Article(id=1146828029533230072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.224, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1641225600000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-04, revisedDate=1647360000000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-16, acceptedDate=1648051200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-24, onlineDate=1751354709274, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709274, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866811, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=224, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844395371004411, articleId=1146828029533230072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Second-order Sliding-mode Load Torque Observer for Induction Motor Based on Low-precision Encoder, columnId=1152281495567168372, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Electric Machine System and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To ensure the motor drive performance while saving cost in the field of electric industrial vehicles, low-precision encoders are often adopted. Although these encoders can measure the rotor’s accurate mechanical position, they introduce a long delay and large errors to the measured speed information. Therefore, the traditional load torque observers cannot obtain the accurate load torque information, and when the inaccurate information is used as feedforward of the current loop, the motor speed fluctuation cannot be effectively suppressed. To solve this problem, a second-order sliding-mode load torque observer based on a low-precision encoder is proposed, which can obtain the accurate load torque information based on the rotor position information and thus improve the anti-interference performance of the system. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by simulation and experimental results.

, correspAuthors=Hanbing DAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanpeng XIE, Xijun FENG, Hanbing DAN, Luogeng JIANG, Mei SU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828033513623786, articleId=1146828029533230072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=基于低精度编码器的异步电动机二阶滑模负载转矩观测方法, columnId=1149830230325616646, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电机系统与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在电动工业车辆领域,为节省成本同时保证电机驱动性能,常采用低精度编码器。低精度编码器可获取转子的准确机械位置,但对于转速测量存在较大时滞和误差,因此传统负载转矩观测器不能得到准确的负载转矩信息。采用该信息作为电流环前馈控制量时,不能有效抑制转速波动。针对此问题,提出1种基于低精度编码器的二阶滑模负载转矩观测器。所提方法可基于转子位置信息获取精确的负载转矩信息,从而提高系统的抗干扰性能。仿真和实验结果证明了所提基于低精度编码器的二阶滑模负载转矩观测器的正确性和有效性。

, correspAuthors=但汉兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
但汉兵(1991— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:矩阵变换器、电机驱动控制和三维无线电能传输。E-mail:
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谢燕朋(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:三相异步电机系统参数辨识。E-mail:

冯喜军(1967— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、智能配电。E-mail:

蒋罗庚(1982— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电机驱动控制。E-mail:

粟梅(1967— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电与现代电力电子系统建模、优化与控制。E-mail:

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谢燕朋(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:三相异步电机系统参数辨识。E-mail:

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谢燕朋(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:三相异步电机系统参数辨识。E-mail:

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冯喜军(1967— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、智能配电。E-mail:

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冯喜军(1967— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、智能配电。E-mail:

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蒋罗庚(1982— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电机驱动控制。E-mail:

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蒋罗庚(1982— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电机驱动控制。E-mail:

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粟梅(1967— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电与现代电力电子系统建模、优化与控制。E-mail:

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粟梅(1967— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电与现代电力电子系统建模、优化与控制。E-mail:

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journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029533230072, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Parameters of three-phase induction motor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率P/W 750
额定电压$V_{\mathrm{N}} / \mathrm{V}$ 15
额定电流$I_{\mathrm{N}} / \mathrm{A}$ 50
额定转速${n}_{\text{N}}/\text{(r}\cdot {\text{min}}^{-\text{1}})$ 1 500
极对数np 2
定子电阻Rs /mΩ 16.321 7
转子电阻Rr /mΩ 12.155 0
定、转子电感LsLr /mH 1.669 15
励磁电感Lm /mH 1.6
转动惯量$J/(\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2})$ 0.007 997
参考磁链${\Psi }_{\text{r}}^{\text{*}}\text{/Wb}$ 0.048 8
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153009812420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029533230072, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三相异步电机参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率P/W 750
额定电压$V_{\mathrm{N}} / \mathrm{V}$ 15
额定电流$I_{\mathrm{N}} / \mathrm{A}$ 50
额定转速${n}_{\text{N}}/\text{(r}\cdot {\text{min}}^{-\text{1}})$ 1 500
极对数np 2
定子电阻Rs /mΩ 16.321 7
转子电阻Rr /mΩ 12.155 0
定、转子电感LsLr /mH 1.669 15
励磁电感Lm /mH 1.6
转动惯量$J/(\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2})$ 0.007 997
参考磁链${\Psi }_{\text{r}}^{\text{*}}\text{/Wb}$ 0.048 8
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基于低精度编码器的异步电动机二阶滑模负载转矩观测方法
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谢燕朋 1 , 冯喜军 2 , 但汉兵 1 , 蒋罗庚 2 , 粟梅 1
电源学报 | 电机系统与控制 2025,23(2): 224-231
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电源学报 | 电机系统与控制 2025, 23(2): 224-231
基于低精度编码器的异步电动机二阶滑模负载转矩观测方法
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谢燕朋1 , 冯喜军2 , 但汉兵1 , 蒋罗庚2 , 粟梅1
作者信息
  • 1 中南大学自动化学院,长沙 410083
  • 2 威胜电气有限公司,长沙 411100
  • 谢燕朋(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:三相异步电机系统参数辨识。E-mail:

    冯喜军(1967— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、智能配电。E-mail:

    蒋罗庚(1982— ),男,本科,工程师。研究方向:电机驱动控制。E-mail:

    粟梅(1967— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电与现代电力电子系统建模、优化与控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

但汉兵(1991— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:矩阵变换器、电机驱动控制和三维无线电能传输。E-mail:
Second-order Sliding-mode Load Torque Observer for Induction Motor Based on Low-precision Encoder
Yanpeng XIE1 , Xijun FENG2 , Hanbing DAN1 , Luogeng JIANG2 , Mei SU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
  • 2 Wasion Electric Co., Ltd., Changsha 411100, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.224
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在电动工业车辆领域,为节省成本同时保证电机驱动性能,常采用低精度编码器。低精度编码器可获取转子的准确机械位置,但对于转速测量存在较大时滞和误差,因此传统负载转矩观测器不能得到准确的负载转矩信息。采用该信息作为电流环前馈控制量时,不能有效抑制转速波动。针对此问题,提出1种基于低精度编码器的二阶滑模负载转矩观测器。所提方法可基于转子位置信息获取精确的负载转矩信息,从而提高系统的抗干扰性能。仿真和实验结果证明了所提基于低精度编码器的二阶滑模负载转矩观测器的正确性和有效性。

异步电动机  /  低精度编码器  /  滑模观测器  /  负载转矩观测器

To ensure the motor drive performance while saving cost in the field of electric industrial vehicles, low-precision encoders are often adopted. Although these encoders can measure the rotor’s accurate mechanical position, they introduce a long delay and large errors to the measured speed information. Therefore, the traditional load torque observers cannot obtain the accurate load torque information, and when the inaccurate information is used as feedforward of the current loop, the motor speed fluctuation cannot be effectively suppressed. To solve this problem, a second-order sliding-mode load torque observer based on a low-precision encoder is proposed, which can obtain the accurate load torque information based on the rotor position information and thus improve the anti-interference performance of the system. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by simulation and experimental results.

Induction motor  /  low precision encoder  /  sliding mode observer  /  load torque observer
谢燕朋, 冯喜军, 但汉兵, 蒋罗庚, 粟梅. 基于低精度编码器的异步电动机二阶滑模负载转矩观测方法. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 224 -231 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.224
Yanpeng XIE, Xijun FENG, Hanbing DAN, Luogeng JIANG, Mei SU. Second-order Sliding-mode Load Torque Observer for Induction Motor Based on Low-precision Encoder[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 224 -231 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.224
三相异步电动机因结构简单、价格低廉、耐用且效率高,在工业生产[1]与轨道交通[2]中被广泛应用。三相异步电动机的调速系统通常采用转速、电流双闭环的比例-积分PI(proportional control)控制,这种控制方法因结构简单、可靠性高在工程上得到广泛应用。双闭环控制算法可以满足大部分工业应用场合的性能要求,但由于电动工业车辆的负载变化频繁,转速环易受外部负载扰动引起转速波动,影响速度控制性能。文献[3-12]通过观测负载转矩并将其作为电流环的前馈量,改善了速度环的控制性能。
目前,负载转矩观测方法有模型参考自适应MRAS(model reference adaptive system)算法[4]、卡尔曼滤波器(Kalman filter) [5-7]、扩张观测器[5,8-9]、滑模观测器SMO(sliding mode observer)[10-12]等。文献[4]提出1种基于模型参考自适应算法来观测负载转矩的方法,方法简单且稳定性强,但对系统数学模型有较高的精确度要求;文献[5-6]采用卡尔曼滤波算法,使用转子位置信息同时观测负载转矩与转速,其抗噪声能力强,但计算过程复杂耗时,依赖高性能处理器,因此不适用于对实时性和经济性要求高的场合[7];文献[13]采用全阶龙伯格观测器,通过转子位置而不使用转速信息,可同时观测负载转矩与转动惯量,但该方法中负载转矩的观测精度受转动惯量误差影响较大,因此鲁棒性较差;文献[14]采用降阶龙伯格观测器,通过转速来辨识负载转矩,相对于全阶观测器更加简单方便,但观测器输入量依赖高精度的转速信息;文献[15-16]设计了一阶滑模负载转矩观测器并讨论了系统的鲁棒性与稳定性,同时文献[15]给出了利用负载转矩观测值推导转动惯量的方法;文献[3,17]将抑制抖振[18]的高阶滑模观测器用于观测负载转矩,得到较好的观测效果,文献[3]的理论与实验证明,在滑模观测器中,转动惯量初值仅影响负载转矩的收敛速度而不影响其收敛精度。滑模观测器系统的鲁棒性较强,但传统负载转矩滑模观测器仍依赖成本昂贵的高精度转速编码器输出的高精度转速信息。
在工业电动车辆领域中,为降低系统成本同时保证可靠性,通常配备低精度增量式编码器。由于低精度编码器测量的转速存在较大时滞和误差,因此前文所述负载转矩观测器不能直接应用于工业电动车辆的电机控制系统。为此,本文提出1种基于低精度编码器的二阶滑模负载转矩观测方法。该方法以转子位置为输入变量,以负载转矩为扩展状态变量,以转子位置误差为参数构造滑模面,对负载转矩进行观测,并将负载转矩观测值作为电流环的前馈量,提高了电机控制系统的抗干扰能力。
在转子磁链定向的dq旋转坐标系下,基于直接磁场定向的三相异步电机数学模型[19]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\mathrm{d} i_{\mathrm{s} d}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=-\frac{R_{\mathrm{s}} L_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}+R_{\mathrm{r}} L_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}{\sigma L_{\mathrm{s}} L_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}} i_{\mathrm{s} d}+\frac{L_{\mathrm{m}}}{\sigma L_{\mathrm{s}} L_{\mathrm{r}} T_{\mathrm{r}}} \psi_{\mathrm{r}}+\omega_{1} i_{\mathrm{s} q}+\frac{u_{\mathrm{s} d}}{\sigma L_{\mathrm{s}}} \\ \frac{\mathrm{~d} i_{\mathrm{s} q}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=-\frac{R_{\mathrm{s}} L_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}+R_{\mathrm{r}} L_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}{\sigma L_{\mathrm{s}} L_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}} i_{\mathrm{s} q}-\frac{L_{\mathrm{m}}}{\sigma L_{\mathrm{s}} L_{\mathrm{r}} T_{\mathrm{r}}} \omega \psi_{\mathrm{r}}-\omega_{1} i_{\mathrm{s} d}+\frac{u_{\mathrm{s} q}}{\sigma L_{\mathrm{s}}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${i}_{\text{s}d}$${i}_{\text{s}q}$分别为d、q轴定子电流;${R}_{\text{s}}$${R}_{\text{r}}$分别为定、转子电阻;${L}_{\text{s}}、{L}_{\text{r}}$${L}_{\text{m}}$分别为定子自感、转子自感与互感;σ为漏磁系数,$\sigma =1-{L}_{\text{m}}^{2}/{L}_{\text{s}}{L}_{\text{r}}$${T}_{\text{r}}$为转子时间常数,${T}_{\text{r}}={R}_{\text{r}}/{L}_{\text{r}}$${\psi }_{\text{r}}$为转子磁链;${\omega }_{1}$为同步电角速度;ω为转子电角速度;${u}_{\text{s}d}$${u}_{\text{s}q}$分别为d、q轴定子电压。
三相异步电动机运动方程[20]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\mathrm{d} \theta_{\mathrm{m}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\omega_{\mathrm{m}} \\ J \frac{\mathrm{~d} \omega_{\mathrm{m}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=T_{\mathrm{e}}-T_{\mathrm{L}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${\theta }_{\text{m}}$为转子机械位置;${\omega }_{\text{m}}$为转子机械角速度;J为转子转动惯量;${T}_{\text{e}}$为电磁转矩,${T}_{\text{e}}={K}_{\text{t}}{i}_{\text{s}q}$,其中,${K}_{\text{t}}=\text{ (}3{n}_{\text{p}}{L}_{\text{m}}\text{/}{L}_{\text{r}}\text{)}$${n}_{\text{p}}$为电机极对数;${T}_{\text{L}}$为负载转矩。
本文采用三相异步电机矢量控制算法,如图1所示,双闭环系统主要包括转速环、磁链环和电流环。其中磁链环为了使转子磁链估计值${\psi }_{\text{r}}$准确跟踪参考磁链${\psi }_{{}_{\text{r}}}^{\text{*}}$,参考磁链选择额定电压和额定转速工作状态下对应的转子磁链值,实际的转子磁链不可测量,因此采用基于电流模型的磁链估计方法[21]计算转子磁链;磁链环PI控制器输出量${i}_{\text{s}d}^{*}$作为d轴电流环的参考输入;转速环PI控制器输出量${i}_{\text{s}q1}^{*}$与负载转矩观测值前馈量${i}_{\text{s}q2}^{*}$叠加作为q轴电流环的输入量${i}_{\text{s}q}^{*}$;系统中${u}_{\text{dc}}$为直流侧电压;${S}_{\text{a}}、{S}_{\text{b}}、{S}_{\text{c}}$分别为电压型逆变器A、B、C三相输出的开关信号;${i}_{\text{a}}、{i}_{\text{b}}、{i}_{\text{c}}$分别为三相输出相电流。
在采用低精度编码器的电机控制系统中,实际转子位置、低精度编码器输出的转子位置对比情况如图2所示,低精度编码器在每次更新转子位置时,间隔位置之差$\Delta {\theta }_{\text{L}}$较大,间隔时间$\Delta {t}_{\text{L}}$较长。以低精度x线增量式编码器为例,电机稳定运行在速度ωr时,其转子位置信息为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta {\theta }_{\text{L}}={\theta }_{N}-{\theta }_{N-1}=\frac{2\text{π}}{x}\\ \Delta {t}_{\text{L}}=\frac{\Delta {\theta }_{\text{L}}}{{\omega }_{\text{r}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,${\theta }_{N-1}$${\theta }_{N}$分别为第N-1次与第N次测量时的转子位置。
根据图2与式(3)可知,在每个$\Delta {t}_{\text{L}}$内,低精度编码器无法向控制系统反馈准确的转子位置。为了获取误差更小的转子位置信息,本文采用了转子位置插值拟合算法。
每次转子位置信息更新时,采用T法测速测量间隔时间$\Delta {t}_{\text{L}}$与平均速度$\overline{\omega }$,并结合上次转子位置更新的数据计算平均加速度${a}_{\theta }$,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \Delta \theta=\theta_{N+1}-\theta_{N}=\bar{\omega}_{1} n_{1} T_{\mathrm{s}} \\ \Delta \theta=\theta_{N}-\theta_{N-1}=\bar{\omega}_{0} n_{0} T_{\mathrm{s}} \\ a_{\theta}=2\left(\bar{\omega}_{1}-\bar{\omega}_{0}\right) /\left(n_{1}+n_{0}\right) T_{\mathrm{s}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:${\overline{\omega }}_{0}$${\overline{\omega }}_{1}$分别为${\theta }_{N-1}$${\theta }_{N}$${\theta }_{N}$${\theta }_{N-1}$时的平均速度;${n}_{0}$${n}_{1}$分别为其对应的控制周期数;${T}_{\text{s}}$为控制周期;$\Delta \theta $${\theta }_{N-1}$${\theta }_{N}$${\theta }_{N}$${\theta }_{N-1}$间的角度差。
在编码器输出转子位置的时刻,第k个控制周期的转子位置拟合值θ(k)更新为低精度编码器测量值${\theta }_{N}$,平均速度$\overline{\omega }$随之更新。之后${\theta }_{N}$保持不变,每个周期内平均速度增量为$\Delta \overline{\omega }\left(k\right)={a}_{\theta }$,每个周期内转子位置增量$\Delta \theta \left(k\right)=\overline{\omega }\left(k\right)$,在每个控制周期对转子位置进行插值拟合为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\theta \left(k+1\right)=\theta \left(k\right)+\Delta \theta \left(k\right)\\ \Delta \theta \left(k+1\right)=\Delta \theta \left(k\right)+\Delta \overline{\omega }\left(k\right){T}_{\text{s}}\end{array}\right.$
图2可见,经过插值拟合的转子位置结合了平均速度与平均加速度信息,相比于$\Delta {t}_{\text{L}}$内保持不变的低精度编码器测量值更接近实际值。将经过插值拟合的转子位置θ(k)输入滑模观测器用于观测负载转矩,可以提高系统的抗扰动性能。
为了降低负载转矩扰动对三相异步电机控制系统的影响,本文提出1种面向低精度编码器场合的基于二阶滑模的负载转矩观测器。转子机械位置到负载转矩的扩展状态方程表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\text{d}{\theta }_{\text{m}}}{\text{d}t}\text{=}{\omega }_{\text{m}}\\ \frac{\text{d}{\omega }_{\text{m}}}{\text{d}t}\text{=}\frac{{T}_{\text{e}}-{T}_{\text{L}}}{J}\\ \frac{\text{d}{T}_{\text{L}}}{\text{d}t}\text{=0}\end{array}\right.$
由于控制周期较短,在每个控制周期内认为负载转矩为恒定值,即${\dot{T}}_{L}=0$
基于二阶滑模算法的负载转矩观测器设计为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\mathrm{d} \hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\hat{\omega}_{\mathrm{m}}+P \\ \frac{\mathrm{~d} \hat{\omega}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\frac{T_{\mathrm{e}}-\hat{T}_{\mathrm{L}}}{J}+U \\ \frac{\mathrm{~d} \hat{T}_{\mathrm{L}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=g U \end{array}\right.$
式中:^表示观测值;P为速度观测值的补偿量,P=f(U);U为滑模控制律;g为反馈系数。
式(6)与式(7)相减得到系统状态观测误差,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{e}_{1}={\widehat{\theta }}_{\text{m}}-{\theta }_{\text{m}}\\ {e}_{2}={\widehat{T}}_{\text{L}}-{T}_{\text{L}}\\ {\dot{e}}_{1}={\dot{\widehat{\theta }}}_{\text{m}}-{\dot{\theta }}_{\text{m}}={\widehat{\omega }}_{\text{m}}-{\omega }_{\text{m}}+P\\ {\ddot{e}}_{1}={\dot{\widehat{\omega }}}_{\text{m}}-{\dot{\omega }}_{\text{m}}+\dot{P}=-\frac{{e}_{2}}{J}\text{+}U\text{+}\dot{P}\\ {\dot{e}}_{2}={\dot{\widehat{T}}}_{\text{L}}-{\dot{T}}_{\text{L}}=gU\end{array}\right.$
式中:e1为转子机械位置观测误差;e2为负载转矩观测误差;上标 · 表示一阶微分;上标‥表示二阶微分。
为实现有限时间收敛与稳定的收敛精度,选取滑模面
$s=c{e}_{1}+{\dot{e}}_{1}$
式中,c为常数。
滑模面的一阶导数为
$\dot{s}=c \dot{e}_{1}+\ddot{e}_{1}=c \dot{e}_{1}-\frac{e_{2}}{J}+U+\dot{P}$
设计P使其满足
$\dot{P}=-c{\dot{e}}_{1}\text{+}\gamma U$
式中,γ为常数。
则结合式(10)和式(11),得
$\dot{s}=-\frac{e_{2}}{J}+(\gamma+1) U=-\frac{e_{2}}{J}+\frac{\gamma+1}{g} \dot{e}_{2}$
在观测器进入滑动模态时,$s=\dot{s}=0$,式(12)表示为
$\dot{e}_{2}-\frac{e_{2} g}{J(\gamma+1)}=0$
$e_{2}=\mathrm{e}^{\frac{g}{J(\gamma+1)} t}$
其中,J > 0,取γ > -1且γ足够小,取g < 0且|g|足够大,则满足指数项快速收敛到0,故负载转矩观测误差e2能够收敛到0,收敛速度由γg决定。
基于以上分析,选择趋近率为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{s}=-{k}_{1}{\left|s\right|}^{\frac{1}{2}}\text{sign}(s)+v-\frac{{e}_{2}}{J}\\ \dot{v}=-{k}_{2}\text{sign}(s)\end{array}\right.$
式中:k1k 2为观测器增益且均大于0;v为扰动项。
$d=-\frac{{e}_{2}}{J}$
$\left|d\right|⩽\delta $d为扰动项,δ为扰动项的界限。
结合式(15)和式(16),得
$U=-\frac{k_{1}}{\gamma+1}|s|^{\frac{1}{2}} \operatorname{sign}(s)-\int \frac{k_{2}}{\gamma+1} \operatorname{sign}(s)$
至此,基于低精度编码器的二阶滑模负载转矩观测器设计完毕,其原理如图3所示。
为证明观测器的稳定性,根据文献[22]选择李雅普诺夫函数(Lyapunov function)为
$V=2{k}_{2}\left|s\right|+\frac{1}{2}{v}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}({k}_{1}{\left|s\right|}^{\frac{1}{2}}\text{sign}{(s)-v)}^{2}={\xi }^{\text{T}}P\xi $
式中:${\xi }^{\text{T}}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{\left|s\right|}^{\frac{1}{2}}\text{sign}(s)& v\end{array}\right]$$P=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\frac{4{k}_{2}+{k}_{1}^{2}}{2}& \frac{-{k}_{1}}{2}\\ \frac{-{k}_{1}}{2}& 1\end{array}\right]$
对式(18)求导,得
$\dot{V}=-\frac{1}{{\left|s\right|}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\xi }^{\text{T}}Q\xi +\frac{d}{{\left|s\right|}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{q}^{T}\xi $
式中:$Q=\frac{{k}_{1}}{2}\left[\begin{array}{cc}2{k}_{2}+{k}_{1}^{2}& -{k}_{1}\\ -{k}_{1}& 1\end{array}\right]$${q}^{\text{T}}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}2{k}_{2}+\frac{{k}_{1}^{2}}{2}& -\frac{{k}_{1}}{2}\end{array}\right]$
将式(16)扰动的边界条件[22]代入式(19),得
$\dot{V}⩽-\frac{1}{{\left|s\right|}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\xi }^{T}\tilde{Q}\xi $
式中,$\tilde{Q}=\frac{{k}_{1}}{2}\left[\begin{array}{cc}2{k}_{2}+{k}_{1}^{2}-(\frac{4{k}_{2}}{{k}_{1}}+{k}_{1})\delta & -({k}_{1}+2\delta )\\ -({k}_{1}+2\delta )& 1\end{array}\right]$
为使系统全局渐进稳定,即满足$\dot{V}<0$,则需$\tilde{Q}>0$,此时需满足条件
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{k}_{1}>2\delta \\ {k}_{2}>{k}_{1}\frac{5{k}_{1}\delta +4{\delta }^{2}}{2\left({k}_{1}-2\delta \right)}\end{array}\right.$
基于上述分析,合理选择观测器的各参数,可保证滑模观测器稳定并准确观测负载转矩,同时可以抑制抖振。
为验证所提方法的正确性,本文在MATLAB/ Simulink平台进行仿真,仿真采用三相电压型逆变器驱动三相异步电机,直流侧电压${u}_{\text{dc}}$=24 V,所用三相异步电机参数见表1。选取的负载转矩观测器参数为c = 5 500,γ= 9,g = -4,k1 = 50,k2= 10。
图4为负载突变时的负载转矩观测波形,可见,负载转矩观测值${\widehat{T}}_{\text{L}}$能精准地跟踪给定负载转矩的变化。图5为转子位置观测值$\widehat{\theta }$与低精度编码器输出转子位置${\theta }_{\text{L}}$及实际转子位置${\theta }_{\text{real}}$的对比波形。由图5可知,相比于${\theta }_{\text{L}}$,转子位置观测值$\widehat{\theta }$与实际转子位置θreal之间的误差更小。
三相异步电机稳定运行在200 r·min-1时负载转矩突变2 N·m,未作负载转矩前馈补偿时,仿真波形如图6(a)所示,转速波动50 r·min-1,调节时间需约2.0 s;采用本文所提方法观测负载转矩并作为前馈量补偿后,转速波动减小为25 r·min-1,调节时间缩短为0.3 s。
综上所述,仿真结果表明,本文所提基于低精度编码器的负载转矩观测方法能够获取更精确的转子位置信息,并且快速观测出实际负载转矩从而进行前馈,有效抑制了负载转矩突变带来的转速波动,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。
为验证仿真结果的正确性,搭建如图7所示的三相异步电机对拖实验平台。驱动电机用于验证所提方法,负载电机用于提供负载转矩。驱动电机参数与仿真参数一致,见表1,测速采用48线低精度增量式编码器。电机对拖平台的系统硬件连接如图8所示。实验采用TMS320F28335 Texas Instruments DSP来验证所提算法,通过LEM-LT-308-S7霍尔电流传感器来获取精确电流。电压空间矢量调制SVPWM(space vector pulse width modulation)产生的逆变器开关信号频率为8 kHz,控制周期为125 μs。
图9为电机稳定运行在40 r·min-1,突变负载转矩时的转速与负载转矩波形。由图9(a)可见,未进行负载转矩前馈时,突加1 N·m负载引起的转速波动为75 r·min-1,调节时间约5.0 s;突减1 N·m负载时引起转速波动为115 r·min-1,调节时间约4.5 s。图9(b)显示将负载转矩观测值前馈补偿后,突加 1 N·m负载时转速波动减小为16 r·min-1,调节时间缩短为0.45 s;突减1 N·m负载时转速波动减小为31 r·min-1,调节时间缩短为0.60 s。
图10为电机稳定运行在400 r·min-1,突变6 N·m (满负载)时的转速与负载转矩波形。图10(a)显示未进行负载转矩前馈时,突加6 N·m负载引起的转速波动约590 r·min-1,调节时间6.5 s;突减6 N·m负载时引起转速波动650 r·min-1,调节时间7.5 s。图10(b)显示将负载转矩观测值前馈补偿后,突加6 N·m负载时转速波动减小为160 r·min-1,调节时间缩短为0.3 s;突减6 N·m负载时转速波动减小为240 r·min-1,调节时间缩短为0.4 s。
通过实验结果可知,本文所提观测器能够快速有效跟踪实际负载转矩的变化,在负载转矩补偿后有效抑制了转速波动,提高了系统抗干扰能力。
本文提出1种可用于低精度编码器场合的二阶滑模负载转矩观测器。该负载转矩观测器舍弃具有延时与误差特性的转速信息,利用转子位置信息快速精确辨识出负载转矩并进行前馈,有效降低了负载转矩变化引起的转速波动,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。相比传统以转速为输入的滑模观测器,本文所提负载转矩观测器更适用于采用低精度编码器的电动工业车辆场合。仿真和实验结果证明了本文所提基于低精度编码器的二阶滑模负载转矩观测方法的正确性和有效性。
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.224
  • 接收时间:2022-01-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-04
  • 修回日期:2022-03-16
  • 录用日期:2022-03-24
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    1 中南大学自动化学院,长沙 410083
    2 威胜电气有限公司,长沙 411100

通讯作者:

但汉兵(1991— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:矩阵变换器、电机驱动控制和三维无线电能传输。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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