I}_{\text{t}}{V}_{\text{t}}\mathrm{sin}\phi }$
式中,$Z$$\overrightarrow{Z}$的模,代表阻抗的绝对值。
联立式(1)、式(6)、式(7)可以得到系统稳定运行时网侧电压与功率的关系,即
${V}_{\text{g}}=\sqrt{\frac{4{P}^{2}{Z}^{2}}{9{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}}+{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}-\frac{4PZ}{3}\mathrm{sin}\phi }$
式(8)表明,网侧电压为关于有功功率和PCC点电压的函数,网侧电压最小值(临界值)${V}_{\text{gmin}}$
${V}_{\text{g}}\ge {V}_{\text{gmin}}=\sqrt{\frac{1-\mathrm{sin}\phi }{\mathrm{cos}\phi }}\sqrt{\frac{4PX}{3}}$
式(9)表明,为了维持系统的稳定运行,网侧电压${V}_{\text{g}}$必须高于其临界值${V}_{\text{gmin}},$ 否则系统会失稳,其${V}_{\text{gmin}}$曲线如图4所示。可以看出:弱网状态即较大的线路电抗X会显著增大${V}_{\text{gmin}},$ 降低系统的稳定性;同时,线路电阻的存在即阻抗角$\phi $增大,会降低${V}_{\text{gmin}},$ 维持系统稳定。弱网状态下,阻抗角$\phi $的取值范围一般为0.1~0.2 rad。
1.2节以电网电压跌落故障为例,阐述了单位功率因数控制下锁相环同步VSC的暂态建模、临界电压及稳定性分析过程。本节将进一步研究非单位因数控制(无功注入)下VSC在电网电压跌落等三相对称故障、三相不对称故障、电网频率波动等多故障场景下的暂态失稳边界。
注入无功功率后,系统工作在非单位功率因数下,其向量如图5所示。
对向量进行分解可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{t}d}={V}_{\text{t}},{V}_{\text{t}q}=0\hfill \\ {I}_{\text{t}d}={I}_{\text{t}}\mathrm{cos}\delta,{I}_{\text{t}q}={I}_{\text{t}}\mathrm{sin}\delta \hfill \end{array}\right.$
式中,$\delta $为功率因数角。
此时,网侧电压${V}_{\text{g}}$可表示为
${V}_{\text{g}}=\sqrt{{Z}^{2}{I}_{\text{t}}^{2}+{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}-2\mathrm{sin}(\phi +\delta )Z{I}_{\text{t}}{V}_{\text{t}}}$
联立式(1)、式(11)可以得到系统稳定运行时网侧电压与功率的关系,即
${V}_{\text{g}}=\sqrt{\frac{4{P}^{2}{Z}^{2}}{9{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}{\mathrm{cos}}^{2}\delta }+{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}-\frac{4PZ\mathrm{sin}(\phi +\delta )}{3\mathrm{cos}\delta }}$
可知,式(11)网侧电压${V}_{\text{g}}$最小值为
${V}_{\text{g}}\ge {V}_{\text{gmin}}=\sqrt{\frac{1-\mathrm{sin}(\phi +\delta )}{\mathrm{cos}\delta \mathrm{cos}\phi }}\sqrt{\frac{4PX}{3}}$
式(13)描述了系统临界电压${V}_{\text{gmin}}$与功率因数角$\delta $的关系,其${V}_{\text{gmin}}$特性曲线如图6所示。可以看出:当功率参考值$P$不变时,在发生三相对称故障后,注入无功功率可以有效提高系统的稳定性;此外,增大阻抗角$\phi $也会降低${V}_{\text{gmin}},$ 提高系统的稳定性。
2.1节的分析均基于三相电压对称的工况,考虑到电网可能会发生不对称故障,因此需要在PLL前级加入带通滤波器来提取正、负序分量,包括基于二阶广义积分器SOGI(second-order generalized integrator)的锁相环结构、基于复数滤波器CCF (complex coefficient filter)的锁相环结构[17]等。以SOGI为例,网侧电压经过Clark变化和SOGI输出2组互补的信号,再经过正、负序分量计算器PNSC (positive negative-sequence calculator)得到电压的正、负序分量,最后把正序分量${v}_{\alpha \beta }^{+}$送入PLL进行锁相。带前级滤波器的PLL控制框图如图7所示,其中:前级滤波器的中心频率${w}_{i}$一般设置为电网角频率$2\text{π}{f}_{\text{g}}$${G}_{\text{pre}}(s)$为前级滤波器等效的传递函数。
因此,在不对称故障下,式(9)、式(13)计算出的结果为网侧电压正序分量${V}_{\text{g}}^{+}$的临界值${V}_{\text{gmin}}^{+},$ 即在发生三相不对称故障时,只要三相电压正序分量高于${V}_{\text{gmin}}^{+},$ 系统就不会失稳。此外,如果PLL前级滤波器的中心频率${\omega }_{i}\ne 2\text{π}{f}_{\text{g}},$ 会导致后级PLL产生相位延迟或超前。其矢量如图8所示。
观察相位超前和相位滞后的矢量图,网侧电压${V}_{\text{g}}$均可以表示为
${V}_{\text{g}}=\sqrt{{Z}^{2}{I}_{\text{t}}^{2}+{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}-2\mathrm{sin}(\phi +\theta )Z{I}_{\text{t}}{V}_{\text{t}}}$
式中,$\theta $为相位误差角,由前级滤波器决定,其计算式为
$\theta =\angle {G}_{\text{pre}}(\text{j}2\text{π}{f}_{\text{g}})$
联立式(1)、式(14)可以得到系统稳定运行时网侧电压与功率的关系,即
${V}_{\text{g}}=\sqrt{\frac{4{P}^{2}{Z}^{2}}{9{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}{\mathrm{cos}}^{2}\theta }+{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}-\frac{4PZ\mathrm{sin}(\phi +\theta )}{3\mathrm{cos}\theta }}$
可知,式(16)的网侧电压${V}_{\text{g}}$最小值${V}_{\text{gmin}}$
${V}_{\text{g}}\ge {V}_{\text{gmin}}=\sqrt{\frac{1-\mathrm{sin}(\phi +\theta )}{\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi }}\sqrt{\frac{4PX}{3}}$
根据式(17)绘制${V}_{\text{gmin}}$的特性曲线,如图9所示。对比图6图9可以发现:网侧频率变化引起的相位超前和滞后分别对应无功控制策略中的无功吸收和注入,前者会降低系统的稳定性,后者会提高系统的稳定性。
2.2节分析了网侧发生不对称故障对临界电压的影响,以SOGI为例,其传递函数为
${G}_{\text{pre}\_\text{sogi}}(s)=\frac{k{\omega }_{\text{i}}s}{{s}^{2}+k{\omega }_{\text{i}}s+{\omega }_{\text{i}}^{2}}$
式中,${\omega }_{\text{i}}=2\text{π}{f}_{\text{g}}$
该滤波器的频率特性曲线如图10所示,作为1种跟网型逆变器,VSC的频率和相位通过PLL 跟踪网侧频率。由图10可见,网侧频率为额定频率(50 Hz)时,SOGI可以无延迟提取单位增益下的正序分量。网侧频率波动时,一方面线路电抗$X$会发生变化,另一方面频率降低或升高会分别导致SOGI提取正序分量时产生相位变化。考虑频率波动的并网VSC矢量与图8相同。
此时网侧电压${V}_{\text{g}}$可表示为
${V}_{\text{g}}=\sqrt{{Z}^{2}{I}_{\text{t}}^{2}+{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}-2\mathrm{sin}(\phi +\theta )Z{I}_{\text{t}}{V}_{\text{t}}}$
式中:θφ$Z$均为关于网侧频率$f$的函数。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\theta (f)=\angle {G}_{\text{pre}\_\text{sogi}}(\text{j}2\text{π}f)\hfill \\ \phi (f)=\mathrm{arctan}\frac{R}{2\text{π}fL}\hfill \\ Z(f)=\frac{2\text{π}fL}{\mathrm{cos}[\phi (f)]}\hfill \end{array}\right.$
联立式(1)、式(19)可以得到系统稳定运行时网侧电压与功率的关系,即
${V}_{\text{g}}=\sqrt{\frac{4{P}^{2}{Z}^{2}}{9{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}{\mathrm{cos}}^{2}\theta }+{V}_{\text{t}}^{2}-\frac{4PZ\mathrm{sin}(\phi +\theta )}{3\mathrm{cos}\theta }}$
可知,式(21)的网侧电压临界值为
${V}_{\text{gmin}}=\sqrt{\frac{1-\mathrm{sin}(\phi +\theta )}{\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi }}{\sqrt{\frac{8\text{π}Pf}{3}}}_{}$
式(22)描述了系统临界电压${V}_{\text{gmin}}$与频率$f$的关系,其定量的${V}_{\text{gmin}}$特性曲线如图11所示。可见,网侧频率越高,系统越容易失稳,即网侧频率波动对系统的影响主要是由线路电抗X决定。
为验证2.3节所述VSC的暂态失稳边界,基于RT-BOX硬件在环实验平台进行实验验证。实验平台如图12所示,包含笔记本、控制板、示波器和RT-BOX半实物仿真平台。额定状态下,VSC并网系统参数见表1,其中PI控制参数参考典型二阶系统设计。
图13图14分别为$L=0.025\text{ }\text{H}$$L=0.050\text{ }\text{H}$时的实验波形。由图13可见,当$L=0.025\text{ }\text{H}$、临界电压为215~220 V时,临界电压与理论计算值217.6 V基本一致;由图14可见,当$L=0.050\text{ }\text{H}$、临界电压为305~310 V时,临界电压与理论计算值307.8 V基本一致。验证了线路等效电感越大,并网VSC越容易失稳。
图15图16分别为无功功率注入后和引入前级滤波器后的实验波形。由图15可见,当系统的临界电压为205~215 V时,临界电压与理论计算值205.9 V一致,验证了无功注入可以有效降低系统的临界电压,增强系统的稳定性;由图16可见,${t}_{1}$时刻A相电压跌落至200 V,${t}_{2}$时刻A相电压跌落到184 V,验证了网侧电压正序分量幅值低于临界电压(217.6 V)后系统才失稳。
图17图18分别为相位延迟和网侧频率波动实验波形。由图17可见,虽然电路参数与图13相同,但是相位延迟导致实际的q轴电流不等于0,且PCC点的无功功率测量值为2.2 var,验证了前级滤波器带宽如果小于额定值$2\text{π}{f}_{\text{g}}$,系统可以更好地维持稳定;图18验证了频率升高会导致系统临界电压升高,容易失稳。
本文针对电网电压跌落、频率波动、三相不对称故障等多种故障场景,综合考虑电网线路阻抗、无功注入、PLL前级滤波器影响,全面研究了多场景下基于PLL的VSC并网系统的暂态失稳边界。研究结果表明:线路电阻、网侧频率降低、无功注入和锁相环相位延迟可以改善系统的失稳边界;网侧频率增大和锁相环相位超前会恶化系统的失稳边界。此外,在不对称故障时,影响系统失稳边界的主要因素为网侧电压的正序分量。据此,为了维持系统稳定运行,在应对电网暂态故障时,一方面可以在故障点注入无功功率以改善运行环境,另一方面可以在网侧发生故障时添加相位延迟或虚拟电阻。
  • 内蒙古自治区科技重大专项资助项目(2021ZD0026)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LQ21E070004)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007167)
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2025年第23卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.84
  • 接收时间:2022-06-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-11
  • 修回日期:2022-08-12
  • 录用日期:2022-09-27
基金
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Major Science and Technology Project(2021ZD0026)
内蒙古自治区科技重大专项资助项目(2021ZD0026)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ21E070004)
浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LQ21E070004)
National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(52007167)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007167)
作者信息
    1 浙江大学电气工程学院,杭州 310027
    2 内蒙古电力科学研究院, 呼和浩特 010020
    3 国网浙江省电力有限公司杭州供电公司,杭州 310001

通讯作者:

胡鹏飞(1988— ),男,博士。研究方向:柔性交直流输配电技术、新能源并网与主动配电网、电力电子化电力系统分析与控制。E-mail:
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