Article(id=1146828032234360971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.161, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657555200000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-12, revisedDate=1669305600000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-25, acceptedDate=1677686400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-03-02, onlineDate=1751354709919, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709919, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867128, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709919, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709919, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=161, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844398105715269, articleId=1146828032234360971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Study on Supraharmonics Emission Mechanism for Two-stage Single-phase Frequency Converter, columnId=1152281493855892337, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Quality, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The converters, switching power supply and other power electronic equipment will inject a large quantity of supraharmonics into distribution network when they are connected to the grid on a large scale, resulting in the problem of power quality which becomes more and more serious. On this basis, the supraharmonics emission mechanism for an ordinary two-stage single-phase frequency converter is studied in depth. First, the Fourier series expression of harmonic current on the grid side is derived using the switching function method. Then, the ratio of supraharmonics is calculated, and its influencing factors are analyzed. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified by simulation and measurement results. The research can provide a reference for the quantification, detection and monitoring of supraharmonics in distribution network.

, correspAuthors=Tianchu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tianchu LI, Bin RONG, Zhipeng WU, Jue HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828039586976642, articleId=1146828032234360971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=两级式单相变频器超高次谐波发射机理研究, columnId=1149830093889041170, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电能质量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着各类变流器、开关电源等电力电子设备的规模化接入电网,配电网超高次谐波含量快速增加,由此产生的电能质量问题愈发严重。基于此,选取常见的两级式单相变频电路,对超高次谐波发射机理进行深入研究。首先采用开关函数法推导出网侧谐波电流的傅里叶级数表达式,然后计算超高次谐波含有率并分析其影响因素,最后通过仿真和实测验证理论分析的正确性,为配电网超高次谐波的量化、检测和监测提供参考。

, correspAuthors=李天楚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李天楚(1988— ),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电能质量、电测仪表、电磁环境相关技术。E-mail:
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容斌(1991— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能计量技术、用电营销与计量研究。E-mail:

伍智鹏(1993— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能质量分析及治理。E-mail:

黄珏(1988— ),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能计量技术、用电营销与计量研究。E-mail:

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容斌(1991— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能计量技术、用电营销与计量研究。E-mail:

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容斌(1991— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能计量技术、用电营销与计量研究。E-mail:

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伍智鹏(1993— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能质量分析及治理。E-mail:

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伍智鹏(1993— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能质量分析及治理。E-mail:

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黄珏(1988— ),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能计量技术、用电营销与计量研究。E-mail:

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两级式单相变频器超高次谐波发射机理研究
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李天楚 1, 2 , 容斌 3 , 伍智鹏 1, 2 , 黄珏 3
电源学报 | 电能质量 2025,23(2): 161-170
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电源学报 | 电能质量 2025, 23(2): 161-170
两级式单相变频器超高次谐波发射机理研究
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李天楚1, 2 , 容斌3 , 伍智鹏1, 2 , 黄珏3
作者信息
  • 1 海南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,海口 570311
  • 2 海南省电网理化分析重点实验室,海口 570311
  • 3 海南电网有限责任公司电能计量中心,海口 570311
  • 容斌(1991— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能计量技术、用电营销与计量研究。E-mail:

    伍智鹏(1993— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能质量分析及治理。E-mail:

    黄珏(1988— ),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:电能计量技术、用电营销与计量研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李天楚(1988— ),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电能质量、电测仪表、电磁环境相关技术。E-mail:
Study on Supraharmonics Emission Mechanism for Two-stage Single-phase Frequency Converter
Tianchu LI1, 2 , Bin RONG3 , Zhipeng WU1, 2 , Jue HUANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute, Hainan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Haikou 570311, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Analysis for Electric Power of Hainan Province, Haikou 570311, China
  • 3 Electric Energy Metering Center, Hainan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Haikou 570311, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.161
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随着各类变流器、开关电源等电力电子设备的规模化接入电网,配电网超高次谐波含量快速增加,由此产生的电能质量问题愈发严重。基于此,选取常见的两级式单相变频电路,对超高次谐波发射机理进行深入研究。首先采用开关函数法推导出网侧谐波电流的傅里叶级数表达式,然后计算超高次谐波含有率并分析其影响因素,最后通过仿真和实测验证理论分析的正确性,为配电网超高次谐波的量化、检测和监测提供参考。

单相变频器  /  开关函数  /  超高次谐波  /  发射机理  /  谐波含有率

The converters, switching power supply and other power electronic equipment will inject a large quantity of supraharmonics into distribution network when they are connected to the grid on a large scale, resulting in the problem of power quality which becomes more and more serious. On this basis, the supraharmonics emission mechanism for an ordinary two-stage single-phase frequency converter is studied in depth. First, the Fourier series expression of harmonic current on the grid side is derived using the switching function method. Then, the ratio of supraharmonics is calculated, and its influencing factors are analyzed. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified by simulation and measurement results. The research can provide a reference for the quantification, detection and monitoring of supraharmonics in distribution network.

Single-phase frequency converter  /  switching function  /  supraharmonics  /  emission mechanism  /  harmonic ratio
李天楚, 容斌, 伍智鹏, 黄珏. 两级式单相变频器超高次谐波发射机理研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 161 -170 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.161
Tianchu LI, Bin RONG, Zhipeng WU, Jue HUANG. Study on Supraharmonics Emission Mechanism for Two-stage Single-phase Frequency Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 161 -170 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.161
随着电力电子技术的飞速发展,用电负荷日趋复杂化和多样化,各类电力电子变流器接入配电网中,如电动汽车充电机、紧凑型荧光灯CFL(compact fluorescent lamp)和LED灯等设备。这类负荷的非线性特征会导致2~150 kHz之间的超高次谐波发射增加,不仅会直接影响邻近设备正常运行,还会在配电网中传播并可能产生放大,危及配电网的安全、稳定运行[1-3]
众多学者对配电网中的各类电力电子变流器超高次谐波产生机理及典型特征展开了研究,为配电网谐波问题分析、检测、治理及管理奠定了基础[4-9]。变频电路广泛应用在各种电机类设备和气体放电灯源的驱动中,起到变频节能的作用,还应用在隔离型的电动汽车充电机前级和无线充电发射端电路中,是现代配电网中常见的非线性电力电子变流器,并且随着经济的发展,其数量仍在不断增加。目前变频电路结构主要包括2类:交-交变频电路(AC-AC)和交-直-交变频电路(AC-DC- AC),这2种结构又分别包括三相和单相2种拓扑。与交-交变频电路相比,交-直-交变频电路的输出频率不会受到输入电源频率的约束,因此大多数变频电路都采用交-直-交两级式结构。变频电路是典型的谐波源,已有的研究主要是其低次谐波模型研究[10-12]和大量应用对配电网造成的影响研究[13-14],针对超高次谐波的研究仍较少。文献[15]间接对部分三相交-直-交变频电路用到的前级AC-DC电路拓扑注入电网的超高次谐波进行了机理分析;文献[16]对紧凑型荧光灯的AC-DC-AC结构电子镇流器的超高次谐波研究主要在测试方面,而考虑后级DC-AC电路影响的变频电路的超高次谐波发生机理研究未见报道。
本文选取常见的两级式单相交-直-交变频电路进行研究,该电路前级采用二极管整流,后级采用电压型逆变电路并控制其输出正弦波。首先采用开关函数法揭示了该结构变频电路的网侧电流超高次谐波产生机理;然后计算超高次谐波含有率,分析其影响因素,并基于MATLAB建立两级式单相变频电路模型,对其超高次谐波特征进行仿真分析;最后进行实测,仿真和实测数据验证了开关函数法用于该结构变频器超高次谐波理论分析的正确性。
常见的两级式单相变频器主要分为AC-DC整流电路和DC-AC逆变电路2部分。本文中AC-DC 整流电路选用二极管不控整流桥,DC-AC逆变电路可用电压型单相全桥或半桥逆变器,电路拓扑架构如图1所示。
图1中:${u}_{\text{s}}$为电网电源电压;${i}_{\text{s}}$为输入电流;${C}_{1}$为滤波电容;${U}_{\text{in}}$${C}_{1}$两端的电压;${i}_{\text{in}}$为输入后级的电流;${u}_{\text{o}}$为变频器的输出电压;${i}_{\text{o}}$为输出电流;${L}_{1}$${R}_{1}$为变频器的负载。由于本文主要研究超高次谐波发射机理,因此研究对象的变频器应为交流输出频率较高的类型。它的超高次谐波发射主要是通过交流侧电流对电网注入谐波,其来源与整流电路二极管的通断、逆变电路输出频率和开关管的高频工作有关。
采用适当的控制方式使后级电压型逆变电路输出正弦波,设其表达式为
${u}_{\text{o}}\text{=}{U}_{\text{om}}\text{sin}(\omega t)$
${i}_{\text{o}}\text{=}{I}_{\text{om}}\text{sin(}\omega t+{\phi }_{\text{L}}\text{)}$
式中:${U}_{\text{om}}$${I}_{\text{om}}$分别为输出电压${u}_{\text{o}}$和电流${i}_{\text{o}}$的幅值;ω为输出电压角频率;${\phi }_{\text{L}}$为负载阻抗角。
可知后级逆变电路的输出功率为
${P}_{\text{o}}\text{=}\frac{\text{1}}{\text{2}}{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}\text{cos}{\phi }_{\text{L}}-\frac{\text{1}}{\text{2}}{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}\text{cos(2}\omega t+{\phi }_{\text{L}}\text{)}$
考虑到后级逆变电路的损耗,设后级逆变电路的效率为η,则后级逆变电路的输入电流${i}_{\text{in}}$[17-18]
${i}_{\text{in}}\text{=}\frac{{P}_{\text{in}}}{{U}_{\text{in}}}\text{=}\frac{{P}_{\text{o}}}{\eta {U}_{\text{in}}}\text{=}\frac{{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}\text{cos}{\phi }_{\text{L}}-{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}\text{cos(2}\omega t+{\phi }_{\text{L}}\text{)}}{\text{2}\eta {U}_{\text{in}}}$
式中,${P}_{\text{in}}$为后级逆变电路的输入功率。
可以看出,逆变电路的输入电流${i}_{\text{in}}$除了固定的直流分量,还包含角频率为逆变器输出角频率ω的2倍的谐波分量,电容${C}_{1}$难以滤除这些角频率为2ω的谐波电流,在前级整流电路二极管导通时会传导到电网中,引起超高次谐波发射。逆变电路输出频率较高时,若采用正弦脉宽调制SPWM(sine pulse width modulation)控制,为了得到高质量的正弦波,其开关管的工作频率很高,引起的谐波可以被滤除,忽略不计。
对于后级DC-AC逆变电路,按照功率等效的原则,将该部分电路近似等效为电阻${R}_{2}$,当输出功率恒定时,可得
${R}_{\text{2}}\text{=}\eta {U}_{\text{in}}^{\text{2}}\text{/}{P}_{\text{o}}$
则单相变频器可等效为如图2所示的单相桥式不控整流电路,该不控整流电路的角频率为${\omega }_{\text{s}}$,设二极管的导通起始角为δ,二极管的导通区间为θ,可得
$\text{π}-\theta =\delta \text{+arctan(}{\omega }_{\text{s}}{R}_{\text{2}}{C}_{\text{1}}\text{)}$
$\text{sin}\delta \text{=}\frac{{\omega }_{\text{s}}{R}_{\text{2}}{C}_{\text{1}}}{\sqrt{{\left({\omega }_{\text{s}}{R}_{\text{2}}{C}_{\text{1}}\right)}^{\text{2}}\text{+1}}}{\text{e}}^{-\frac{\text{arctg}\left({\omega }_{\text{s}}{R}_{\text{2}}{C}_{\text{1}}\right)}{{\omega }_{\text{s}}{R}_{\text{2}}{C}_{\text{1}}}}{\text{e}}^{-\frac{\delta }{{\omega }_{\text{s}}{R}_{\text{2}}{C}_{\text{1}}}}$
由于变流设备的工作具有离散采样和调制的开关特性,可以用简单的三角变换来代替区段积分,使变流设备有关波形的分析简化。这种对变流设备稳态工作进行谐波分析的方法称为开关函数法[19]。变流装置的工作波形是由开关函数调制交流电压或直流电流的结果,可以用多个开关函数与正弦函数的调制来表示。这种调制经过三角变换之后即可得到谐波特性[20]
开关函数可以定义为2个单位阶跃函数之差,如图3所示。令$\tau ={\omega }_{\text{c}}t$${\omega }_{\text{c}}$为开关函数的角频率;${\tau }_{1}={\alpha }_{0}$${\alpha }_{0}$为开关管导通的起始角;${\tau }_{2}={\alpha }_{0}+{\alpha }_{\text{v}}$${\alpha }_{\text{v}}$为开关管的导通区间,且${\alpha }_{0}+{\alpha }_{\text{v}}⩽\text{π}$
图3(b)所示的开关函数分解为傅里叶级数,再由三角函数的正交性计算公式求得傅里叶系数,并将同频率的正弦项和余弦项合并,得
$f({\omega }_{\text{c}}t,{\alpha }_{0})={A}_{0}\text{+}{\displaystyle \sum }_{k\text{=1}}^{\infty }{A}_{k}\text{cos(}k{\omega }_{\text{c}}t-{\Psi }_{k}\text{)}$
式中:${A}_{\text{0}}\text{=}{\alpha }_{\text{v}}\text{/(2π)}$${A}_{k}\text{=(2/}k\text{π)sin(}k{\alpha }_{\text{v}}\text{/}2\text{)}$k为正整数;${\Psi }_{k}\text{=}k{\alpha }_{\text{0}}\text{+}k{\alpha }_{\text{v}}\text{/}2$
对于前级单相二极管整流电路,当处于稳定工作状态时,二极管${\text{D}}_{\text{1}}$${\text{D}}_{\text{3}}$同时导通和关断,它们的开关函数${f}_{1}$
$f_{1}=\varepsilon\left(\omega_{\mathrm{s}} t-\delta\right)-\varepsilon\left(\omega_{\mathrm{s}} t-\delta-\theta\right)$
二极管${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$${\text{D}}_{\text{4}}$同时导通和关断,它们的开关函数${f}_{2}$
$f_{2}=\varepsilon\left(\omega_{\mathrm{s}} t-\pi-\delta\right)-\varepsilon\left(\omega_{\mathrm{s}} t-\pi-\delta-\theta\right)$
其中,${\alpha }_{0}$${\alpha }_{\text{v}}$由式(6)和式(7)计算得到。将式(9)和式(10)代入式(8)可得开关函数${f}_{1}$${f}_{2}$的傅里叶级数表达式分别为
${f}_{\text{1}}\text{=}f({\omega }_{\text{s}}t,\delta \text{)=}\frac{\theta }{\text{2π}}\text{+}{\displaystyle \sum }_{k\text{=1}}^{\infty }\frac{\text{2}}{k\text{π}}\text{sin}\frac{k\theta }{\text{2}}\text{cos(}k{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-k\delta -\frac{k\theta }{2}\text{)}$
$\begin{array}{l}{f}_{2}=f({\omega }_{\text{s}}t,\text{π}+\delta \text{)=}\frac{\theta }{\text{2π}}\text{+}\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum }_{k\text{=1}}^{\infty }\frac{\text{2}}{k\text{π}}\text{sin}\frac{k\theta }{\text{2}}\text{cos}\left[k{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-k(\text{π}+\delta )-\frac{k\theta }{2}\right]\end{array}$
由2.1节可知,后级逆变电路输入电流${i}_{\text{in}}$的主要谐波角频率为2ω,电容${C}_{1}$无法将其完全滤除,在前级二极管整流桥导通时,会对网侧输入电流${i}_{\text{s}}$产生影响。输入电流${i}_{\text{s}}$是由开关函数${f}_{1}$${f}_{2}$对电流${i}_{\text{in}}$调制的结果,即
${i}_{\text{s}}\text{=(}{f}_{\text{1}}-{f}_{\text{2}}\text{)}{i}_{\text{in}}$
将式(11)、式(12)和式(4)代入式(13)即可获得交流侧电流${i}_{\text{s}}$的谐波表达式为
$\begin{array}{l}{i}_{\text{s}}\text{=}{\displaystyle \sum }_{k\text{=1,3,5}\dots }^{\infty }\frac{\text{4}}{k\text{π}}\text{sin}\frac{k\theta }{2}\text{cos(}k{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-k\delta -\frac{k\theta }{2}\text{)}\frac{{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}\text{cos}{\phi }_{\text{L}}-{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}\text{cos(2}\omega t+{\phi }_{\text{L}}\text{)}}{\text{2}\eta {U}_{\text{in}}}\text{=}\frac{{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}\text{cos}{\phi }_{\text{L}}}{\text{2}\eta {\text{U}}_{\text{in}}}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum }_{k\text{=1,3,5}\dots }^{\infty }\frac{\text{4}}{k\text{π}}\text{sin}\frac{k\theta }{2}\text{cos(}k{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-k\delta -\frac{k\theta }{2}\text{)}-\frac{{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}}{\text{2}\eta {\text{U}}_{\text{in}}}\text{cos(2}\omega t+{\phi }_{\text{L}}\text{)}{\displaystyle \sum }_{k\text{=1,3,5}\dots }^{\infty }\frac{\text{4}}{k\text{π}}\text{sin}\frac{k\theta }{2}\text{cos(}k{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-k\delta -\frac{k\theta }{2})\text{=}\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum }_{k\text{=1,3,5}\dots }^{\infty }\frac{\text{2}{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}\text{cos}{\phi }_{\text{L}}}{k\text{π}\eta {U}_{\text{in}}}\text{sin}\frac{k\theta }{2}\text{cos}\left(k{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-k\delta -\frac{k\theta }{2}\right)-{\displaystyle \sum }_{k\text{=1,3,5}\dots }^{\infty }\frac{{U}_{\text{om}}{I}_{\text{om}}}{k\text{π}\eta {U}_{\text{in}}}\text{sin}\frac{k\theta }{2}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left\{\text{cos}\left[\left(\text{2}\omega +k{\omega }_{\text{s}}\right)t+{\phi }_{\text{L}}-k\delta -\frac{k\theta }{2}\right]\text{+cos}\left[\text{(2}\omega -k{\omega }_{\text{s}}\text{)}t+{\phi }_{\text{L}}+k\delta \text{+}\frac{k\theta }{2}\right]\right\}\end{array}$
由式(14)可知,交流电网侧的电流谐波包含了交流电网角频率的奇数次谐波和角频率为$\left|2\omega \pm k{\omega }_{\text{s}}\right|$(k为大于0的奇数)的边频带谐波。两级式单相变频器发射到电网中的超高次谐波即2~150 kHz频带中角频率为$k{\omega }_{\text{s}}$$\left|2\omega \pm k{\omega }_{\text{s}}\right|$(k为大于0的奇数)的谐波。谐波幅值由于$\text{sin}(k\theta \text{/}2)$的存在,不是单纯地随着k的增大而减小。
奇次谐波含有率为
${R}_{\text{HI}}{}_{,}{}_{\text{ho}}\text{(}k\text{)=}\left|\frac{\mathrm{sin}(k\theta \text{/2})}{k\text{sin}(\theta \text{/2})}\right|\times \text{100%}$
边频带谐波含有率为
${R}_{\text{HI,}}{}_{\text{hs}}\text{(}\left|\text{2}\omega \pm k{\omega }_{\text{s}}\right|\text{)=}\left|\frac{\mathrm{sin}(k\theta \text{/2})}{\text{2}k\text{cos}{\phi }_{\text{L}}\text{sin}(\theta \text{/2})}\right|\times \text{100%}$
根据式(15),奇次谐波含有率与k和导通角$\theta $的关系曲线如图4所示。可以看出,当导通角$\theta $不变时,随着k的增大,奇次谐波含有率整体呈下降趋势且伴随着半波规律地波动;对于某次奇数谐波来说,随着导通角$\theta $的增大,其含有率也是呈下降趋势且伴随着半波规律地波动,导通角$\theta $越大,波动的幅度越小;奇数k越大,随着导通角θ 的增大,其谐波含有率的波动频率越大。
对于边频带谐波,设cos${\phi }_{\text{L}}$=0.9,根据式(16),其含有率与奇数k和导通角θ 的关系如图5所示。
可以看出,边频带谐波含有率以2ω为中心呈现出半波形波动,其波动频率随着导通角$\theta $的增大而增大;当导通角$\theta $不变时,边频带谐波含有率随着k的增大,呈现出伴有半波波动的下降趋势。
由2.3节的分析可知,交流电网侧的电流各次谐波含有率与导通角$\theta $有关,而变频器的输出功率${P}_{\text{o}}$和滤波电容${C}_{1}$会影响导通角的大小。图6为导通起始角δ、导通角$\theta $${w}_{\text{s}}{R}_{2}{C}_{1}$的关系曲线。可以看出,随着变频器输出功率${P}_{\text{o}}$的增大,后级逆变器的效率η降低,${R}_{2}$减小,导通角$\theta $随之增大。根据式(15)和图4,奇数各次谐波含有率随导通角$\theta $增大,是呈下降趋势且伴随着半波规律地波动。假设功率变化时负载阻抗角没有发生变化,根据式(16)和图5,则边频带各次谐波含有率随导通角$\theta $变化的趋势与奇次谐波类似。因此随着功率的增大,单相两级式变频器网侧电流各次谐波含有率的趋势是减小并伴有不同步的半波形波动。随着变频器滤波电容${C}_{1}$的增大,导通角$\theta $减小。与输出功率的分析类似,可知各次谐波含有率是随着滤波电容${C}_{1}$的增大不同步地半波形波动,但总体趋势是增大的。
电网系统阻抗对网侧电流超高次谐波含有率也会产生影响。网侧电流的超高次谐波主要由后级逆变电路产生,考虑到电网的系统阻抗,在二极管整流桥导通时,${i}_{\text{in}}$的高频部分${i}_{\text{sh}}$可作为超高次谐波电流源,得到等效电路如图7所示。系统阻抗的存在会使超高次谐波电流分流至滤波电容${C}_{1}$,从而降低网侧超高次谐波含量;逆变电路输出频率的增大会使超高次谐波电流源的频率升高,导致系统等效阻抗增大与滤波电容等效阻抗减小,从而对注入系统的超高次谐波电流含有率产生影响。
为验证第2节理论分析的正确性,基于MATLAB/ Simulink搭建单相两级式变频电路仿真模型,后级为半桥逆变电路,采用SPWM控制方式。交流侧电源频率为50 Hz,输出负载为阻感负载,电阻为160 Ω,电感为28 mH,此时输出功率为20 W。设后级逆变电路效率为0.9,前级整流后的直流平均电压为300 V,期望纹波在15 V左右,考虑到仿真电路的最大输出功率为40 W,根据电容充电或者放电时间内电量的变化等于电容两端电压变化量与电容值乘积的原则[21],选取直流滤波电容为100 μF。为了更好区分奇次谐波与边频带谐波,逆变输出频率取1 025 Hz。仿真得到网侧电压电流与滤波电容两端电压波形如图8所示,可以看出当二极管导通时,注入电网的电流具有明显的二倍输出频率分量。
将网侧电流${i}_{\text{s}}$作傅里叶分解,得到各次谐波含有率如图9所示。可以看出,网侧电流谐波主要为交流电网角频率的奇数次谐波和角频率为$\left|2\omega \pm k{\omega }_{\text{s}}\right|$(k为大于0的奇数)的边频带谐波,与2.3节分析相符。奇数次谐波含有率随着k的增大,呈现伴有半波形波动的下降趋势;变频器输出频率为1 025 Hz, 边频带频率分别为$|2\text{ }050\pm 50k|$Hz(k为大于0的奇数),含有率随着k的增大,同样呈现出伴有半波形波动的下降趋势,这些特征与2.3节的分析也一致。
保持负载阻抗角和其他参数不变,改变输出功率进行仿真,结果如图10所示。仿真时功率由15.12 W增大到38.15 W,区间功率点共37个,由于等步长变电阻,因此功率点分布不均匀,在功率较大的部分功率点较少。从图10可以看出,随着功率的增大,单相两级式变频器网侧电流各次谐波含有率符合2.4节分析。在仿真中滤波电容对高次与超高次谐波的滤波作用不可忽略,因此,在输出功率比较低时,各边频带谐波含有率曲线较为扁平。
保持输出功率为20 W,其他参数不变,改变滤波电容进行仿真,仿真时电容由50 μF增大到200 μF,步长2.5 μF,结果如图11所示。可见,随着电容的增大,单相两级式变频器网侧电流各次谐波含有率符合2.4节分析。同样在仿真中滤波电容对高次与超高次谐波的滤波作用不可忽略,因此,在滤波电容较大时,各边频带谐波含有率曲线也会较为扁平。
在网侧电源处加入系统阻抗进行仿真,设系统阻抗${R}_{\text{g}}=1\text{ }\Omega ,{L}_{\text{g}}=0.7\text{ mH}$,仿真结果如图12(a)所示。将逆变电路输出频率增大到1 225 Hz,功率和其他参数不变,得到仿真结果如图12(b)所示。可以看出,系统阻抗的存在会降低网侧电流超高次谐波含有率,变频电路输出频率的增大也会降低网侧电流超高次谐波含有率。
基于MATLAB/Simulink 搭建CFL电子镇流器的经典电路结构,即前级不控整流+后级半桥逆变电路。电子镇流器启辉后工作在稳定状态,此时半桥电路输出电压为连续方波,驱动电感、灯管等效电阻、启动电容所组成的LRC网络。CFL采用正弦波电流驱动时工作效率最高,可采用集成电路产生灯管驱动电流,为了降低成本,更常见的方式为逆变电路输出方波驱动LRC网络,谐振产生正弦电流。CFL电子镇流器的工作频率一般为20~60 kHz,仿真中半桥逆变电路开关频率选取40 kHz,在CFL中产生40 kHz的正弦电流使其正常发光,电子镇流器功率选取20 W。图13为稳定工作时电子镇流器网侧电压电流与滤波电容两端电压波形,网侧电流在50 Hz~150 kHz 范围的各次谐波含有率如图14所示,放大图如图15所示。可以看出,常见CFL电子镇流器发射到电网中的超高次谐波主要为$k{\omega }_{\text{s}}$$\left|2\omega \pm k{\omega }_{\text{s}}\right|$(k为大于0的奇数)的谐波。
基于第2、3节的机理分析和仿真验证,对1个开关频率为40 kHz、功率为20 W、滤波电容为22 μF的CFL电子镇流器进行带负载实际测量。首先对该CFL镇流器稳定工作时的网侧电压电流波形进行了测量,如图16所示,结果与3.4节中仿真波形图13基本相符。可以看出,在稳定工作时该CFL镇流器的导通起始角δ=0.336π,导通角$\theta $=0.14π。将角度数值代入到2.3节理论分析中,因CFL灯具在稳态工作时可以等效为2个背靠背的稳压二极管与1个电阻相串联,设$\text{cos}{\phi }_{\text{L}}=1$,得到该CFL镇流器网侧电流各次谐波含有率的理论值如图17所示。
使用EMI测试接收机RS ESCI(9 kHz~3 GHz)的频谱仪模式测量CFL电子镇流器网侧电流的9~ 150 kHz传导发射,图18为背景噪声与测量结果,可以看出其频谱特征与3.4节中的仿真结果一致。
图17相比,因为实际CFL镇流器电路要考虑滤波电容对超高次谐波的滤波作用,且含有前端的EMI滤波器和各种寄生电容电感等,因此在实测中70~90 kHz范围的谐波含有率较理论计算值明显减小。图19为在电源进线处增加1个1.3 mH电感后测得的网侧电流传导发射,可以看出,系统阻抗增大后网侧电流的9~150 kHz传导发射降低。
为了给日渐增加的配电网谐波的量化、检测和监测提供依据,本文研究了配电网中常见的两级式单相交-直-交变频电路的超高次谐波发射机理和特性。首先采用开关函数法推导出网侧超高次谐波电流的表达式,然后分析了各次谐波含有率影响因素,并通过仿真和实测验证了上述理论研究,得到以下结论。
(1)两级式单相变频电路网侧电流超高次谐波主要包含交流电网角频率的奇数次谐波和角频率为|2ω±s|(k为大于0的奇数)的边频带谐波。
(2)交流电网侧的电流各次谐波含有率与变频电路的输出功率Po和滤波电容C1大小有关。随着输出功率的增大或滤波电容的减小,单相两级式变频器网侧电流各奇数次谐波含有率总趋势是减小并伴有不同步的半波形波动;而由于滤波电容的滤波作用,随着输出功率增大或滤波电容减小,单相两级式变频器网侧电流的各边频带谐波以2ω为中心,其含有率的半波形波动频率和幅值是增大的。
(3)系统阻抗会影响超高次谐波发射情况,阻抗增大,超高次谐波含有率降低,改变后级逆变电路的交流输出频率会影响超高次谐波的路径等效阻抗,进而影响超高次谐波发射水平。
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.161
  • 接收时间:2022-07-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-12
  • 修回日期:2022-11-25
  • 录用日期:2023-03-02
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    1 海南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,海口 570311
    2 海南省电网理化分析重点实验室,海口 570311
    3 海南电网有限责任公司电能计量中心,海口 570311

通讯作者:

李天楚(1988— ),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电能质量、电测仪表、电磁环境相关技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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