Article(id=1146828029994598415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.283, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1649952000000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1651680000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-05, onlineDate=1751354709385, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709385, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866915, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709385, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709385, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=283, endPage=289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844395698123383, articleId=1146828029994598415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Application of Active Current Limiting in Fault Diagnosis of Converter in Power System, columnId=1152281496422806390, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Reliability and Diagnostics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis when a converter fails, an active current limiting method is applied to realize the converter fault diagnosis in a power system. Active current limiting control is used to limit the output DC current from the converter to 1.2 times of rated current and limit the fault current, thus improving the stability of fault diagnosis. Based on a prediction model, the fault current distribution characteristics of the converter in the power system are diagnosed, and the bridge arm current is taken as the diagnosis parameter. The difference between the measured bridge arm current and predicted value is compared. If the difference is greater than the threshold value, it is judged that the converter has a fault. Experimental results show that the proposed method had a high accuracy and a high diagnosis efficiency in diagnosing the converter faults in an experimental power system, and the rates of false diagnosis and missed diagnosis were low, indicating that the converter diagnosis effect was satisfying.

, correspAuthors=Jiang HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiang HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828031831703642, articleId=1146828029994598415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=主动限流在电力系统换流器故障诊断中的应用, columnId=1149830372659262229, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=可靠性与诊断, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高电力系统换流器故障的诊断效率与准确性,应用主动限流方法实现换流器故障诊断。使用主动限流控制将换流器输出直流电流限制在1.2倍额定电流附近,限制故障电流,提高故障诊断的稳定性;基于预测模型诊断电力系统换流器故障电流分布特征,将桥臂电流作为诊断参数,对比桥臂电流测量值与预测值之间的差值,若差值大于阈值,则判定诊断出换流器存在故障;实验结果表明,使用该方法诊断电力系统换流器故障时,具有较高准确率与诊断效率,且误诊断与漏诊断率较低,具有良好的换流器诊断效果。

, correspAuthors=胡江, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
胡江(1975— ),男,硕士,实验师。研究方向:电气自动化。E-mail:
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胡江(1975-),男,通信作者,硕士,实验师。研究方向:电气自动化。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on AC fault ride-through strategy for active commutated converter based HVDC transmission system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205945144038191560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, awardId=17DZ1201200, language=EN, fundingSource=Scientific Research Project of Shanghai Municipality Science and Technology Commission(17DZ1201200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205945144138854868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, awardId=17DZ1201200, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市科学技术委员会科研项目(17DZ1201200), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205945139000832182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205945139009220792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, companyId=1205945139000832182, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Continuing Education, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205945139013415098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, companyId=1205945139000832182, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海电机学院继续教育学院,上海 200240)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205945140917629213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Overall structure of converter, figureFileSmall=NGh1MJHITzOUgKEGetLi5A==, figureFileBig=Wwzs7v0/xbtxnrt3fyxIbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945141056041251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=CN, label=图1, caption=换流器总体结构, figureFileSmall=NGh1MJHITzOUgKEGetLi5A==, figureFileBig=Wwzs7v0/xbtxnrt3fyxIbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945141165093163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Circuit of converter, figureFileSmall=3HBq6w+1DfUFrAcuSG+ljQ==, figureFileBig=38BoAA8hwn+QeJ7vKrw+eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945141290922294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=CN, label=图2, caption=换流器电路, figureFileSmall=3HBq6w+1DfUFrAcuSG+ljQ==, figureFileBig=38BoAA8hwn+QeJ7vKrw+eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945141399974204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Part of common faults of converter, figureFileSmall=gRvYyTFbqhunP3Y/URZFUA==, figureFileBig=/y+GeKFtvAQSYZEU5piUmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945141538386250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=CN, label=图3, caption=换流器部分常见故障, figureFileSmall=gRvYyTFbqhunP3Y/URZFUA==, figureFileBig=/y+GeKFtvAQSYZEU5piUmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945141668409684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=DC voltage output of converter, figureFileSmall=5vexKmYrN1zFPWfBX8AgBw==, figureFileBig=y+sWgJ9OvgyNey3mySI0zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945141953622364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=CN, label=图4, caption=换流器直流电压输出情况, figureFileSmall=5vexKmYrN1zFPWfBX8AgBw==, figureFileBig=y+sWgJ9OvgyNey3mySI0zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945142964449638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Fault diagnosis results, figureFileSmall=pfHVtJfkHXLja2b68udgLw==, figureFileBig=tGNgEGWO7lCZ0dpS3vtOwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945143060918638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=CN, label=图5, caption=故障诊断结果, figureFileSmall=pfHVtJfkHXLja2b68udgLw==, figureFileBig=tGNgEGWO7lCZ0dpS3vtOwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945143157387641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of missed diagnosis rate %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障类型 对比
方法1
对比
方法2
本文
方法
器件开路故障 1.45 1.05 0.15
单相断线故障 1.67 1.17 0.16
器件短路故障 1.85 1.16 0.13
桥臂直通故障 2.64 1.02 0.12
交流输出端单相接地故障 1.95 1.05 0.14
交流输出端两相短路故障 2.62 1.25 0.16
交流输出端三相短路故障 2.04 1.37 0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1205945143262245250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

漏诊断率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障类型 对比
方法1
对比
方法2
本文
方法
器件开路故障 1.45 1.05 0.15
单相断线故障 1.67 1.17 0.16
器件短路故障 1.85 1.16 0.13
桥臂直通故障 2.64 1.02 0.12
交流输出端单相接地故障 1.95 1.05 0.14
交流输出端两相短路故障 2.62 1.25 0.16
交流输出端三相短路故障 2.04 1.37 0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1205945143375491471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Statistical results of false diagnosis rate %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障类型 对比
方法1
对比
方法2
本文
方法
器件开路故障 1.95 2.05 0.24
单相断线故障 1.84 2.07 0.35
器件短路故障 1.79 2.14 0.19
桥臂直通故障 2.01 2.06 0.27
交流输出端单相接地故障 1.87 2.08 0.26
交流输出端两相短路故障 1.85 2.07 0.26
交流输出端三相短路故障 1.91 2.19 0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1205945143505514910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

误诊断率统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障类型 对比
方法1
对比
方法2
本文
方法
器件开路故障 1.95 2.05 0.24
单相断线故障 1.84 2.07 0.35
器件短路故障 1.79 2.14 0.19
桥臂直通故障 2.01 2.06 0.27
交流输出端单相接地故障 1.87 2.08 0.26
交流输出端两相短路故障 1.85 2.07 0.26
交流输出端三相短路故障 1.91 2.19 0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1205945143614566826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Statistical results of mean diagnostic time ms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障次数 对比方法1 对比方法2 本文方法
1 145 213 49
2 154 225 52
3 163 239 67
4 169 245 69
5 171 268 71
6 178 271 75
7 182 285 78
), ArticleFig(id=1205945143761367478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029994598415, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

平均诊断时间统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障次数 对比方法1 对比方法2 本文方法
1 145 213 49
2 154 225 52
3 163 239 67
4 169 245 69
5 171 268 71
6 178 271 75
7 182 285 78
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主动限流在电力系统换流器故障诊断中的应用
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胡江
电源学报 | 可靠性与诊断 2025,23(2): 283-289
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电源学报 | 可靠性与诊断 2025, 23(2): 283-289
主动限流在电力系统换流器故障诊断中的应用
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胡江
作者信息
  • 上海电机学院继续教育学院,上海 200240

通讯作者:

胡江(1975— ),男,硕士,实验师。研究方向:电气自动化。E-mail:
Application of Active Current Limiting in Fault Diagnosis of Converter in Power System
Jiang HU
Affiliations
  • School of Continuing Education, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.283
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为提高电力系统换流器故障的诊断效率与准确性,应用主动限流方法实现换流器故障诊断。使用主动限流控制将换流器输出直流电流限制在1.2倍额定电流附近,限制故障电流,提高故障诊断的稳定性;基于预测模型诊断电力系统换流器故障电流分布特征,将桥臂电流作为诊断参数,对比桥臂电流测量值与预测值之间的差值,若差值大于阈值,则判定诊断出换流器存在故障;实验结果表明,使用该方法诊断电力系统换流器故障时,具有较高准确率与诊断效率,且误诊断与漏诊断率较低,具有良好的换流器诊断效果。

主动限流  /  电力系统  /  换流器  /  故障诊断  /  预测模型  /  桥臂电流

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis when a converter fails, an active current limiting method is applied to realize the converter fault diagnosis in a power system. Active current limiting control is used to limit the output DC current from the converter to 1.2 times of rated current and limit the fault current, thus improving the stability of fault diagnosis. Based on a prediction model, the fault current distribution characteristics of the converter in the power system are diagnosed, and the bridge arm current is taken as the diagnosis parameter. The difference between the measured bridge arm current and predicted value is compared. If the difference is greater than the threshold value, it is judged that the converter has a fault. Experimental results show that the proposed method had a high accuracy and a high diagnosis efficiency in diagnosing the converter faults in an experimental power system, and the rates of false diagnosis and missed diagnosis were low, indicating that the converter diagnosis effect was satisfying.

Active current limiting  /  power system  /  converter  /  fault diagnosis  /  prediction model  /  bridge arm current
胡江. 主动限流在电力系统换流器故障诊断中的应用. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 283 -289 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.283
Jiang HU. Application of Active Current Limiting in Fault Diagnosis of Converter in Power System[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 283 -289 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.283
电力系统中包含直流输电线路、换流器及输、受端交流系统,任何一个部位出现故障都会直接影响电力系统的整体运行,威胁电力设备安全[1-3]。电力系统中使用的换流器成本较高,在整个系统中发挥着重要作用[4-5],一般被视为电力系统的关键部位,因此快速诊断电力系统中换流器的故障,对维护电力系统安全正常运行至关重要[6]。王翠翠等[7]提出以小波奇异熵结合相关向量机实现换流器的诊断方法,利用小波奇异熵理论对故障数据进行特征提取,以故障特征向量作为相关向量机的输入样本,利用相关向量机对故障进行诊断,尽管该方法能够在一定程度上提高诊断效率,但是由于仅在仿真环境下操作,实际应用效果未知,且仅针对柔性多端直流输电系统的故障进行了分析,具有一定的局限性;张海强等[8]提出直流差动保护动作的故障诊断方法,该方法从保护与控制的角度出发,分析故障出现的换流器的时空特性,使用故障电气特征变异前的数据,运用分类方法判断故障区域,实现故障诊断,该方法在技术方面具有一定优势,能够有效判定换流器接地故障,但对于换流器的其他故障判定存在局限性。
主动限流保护通常是用于电力系统供电、断电保护的装置,在保护电路时能够直接切断直流回路故障电流,发挥保护作用[9]。主动限流保护对于低压配电装置热稳定性与动稳定性的要求较低,能够有效保证供电网络在供电过程中的可靠性[10]。本文基于主动限流研究电力系统换流器故障诊断方法,以提高电力系统中设备故障诊断效果。在电力系统中,整流换流器过压和过流的能力较差,易发生内部故障。换流器发生故障时切换直流电压直接控制,直流电流控制器跟踪外部直流电压的变化,快速调整输出的直流电压,降低直流过电流,从而实现主动限流,约束故障电流的输出,提高故障诊断的稳定性。此时,根据故障电流特征,结合桥臂电流,对故障状况进行诊断。利用改进的预测模型对故障电流进行分析,划定阈值进行故障判定,计算过程较为简便,避免了计算冗余度带来的影响,提高了诊断的效率。
电力系统换流器结构如图1所示。其中:${I}_{\text{dc}}$为换流器出口直流电流,${U}_{\text{dc}}$为直流电压;${i}_{\text{u},j}$${i}_{\text{l},j}$分别为上桥臂三相桥臂电流与下桥臂三相桥臂电流,其中$j$代表输入端a、b、c相;${u}_{\text{u},j}$${u}_{\text{s},j}$分别为换流器上桥臂电压和交流侧电源电压;${u}_{\text{l},j}$${i}_{\text{ac},j}$分别为换流器下桥臂电压与交流侧电源电流;${L}_{\text{arm}}$为换流器桥臂等效电感。
运用直流电压控制换流器,如果有功功率直接控制换流站,外环有功量控制环节中的直流电压会被有功功率控制[11]。换流器内部存在的桥臂环流电流需要被抑制,因此需要添加环流控制器,保证换流器内部的功率损耗得到降低,其电路如图2所示。环流控制器和换流器外部功率控制环节共同作用,生成换流器上桥臂子模块电压参考值${u}_{\text{u},j}^{\text{*}}$与换流器下桥臂子模块电压参考值${u}_{\text{l},j}^{\text{*}}$
正常工况下,换流器内部三相桥臂环流电流的总和与该换流器输出的直流电流${I}_{\text{dc}}$相等,即
$I_{\mathrm{dc}}=i_{\mathrm{cir}, \mathrm{a}}+i_{\mathrm{cir}, \mathrm{~b}}+i_{\mathrm{cir}, \mathrm{c}}$
式中,${i}_{\text{cir,}j}(j=\text{a,b,c})$为经上、下桥臂电流计算得出的各相桥臂的倍频环流分量,其表达式为
${i}_{\text{cir,}j}=\frac{{i}_{\text{u},j}+{i}_{\text{l},j}}{2}$
以a相桥臂为例,该桥臂环流电流动态方程为
$2{L}_{\text{eq}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{\text{cir,a}}}{\text{d}t}+2{R}_{\text{eq}}{i}_{\text{cir,a}}+{U}_{\text{dc}}={u}_{\text{u,a}}+{u}_{\text{l,a}}$
式中:${L}_{\text{eq}}$为桥臂的等效电抗;${R}_{\text{eq}}$为桥臂等效电阻;$\text{d}{i}_{\text{cir,a}}$为开关相输入;dt为电压变化率。
当故障在直流侧出现时,直流电压${U}_{\text{dc}}$发生衰减,降低至0,即
$2{L}_{\text{eq}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{\text{cir,a}}}{\text{d}t}+2{R}_{\text{eq}}{i}_{\text{cir,a}}={u}_{\text{u,a}}+{u}_{\text{l,a}}={u}_{\text{com,a}}$
式中,${u}_{\text{com,a}}$为上、下桥臂电压相加之和。式(4)也可用来计算b相和c相桥臂的桥臂电压之和${u}_{\text{com,b}}$${u}_{\text{com,c}}$。求和${u}_{\text{com,a}}、{u}_{\text{com,b}}$${u}_{\text{com,c}},$进而得到发生故障后桥臂电容电压与换流器输出直流电流之间的关系为

$2{L}_{\text{eq}}\frac{\text{d}\left({i}_{\text{cir,a}}+{i}_{\text{cir,b}}+{i}_{\text{cir,c}}\right)}{\text{d}t}+2{R}_{\text{eq}}\left({i}_{\text{cir,a}}+{i}_{\text{cir,b}}+{i}_{\text{cir,c}}\right)=$

$\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }2{L}_{\text{eq}}\frac{\text{d}{I}_{\text{dc}}}{\text{d}t}+2{R}_{\text{eq}}{I}_{\text{dc}}={u}_{\text{com,a}}+{u}_{\text{com,b}}+{u}_{\text{com,c}}$
确保${u}_{\text{com,a}}、{u}_{\text{com,b}}$${u}_{\text{com,c}}$相加之和与环流抑制器所输出的电压${u}_{\text{com,z}}$相等,由此获得${u}_{\text{com,z}}$${I}_{\text{dc}}$之间的关系为
$\text{2}{L}_{\text{eq}}\frac{\text{d}{I}_{\text{dc}}}{\text{d}t}\text{+2}{R}_{\text{eq}}{I}_{\text{dc}}\text{=}{u}_{\text{com,z}}$
分析式(6)可知,环流抑制器所输出的指令电压${u}_{\text{com},j}^{\text{*}},$与电压量${u}_{\text{com,z}}$之间性质相同,由此可以将关联${I}_{\text{dc}}$的电压量${u}_{\text{com,z}}$叠加在指令${u}_{\text{com},j}^{\text{*}}$上,实现换流器输出直流电流${I}_{\text{dc}}$的范围控制。其实现过程为将电流${I}_{\text{dc}}$的控制环节叠加在环流抑制器输出指令电压上,开关切换依据为故障信号,切换方向由0向1。
对换流器内所输出的直流电流设置存在差异的参考值${I}_{\text{dc,ref}}$,即要实现电力系统换流器故障电流主动限流控制,需要先实现故障出现后直流电流大小调节。
为达到理想状态,需要通过主动限流将故障发生后换流器输出的直流电流限制在0 A,由此确保电力系统不会发生过流,同时消除故障。但是为保证电流故障特征仍旧能够被保护装置检测到,实现故障线路诊断,就不能在故障发生初期立刻把故障电流控制到0 A,以确保电力系统换流器在故障发生之后仍旧具有较好的过流耐受水平,并保持电力系统中仍旧具有较显著的故障特征。设定在故障发生后控制换流站输出直流电流为1.2 p.u.,保证既能约束故障电流,又能实现电力系统换流器故障的准确诊断[12]
在1.1节主动限流控制的基础上,对电力系统换流器故障电流分布特征进行诊断。故障诊断过程中可以将桥臂电流[13-14]作为诊断参数,定位桥臂故障子模块,能够有效降低故障诊断的计算量。
基于换流器的单相等效电路,依据基尔霍夫定律得
${u}_{\text{u,}j}\text{+}{R}_{\text{s}}{i}_{\text{u,}j}\text{+}{L}_{\text{arm}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{\text{u,}j}}{\text{d}t}\text{+}{u}_{\text{s,}j}\text{=}\frac{{U}_{\text{dc}}}{\text{2}}$
${u}_{\text{l,}j}+{R}_{\text{s}}{i}_{\text{l},j}+{L}_{\text{arm}}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{\text{l,}j}}{\text{d}t}+{u}_{\text{s,}j}=\frac{{U}_{\text{dc}}}{2}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\text{u},j}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}{u}_{\text{sm,u},i}}\\ {u}_{\text{sm,u,}i}={s}_{\text{u},i}{U}_{\text{c,u},i}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\text{l,}j}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}{u}_{\text{sm,l},i}}\\ {u}_{\text{sm,l,}i}={s}_{\text{l,}i}{U}_{\text{c,l,}i}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${R}_{\text{s}}$为桥臂内寄生阻抗;${u}_{\text{sm,u},i}$为上桥臂第$i$个子模块的输出电压;${u}_{\text{sm,l},i}$为下桥臂第$i$个子模块的输出电压;${U}_{\text{c,u},i}$为上桥臂第$i$个子模块电容电压;${U}_{\text{c,l,}i}$为下桥臂第$i$个子模块电容电压;${S}_{\text{u},i}$${S}_{\text{l},i}$分别为与上桥臂、下桥臂第i个子模块相关的开关函数;$N$为桥臂子模块的总数。
离散化处理式(7)与式(8)可得
$\widehat{x}\left(k+1\right)=A\widehat{x}\left(k\right)+Bu\left(k\right)$
$\hat{x}(k)=\left[\begin{array}{ll} \hat{i}_{\mathrm{u}, j}(k) & \hat{i}_{1, j}(k) \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
$u\left(k\right)=\left[\begin{array}{l}-{u}_{\text{o}}\left(k\right)-{u}_{\text{u,}j}\left(k\right)+\frac{{U}_{\text{dc}}}{2}\\ {u}_{\text{o}}\left(k\right)-{u}_{\text{l,}j}\left(k\right)+\frac{{U}_{\text{dc}}}{2}\end{array}\right]$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}A=1-\frac{{R}_{\text{s}}}{{L}_{\text{arm}}{f}_{\text{s}}}\\ B=\frac{1}{L{f}_{\text{s}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\widehat{x}\left(k\right)$${f}_{\text{s}}$分别为第$k$时刻桥臂电流预测值与采样频率;$u\left(k\right)$${u}_{\text{o}}\left(k\right)$分别为第k时刻的桥臂电压和原始输出电压;$A$$B$为整数。
引入误差校正,则桥臂电流预测模型为
$\widehat{x}\left(k+1\right)=A\widehat{x}\left(k\right)+Bu\left(k\right)+{\lambda }_{1}\left[x\left(k\right)-\widehat{x}\left(k\right)\right]$
式中,${\lambda }_{1}$为预测模型中的矫正参数,矫正效果与该值呈正比例关系,矫正参数越小则故障特征越显著。由此可以得出:电力系统换流器正常运行状态下,${\lambda }_{1}$需取较大值;而在换流器故障情况下,${\lambda }_{1}$需取较小值[13-14]。改进预测模型,将式(15)变换为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \hat{x}(k+1)=A \hat{x}(k)+B u(k)+E \\ E=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} {\left[\begin{array}{ll} -1 & -1 \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}} & e(k)>e_{2} \\ e_{1} & e_{1}<e(k) \leqslant e_{2} \\ \lambda_{1} e(k) & |e(k)| \leqslant e_{1} \\ -e_{1} & -e_{2} \leqslant e(k)<-e_{1} \\ {\left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 1 \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}} & e[k]<-e_{2} \end{array}\right. \end{array}\right.$
式中,$e(k)$k时刻桥臂电流实际值和预测值的差值;${e}_{1}$${e}_{2}$分别为设定阈值的上限和下限。
${U}_{0}$为换流器交流侧系统线电压,理想情况下,故障定位阈值取值为[1, +∞],但未考虑采样过程中存在干扰和电容自身放电电路等因素的影响。减少故障定位时间,实现可靠的故障定位,通过在1个开关周期取均值计算,故障发生后在1~2个开关周期内输出定位结果,经过计算机500次验算,可将阈值选定为${e}_{1}=\frac{4\sqrt{1/6}{U}_{0}}{\text{π}{R}_{\text{s}}{L}_{\text{arm}}}$${e}_{2}=\frac{\sqrt{2}{U}_{0}}{\text{π}{R}_{\text{s}}{L}_{\text{arm}}}$,此为经验取值,由此可以实现在负载突增情况下也能够准确判定短路等故障。如$\left|e\left(k\right)\right|⩽{e}_{1}$,则仍使用式(15);如换流器发生故障,$\left|e\left(k\right)\right|$值升高,且$\left|e\left(k\right)\right|>{e}_{1}$,则将${e}_{1}$设置为误差校正值,以此降低误差矫正作用;如${e}_{2}\text{<}\text{ }e\text{(}k\text{)}$,则代表差值的增大速度高于误差矫正作用,如果此刻将误差矫正作用进一步降低,快速增大差值,就能够有效缩短检测时间,如果差值$e(k)$比阈值高,则检测出故障[15-16]
以某市经济开发区电力系统作为研究对象,针对该地换流器工作情况开展实验。该地电力系统主要负责整个经济开发区的发电、输电、变电、配电等工作环节,通过收集风力能源,经电厂辅助生产系统转换成电能,经过输变电系统与配电系统向负荷中心供应电能,使得整个研究区域能够正常使用电能。直流配电线路电压与交流系统电压分别为±10 kV和±110 kV。
采集该研究区域电力系统实际数据,利用MATLAB软件构建电力系统换流器模拟环境,模拟换流器故障状态,以此验证实验结果。为使实验结果具有对比性,使用基于WSE-RVM的柔性多端直流输电换流器故障诊断方法(简称对比方法1)与基于直流差动保护动作的送端换流器接地故障定位方案(简称对比方法2)同时开展实验,2种对比方法分别来自文献[7]与文献[8],所得实验结果与本文方法对比。实验中设置8个单桥臂子模块,桥臂电抗器电感0.005 H,电容0.01 F,采样频率100 kHz,交流侧负载电阻10 Ω,电感0.001 H,母线电压20 kV。以直流侧电压作为故障信号,避免有功和无功功率设定值的影响,设定7类故障,分别为器件开路故障、单相断线故障、器件短路故障、桥臂直通故障、交流输出端单相接地故障、交流输出端两相短路故障、交流输出端三相短路故障,设定每种故障的发生几率为10%。模拟的换流器常见故障如图3所示。
通过阈值判断确定换流器故障类型,经大量故障仿真后确定阈值参数:器件开路故障${e}_{1}$=0.20,${e}_{2}$=0.24;单相断线故障${e}_{1}$=0.05,${e}_{2}$=0.10;器件短路故障${e}_{1}$=0.33,${e}_{2}$=0.40;桥臂直通故障${e}_{1}$=3.00,${e}_{2}$= 6.00;交流输出端单相接地故障${e}_{1}$=0.96,${e}_{2}$=1.40;交流输出端两相短路故障${e}_{1}$=0.50,${e}_{2}$=0.81;交流输出端三相短路故障${e}_{1}$=1.50,${e}_{2}$=2.12。
在模拟环境中设置与换流器相连的X线路上Y处出现双极短路故障,分别使用3种方法对该故障点进行诊断,统计在3种方法下换流器所输出的直流电压情况,结果如图4所示。可以看出,2种对比方法由于未采取主动限流控制,当换流器出现故障后,直流电压迅速升高,在10 ms内出现比较严重的电压谐波;本文方法由于使用主动限流控制,发生故障的换流器中的故障电流受到限制,没有明显出现电压谐波。使用本文方法能够极大程度限制故障发生之后换流器的直流电压谐波。
电力系统换流器一旦发生故障,形式多种多样,对比3种方法诊断实验对象7种故障的漏诊断率情况,漏诊断率即未成功输出检测结果的次数在总故障数中的占比,结果见表1。可以看出,2种对比方法的漏诊断率较高,均超过1.00%,本文方法漏诊断率较低,未超过0.20%,几乎不会发生漏诊断的情况,证明本文方法在诊断研究区域电力系统换流器故障时能够保证较全面的诊断。
对比3种方法在诊断研究区域电力系统换流器不同故障情况时的误诊断率情况,误诊断率即错误输出诊断结果的次数在总故障数中的占比,结果见表2。可以看出,本文方法对于研究区域电力系统换流器各种故障的误诊断率较低,一般保持在1.00%以下,而2种对比方法的误诊断率虽然也较低,但与本文方法相比仍然较高,证明本文方法在诊断换流器故障情况时,具有良好的诊断效果。
由于本文实验是采集某市经济开发区真实数据构建的模拟环境,因此已经采集到真实故障数据,分别对交流输出端单相接地故障、单相断线故障、器件开路故障3种常见的典型故障进行诊断,诊断结果如图5所示。可以看出,本文方法对研究区域电力系统换流器故障诊断结果与换流器实际故障情况拟合度高,可以输出故障电压的情况,由此说明本文方法在诊断电力系统换流器故障时具有一定有效性。
实验增加诊断次数,对比3种方法诊断实验对象7种故障的平均诊断时间,结果见表3。可以看出,本文方法诊断故障过程中,平均诊断所花费的时间始终低于100 ms,与对比方法超过200 ms的平均诊断时间相比,说明本文方法具有较高的诊断效率。
本文以主动限流为基础,研究1种诊断电力系统换流器故障的方法,通过主动限流,控制故障中换流器的电流,使得故障发生时,电力系统内的电流在较小范围,利用预测模型对整个换流器进行故障诊断。构建模拟环境采集真实电力系统数据,验证本文方法的诊断性能,在模拟环境中证明本文方法针对换流器不同类型故障均具有较好的诊断准确性与较高的诊断效率。
  • 上海市科学技术委员会科研项目(17DZ1201200)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.283
  • 接收时间:2022-04-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-15
  • 录用日期:2022-05-05
基金
Scientific Research Project of Shanghai Municipality Science and Technology Commission(17DZ1201200)
上海市科学技术委员会科研项目(17DZ1201200)
作者信息
    上海电机学院继续教育学院,上海 200240

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胡江(1975— ),男,硕士,实验师。研究方向:电气自动化。E-mail:
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