Article(id=1146828031080923202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1645113600000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-18, revisedDate=1658246400000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-20, acceptedDate=1658937600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-07-28, onlineDate=1751354709643, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709643, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867193, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709643, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=120, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844397690479169, articleId=1146828031080923202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Frequency Modulation Control Method for Large-scale Distributed Battery Energy Storage Systems in Smart Grid, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the penetration rate of renewable energy resources in a new power system continues to rise while the proportion of traditional thermal power units continues to decline, the new power system faces severe frequency control problems. Distributed battery energy storage systems (BESSs) provide an effective way to solve these problems. On this basis, a robust load frequency control (LFC) method for distributed BESSs based on sparse communication network is proposed. To suppress the uncertainties related to system operation, a two-tier model predictive control (MPC) is designed to improve the response characteristics of BESSs, thus improving the performance of LFC. To minimize the area control error, the proposed method can satisfy various operating physical constraints of the system. In addition, the influence of communication delay on the performance of frequency modulation participated by BESSs is also considered, and a fuzzy coordination control device is designed to coordinate BESSs and the traditional generator, so that the mis-operation of the traditional generator under the condition of long delay can be avoided. Finally, simulation results show that the response capability and frequency modulation effect of distributed BESSs are better than the traditional methods under parameters such as different values of capacity, rated power, charge and discharge coefficient, state-of-charge and time constant.

, correspAuthors=Jing LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shiming CHEN, Ye FAN, Jing LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828036869063143, articleId=1146828031080923202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=智能电网内规模化分布式电池储能系统的调频控制方法, columnId=1149829992055595012, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=新能源系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着新型电力系统中可再生能源渗透率的不断攀升,以及传统火电机组的比例持续下降,新型电力系统面临严峻的频率控制问题,而分布式电池储能系统BESS(battery energy storage system)可为解决上述问题提供有效途径。基于此,首先提出1种基于稀疏通信网络的分布式BESSs鲁棒负载频率控制LFC(load frequency control)方法。接着,为了抑制与系统运行相关的不确定性,设计了双层模型预测控制以改善BESS的响应特性,从而提升LFC效果。所提方法可满足系统各种运行物理约束,以实现区域控制误差的最小化。然后,考虑通信延迟对BESS参与频率调节性能的影响,设计了1种模糊协调控制器件以协调BESS和传统发电机,可避免传统发电机在长延迟情况下误运行。最后,通过仿真实验对所提方案进行验证,结果表明在不同容量、额定功率、充放电系数、荷电状态和时间常数等参数下,分布式BESS中的响应能力和调频效果明显优于传统方法。

, correspAuthors=刘晶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘晶(1985— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:调度自动化系统。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=P0Ja0Q6OYY3hhDBTFkL5ug==, magXml=gXwjRwzz2ngC40YpE09bTg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=x2N0GbYw6Sg1OJ+qlOhWRw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=S4o59PkkTLJHB2qLnfYjTQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=0WWlfJMmpCmaXuF0cO0u3Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈石明(1981— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:储能生产与试验。E-mail:

范烨(1982— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:储能建模与控制。E-mail:

, authorsList=陈石明, 范烨, 刘晶)}, authors=[Author(id=1205931306223989147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhangbaoqing120@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1205931306341429673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, authorId=1205931306223989147, language=EN, stringName=Shiming CHEN, firstName=Shiming, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Guoneng Zhejiang Ninghai Power Generation Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315612, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1205931306437898672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, authorId=1205931306223989147, language=CN, stringName=陈石明, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 国能浙江宁海发电有限公司,宁波 315612, bio={"img":"gNlxPtCjkd0i282jOUkqAg==","content":"

陈石明(1981— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:储能生产与试验。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=gNlxPtCjkd0i282jOUkqAg==, bioContent=

陈石明(1981— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:储能生产与试验。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205931305947165056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931305976525188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931305947165056, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Guoneng Zhejiang Ninghai Power Generation Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315612, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931306018468232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931305947165056, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国能浙江宁海发电有限公司,宁波 315612)])]), Author(id=1205931306555339197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=223677128@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1205931306664391113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, authorId=1205931306555339197, language=EN, stringName=Ye FAN, firstName=Ye, middleName=null, lastName=FAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Guoneng Zhejiang Ninghai Power Generation Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315612, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1205931306777637329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, authorId=1205931306555339197, language=CN, stringName=范烨, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 国能浙江宁海发电有限公司,宁波 315612, bio={"content":"

范烨(1982— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:储能建模与控制。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

范烨(1982— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:储能建模与控制。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205931305947165056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931305976525188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931305947165056, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Guoneng Zhejiang Ninghai Power Generation Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315612, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931306018468232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931305947165056, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国能浙江宁海发电有限公司,宁波 315612)])]), Author(id=1205931306886689241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2540114656@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1205931306987352550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, authorId=1205931306886689241, language=EN, stringName=Jing LIU, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1205931307067044331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, authorId=1205931306886689241, language=CN, stringName=刘晶, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 国网电力科学研究院,北京 100192, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205931306110742926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931306114937231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931306110742926, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931306123325840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931306110742926, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 国网电力科学研究院,北京 100192)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1205931307243205115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Battery energy storage system (BESS)), Keyword(id=1205931307360645635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=communication delay), Keyword(id=1205931307452920329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=load frequency control (LFC)), Keyword(id=1205931307561972244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=model predictive control (MPC)), Keyword(id=1205931307633275417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=电池储能系统), Keyword(id=1205931307738133024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=通信延迟), Keyword(id=1205931307817824804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=负载频率控制), Keyword(id=1205931307897516589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=模型预测控制)], refs=[Reference(id=1205931313043927812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=43, issue=19, pageStart=87, pageEnd=93, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=李培强, 丰云鹤, 李欣然, journalName=电力系统自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李培强, 丰云鹤, 李欣然, 等. 考虑超短期负荷预测的储能电池参与电网一次调频控制策略[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2019, 43(19): 87-93, 148., articleTitle=考虑超短期负荷预测的储能电池参与电网一次调频控制策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931313132008200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=43, issue=19, pageStart=87, pageEnd=93, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Li Peiqiang, Feng Yunhe, Li Xinran, journalName=Automation of Electric Power Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Peiqiang, Feng Yunhe, Li Xinran, et al. Control stra-tegy for energy storage battery participating in primary fre-quency regulation of power grid considering ultra-short-term load forecasting[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2019, 43(19): 87-93, 148. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Control stra-tegy for energy storage battery participating in primary fre-quency regulation of power grid considering ultra-short-term load forecasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931313253643020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=40, issue=8, pageStart=2597, pageEnd=2606, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=隋云任, 梁双印, 黄登超, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=隋云任, 梁双印, 黄登超, 等. 飞轮储能辅助燃煤机组调频动态过程仿真研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2020, 40(8): 2597-2606., articleTitle=飞轮储能辅助燃煤机组调频动态过程仿真研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931313358500623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=40, issue=8, pageStart=2597, pageEnd=2606, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Sui Yunren, Liang Shuangyin, Huang Dengchao, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sui Yunren, Liang Shuangyin, Huang Dengchao, et al. Simulation study on frequency modulation process of coal burning plants with auxiliary of flywheel energy storage[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40(8): 2597-2606. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Simulation study on frequency modulation process of coal burning plants with auxiliary of flywheel energy storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931313433998100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=18, pageStart=3897, pageEnd=3908, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=李欣然, 崔曦文, 黄际元, journalName=电工技术学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李欣然, 崔曦文, 黄际元, 等. 电池储能电源参与电网一次调频的自适应控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(18): 3897-3908., articleTitle=电池储能电源参与电网一次调频的自适应控制策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931313530467098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=18, pageStart=3897, pageEnd=3908, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Li Xinran, Cui Xiwen, Huang Jiyuan, journalName=Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Xinran, Cui Xiwen, Huang Jiyuan, et al. The self-adaption control strategy of energy storage batteries parti-cipating in the primary frequency regulation[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2019, 34(18): 3897-3908. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The self-adaption control strategy of energy storage batteries parti-cipating in the primary frequency regulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931314734232351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=44, issue=19, pageStart=63, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=李军徽, 侯涛, 穆钢, journalName=电力系统自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李军徽, 侯涛, 穆钢, 等. 基于权重因子和荷电状态恢复的储能系统参与一次调频策略[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2020, 44(19): 63-72., articleTitle=基于权重因子和荷电状态恢复的储能系统参与一次调频策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931314834895649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=44, issue=19, pageStart=63, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Li Junhui, Hou Tao, Mu Gang, journalName=Automation of Electric Power Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Junhui, Hou Tao, Mu Gang, et al. Primary frequency regulation strategy with energy storage system based on weight factors and state of charge recovery[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2020, 44(19): 63-72. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Primary frequency regulation strategy with energy storage system based on weight factors and state of charge recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931314943947555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=24, issue=3, pageStart=1469, pageEnd=1477, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Mercier P, Cherkaoui R, Oudalov A, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mercier P, Cherkaoui R, Oudalov A. Optimizing a battery energy storage system for frequency control application in an isolated power system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2009, 24(3): 1469-1477., articleTitle=Optimizing a battery energy storage system for frequency control application in an isolated power system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315048805163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=5, pageStart=963, pageEnd=972, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=9, authorNames=汤杰, 李欣然, 黄际元, journalName=电工技术学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汤杰, 李欣然, 黄际元, 等. 以净效益最大为目标的储能电池参与二次调频的容量配置方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(5): 963-972., articleTitle=以净效益最大为目标的储能电池参与二次调频的容量配置方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315136885549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=5, pageStart=963, pageEnd=972, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Tang Jie, Li Xinran, Huang Jiyuan, journalName=Transactions of China Elec-trotechnical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang Jie, Li Xinran, Huang Jiyuan, et al. Capacity allocation of BESS in secondary frequency regulation with the goal of maximum net benefit[J]. Transactions of China Elec-trotechnical Society, 2019, 34(5): 963-972. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Capacity allocation of BESS in secondary frequency regulation with the goal of maximum net benefit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315241743152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=6, pageStart=6396, pageEnd=6403, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Xing Lantao, Mishra Y, Tian Yuchu, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xing Lantao, Mishra Y, Tian Yuchu, et al. Dual-con-sensus-based distributed frequency control for multiple energy storage systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2019, 10(6): 6396-6403., articleTitle=Dual-con-sensus-based distributed frequency control for multiple energy storage systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315371766579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=1, pageStart=555, pageEnd=565, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Zhu Diwei, Zhang Y J A, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Diwei, Zhang Y J A. Optimal coordinated control of multiple battery energy storage systems for primary frequency regulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2019, 34(1): 555-565., articleTitle=Optimal coordinated control of multiple battery energy storage systems for primary frequency regulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315443069752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Shim J W, Verbič G, An K, journalName=2016 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology. Wollongong, NSW, Australia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shim J W, Verbič G, An K, et al. Decentralized operation of multiple energy storage systems: SOC management for frequency regulation[C]// 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology. Wollongong, NSW, Australia, 2016: 1-5., articleTitle=Decentralized operation of multiple energy storage systems: SOC management for frequency regulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315547927353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=10, pageStart=2102, pageEnd=2115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=14, authorNames=马智慧, 李欣然, 谭庄熙, journalName=电工技术学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马智慧, 李欣然, 谭庄熙, 等. 考虑储能调频死区的一次调频控制方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(10): 2102-2115., articleTitle=考虑储能调频死区的一次调频控制方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315640202044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=10, pageStart=2102, pageEnd=2115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Ma Zhihui, Li Xinran, Tan Zhuangxi, journalName=Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Zhihui, Li Xinran, Tan Zhuangxi, et al. Integrated control of primary frequency regulation considering dead band of energy storage[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2019, 34(10): 2102-2115. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Integrated control of primary frequency regulation considering dead band of energy storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315724088128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=1242, pageEnd=1252, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Musleh A S, Muyeen S M, Al-Durra A, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Musleh A S, Muyeen S M, Al-Durra A, et al. Time-delay analysis of wide-area voltage control considering smart grid contingences in a real-time environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2018, 14(3): 1242-1252., articleTitle=Time-delay analysis of wide-area voltage control considering smart grid contingences in a real-time environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315816362819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=64, issue=6, pageStart=5140, pageEnd=5150, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Liu Xiangjie, Zhang Yi, Lee K Y, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Xiangjie, Zhang Yi, Lee K Y. Coordinated distributed MPC for load frequency control of power system with wind farms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017, 64(6): 5140-5150., articleTitle=Coordinated distributed MPC for load frequency control of power system with wind farms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315904443207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=10, issue=14, pageStart=1653, pageEnd=1664, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Liu Xiangjie, Kong Xiaobing, Lee K Y, journalName=IET Control Theory & App-lications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Xiangjie, Kong Xiaobing, Lee K Y. Distributed model predictive control for load frequency control with dynamic fuzzy valve position modelling for hydro- the- rmal power system[J]. IET Control Theory & App-lications, 2016, 10(14): 1653-1664., articleTitle=Distributed model predictive control for load frequency control with dynamic fuzzy valve position modelling for hydro- the- rmal power system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931315996717897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=9, pageStart=71, pageEnd=82, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=19, authorNames=罗耀东, 田立军, 王垚, journalName=电力系统自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗耀东, 田立军, 王垚, 等. 飞轮储能参与电网一次调频协调控制策略与容量优化配置[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2022, 46(9): 71-82., articleTitle=飞轮储能参与电网一次调频协调控制策略与容量优化配置, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316114158411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=9, pageStart=71, pageEnd=82, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Luo Yaodong, Tian Lijun, Wang Yao, journalName=Automation of Electric Power Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Luo Yaodong, Tian Lijun, Wang Yao, et al. Coordinated control strategy and optimal capacity configuration for flywheel energy storage participating in primary frequency regulation of power grid[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2022, 46(9): 71-82. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Coordinated control strategy and optimal capacity configuration for flywheel energy storage participating in primary frequency regulation of power grid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316206433102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=12, issue=3, pageStart=411, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Oshnoei A, Khezri R, Muyeen S M, journalName=Energies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Oshnoei A, Khezri R, Muyeen S M. Model predictive-based secondary frequency control considering heat pump water heaters[J]. Energies, 2019, 12(3): 411., articleTitle=Model predictive-based secondary frequency control considering heat pump water heaters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316323873619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=33, issue=1, pageStart=1036, pageEnd=1048, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=22, authorNames=McNamara P, Milano F, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=McNamara P, Milano F. Model predictive control-based AGC for multi-terminal HVDC-connected AC grids[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018, 33(1): 1036-1048., articleTitle=Model predictive control-based AGC for multi-terminal HVDC-connected AC grids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316416148310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=10, pageStart=3777, pageEnd=3785, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=23, authorNames=王仁顺, 赵宇, 马福元, journalName=电网技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王仁顺, 赵宇, 马福元, 等. 受端电网高比例可再生能源消纳的运行瓶颈分析与储能需求评估[J]. 电网技术, 2022, 46(10): 3777-3785., articleTitle=受端电网高比例可再生能源消纳的运行瓶颈分析与储能需求评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316500034394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=10, pageStart=3777, pageEnd=3785, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Wang Renshun, Zhao Yu, Ma Fuyuan, journalName=Power System Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Renshun, Zhao Yu, Ma Fuyuan, et al. Operational bottleneck analysis and energy storage demand evaluation for high proportional renewable energy consumption in receiving-eng grid[J]. Power System Technology, 2022, 46(10): 3777-3785. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Operational bottleneck analysis and energy storage demand evaluation for high proportional renewable energy consumption in receiving-eng grid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316588114780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=6, pageStart=43, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=25, authorNames=谢云云, 李虹仪, 崔红芬, journalName=电力工程技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谢云云, 李虹仪, 崔红芬. 考虑电网侧储能调频能力的电力系统负荷恢复策略[J]. 电力工程技术, 2021, 40(6): 43-51., articleTitle=考虑电网侧储能调频能力的电力系统负荷恢复策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316680389470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=6, pageStart=43, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Xie Yunyun, Li Hongyi, Cui Hongfen, journalName=Electric Power Engineering Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Yunyun, Li Hongyi, Cui Hongfen. Load restoration strategy for power system considering the transient frequency control ability of energy storage system[J]. Electric Power Engineering Technology, 2021, 40(6): 43-51. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Load restoration strategy for power system considering the transient frequency control ability of energy storage system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316789441375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=9, pageStart=61, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=27, authorNames=闫斯哲, 王维庆, 李笑竹, journalName=电力系统自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=闫斯哲, 王维庆, 李笑竹, 等. 储能-机组联合调频的动态经济环境跨区灵活性鲁棒优化调度[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2022, 46(9): 61-70., articleTitle=储能-机组联合调频的动态经济环境跨区灵活性鲁棒优化调度, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316864938849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=9, pageStart=61, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Yan Sizhe, Wang Weiqing, Li Xiaozhu, journalName=Automation of Electric Power Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan Sizhe, Wang Weiqing, Li Xiaozhu, et al. Cross- regional flexible robust optimal scheduling in dynamic economic environment with joint frequency regulation of energy storage and units[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2022, 46(9): 61-70. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Cross- regional flexible robust optimal scheduling in dynamic economic environment with joint frequency regulation of energy storage and units, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931316953019238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=10, pageStart=3857, pageEnd=3868, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=29, authorNames=马昱欣, 胡泽春, 刁锐, journalName=电网技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马昱欣, 胡泽春, 刁锐. 新能源场站共享储能提供调频服务的日前优化策略[J]. 电网技术, 2022, 46(10): 3857-3868., articleTitle=新能源场站共享储能提供调频服务的日前优化策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205931317032711017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=46, issue=10, pageStart=3857, pageEnd=3868, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Ma Yuxin, Hu zechun, Diao Rui, journalName=Power System Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Yuxin, Hu zechun, Diao Rui. Day-ahead optimization strategy for shared energy storage of renewable energy power station to provide frequency regulation service[J]. Power System Technology, 2022, 46(10): 3857-3868. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Day-ahead optimization strategy for shared energy storage of renewable energy power station to provide frequency regulation service, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205931305947165056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931305976525188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931305947165056, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Guoneng Zhejiang Ninghai Power Generation Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315612, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931306018468232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931305947165056, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国能浙江宁海发电有限公司,宁波 315612)]), AuthorCompany(id=1205931306110742926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931306114937231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931306110742926, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931306123325840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, companyId=1205931306110742926, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 国网电力科学研究院,北京 100192)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205931308249838142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic of participation of distributed BESSs in LFC, figureFileSmall=BpJaE+wJelTdbBXFX5Gxhw==, figureFileBig=S4o59PkkTLJHB2qLnfYjTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931308342112837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图1, caption=分布式BESS参与LFC的示意, figureFileSmall=BpJaE+wJelTdbBXFX5Gxhw==, figureFileBig=S4o59PkkTLJHB2qLnfYjTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931308581188178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Block diagram of frequency control of distributed BESSs based on two-tier MPC, figureFileSmall=x2fBl9nDnTuRItVH8LC9dA==, figureFileBig=04fDtt95xCf2Y8m3/HWAMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931308669268568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于双层MPC的分布式BESS频率控制方框图, figureFileSmall=x2fBl9nDnTuRItVH8LC9dA==, figureFileBig=04fDtt95xCf2Y8m3/HWAMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931308765737564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Proposed coordination scheme between BESS aggregator and CPP, figureFileSmall=CR7lFa3iLEAYjY016H2OEg==, figureFileBig=L5z5hDoGIuVCoaNpKfaqig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931308862206563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图3, caption=所提BESS聚合器和火电厂CPP之间的协调方案, figureFileSmall=CR7lFa3iLEAYjY016H2OEg==, figureFileBig=L5z5hDoGIuVCoaNpKfaqig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931308958675560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Membership functions for inputs and outputs of proposed fuzzy controller, figureFileSmall=zpettm1405nB1L9wKza3pA==, figureFileBig=yAo1eHALfFjBUU3fbPkHmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931309059338863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图4, caption=本文所提模糊控制器的输入输出的隶属函数, figureFileSmall=zpettm1405nB1L9wKza3pA==, figureFileBig=yAo1eHALfFjBUU3fbPkHmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310279881335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Control surface of fuzzy inference system, figureFileSmall=QVYtfxYxxlWc2ZFf6yso8w==, figureFileBig=jTSs8oel2+rPbJ/lA3fnDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310418293374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模糊推理系统的控制面, figureFileSmall=QVYtfxYxxlWc2ZFf6yso8w==, figureFileBig=jTSs8oel2+rPbJ/lA3fnDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310518956677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Single-line diagram of IEEE 39-node test system, figureFileSmall=hzkovKLlqdpxIuuhGBLxqA==, figureFileBig=ZH5bf91rsI9mSHSr9veQYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310615425673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图6, caption=IEEE 39节点测试系统的单线图, figureFileSmall=hzkovKLlqdpxIuuhGBLxqA==, figureFileBig=ZH5bf91rsI9mSHSr9veQYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310720283278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Fluctuations in wind power, figureFileSmall=P+9VQ+pIEEeJBXFV36l85g==, figureFileBig=p2TcYVwmnTxZlMyxdJ9qvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310795780757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图7, caption=风力的波动, figureFileSmall=P+9VQ+pIEEeJBXFV36l85g==, figureFileBig=p2TcYVwmnTxZlMyxdJ9qvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310867083928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Comparison between proposed controller and conventional MPC, figureFileSmall=A2uBcG2hQ/nTdhmA/+TUCA==, figureFileBig=E9G+xIIPHb8G6Opkopy7LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310950970014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图8, caption=所提控制器与传统MPC之间的比较, figureFileSmall=A2uBcG2hQ/nTdhmA/+TUCA==, figureFileBig=E9G+xIIPHb8G6Opkopy7LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311051633314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Output power of BESS aggregator, figureFileSmall=V1l2QIssvChav88znsoRHg==, figureFileBig=QgNkydY1RMzf6/OoJb6x5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311152296618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图9, caption=BESS聚合器的输出功率, figureFileSmall=V1l2QIssvChav88znsoRHg==, figureFileBig=QgNkydY1RMzf6/OoJb6x5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311278125743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Output power of individual BESS, figureFileSmall=EM1im4vUAKC6gUViAsFchg==, figureFileBig=YHaQ/HWlWAY6tIeiPMG+GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311387177656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图10, caption=单个BESS的输出功率, figureFileSmall=EM1im4vUAKC6gUViAsFchg==, figureFileBig=YHaQ/HWlWAY6tIeiPMG+GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311542366911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Performance of proposed controller under uncertainties in tie-line power and wind power, figureFileSmall=vNGPcpwm7qY9CoG3Om6kwA==, figureFileBig=ZnbpE8K1Cr6ZXTnMXQur1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311634641604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图11, caption=联络线功率和风机功率的不确定性下所提控制器的性能, figureFileSmall=vNGPcpwm7qY9CoG3Om6kwA==, figureFileBig=ZnbpE8K1Cr6ZXTnMXQur1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311735304903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Deviation of frequency and tie-line power under four methods, figureFileSmall=p2d5F/B28hadXux4uA8R2g==, figureFileBig=yE+PD4WBQx0Yk1O+rbJNvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311844356815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图12, caption=4种方法下频率和联络线功率的偏差, figureFileSmall=p2d5F/B28hadXux4uA8R2g==, figureFileBig=yE+PD4WBQx0Yk1O+rbJNvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931311982768852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Time response of two-tier MPC controller based on fuzzy coordinator for varying delay in communication channel, figureFileSmall=E06K06E6CDdiInWQxjJA1Q==, figureFileBig=b40ofeihjOWSveTEcddahA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931312175706842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=图13, caption=基于模糊协调器的双层MPC控制器对信道时延变化的时间响应, figureFileSmall=E06K06E6CDdiInWQxjJA1Q==, figureFileBig=b40ofeihjOWSveTEcddahA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931312280564450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Parameters of distributed BESSs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 BESS ${K}_{\text{B}}^{\text{ch}}$,${K}_{\text{B}}^{\text{ch}}$ TB 初始SOC 容量/
(MW·h)
1 1 25.00 0.5 60% 1.00
2 22.50 0.4 60% 0.88
3 24.50 0.9 58% 0.81
4 28.00 0.7 50% 0.99
5 27.00 0.8 70% 0.96
2 6 23.75 0.2 62% 0.93
7 30.00 0.6 49% 1.16
8 28.75 0.5 53% 1.17
9 21.25 0.7 68% 0.99
10 20.00 0.3 75% 0.96
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312389616360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分布式BESS的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 BESS ${K}_{\text{B}}^{\text{ch}}$,${K}_{\text{B}}^{\text{ch}}$ TB 初始SOC 容量/
(MW·h)
1 1 25.00 0.5 60% 1.00
2 22.50 0.4 60% 0.88
3 24.50 0.9 58% 0.81
4 28.00 0.7 50% 0.99
5 27.00 0.8 70% 0.96
2 6 23.75 0.2 62% 0.93
7 30.00 0.6 49% 1.16
8 28.75 0.5 53% 1.17
9 21.25 0.7 68% 0.99
10 20.00 0.3 75% 0.96
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312511251181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Weighting coefficients in objective functions of MPCs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
双层MPC 单层MPC
${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{1,1}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{1,1}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{1,2}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{1,2}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{2,1}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{2,1}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{2,2}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{2,2}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{1}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{1}}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{2}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{2}}}$
0.706 5 0.844 1 1.002 5 0.693 7 0.500 8 1.117 0 0.832 0 0.432 2 1.203 6 0.631 2 0.795 5 0.463 7
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312620303092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MPCs目标函数中的加权系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
双层MPC 单层MPC
${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{1,1}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{1,1}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{1,2}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{1,2}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{2,1}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{2,1}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{2,2}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{2,2}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{1}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{1}}}$ ${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{2}}$ ${Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{2}}}$
0.706 5 0.844 1 1.002 5 0.693 7 0.500 8 1.117 0 0.832 0 0.432 2 1.203 6 0.631 2 0.795 5 0.463 7
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312729354998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Performance indexes of variable delay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 RMS/Hz RMS(p.u.) ITSE
τ/s f1 f2 f3 Ptie,1 Ptie,2 Ptie,3
辅助MPC+智能协调器 0 0.035 0 0.037 5 0.038 0 0.026 10 0.013 3 0.013 0 0.660 0
0.5 0.038 6 0.040 0 0.038 2 0.027 10 0.014 2 0.013 9 0.753 0
1.0 0.043 0 0.046 0 0.044 0 0.031 00 0.017 1 0.016 0 0.839 4
1.5 0.045 0 0.049 0 0.048 0 0.034 00 0.018 0 0.017 0 0.930 0
辅助MPC 0 0.043 8 0.052 8 0.053 0 0.036 00 0.022 0 0.017 0 1.012 0
0.5 0.044 0 0.054 2 0.055 3 0.036 00 0.021 0 0.016 0 1.032 0
1.0 0.046 0 0.056 0 0.056 8 0.037 30 0.022 5 0.016 1 1.080 0
1.5 0.048 1 0.058 0 0.058 1 0.038 40 0.023 3 0.016 6 1.113 5
传统MPC 0 0.057 3 0.060 8 0.059 2 0.041 00 0.023 1 0.021 5 1.680 0
0.5 0.059 1 0.062 1 0.059 4 0.045 22 0.022 7 0.0232 1.879 7
1.0 0.065 0 0.069 4 0.067 8 0.047 60 0.026 0 0.023 6 1.980 0
1.5 0.066 1 0.069 5 0.068 1 0.048 50 0.025 6 0.025 7 2.210 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312821629690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828031080923202, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

变时滞的性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 RMS/Hz RMS(p.u.) ITSE
τ/s f1 f2 f3 Ptie,1 Ptie,2 Ptie,3
辅助MPC+智能协调器 0 0.035 0 0.037 5 0.038 0 0.026 10 0.013 3 0.013 0 0.660 0
0.5 0.038 6 0.040 0 0.038 2 0.027 10 0.014 2 0.013 9 0.753 0
1.0 0.043 0 0.046 0 0.044 0 0.031 00 0.017 1 0.016 0 0.839 4
1.5 0.045 0 0.049 0 0.048 0 0.034 00 0.018 0 0.017 0 0.930 0
辅助MPC 0 0.043 8 0.052 8 0.053 0 0.036 00 0.022 0 0.017 0 1.012 0
0.5 0.044 0 0.054 2 0.055 3 0.036 00 0.021 0 0.016 0 1.032 0
1.0 0.046 0 0.056 0 0.056 8 0.037 30 0.022 5 0.016 1 1.080 0
1.5 0.048 1 0.058 0 0.058 1 0.038 40 0.023 3 0.016 6 1.113 5
传统MPC 0 0.057 3 0.060 8 0.059 2 0.041 00 0.023 1 0.021 5 1.680 0
0.5 0.059 1 0.062 1 0.059 4 0.045 22 0.022 7 0.0232 1.879 7
1.0 0.065 0 0.069 4 0.067 8 0.047 60 0.026 0 0.023 6 1.980 0
1.5 0.066 1 0.069 5 0.068 1 0.048 50 0.025 6 0.025 7 2.210 0
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1046111678587809797, delFlag=0, nameCn=电源学报, nameEn=Journal of Power Supply, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2095-2805, eissn=, cn=12-1420/TM, coden=null, periodic=bio-monthly, language=CN, oaType=是, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=Mx+A2dn+ULnPHuEAI1LruQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=J Power Supp, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1759802942253, createdBy=null, updatedBy=18614031015, firstLetterCn=J, firstLetterEn=J, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=工程, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=Mx+A2dn+ULnPHuEAI1LruQ==, picEn=yHt2vwjzkDgqh+JDCfJKoQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1162453073839375337, language=CN, name=电源学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.jops.cn/EN/home, createdTime=1755080010137, updatedTime=1755080010137, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.jops.cn/CN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionReviewUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1162453073902289898, language=EN, name=Journal of Power Supply, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.jops.cn/CN/home, createdTime=1755080010152, updatedTime=1755080010152, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.jops.cn/EN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionReviewUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146031654075715584, websiteList=[Website(id=1146832214672683008, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031654075715584, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1751355707101, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753435268747, updateBy=18614031015, name=电源学报-英文站点, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=电源学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155559379819679852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753436425404, updateTime=1753436425404, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155559379798708329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753436425399, updateTime=1753436425399, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155559379781931112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=efYTu4aDDzS8GgTA1MjEKw==, createTime=1753436425396, updateTime=1753436425396, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155559379811291243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753436425402, updateTime=1753436425402, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155559379802902634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753436425400, updateTime=1753436425400, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1148243202240405915, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031654075715584, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751692112741, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753435242839, updateBy=18614031015, name=电源学报-中文站点, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=电源学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148618015060553758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751781475081, updateTime=1751781475081, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618015035387931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751781475075, updateTime=1751781475075, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618015022805018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=efYTu4aDDzS8GgTA1MjEKw==, createTime=1751781475072, updateTime=1751781475072, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618015052165149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751781475079, updateTime=1751781475079, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618015043776540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751781475077, updateTime=1751781475077, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=电源学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://www.jops.cn/CN/home, iacademicId=null, status=0, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Power Supply, journalPhotoCn=Mx+A2dn+ULnPHuEAI1LruQ==, journalPhotoEn=yHt2vwjzkDgqh+JDCfJKoQ==, journalFirstLetter=J, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=null, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/EN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/PDF/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/EN/PDF/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
智能电网内规模化分布式电池储能系统的调频控制方法
收藏切换
PDF下载
陈石明 1 , 范烨 1 , 刘晶 2
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025,23(1): 120-131
收起
收藏切换
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025, 23(1): 120-131
智能电网内规模化分布式电池储能系统的调频控制方法
全屏
陈石明1 , 范烨1 , 刘晶2
作者信息
  • 1 国能浙江宁海发电有限公司,宁波 315612
  • 2 国网电力科学研究院,北京 100192
  • 陈石明(1981— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:储能生产与试验。E-mail:

    范烨(1982— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:储能建模与控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘晶(1985— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:调度自动化系统。E-mail:
Frequency Modulation Control Method for Large-scale Distributed Battery Energy Storage Systems in Smart Grid
Shiming CHEN1 , Ye FAN1 , Jing LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Guoneng Zhejiang Ninghai Power Generation Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315612, China
  • 2 State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120
文章导航
收藏切换

随着新型电力系统中可再生能源渗透率的不断攀升,以及传统火电机组的比例持续下降,新型电力系统面临严峻的频率控制问题,而分布式电池储能系统BESS(battery energy storage system)可为解决上述问题提供有效途径。基于此,首先提出1种基于稀疏通信网络的分布式BESSs鲁棒负载频率控制LFC(load frequency control)方法。接着,为了抑制与系统运行相关的不确定性,设计了双层模型预测控制以改善BESS的响应特性,从而提升LFC效果。所提方法可满足系统各种运行物理约束,以实现区域控制误差的最小化。然后,考虑通信延迟对BESS参与频率调节性能的影响,设计了1种模糊协调控制器件以协调BESS和传统发电机,可避免传统发电机在长延迟情况下误运行。最后,通过仿真实验对所提方案进行验证,结果表明在不同容量、额定功率、充放电系数、荷电状态和时间常数等参数下,分布式BESS中的响应能力和调频效果明显优于传统方法。

电池储能系统  /  通信延迟  /  负载频率控制  /  模型预测控制

As the penetration rate of renewable energy resources in a new power system continues to rise while the proportion of traditional thermal power units continues to decline, the new power system faces severe frequency control problems. Distributed battery energy storage systems (BESSs) provide an effective way to solve these problems. On this basis, a robust load frequency control (LFC) method for distributed BESSs based on sparse communication network is proposed. To suppress the uncertainties related to system operation, a two-tier model predictive control (MPC) is designed to improve the response characteristics of BESSs, thus improving the performance of LFC. To minimize the area control error, the proposed method can satisfy various operating physical constraints of the system. In addition, the influence of communication delay on the performance of frequency modulation participated by BESSs is also considered, and a fuzzy coordination control device is designed to coordinate BESSs and the traditional generator, so that the mis-operation of the traditional generator under the condition of long delay can be avoided. Finally, simulation results show that the response capability and frequency modulation effect of distributed BESSs are better than the traditional methods under parameters such as different values of capacity, rated power, charge and discharge coefficient, state-of-charge and time constant.

Battery energy storage system (BESS)  /  communication delay  /  load frequency control (LFC)  /  model predictive control (MPC)
陈石明, 范烨, 刘晶. 智能电网内规模化分布式电池储能系统的调频控制方法. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 120 -131 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120
Shiming CHEN, Ye FAN, Jing LIU. Frequency Modulation Control Method for Large-scale Distributed Battery Energy Storage Systems in Smart Grid[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 120 -131 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120
随着传统发电机的比例不断下降,以及可再生能源RESs(renewable energy sources)的渗透率不断攀升,电力系统对负荷频率控制LFC(load frequency control)的要求越来越高[1-2]。然而,RESs的间歇性和随机性对电力系统的频率控制带来了严峻的挑战。分布式电池储能系统BESS(battery energy storage system)为解决这一问题提供了有效途径[3-4]
目前,针对分布式BESS在电力系统调频的研究已取得了一定的成果。如文献[5]将BESS作为电力系统的有机部分,以提供一定频率控制储备;文献[6]研究了分布式BESS聚合器在频率调节方面的特性;文献[7]针对多个BESS参与频率控制,提出了1种基于双一致性的电力系统频率控制方法;文献[8]提出了1种BESS运营商参与能源市场以提供频率支撑的最优协调策略,从而使多个BESS运营商的收入最大化;文献[9]充分考虑了BESS的荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge),提供了1种BESS分散下垂频率控制方案,以改善电力系统频率性能。考虑到单个BESS调频能力有限,将大量具有不同特性的BESS聚合在一起参与频率调节成为BESS参与调频的主要研究方向之一。与单个BESS相比,BESS聚合器具有更高的功率和容量,系统调度员将其视为单个实体。然而,这就需要广泛的通信基础设施将远程控制信号从控制中心传输到分布式BESS。随着广域监控系统WAMS(wide area monitoring system)的出现和发展,在广域控制WAC(wide area control)中可以使用远程信号实现这一操作[10-12],然而数据测量和控制命令受通信时间延迟影响较大,时滞会对频率控制的效果造成不利影响,甚至导致系统不稳定。因此,在设计BESS参与频率控制时,应考虑时间延迟的影响。模型预测控制MPC (model predictive control)被认为是现代控制系统中广泛应用的解决方案,其成为解决上述问题的首选方案[13-17]
综上所述,本文针对电力系统中的分布式BESS,提出1种基于双层MPC的多区域电力系统负载频率控制方法。所提方法具有处理电力系统运行中不确定性的能力。内层为标称MPC,基于无不确定性的系统标称模型,以预测标称系统的区域控制误差ACE(area control error)。将该控制信号和相关ACE与辅助MPC中具有不确定性的实际系统的ACE合并,以向BESS聚合器提供控制信号。 为获得控制信号的最优解,在MPC中执行优化程序,优化结果受到与电池和系统运行的相关限制。此外,考虑到受通信延迟的影响,分布式BESS的频率调节能力变化较大,因此本文还设计了1种模糊PI控制方案,以协调BESS聚合器和传统电厂CPP(conventional power plant)的出力,避免长通信延迟对频率控制效果造成的不利影响。
图1为多区域电力系统中分布式BESS的控制示意。
图1可知,大量分布式BESS通过BESS聚合器集成到电力系统中。不同BESS通常具有不同容量、充电/放电效率和SOC水平等特性,分布式BESS聚合控制中心根据这些特性设置BESS的频率控制方法。电力系统调度中心将调频需求发送给BESS聚合器控制中心,聚合器中心发送频率调节量和ACE持续时间给涉及的BESS,最终实现电力系统频率调节。假设位于i区的聚合器管理${N}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$个分布BESS,则BESS聚合器输出功率$\Delta {P}_{{\text{AG}}_{i}}为$
$\Delta {P}_{{\text{AG}}_{i}}={\displaystyle \sum _{b=1}^{{N}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}}\Delta {P}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}} i\in M$
式中:${P}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}$为区域i中第b个BESS的输出功率;M为控制区域的集合。控制区假定包含1个火电厂、1个风电场和1个BESS聚合器。控制区频率偏差可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}\Delta {\dot{f}}_{i}=-\frac{{D}_{i}}{2{H}_{i}}\Delta {f}_{i}-\frac{1}{2{H}_{i}}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left(\Delta {P}_{{\text{L}}_{i}}-\Delta {P}_{{\text{m}}_{i}}-\Delta {P}_{{\text{w}}_{i}}-{\displaystyle \sum _{b=1}^{{N}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}}\Delta {P}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}+\Delta {P}_{{\text{tie}}_{i}}}\right)\end{array}$
式中:${D}_{i}$${H}_{i}$分别为火电厂的负载阻尼系数和惯性常数;$\Delta {P}_{{\text{L}}_{i}}$$\Delta {P}_{{\text{m}}_{i}}$分别为负荷和火电厂的有功变化量;$\Delta {P}_{{\text{tie}}_{i}}$为通过区域i和相邻区域之间联络线的总功率变化量,其表达式为
$\Delta {P}_{{\text{tie}}_{i}}\text{=2π}{\displaystyle \sum {T}_{ij}}(\Delta {f}_{i}-\Delta {f}_{j})  j\in M-\left\{i\right\}$
式中,Tij为连接区域ij联络线的同步转矩系数。
若风机对负载频率控制无贡献,则$\Delta {P}_{{\text{w}}_{i}}$为风机输出功率的变化量。BESS参与调频的输出功率变化量[18]可表示为
$\Delta {P}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}\text{(}s\text{)=}\frac{{K}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}}{1+{T}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}s}{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}(s)$
式中:${K}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}$${T}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}$分别为BESS充电/放电系数和时间常数;${U}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$为从BESS控制中心接收的控制信号。若忽略通信时间延迟,BESS参与调频的输出功率变化量可表示为
$\Delta {\dot{P}}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}\text{=}\frac{-1}{{T}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}}\Delta {P}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}\text{+}\frac{{K}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}}{{T}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }b}}}{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$
区域控制误差ACE计算为联络线功率偏差和频率加权偏差之和,即
${\text{ACE}}_{i}=\Delta {P}_{{\text{tie}}_{i}}+{\beta }_{i}\Delta {f}_{i}$
式中,${\beta }_{i}$为频率偏差的系数。向火电厂和BESS聚合器提供ACE的信号分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\text{ACE}}_{{\text{G}}_{i}}={\sigma }_{{\text{G}}_{i}}{\text{ACE}}_{i}\\ {\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}={\sigma }_{{\text{B}}_{i}}{\text{ACE}}_{i}\end{array}\right.$
式中,${\sigma }_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$${\sigma }_{{\text{G}}_{i}}$为分配系数,即分别为BESS聚合器和火电厂对LFC的出力,${\sigma }_{{\text{B}}_{i}}+{\sigma }_{{\text{G}}_{i}}=1$。假定${\tau }_{b}(t)$为通信网络在将控制信号从BESS聚合器传送到第b个BESS时引起的时间延迟。为确保电池在充电和放电过程中的安全性,要求将充电和放电功率限制为额定充电和放电功率$\Delta {P}_{\text{B}}\in [{P}_{{r}_{i,b}}^{\text{ch}},{P}_{{r}_{i,b}}^{\text{dis}}]$。此外,BESS的SOC应保持在下限和上限范围内,以使电池寿命保持更长的时间,${\text{SOC}}_{i,b}\in [{\text{SOC}}_{i,{b}_{\mathrm{min}}}$,${\text{SOC}}_{i,{b}_{\mathrm{max}}}]$,即BESS的SOC应保持在10%~90%之间。BESS应根据提供的${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$进行充电/放电。当${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$低于下限时,BESS需要供电;当${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$超过上限时,BESS需要吸收电能。
图2为基于双层MPC的分布式BESS频率控制方框图。
图2可知,本文采用双层MPC方法为BESS生成频率控制信号,在优化成本函数的同时以实现LFC。在优化成本函数时,本文考虑了BESS和电力系统的相关约束[19]。本文所提双层MPC控制器包括标称控制器和辅助控制器。假设无不确定性系统的状态空间模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{z}_{i}(k+1)={A}_{i}{z}_{i}(k)+{B}_{i}{U}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}(k)+{F}_{i}{d}_{i}(k)\\ {\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}(k)={C}_{i}{z}_{i}(k)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$z(k)$${U}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}$分别为从不含不确定性的标称BESS系统模型中提取的标称系统的状态变量和控制信号;AiBiCiFi分别为状态矩阵、输入矩阵、列向量和控制矩阵;${d}_{i}(k)$为系统扰动列向量;${\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}(k)$为区域误差信号的测量值。控制目标是实现目标函数的最小值,即
$\begin{array}{l}\underset{{U}_{\text{B},\text{ }\text{nom}}}{\mathrm{min}}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{p}{Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{i,\text{ }1}}}[{\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}(k+1)-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{ref}}_{i}}(k+1)]{}^{2}+{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{c}{Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }1}}}}{[\Delta {U}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}(k)]}^{2}\end{array}$
式中,${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{i,\text{ }1}}$${Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }1}}}$分别为标称MPC输入和输出的加权因子。控制信号、输出、充/放电功率和SOC限制在原始约束的子集中,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\alpha {\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{min}}}}\le {\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}\le \alpha {\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{max}}}}\\ \alpha {U}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{min}}}}\le {U}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}\le \alpha {U}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{max}}}}\\ \alpha {P}_{{r}_{i,\text{ }b}}^{\text{ch}}\le {P}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i,\text{ }b}}\le \alpha {P}_{{r}_{i,\text{ }b}}^{\text{dis}}\\ \frac{1}{1-\alpha }{\text{SOC}}_{i,\text{ }{b}_{\mathrm{min}}}\le {\text{SOC}}_{{\text{nom}}_{i},\text{ }b}\le \alpha {\text{SOC}}_{i,\text{ }{b}_{\mathrm{max}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\alpha $为调谐系数,取值区间为(0,1);${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{min}}}}$${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{max}}}}$${U}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{min}}}}$${U}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{max}}}}$分别为预测和控制范围内ACE和MPC输出的最小值和最大值施加的约束。上述约束为收紧约束。收紧约束的上限和下限为原始约束的一部分。此外,辅助MPC旨在控制具有不确定性的系统。辅助MPC中${U}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}$${\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}$是从标称控制器获得,而${\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{act}}_{i}}$是从实际不确定系统获得。含不确定性的实际BESS系统的离散时间状态空间模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{i}(k+1)={A}_{i}{x}_{i}(k)+{B}_{i}{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}(k)+{F}_{i}{d}_{i}(k)+{L}_{i}\Delta {P}_{{\text{w}}_{i}}(k)\\ {\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}(k)={C}_{i}{x}_{i}(k)\end{array}\right.$
式中,${x}_{i}\text{=}{\text{[}\Delta {f}_{i} \Delta {P}_{\text{tie}} \Delta {P}_{{\text{B}}_{i},\text{ }1}  \dots  \Delta {P}_{{\text{B}}_{i},\text{ }{N}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}}\text{]}}^{\text{T}}$为状态变量的向量。状态矩阵Ai和输入矩阵Bi分别为
${A}_{i}\text{=}\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}\frac{-{D}_{i}}{2{H}_{i}}& \frac{-\text{1}}{2{H}_{i}}& \frac{\text{1}}{2{H}_{i}}& \cdots & \frac{\text{1}}{2{H}_{i}}\\ 2\text{π}{\displaystyle \sum _{j\in M-\left\{i\right\}}{T}_{ij}}& 0& 0& \cdots & 0\\ 0& 0& \frac{-\text{1}}{{T}_{{\text{B}}_{{N}_{1,\text{ }i}}}}& \cdots & 0\\ ⋮& ⋮& ⋮& ⋮& ⋮\\ 0& 0& 0& \cdots & \frac{-\text{1}}{{T}_{{\text{B}}_{{N}_{\text{B},\text{ }i}}}}\end{array}\right];\text{ }{B}_{i}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ {K}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }1}}\\ ⋮\\ {K}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }{N}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}}}\end{array}\right]$
假设系统输入为${d}_{i}\text{=}{\text{[}\Delta {P}_{{L}_{i}}\text{,}\text{ }\Delta {P}_{{\text{AR}}_{i}}\text{,}\text{ }\Delta {P}_{{\text{m}}_{i}}\text{]}}^{\text{T}}$,其中$\Delta {P}_{{\text{AR}}_{i}}\text{=}{\displaystyle {\sum }_{j\in M-\left\{i\right\}}{T}_{ij}(\Delta {f}_{i})}$,则${L}_{i}$${F}_{i}$${C}_{i}$可表示为
$\boldsymbol{L}_{i}=\left[\begin{array}{c} \frac{1}{2 H_{i}} \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \vdots \\ 0 \end{array}\right] ; \boldsymbol{F}_{i}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \frac{-1}{2 H_{i}} & 0 & \frac{1}{2 H_{i}} \\ 0 & -2 \pi & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right] ; \boldsymbol{C}_{i}=\left[\begin{array}{c} \sigma_{\mathrm{B}_{i}} \beta_{i} \\ \sigma_{\mathrm{B}_{i}} \\ 0 \\ \vdots \\ 0 \end{array}\right]$
本文将风电输出的不确定输出作为1个附加扰动包含在状态空间方程中。MPC具有${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$的测量值,然后MPC向系统模型提供控制信号${U}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$,使系统输出${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$以最小控制力尽可能接近参考输出${\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{ref}}_{i}}$,参考值设置为0。最终实现目标函数的最小值,即
$\begin{array}{l}\underset{{U}_{\text{B}}}{\mathrm{min}}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{p}{Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{i}}}{[{\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}(k+1)-{\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i},\text{ }{\text{ref}}_{i}}]}^{2}+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{c}{Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}}}{[\Delta {U}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}(k)]}^{2}\end{array}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{min}}}}\le {\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}\le {\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{max}}}}\\ {U}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{min}}}}\le {U}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}\le {U}_{{\text{B}}_{{i}_{\mathrm{max}}}}\\ {P}_{{r}_{i,\text{ }b}}^{\text{ch}}\le {P}_{{\text{B}}_{i,b}}\le {P}_{{r}_{i,\text{ }b}}^{\text{dis}}\\ {\text{SOC}}_{i,\text{ }{b}_{\mathrm{min}}}\le {\text{SOC}}_{i,b}\le {\text{SOC}}_{i,\text{ }{b}_{\mathrm{max}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{i}}$${Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}}$分别为MPC输入和输出的加权因子;pc分别为预测层和控制层。${\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{act}}_{i}}$可表示为
${\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{act}}_{i}}(k)={C}_{i}{x}_{i}(k)$
辅助控制器产生控制信号${U}_{\text{B},\text{ }\text{act}}$,以达到目标函数的最小值,即
$\begin{array}{l}\underset{{U}_{\text{B},\text{ }\text{act}}}{\mathrm{min}}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{p}{Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{i,\text{ }2}}}[{\text{ACE}}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{act}}_{i}}(k+1)-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}(k+1)]{}^{2}+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{c}{Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }2}}}}{[{U}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{act}}_{i}}(k)-{U}_{\text{B},\text{ }{\text{nom}}_{i}}(k)]}^{2}\end{array}$
式中,${Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{i,2}}$${\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{c}{Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }2}}}}$分别表示与辅助MPC输入和输出相关联的权重因子。辅助MPC需要产生一系列控制信号,以使实际系统的轨迹和控制信号与标称系统的轨迹和控制信号之间的差异最小化。式(17)的第1项总和表示预测范围内标称系统和实际系统之间的${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{B}}_{i}}$误差,而式(17)的第2项总和为相对于控制范围内标称MPC误差产生的指令信号。式(17)中的优化过程仅限于式(15)中的约束,这些约束称为原始约束,如式(10)和式(15)中分别表示的原始约束和收紧约束,辅助控制器在管道内为不确定系统(即标称系统)生成1条以无不确定性系统为中心的轨迹。辅助MPC轨迹需要保留的管的大小取决于标称系统轨迹与原始边界的距离。双层MPC控制器产生1个控制序列,使实际系统和标称系统的轨迹之间的偏差最小化。在实际的不确定系统中,按此顺序进行BESS合成控制时,驱动不确定系统的轨迹接近由标称MPC生成的标称轨迹。因此,标称MPC和辅助MPC的加权因子是通过最小化目标函数同时调整的,即
$\mathrm{min}{\displaystyle \sum _{i\in M}{\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{{T}_{f}}t[\Delta {f}_{i}{(t)}^{2}]}}\text{ }\text{d}t+{\displaystyle \sum _{\begin{array}{l}i,j\in M\\ j\ne i\end{array}}{\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{{T}_{f}}t[\Delta {P}_{{\text{tie}}_{i-j}}{(t)}^{2}]}\text{ }\text{d}t}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{i,\text{ }{r}_{\mathrm{min}}}}\le {Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{i,\text{ }r}}\le {Q}_{{\text{ACE}}_{i,\text{ }{r}_{\mathrm{max}}}}\\ {Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }{r}_{\mathrm{min}}}}}\le {Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }r}}}\le {Q}_{{U}_{{\text{B}}_{i,\text{ }{r}_{\mathrm{max}}}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:Δfi(t)为控制区域频率偏差;ΔPtie(t)为联络线功率偏差;TfTp分别为频率和联络线偏差的时间长度。如式(18)所示,时间积分乘以平方误差用于获得最佳解。本文使用正弦-余弦算法SCA(sine cosine algoithm)来实现这些解决方案。
在通信延迟期间,火电厂通过从电网中产生或减小其输出功率来补偿系统的有功不平衡。但BESS根据长时间延迟提供的命令输出或吸收额外功率,则电网可能会发生严重的频率越限。基于此,本文采用模糊逻辑控制器,通过使用与BESS聚合器相关的调整信号来调节火力发电机。模糊推理系统是以模糊集理论、模糊语言变量和模糊逻辑推理为基础的一种智能控制方法,可以从行为上模仿人的模糊推理和决策过程。该控制方法首先将操作人员或专家的经验编成模糊规则,然后将来自传感器的实时信号模糊化,将模糊化后的信号作为模糊规则的输入,完成模糊推理,最后将推理后得到的输出量加载到执行器上。本文所提模糊协调控制器的目的是针对PI控制器的增益进行在线调整,其结构如图3所示,其中:$\Delta {P}_{{\text{AG}}_{i}}$${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{G}}_{i}}$分别为BESS 聚合器输出功率和火电厂输出功率;${k}_{1}$${k}_{2}$${k}_{3}$为模糊化系数;${k}_{4}$${k}_{5}$为去模糊化系数;${k}_{\text{p}}$${k}_{\text{i}}$为PI控制器的增益系数。
本文采用PI控制器产生控制信号来调节火电厂的输出功率。由图3可知,该模糊控制器的输入量为BESS聚合器输出功率$\Delta {P}_{{\text{AG}}_{i}}$和火电厂输出功率${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{G}}_{i}}$,输出为火电厂的输出功率。所提模糊协调器的工作原理:首先模糊化,模糊控制器的输入必须通过模糊化才能用于控制输出的求解,故需要将真实的确定量输入转换为1个模糊矢量。本文需要将输入量BESS聚合器输出功率$\Delta {P}_{{\text{AG}}_{i}}$和火电厂输出功率${\text{ACE}}_{{\text{G}}_{i}}$及其变化率转换为模糊量。转换前需要乘以模糊化系数(${k}_{1}$${k}_{\text{2}}$${k}_{\text{3}}$),然而根据隶属度函数转换为模糊量,图4为所提模糊控制器的输入输出的隶属函数图,可知:控制器输入对应的隶属函数为负(N)、零(Z)和正(P),输出变量的隶属函数排列为大负(LN)、小负(SN)、零(ZR)、小正(SP)和大正(LP)。每个隶属度函数都定义了自己的权重,并给出了语言变量。然后,模糊化后的语言变量进入模糊推理系统。模糊推理系统中定义的规则库可以给出推理结果。例如,火电厂输出功率及其变化率为N和BESS聚合器输出功率为N时,可得模糊输出为N。本文采用了1套27条模糊规则。图5为模糊推理系统的控制面。最后,将语言变量去模糊化,在经过去模糊化系数,将调整信号给火电厂。
为了验证所提方法的有效性与优越性,本文在IEEE 39节点测试系统进行了仿真分析。图6为改进IEEE 39节点测试系统示意。该测试系统含10个发电机(G1~G10),3个风电场(WT1~WT3)的总发电量为60 MW,分别位于区域1、区域2、区域3的节点5、节点26、节点16。每个风电场的平均发电功率为20 MW。图7为3个区域的风速波动,其中区域1和区域2有2个BESS聚合器(容量分别为4.68 MW·h和5.25 MW·h),每个聚合器控制5个分布式BESS。表1为分布式储能BESS的相关参数[20]。单个BESS的充电和放电额定功率为500 kW。假设ACE分别使用0.6和0.4的分配系数给CPP和BESS。ACEB区域的死区上限和下限为0.01 p.u.。双层MPC的控制和预测范围分别为2和20,采样间隔时间为0.1 s。标称MPC的约束收紧至辅助MPC约束的80%。表2为优化后的权重系数。
为了验证所提控制器的动态性能,本文假设在t=10 s时区域1的负荷增加10 MW,t=30 s时区域2的负荷减少10 MW。图8为测试系统频率和联络线功率的偏差及传统MPC、标称MPC和辅助MPC相关的动态响应的仿真结果,可见标称MPC的结果与不存在不确定性的情况相关。仿真结果表明,与传统的MPC相比,本文所提双层控制器的偏差显著减小,在无不确定性的情况下所提控制器的轨迹仍然非常接近标称MPC的轨迹。
图9为采用所提MPC和传统MPC下的2种聚合器输出功率。可知,所提控制器的BESS聚合器在额定功率值内响应更快,可保持区域频率稳定。另外,采用所提控制器下BESS聚合器可向系统提供更多的功率和能量。
图10为所提双层控制器下各BESSs的输出功率,可知:区域1前5个BESSs对区域1的负荷变化产生响应,对区域2的负荷变化的响应较小;区域2 BESSs对区域2的负荷变化的响应较大,即具有较高充/放电系数和较低时间常数的BESSs对LFC的贡献较大。以区域2 BESS9为例,其时间常数最高,充/放电系数相对较低,因此在区域2中该BESS的贡献最小。
本文假定连接到区域i的连接线的功率加起来等于Ptie,i,因此联络线功率的变化在状态空间方程中表现为加性扰动。本文在区域1和2之间的联络线功率流中假设存在不确定性,以验证所提控制器应对不确定性的性能。图11为风机功率和联络线功率存在不确定性下区域频率和联络线功率的偏差。假设不确定性由均匀扰动建模,其上、下界为实际值绝对值的2%;当t=10 s时,区域1的负荷增加10 MW。仿真结果验证了所提控制器在处理不确定性方面具有优越性。
为了研究通信延迟对控制效果的影响,本文将延迟因素集中在一起,并将其视为单个时间延迟。假设所有BESS的延迟相同且等于τ(t)。表3为在使用辅助MPC+智能协调器(方法一)、辅助MPC (方法二)和传统MPC(方法三)情况下,在τ(t)=2 s通信延迟下区域1中负荷增加20 MW的频率和联络线功率偏差的性能指标,偏差指数包括根平均值RMS和ITSE。仿真结果表明,这些标准受到时间延迟增加的影响,这是因为BESS聚合器的功率响应产生延迟,这对频率调节有不利影响。在闭环系统中增加模糊协调器,以避免由于通信延迟而产生的频率过高。对于模糊控制器的比例因子,当k1=0.41、k2=0.65、k3=0.29、k4=0.37、k5=0.84时可得到最优值。
假设在t=2 s时,区域2负荷增加20 MW,BESSs接收命令的时间延迟为1 s。图12为传统MPC、辅助MPC、辅助MPC+智能协调器、标称MPC这4种方法下频率和联络线功率的偏差,图13为10 s延迟下所提控制方法的系统频率偏差和功率偏差。可知,与传统MPC相比,所提方法具有更低的振荡,并保持接近标称系统响应,所提模糊协调方案在减少频率和联络线功率超调方面是有效的。
本文提出了1种双层MPC方法来控制智能电网中的分布式BESS聚合器,以提升负载频率控制效果。所提MPC控制器具有处理系统约束和BESS约束的能力。仿真结果表明,与传统MPC相比,双层MPC在减小频率偏差、联络线功率偏差及处理不确定性方面具有一定的优越性。此外,所提控制方法下分布式BESS可提供/收回更高水平的功率及更快响应速率,以确保更好的频率调节能力。另外,本文还考虑了通信延迟对频率调节的影响,通过增加模糊协调器对火力发电厂进行调节,以避免长延时情况下的过频/欠频。结果表明,与无协调方案和传统MPC相比,智能协调方案的频率和联络线功率偏差更小。下一步将研究不同类型储能系统之间通过提供协调来实现频率调节。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
李培强, 丰云鹤, 李欣然, 等. 考虑超短期负荷预测的储能电池参与电网一次调频控制策略[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2019, 43(19): 87-93, 148.
Li Peiqiang, Feng Yunhe, Li Xinran, et al. Control stra-tegy for energy storage battery participating in primary fre-quency regulation of power grid considering ultra-short-term load forecasting[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2019, 43(19): 87-93, 148. (in Chinese)
[2]
隋云任, 梁双印, 黄登超, 等. 飞轮储能辅助燃煤机组调频动态过程仿真研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2020, 40(8): 2597-2606.
Sui Yunren, Liang Shuangyin, Huang Dengchao, et al. Simulation study on frequency modulation process of coal burning plants with auxiliary of flywheel energy storage[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40(8): 2597-2606. (in Chinese)
[3]
李欣然, 崔曦文, 黄际元, 等. 电池储能电源参与电网一次调频的自适应控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(18): 3897-3908.
Li Xinran, Cui Xiwen, Huang Jiyuan, et al. The self-adaption control strategy of energy storage batteries parti-cipating in the primary frequency regulation[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2019, 34(18): 3897-3908. (in Chinese)
[4]
李军徽, 侯涛, 穆钢, 等. 基于权重因子和荷电状态恢复的储能系统参与一次调频策略[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2020, 44(19): 63-72.
Li Junhui, Hou Tao, Mu Gang, et al. Primary frequency regulation strategy with energy storage system based on weight factors and state of charge recovery[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2020, 44(19): 63-72. (in Chinese)
[5]
Mercier P, Cherkaoui R, Oudalov A. Optimizing a battery energy storage system for frequency control application in an isolated power system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2009, 24(3): 1469-1477.
[6]
汤杰, 李欣然, 黄际元, 等. 以净效益最大为目标的储能电池参与二次调频的容量配置方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(5): 963-972.
Tang Jie, Li Xinran, Huang Jiyuan, et al. Capacity allocation of BESS in secondary frequency regulation with the goal of maximum net benefit[J]. Transactions of China Elec-trotechnical Society, 2019, 34(5): 963-972. (in Chinese)
[7]
Xing Lantao, Mishra Y, Tian Yuchu, et al. Dual-con-sensus-based distributed frequency control for multiple energy storage systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2019, 10(6): 6396-6403.
[8]
Zhu Diwei, Zhang Y J A. Optimal coordinated control of multiple battery energy storage systems for primary frequency regulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2019, 34(1): 555-565.
[9]
Shim J W, Verbič G, An K, et al. Decentralized operation of multiple energy storage systems: SOC management for frequency regulation[C]// 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology. Wollongong, NSW, Australia, 2016: 1-5.
[10]
马智慧, 李欣然, 谭庄熙, 等. 考虑储能调频死区的一次调频控制方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(10): 2102-2115.
Ma Zhihui, Li Xinran, Tan Zhuangxi, et al. Integrated control of primary frequency regulation considering dead band of energy storage[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2019, 34(10): 2102-2115. (in Chinese)
[11]
Musleh A S, Muyeen S M, Al-Durra A, et al. Time-delay analysis of wide-area voltage control considering smart grid contingences in a real-time environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2018, 14(3): 1242-1252.
[12]
Liu Xiangjie, Zhang Yi, Lee K Y. Coordinated distributed MPC for load frequency control of power system with wind farms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017, 64(6): 5140-5150.
[13]
Liu Xiangjie, Kong Xiaobing, Lee K Y. Distributed model predictive control for load frequency control with dynamic fuzzy valve position modelling for hydro- the- rmal power system[J]. IET Control Theory & App-lications, 2016, 10(14): 1653-1664.
[14]
罗耀东, 田立军, 王垚, 等. 飞轮储能参与电网一次调频协调控制策略与容量优化配置[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2022, 46(9): 71-82.
Luo Yaodong, Tian Lijun, Wang Yao, et al. Coordinated control strategy and optimal capacity configuration for flywheel energy storage participating in primary frequency regulation of power grid[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2022, 46(9): 71-82. (in Chinese)
[15]
Oshnoei A, Khezri R, Muyeen S M. Model predictive-based secondary frequency control considering heat pump water heaters[J]. Energies, 2019, 12(3): 411.
[16]
McNamara P, Milano F. Model predictive control-based AGC for multi-terminal HVDC-connected AC grids[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018, 33(1): 1036-1048.
[17]
王仁顺, 赵宇, 马福元, 等. 受端电网高比例可再生能源消纳的运行瓶颈分析与储能需求评估[J]. 电网技术, 2022, 46(10): 3777-3785.
Wang Renshun, Zhao Yu, Ma Fuyuan, et al. Operational bottleneck analysis and energy storage demand evaluation for high proportional renewable energy consumption in receiving-eng grid[J]. Power System Technology, 2022, 46(10): 3777-3785. (in Chinese)
[18]
谢云云, 李虹仪, 崔红芬. 考虑电网侧储能调频能力的电力系统负荷恢复策略[J]. 电力工程技术, 2021, 40(6): 43-51.
Xie Yunyun, Li Hongyi, Cui Hongfen. Load restoration strategy for power system considering the transient frequency control ability of energy storage system[J]. Electric Power Engineering Technology, 2021, 40(6): 43-51. (in Chinese)
[19]
闫斯哲, 王维庆, 李笑竹, 等. 储能-机组联合调频的动态经济环境跨区灵活性鲁棒优化调度[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2022, 46(9): 61-70.
Yan Sizhe, Wang Weiqing, Li Xiaozhu, et al. Cross- regional flexible robust optimal scheduling in dynamic economic environment with joint frequency regulation of energy storage and units[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2022, 46(9): 61-70. (in Chinese)
[20]
马昱欣, 胡泽春, 刁锐. 新能源场站共享储能提供调频服务的日前优化策略[J]. 电网技术, 2022, 46(10): 3857-3868.
Ma Yuxin, Hu zechun, Diao Rui. Day-ahead optimization strategy for shared energy storage of renewable energy power station to provide frequency regulation service[J]. Power System Technology, 2022, 46(10): 3857-3868. (in Chinese)
2025年第23卷第1期
PDF下载
295
84
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120
  • 接收时间:2022-02-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-02-18
  • 修回日期:2022-07-20
  • 录用日期:2022-07-28
基金
作者信息
    1 国能浙江宁海发电有限公司,宁波 315612
    2 国网电力科学研究院,北京 100192

通讯作者:

刘晶(1985— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:调度自动化系统。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.120
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏