Article(id=1146828032318247055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.196, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647273600000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-15, revisedDate=1654012800000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-01, acceptedDate=1654531200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-07, onlineDate=1751354709939, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709939, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866655, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709939, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709939, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=196, endPage=204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844394645353073, articleId=1146828032318247055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Parameter Optimization Design Method for Inductive Power Transfer System with Constant-voltage Output Based on Double-sided LCC Compensation, columnId=1152281494212408178, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Wireless Power Transfer, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The double-sided LCC compensated inductive power transfer (IPT) system with constant-voltage (CV) output suffers from the problem of low efficiency under light load. To solve this problem, based on the idea of approximate optimal solution, a parameter design method for double-sided LCC compensation topology was proposed. The zero phase angle condition in CV output mode and the loss of a loosely coupled coil were analyzed, and a 6.6 kW prototype was built to verify the proposed method. Experimental results show that the system efficiency can be improved with the proposed compensation parameter design method, especially in the case of light load. The system efficiency can reach 95% under full load of 6.6 kW and 93% under light load of 1.32 kW.

, correspAuthors=Jianping XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Longhai FAN, Jianping XU, Sheng REN, Shuze HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828037569516181, articleId=1146828032318247055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=双边LCC补偿恒压输出感应电能传输系统参数优化设计方法, columnId=1149830138994647045, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=无线电能传输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

恒压CV(constant-voltage)输出双边LCC补偿感应电能传输IPT(inductive power transfer)系统存在轻载效率低的问题,为了优化CV输出双边LCC补偿IPT系统轻载效率,基于求解近似最优解思想,提出1种双边LCC补偿拓扑的参数设计方法。分析了CV输出时零相位角ZPA(zero phase angle)条件及松耦合线圈损耗,通过搭建6.6 kW的实验原理样机进行实验验证。实验结果表明,所提补偿参数设计方法可以提高系统效率,尤其是轻载效率,6.6 kW满载效率为95%,1.32 kW轻载效率可达93%。

, correspAuthors=许建平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
许建平(1963— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:开关变换器的控制技术、功率因数校正技术。E-mail:
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樊龙海(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

任胜(1997— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

何澍泽(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

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任胜(1997— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

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任胜(1997— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

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何澍泽(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

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何澍泽(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=XxOrpGDmAR3yJd673CE2ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945153425048538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828032318247055, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Electrical parameters used for design of IPT system

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参数 数值
$输入电压{V}_{\text{in}}\text{/V}$ 400
$输出电压{V}_{\text{o}}\text{/V}$ 400
$电压增益{G}_{\text{v}}$ 1
$气隙间距{G}_{\text{ap}}\text{/mm}$ 200
$额定功率{P}_{\text{max}}\text{/kW}$ 6.6
$一次侧线圈自感{L}_{\text{p}}\text{/μH}$ 427
$二次侧线圈自感{L}_{\text{s}}\text{/μH}$ 410
$一次侧和二次侧线圈互感M\text{/μH}$ 92.5
耦合系数k 0.22
工作频率f/kHz 85
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153592820704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828032318247055, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

IPT系统电气设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
$输入电压{V}_{\text{in}}\text{/V}$ 400
$输出电压{V}_{\text{o}}\text{/V}$ 400
$电压增益{G}_{\text{v}}$ 1
$气隙间距{G}_{\text{ap}}\text{/mm}$ 200
$额定功率{P}_{\text{max}}\text{/kW}$ 6.6
$一次侧线圈自感{L}_{\text{p}}\text{/μH}$ 427
$二次侧线圈自感{L}_{\text{s}}\text{/μH}$ 410
$一次侧和二次侧线圈互感M\text{/μH}$ 92.5
耦合系数k 0.22
工作频率f/kHz 85
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153764787181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828032318247055, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Double-sided LCC compensation parameters

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补偿参数 数值 补偿参数 数值
${C}_{\text{ap}}\text{/nF}$ 36 ${C}_{\text{s}}\text{/nF}$ 8.4
${C}_{\text{as}}\text{/nF}$ 40 $\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\text{ap}}\text{/μH}\hfill \end{array}$ 41.67
${C}_{\text{p}}\text{/nF}$ 8.3 ${L}_{\text{as}}\text{/μH}$ 51.08
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153882227700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828032318247055, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

双边LCC补偿参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
补偿参数 数值 补偿参数 数值
${C}_{\text{ap}}\text{/nF}$ 36 ${C}_{\text{s}}\text{/nF}$ 8.4
${C}_{\text{as}}\text{/nF}$ 40 $\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\text{ap}}\text{/μH}\hfill \end{array}$ 41.67
${C}_{\text{p}}\text{/nF}$ 8.3 ${L}_{\text{as}}\text{/μH}$ 51.08
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双边LCC补偿恒压输出感应电能传输系统参数优化设计方法
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樊龙海 , 许建平 , 任胜 , 何澍泽
电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2025,23(2): 196-204
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电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2025, 23(2): 196-204
双边LCC补偿恒压输出感应电能传输系统参数优化设计方法
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樊龙海 , 许建平 , 任胜 , 何澍泽
作者信息
  • 磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室(西南交通大学电气工程学院),成都 611756
  • 樊龙海(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

    任胜(1997— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

    何澍泽(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输。E-mail:

通讯作者:

许建平(1963— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:开关变换器的控制技术、功率因数校正技术。E-mail:
Parameter Optimization Design Method for Inductive Power Transfer System with Constant-voltage Output Based on Double-sided LCC Compensation
Longhai FAN , Jianping XU , Sheng REN , Shuze HE
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Magnetic Suspension Technology and Maglev Vehicle of Ministry of Education, School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.196
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恒压CV(constant-voltage)输出双边LCC补偿感应电能传输IPT(inductive power transfer)系统存在轻载效率低的问题,为了优化CV输出双边LCC补偿IPT系统轻载效率,基于求解近似最优解思想,提出1种双边LCC补偿拓扑的参数设计方法。分析了CV输出时零相位角ZPA(zero phase angle)条件及松耦合线圈损耗,通过搭建6.6 kW的实验原理样机进行实验验证。实验结果表明,所提补偿参数设计方法可以提高系统效率,尤其是轻载效率,6.6 kW满载效率为95%,1.32 kW轻载效率可达93%。

感应电能传输  /  双边LCC补偿  /  恒压输出  /  参数优化

The double-sided LCC compensated inductive power transfer (IPT) system with constant-voltage (CV) output suffers from the problem of low efficiency under light load. To solve this problem, based on the idea of approximate optimal solution, a parameter design method for double-sided LCC compensation topology was proposed. The zero phase angle condition in CV output mode and the loss of a loosely coupled coil were analyzed, and a 6.6 kW prototype was built to verify the proposed method. Experimental results show that the system efficiency can be improved with the proposed compensation parameter design method, especially in the case of light load. The system efficiency can reach 95% under full load of 6.6 kW and 93% under light load of 1.32 kW.

Inductive power transfer (IPT)  /  double-sided LCC compensation  /  constant-voltage (CV) output  /  parameter optimization
樊龙海, 许建平, 任胜, 何澍泽. 双边LCC补偿恒压输出感应电能传输系统参数优化设计方法. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 196 -204 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.196
Longhai FAN, Jianping XU, Sheng REN, Shuze HE. Parameter Optimization Design Method for Inductive Power Transfer System with Constant-voltage Output Based on Double-sided LCC Compensation[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 196 -204 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.196
感应电能传输IPT(inductive power transfer)技术可以实现非接触式电能传输,具有灵活性高、安全和美观等优点,被广泛应用于电动汽车、消费电子产品和植入式医疗设备等的充电[1-5]。IPT系统通过松耦合线圈进行电能传输,其线圈漏感大、耦合系数低,在电能传输过程中产生大量无功环流损耗,需要采用串联-串联(S-S)、串联-并联(S-P)、并联-串联(P-S)和并联-并联(P-P)等补偿拓扑及其参数配置降低无功环流,提高系统效率,实现恒流CC(constant current)或恒压CV(constant voltage)输出[6-7]
S-P补偿拓扑与P-S补偿拓扑可以实现与负载无关CV模式输出时的零相位角ZPA(zero phase angle)[8],但输出电压增益受限于耦合变压器参数[9]。LCC-S补偿拓扑与S-LCC补偿拓扑可在负载变化时实现CV输出[10],LCC-S补偿拓扑的一次侧线圈电流恒定[11-12],而S-LCC补偿拓扑的二次侧线圈电流恒定[13-14],轻载工作时LCC-S补偿与S-LCC补偿拓扑均存在效率低的问题。双边LCC-LCC补偿拓扑的补偿元件数量多[15],参数设计自由度大,常用于CC/CV两段式充电[16-18]。双边LCC-LCC补偿对谐波有抑制作用,在能量与信号同步传输[19]场景可以减少对通信的干扰,但CV模式的参数设计优化研究较少。
本文将双边LCC补偿网络拆分为3个级联的T型网络,通过建立松耦合线圈功率传输模型,计算一次侧和二次侧线圈之间传输的有功功率与无功功率,分析效率与线圈电流相位的关系。通过简化分析与负载无关的CV模式输出和ZPA条件,采用求解近似最优解的思想,提出1种双边LCC补偿参数的设计方法。通过搭建实验原理样机,与双边LCC补偿恒压输出系统传统参数设计方法[18]对比,验证本文所提设计方法对系统轻载工况下效率提升的有效性。
双边LCC补偿IPT系统主电路如图1(a)所示。${\text{S}}_{\text{1}}{\text{~S}}_{\text{4}}$为一次侧全桥逆变器的4个开关管,${\text{D}}_{\text{1}}{\text{~D}}_{\text{4}}$为二次侧整流器的4个整流二极管,${L}_{\text{p}}$${L}_{\text{s}}$分别为一次侧和二次侧线圈自感,M为一次侧和二次侧线圈之间的互感,${L}_{\text{ap}}、{C}_{\text{ap}}、{C}_{\text{p}}$${L}_{\text{as}}、{C}_{\text{as}}、{C}_{\text{s}}$为一次侧和二次侧的补偿元件,${V}_{\text{in}}$${V}_{\text{o}}$分别为输入与输出电压,${R}_{\text{L}}$为负载电阻。
双边LCC补偿IPT系统的交流等效电路如图1(b)所示。${V}_{\text{AB}}$为逆变器输出电压,${R}_{\text{CD}}$为交流等效电阻,${V}_{\text{CD}}$为交流等效电压,${Z}_{\text{in}}$为交流等效电路的输入阻抗。由于补偿元件较多,${V}_{\text{CD}}$${Z}_{\text{in}}$的计算比较复杂,可以借助图2所示典型T型网络[20]进行简化分析。对于典型T型网络,为了实现与负载值无关的恒压输出特性,阻抗之间需满足
${Z}_{\text{1}}{Z}_{\text{2}}\text{+}{Z}_{\text{2}}{Z}_{3}\text{+}{Z}_{\text{1}}{Z}_{3}\text{=0}$
典型T型网络的电压增益${G}_{\text{T}}$=Vo/Vin可以表示为
${G}_{\text{T}}=\frac{{Z}_{3}}{{Z}_{1}+{Z}_{3}}$
图1(b)所示电路看作1个二端口网络,可以将其拆分为3个级联的二端口网络,得到图3所示等效电路,图中,每个二端口网络为1个典型T型子网络[18]。若图3电路中的3个T型网络均满足式(1),则双边LCC电路可以实现与负载无关的恒压输出。
设逆变器的开关角频率为ω,将图3的电路参数代入式(1)可得
$\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{ap}}\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{ap}}}\text{+j}\omega {L}_{\text{ap}}{Z}_{\text{p1}}\text{+}\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{ap}}}{Z}_{\text{p1}}\text{=0}$
$\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{as}}\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{as}}}\text{+j}\omega {L}_{\text{as}}{Z}_{\text{s2}}\text{+}\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{as}}}{Z}_{\text{s2}}\text{=0}$
${Z}_{\text{p2}}{Z}_{\text{s1}}\text{+j}\omega M{Z}_{\text{p2}}\text{+j}\omega M{Z}_{\text{s1}}\text{=0}$
式中:${Z}_{\text{p1}}、{Z}_{\text{p2}}、{Z}_{\text{s}}{}_{\text{1}}、{Z}_{\text{s2}}$分别为${C}_{\text{p}}、{L}_{\text{p}}-M、{L}_{\text{s}}-M$${C}_{\text{s}}$拆分后的等效阻抗。
同时,由图3图1(b)所示电路可知,${Z}_{\text{p1}}、{Z}_{\text{p2}}$${Z}_{\text{s1}}、{Z}_{\text{s2}}$分别满足
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Z}_{\text{p1}}+{Z}_{\text{p2}}=\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{p}}+\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{p}}}-\text{j}\omega M\\ {Z}_{\text{s1}}+{Z}_{\text{s2}}=\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{s}}+\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{s}}}-\text{j}\omega M\end{array}\right.$
将式(3)~式(5)代入式(6),可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Z}_{\text{p1}}\text{=}\frac{\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{ap}}}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{ap}}{C}_{\text{ap}}-1}\\ {Z}_{\text{p2}}=\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{p}}+\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{p}}}-\text{j}\omega M-\frac{\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{ap}}}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{ap}}{C}_{\text{ap}}-1}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Z}_{\text{s1}}=\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{s}}+\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{s}}}-\text{j}\omega M-\frac{\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{as}}}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{as}}{C}_{\text{as}}-\text{1}}\\ {Z}_{\text{s2}}\text{=}\frac{\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{as}}}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{as}}{C}_{\text{as}}-\text{1}}\end{array}\right.$
$\text{j}\omega M=-\frac{{Z}_{\text{p2}}{Z}_{\text{s1}}}{{Z}_{\text{p2}}+{Z}_{\text{s1}}}$
定义${Z}_{\text{p}}=\omega {L}_{\text{p}}-1\text{/}{C}_{\text{p}}$${Z}_{\text{s}}=\omega {L}_{\text{s}}-1\text{/}{C}_{\text{s}}$${Z}_{\text{as}}={\omega }^{2}\cdot $${C}_{\text{as}}{L}_{\text{as}}$${Z}_{\text{ap}}={\omega }^{2}{C}_{\text{ap}}{L}_{\text{ap}}$,将式(7)和式(8)代入式(9),可得与负载无关的恒压输出条件为
$\begin{array}{l} \left(Z_{\mathrm{ap}} Z_{\mathrm{as}} M^{2}-L_{\mathrm{ap}} L_{\mathrm{as}}\right) \omega^{2}+\left(L_{\mathrm{as}} Z_{\mathrm{p}} Z_{\mathrm{ap}}+L_{\mathrm{ap}} Z_{\mathrm{s}} Z_{\mathrm{as}}\right) \omega- \\ \quad Z_{\mathrm{p}} Z_{\mathrm{s}} Z_{\mathrm{ap}} Z_{\mathrm{as}}=0 \end{array}$
根据式(2),图3所示3个T型网络的电压增益${G}_{1}、{G}_{2}$${G}_{3}$分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{G}_{1}=\frac{1}{-{\omega }^{2}{C}_{\text{ap}}{L}_{\text{ap}}+1}=\frac{1}{1-{Z}_{\text{ap}}}\\ {G}_{2}=\frac{\omega M\left(1-{Z}_{\text{ap}}\right)}{{Z}_{\text{p}}\left(1-{Z}_{\text{ap}}\right)+\omega {L}_{\text{ap}}}\\ {G}_{3}=\text{1}-{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{as}}{C}_{\text{as}}=\text{1}-{Z}_{\text{as}}\end{array}\right.$
图3中3个级联T型网络的电压增益G
$G={G}_{1}{G}_{2}{G}_{3}=\frac{\omega M\left(\text{1}-{Z}_{\text{as}}\right)}{{Z}_{\text{p}}\left(1-{Z}_{\text{ap}}\right)+\omega {L}_{\text{ap}}}$
为了减少输入电源的功率容量及其产生的无功功率,图1(b)所示电路的输入电压与输入电流应实现ZPA,即二者的相位差为0。将图1(a)所示电路的二次侧阻抗映射至一次侧后的等效电路如图4所示。
二次侧电路的阻抗为
${Z}_{\text{sec}}=\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{s}}+\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{s}}}+\frac{\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{as}}+{R}_{\text{CD}}}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{as}}\left(\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{as}}+{R}_{\text{CD}}\right)+1}$
二次侧映射至一次侧的等效阻抗为
${Z}_{\text{sec}}^{\text{*}}={\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}/{Z}_{\text{s}}$
因此双边LCC补偿IPT系统的输入阻抗为
${Z}_{\text{in}}=\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{ap}}+\frac{\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{p}}+1/\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{p}}+{Z}_{\text{sec}}^{\text{*}}}{\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{ap}}\left(\text{j}\omega {L}_{\text{p}}+1/\text{j}\omega {C}_{\text{p}}+{Z}_{\text{sec}}^{\text{*}}\right)+1}$
将式(13)和式(14)代入式(15)可得
${Z}_{\text{in}}=\frac{A+\text{j}B}{C+\text{j}D}$
其中ABCD可分别表示为
$\begin{array}{l}A=\left(1-{Z}_{\text{ap}}\right)\left(1-{Z}_{\text{as}}\right)\left({\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}-{Z}_{\text{p}}{Z}_{\text{s}}\right)-\omega {L}_{\text{as}}{Z}_{\text{p}}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left(1-{Z}_{\text{ap}}\right)-\omega {L}_{\text{ap}}{Z}_{\text{s}}\left(1-{Z}_{\text{as}}\right)-{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{ap}}{L}_{\text{as}}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}B=\text{j}{R}_{\text{CD}}[\omega {L}_{\text{ap}}-{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{ap}}{Z}_{\text{s}}{C}_{\text{as}}+{Z}_{\text{p}}(1-{Z}_{\text{ap}})+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\omega {C}_{\text{as}}(1-{Z}_{\text{ap}})({\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}-{Z}_{\text{p}}{Z}_{\text{s}})]\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}C=[1-\omega {Z}_{\text{s}}{C}_{\text{as}}-\omega {Z}_{\text{p}}{C}_{\text{ap}}-{\omega }^{2}{C}_{\text{ap}}{C}_{\text{as}}({\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{Z}_{\text{p}}{Z}_{\text{s}})]{R}_{\text{CD}}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}D=\text{j}[\omega {L}_{\text{as}}-{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\text{as}}{Z}_{\text{p}}{C}_{\text{ap}}+{Z}_{\text{s}}(1-{Z}_{\text{as}})+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }(1-{Z}_{\text{as}})\omega {C}_{\text{ap}}({\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}-{Z}_{\text{p}}{Z}_{\text{s}})]\end{array}$
输入阻抗${Z}_{\text{in}}$包含实部与虚部2个部分,如果${Z}_{\text{in}}$仅含有实部部分,则可以满足系统的ZPA条件。同时,在实际电路中,${Z}_{\text{in}}$不能为0,因此可得
$AD=BC$
$AC\ne -BD$
根据式(10)可得A=0;由于A=0,由式(16)可知,B≠0,否则输入阻抗为0;进一步,由于A=0、B≠0,由式(21)和式(22)可得C=0、D≠0。
C=0,由式(19)可得ZPA条件为
$\begin{array}{l}\left[\left({Z}_{\text{ap}}-1\right)\left({Z}_{\text{as}}-\text{1}\right){M}^{2}-{L}_{\text{ap}}{L}_{\text{as}}\right]{\omega }^{2}+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left.\left[{L}_{\text{as}}{Z}_{\text{p}}\left({Z}_{\text{ap}}-1\right)+\right.{L}_{\text{ap}}{Z}_{\text{s}}\left({Z}_{\text{as}}-\text{1}\right)\right]\omega -\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{Z}_{\text{p}}{Z}_{\text{s}}\left({Z}_{\text{ap}}-1\right)\left({Z}_{\text{as}}-\text{1}\right)=0\end{array}$
对比式(10)与式(23),若2个方程有相同解,则对任意的工作角频率均可满足CV与ZPA条件,放宽工作频率ω的约束条件,使得IPT系统的参数设计灵活性更高。取1种特殊情况进行简化,CV与ZPA条件成立的方程相同,即式(10)与式(23)关于ω的对应系数相同,可得
${Z}_{\text{ap}}{Z}_{\text{as}}\text{=}({Z}_{\text{ap}}-1)({Z}_{\text{as}}-\text{1})$
${L}_{\text{as}}{Z}_{\text{p}}+{L}_{\text{ap}}{Z}_{\text{s}}=0$
图1(b)中6个补偿参数满足式(12)和式(23)~式(25),可以遍历${C}_{\text{ap}}$${C}_{\text{as}}$的值,求解双边LCC补偿参数,使IPT系统满足CV模式的ZPA条件,且满足设计的电压增益。由于遍历求解的结果不唯一,可以将线圈损耗作为优化目标,进行补偿参数选择。
IPT系统中松耦合变压器在能量传输过程中存在大量无功环流,为了分析松耦合变压器中功率交换与损耗,需要建立一次侧和二次侧线圈之间的能量流动模型[21],如图5所示。
图5中,${i}_{\text{p}}$${i}_{\text{s}}$分别为一次侧和二次侧线圈电流,${U}_{\text{ps}}$为一次侧线圈电流${i}_{\text{p}}$在二次侧的感应电压,${U}_{\text{sp}}$为二次侧线圈电流${i}_{\text{s}}$在一次侧的感应电压,${S}_{\text{p}}$${S}_{\text{s}}$分别为流入一次侧和二次侧线圈的视在功率,${S}_{\text{ps}}$${S}_{\text{sp}}$分别为一次侧和二次侧线圈之间传输的视在功率。为简化分析,不考虑线圈电阻损耗和磁损耗,因此${L}_{\text{p}}$${L}_{\text{s}}$之间交换的视在功率可以表示为
$\begin{array}{l}{\dot{S}}_{\text{ps}}=-{\dot{U}}_{\text{ps}}{i}_{\text{s}}^{*}=-\text{j}\omega M{i}_{\text{p}}{i}_{\text{s}}^{\text{*}}=\omega M{I}_{\text{p}}{I}_{\text{s}}\mathrm{sin}{\phi }_{\text{ps}}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{j}\omega M{I}_{\text{p}}{I}_{\text{s}}\mathrm{cos}{\phi }_{\text{ps}}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{\dot{S}}_{\text{sp}}=-{\dot{U}}_{\text{sp}}{i}_{\text{p}}^{*}=-\text{j}\omega M{i}_{\text{s}}{i}_{\text{p}}^{\text{*}}=-\omega M{I}_{\text{s}}{I}_{\text{p}}\mathrm{sin}{\phi }_{\text{ps}}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{j}\omega M{I}_{\text{s}}{I}_{\text{p}}\mathrm{cos}{\phi }_{\text{ps}}\end{array}$
式中:${i}_{\text{s}}^{*}$为二次侧线圈电流${i}_{\text{s}}$的共轭;${i}_{\text{p}}^{*}$为一次侧线圈电流${i}_{\text{p}}$的共轭;${I}_{\text{p}}$为一次侧线圈电流有效值;${I}_{\text{s}}$为二次侧线圈电流有效值;${\phi }_{\text{ps}}$为线圈电流${i}_{\text{p}}$${i}_{\text{s}}$之间的相位差。
交换视在功率的有功功率部分可以表示为
${P}_{\text{ps}}=\mathrm{Re}({\dot{S}}_{\text{ps}})=-\mathrm{Re}({\dot{S}}_{\text{sp}})=\omega M{I}_{\text{s}}{I}_{\text{p}}\mathrm{sin}{\phi }_{\text{ps}}$
注入整个IPT系统的视在功率可以表示为
$\begin{array}{l}\dot{S}={\dot{S}}_{\text{p}}+{\dot{S}}_{\text{s}}=\text{j}(\omega {L}_{\text{p}}{i}_{\text{p}}+\omega M{i}_{\text{s}}){i}_{\text{p}}^{*}+\text{j}(\omega {L}_{\text{s}}{i}_{\text{s}}+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\omega M{i}_{\text{p}}){i}_{\text{p}}^{*}=\text{j}\omega ({L}_{\text{p}}{I}_{\text{p}}^{2}+{L}_{\text{s}}{I}_{\text{s}}^{2}+\text{2}M{I}_{\text{s}}{I}_{\text{p}}\mathrm{cos}{\phi }_{\text{ps}})\end{array}$
在IPT系统中,松耦合变压器的线圈之间存在大量的无功功率交换,为了支撑需要的无功功率,需要增大线圈电流,导致更高的铜损耗。为了优化松耦合变压器的效率,需要提高有功功率在整体视在功率中的占比,有功功率占比可以表示为
$f\left(\varphi_{\mathrm{ps}}\right)=\frac{\left|P_{\mathrm{ps}}\right|}{|\dot{S}|}=\frac{M I_{\mathrm{s}} I_{\mathrm{p}} \sin \varphi_{\mathrm{ps}}}{L_{\mathrm{p}} I_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}+L_{\mathrm{s}} I_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}+2 M I_{\mathrm{s}} I_{\mathrm{p}} \cos \varphi_{\mathrm{ps}}}$
$x=\sqrt{{L}_{\text{p}}\text{/}{L}_{\text{s}}}{I}_{\text{p}}\text{/}{I}_{\text{s}}$,由于松耦合变压器耦合系数满足$k=M\text{/}\sqrt{{L}_{\text{p}}{L}_{\text{s}}}$,可得
$f({\phi }_{\text{ps}})=\frac{k\mathrm{sin}{\phi }_{\text{ps}}}{x+1/x+\text{2}k\mathrm{cos}{\phi }_{\text{ps}}}$
为求$f({\phi }_{\text{ps}})$的最大值,进行求导
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial f\left(\varphi_{\mathrm{ps}}\right)}{\partial \varphi_{\mathrm{ps}}}=0 \\ \frac{\partial^{2} f\left(\varphi_{\mathrm{ps}}\right)}{\partial^{2} \varphi_{\mathrm{ps}}}<0 \end{array}\right.$
求解式(32)得到实现最优效率的一次侧和二次侧线圈电流之间相位满足
$\mathrm{cos}{\phi }_{\text{ps}}=-\frac{2k}{x+1/x}$
由文献[21]可知,在松耦合变压器中,若$k\approx 0$${\phi }_{\text{ps}}$=90°,松耦合变压器效率最优。但实际中k无法等于0,可以将${\phi }_{\text{ps}}$近似90°作为优化条件。结合式(12)和式(23)~式(25),遍历${C}_{\text{ap}}$${C}_{\text{as}}$计算得到的参数不一定满足式(33),对式(33)进行近似调整,使得cos${\phi }_{\text{ps}}$接近最优解。
由于无法求得最优解,需要对约束条件进行调整,将均值不等式关系代入式(33)可得
$0>\mathrm{cos}{\phi }_{\text{ps}}⩾-k$
在IPT系统中,二次侧线圈电流可以表示为
${i}_{\text{s}}=\frac{{\dot{U}}_{\text{ps}}}{{Z}_{\text{sec}}}=\frac{\text{j}\omega M}{{Z}_{\text{sec}}}{i}_{\text{p}}$
式(34)取等号时,即式(33)中x=1时,结合式(35)可得
$\frac{\left|{Z}_{\text{sec}}\right|}{\omega M}\sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\text{p}}}{{L}_{\text{s}}}}=1$
当补偿参数无法满足cos${\phi }_{\text{ps}}$最优解时,可以选择1个接近最优解的近似解。基于此,适当调整式(36)的条件,得到不等式
$\left(1-\delta \right)<\frac{\left|{Z}_{\text{sec}}\right|}{\omega M}\sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\text{p}}}{{L}_{\text{s}}}}<\left(1+\delta \right)$
式中,δ为一个接近0的值,使得调整后的条件近似满足式(36),实现参数优化。
对约束条件进行调整后,可以使用MATLAB,以1 nF为步进值,在10~70 nF范围内,对${C}_{\text{ap}}$${C}_{\text{as}}$进行遍历取值,并求解出对应的${L}_{\text{ap}}、{L}_{\text{as}}、{C}_{\text{p}}$${C}_{s}$的值。根据调整后的约束条件式(37),计算得到满足约束条件的补偿参数。
为验证本文所提双边LCC参数设计方法,根据表1中的电气参数进行设计,取δ=0.3进行补偿参数计算,计算结果如图6所示。
图6中实线边界表示式(37)的约束条件,圆点区域标识为满足约束条件的可行解区域。δ的值越小,可行解区域越小,越靠近可行解区域中心的解越接近最优解。选择图6中的P点(${C}_{\text{ap}}$=36 nF,${C}_{\text{as}}=$ 40 nF)进行其余补偿参数计算,求解结果如表2所示。采用表2所示补偿参数的IPT系统在频率和负载变化时的电压增益和输入阻抗角曲线如图7所示,可见,本文设计方法计算参数在85 kHz工作条件时,能较好地实现CV输出模式下的ZPA条件。
设计了1台双边LCC补偿的6.6 kW无线传能实验样机,如图8所示。一次侧采用全桥逆变电路,逆变桥开关器件MOSFET为C3M0030090K,MOSFET驱动芯片为UCC21520;二次侧采用全桥整流电路,整流桥二极管型号为DSEI120-06A,使用TMS320F 28335芯片对一次侧逆变桥进行控制。采用传统设计策略计算得到另一组补偿参数,使用相同的线圈、逆变器和整流器进行实验,对比2种不同参数设计方法设计的双边LCC补偿无线传能系统的特性。
采用文献[18]中的传统方法设计恒压输出补偿参数,功率分别为1.32 kW、4.50 kW和6.60 kW时的实验波形如图9所示。采用本文设计方法设计补偿参数,相同条件的实验波形如图10所示。${v}_{\text{AB}}$为全桥逆变输出电压,${i}_{{L}_{\text{a}}}$为全桥逆变输出电流。
图9可见,采用传统补偿参数设计方法时,在轻载到重载的过程中,${i}_{\text{p}}$${i}_{\text{s}}$的幅值保持不变,${\phi }_{\text{ps}}$由24.6°减小至6.2°。与图10对比可见,采用本文所提补偿参数设计方法,在轻载到重载过程中,系统能够较好地实现ZVS,${i}_{\text{p}}$${i}_{\text{s}}$幅值逐渐增加,${\phi }_{\text{ps}}$由73.8°减小至39.6°。
与传统设计方法相比,相同负载时,本文设计方法的一次侧和二次侧线圈电流幅值更小,线圈损耗更小,尤其在轻载时,优化效果明显。同时,采用本文所提补偿参数设计方法时,${i}_{\text{p}}$${i}_{\text{s}}$之间的相位角更大,根据前文分析,有功功率的占比更高,IPT系统效率更高。
此外,在负载调整过程中,采用本文补偿参数设计方法的IPT系统的输出电压值较稳定,输出电压在400 V的±3%以内波动,如图11所示。
为了测试系统动态性能,输出功率在6.6 kW与5.0 kW之间跳变时的实验波形如图12所示,输出电压基本保持稳定,系统具备良好的动态特性。
图13为不同输出功率时,传统设计方法和本文设计方法设计的IPT系统的效率。在恒压模式,本文设计方法的效率总是高于传统方法。输出功率6.6 kW时,本文设计方法效率为95.0%,比传统方法提高了1.5%;在20%额定负载时,本文设计方法效率为93.1%,比传统方法提高了9.2%。
本文将双边LCC补偿网络拆分为3个级联的T型网络,简化了负载无关CV输出模式时的ZPA条件。通过建立松耦合线圈功率传输模型,计算线圈之间有功功率与无功功率值,分析得出在相同功率下,一次侧和二次侧线圈电流之间的相位角越接近90°,系统效率越高的结论。在此基础上,采用求解近似最优解的思想,提出了1种双边LCC补偿参数的设计方法,并搭建实验样机进行验证。实验数据表明,本文所提设计方法可以使CV模式的IPT系统在不同负载情况下,均能保持较高效率。与传统设计方法相比,6.60 kW时效率提高了1.5%,1.32 kW时效率提高了9.2%,实现了双边LCC补偿网络IPT系统恒压输出的效率优化。
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.196
  • 接收时间:2022-03-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-15
  • 修回日期:2022-06-01
  • 录用日期:2022-06-07
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    磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室(西南交通大学电气工程学院),成都 611756

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许建平(1963— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:开关变换器的控制技术、功率因数校正技术。E-mail:
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