Article(id=1146828029046690800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.132, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652803200000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-18, revisedDate=1679500800000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-23, acceptedDate=1680192000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-03-31, onlineDate=1751354709159, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709159, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073878133, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709159, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709159, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=132, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844442774991777, articleId=1146828029046690800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Autonomous Control Method for Battery Energy Storage System Oriented to Active Support of Grid Voltage, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing penetration rate of renewable energy, carbon emissions are reduced. However, the inherent intermittency and volatility of renewable energy also bring problems such as inertia, security and economy to the power system. The battery energy storage(BES) technology has become one of the important means to solve this problem. Under this background, an autonomous control method for BES system oriented to the active support of grid voltage is proposed based on full-state feedback. First, based on sagging Kv(Vg-vg) and the virtual capacitor C inertia technology, static power support control and dynamic voltage support control modules are designed, so that the BES system can provide power(static) support and voltage(dynamic) support. Second, the voltage controller and current controller are combined by using the full-state feedback method, which makes the design of the proposed controller more systematic and flexible and reduces the voltage oscillations caused by single-phase ground fault. Third, in order to maintain the stability of state-of-charge(SOC) of BES, a BES SOC controller based on regulatory factors is also designed to further improve the autonomous operation ca-pability of the BES system. Finally, a case study of a 14-node DC system was carried out based on MATLAB and a semi-physical simulation platform, and simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method in the cases of double-support of static power and dynamic voltage and single-line ground fault. With this method, the BES system can be connected to any key node in the grid, and the voltage at the point of common coupling in the grid can be actively supported through the local monitoring of disturbance, which is not affected by disturbance and can be operated and controlled independently. In addition, this method can also prevent the converter from overcurrent during transient low-voltage accidents, so that the autonomous operation capability of BES is realized.

, correspAuthors=Hui GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui GUO, Hualei YANG, Haibo FENG, Dongya CUI, Yi ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828034528645425, articleId=1146828029046690800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=面向电网电压主动支撑的电池储能系统自治控制方法, columnId=1149829992055595012, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=新能源系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着可再生能源渗透率的不断提高,虽然碳排放降低,但其固有间歇性和波动性也给电力系统带来了惯性和安全经济性下降等问题,电池储能BES(battery energy storage)技术是解决这一问题的重要手段之一。基于此,提出1种面向主动支撑电网电压的基于全状态反馈的电池储能系统自治控制方法。首先,基于Kv(Vg-vg)下垂和虚拟电容C惯量技术,设计静态功率支撑控制和动态电压支撑控制模块,使得电池储能系统可提供电网功率(静态)支撑和电压(动态)支撑;其次,采用全状态反馈方法将电压控制器和电流控制器合并,使得所提控制器设计更系统化和灵活化,并可减小单相接地故障引起的电压振荡;然后,为了维持电池储能荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)的稳定,设计基于调节因子α的电池储能SOC控制器,以进一步提升电池储能系统的自治运行能力;最后,通过MATLAB和半实物仿真平台对14节点直流系统进行案例研究,仿真结果验证了所提方法在静态功率、动态电压双支撑及单线接地故障时的有效性。研究结果表明,所提方法下电池储能系统可连接到电网中的任何关键节点,通过本地监测扰动可主动支撑电网公共连接点电压,不受扰动影响,且可独立运行控制。此外,该方法还可防止暂态低压事故时变流器过流等问题,最终实现BES的自治运行能力。

, correspAuthors=郭辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郭辉(1978— ),男,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:
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杨华磊(1993— ),男,本科,助理工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

冯海波(1987— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

崔东亚(1986— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

张毅(1984— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:储能控制。E-mail:

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杨华磊(1993— ),男,本科,助理工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

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杨华磊(1993— ),男,本科,助理工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

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冯海波(1987— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

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冯海波(1987— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

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崔东亚(1986— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

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崔东亚(1986— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

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张毅(1984— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:储能控制。E-mail:

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张毅(1984— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:储能控制。E-mail:

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DC line-related parameters of test system ($r=0.6\text{ }\text{Ω/km}$,$l=0.21\text{ }\text{mH/km}$)

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线路 长度/ km R/$\text{Ω}$ L/mH
1 电网节点 1.20 0.61 0.21
1 2 0.55 0.34 0.12
2 3 0.29 0.19 0.16
3 4 2.00 1.32 0.49
4 5 0.80 0.52 0.20
5 6 0.92 0.56 0.18
6 7 0.35 0.21 0.15
7 8 0.65 0.36 0.12
8 9 1.72 1.20 0.44
9 10 1.55 1.30 0.41
10 11 0.29 0.18 0.15
11 12 0.50 0.37 0.25
12 13 0.76 0.49 0.20
13 14 0.41 0.21 0.20
14 1 2.59 1.55 0.30
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测试系统直流线路相关参数($r=0.6\text{ }\text{Ω/km}$,$l=0.21\text{ }\text{mH/km}$)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线路 长度/ km R/$\text{Ω}$ L/mH
1 电网节点 1.20 0.61 0.21
1 2 0.55 0.34 0.12
2 3 0.29 0.19 0.16
3 4 2.00 1.32 0.49
4 5 0.80 0.52 0.20
5 6 0.92 0.56 0.18
6 7 0.35 0.21 0.15
7 8 0.65 0.36 0.12
8 9 1.72 1.20 0.44
9 10 1.55 1.30 0.41
10 11 0.29 0.18 0.15
11 12 0.50 0.37 0.25
12 13 0.76 0.49 0.20
13 14 0.41 0.21 0.20
14 1 2.59 1.55 0.30
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DC load-related parameters of test system

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负载类型 电网节点 数值/kW
恒功率 5 1.90
7 0.86
11 0.50
恒电阻 1 1.20
2 1.40
6 2.20
8 0.50
9 1.10
12 2.00
13 0.64
恒电流 3 1.40
4 0.52
10 3.00
14 0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1205931315338215801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029046690800, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测试系统直流负载相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负载类型 电网节点 数值/kW
恒功率 5 1.90
7 0.86
11 0.50
恒电阻 1 1.20
2 1.40
6 2.20
8 0.50
9 1.10
12 2.00
13 0.64
恒电流 3 1.40
4 0.52
10 3.00
14 0.60
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面向电网电压主动支撑的电池储能系统自治控制方法
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郭辉 1 , 杨华磊 1 , 冯海波 2 , 崔东亚 2 , 张毅 3
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025,23(1): 132-142
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025, 23(1): 132-142
面向电网电压主动支撑的电池储能系统自治控制方法
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郭辉1 , 杨华磊1 , 冯海波2 , 崔东亚2 , 张毅3
作者信息
  • 1 河南九域恩湃电力技术有限公司,郑州 450000
  • 2 河南合众电力技术有限公司,郑州 450001
  • 3 国网湖北省电力公司武汉供电公司,武汉 430000
  • 杨华磊(1993— ),男,本科,助理工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

    冯海波(1987— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

    崔东亚(1986— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:

    张毅(1984— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:储能控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

郭辉(1978— ),男,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:
Autonomous Control Method for Battery Energy Storage System Oriented to Active Support of Grid Voltage
Hui GUO1 , Hualei YANG1 , Haibo FENG2 , Dongya CUI2 , Yi ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Henan Jiuyu EPRI Electric Power Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 2 Henan United Electric Power Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 3 Wuhan Power Supply Company, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company, Wuhan 430000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.132
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随着可再生能源渗透率的不断提高,虽然碳排放降低,但其固有间歇性和波动性也给电力系统带来了惯性和安全经济性下降等问题,电池储能BES(battery energy storage)技术是解决这一问题的重要手段之一。基于此,提出1种面向主动支撑电网电压的基于全状态反馈的电池储能系统自治控制方法。首先,基于Kv(Vg-vg)下垂和虚拟电容C惯量技术,设计静态功率支撑控制和动态电压支撑控制模块,使得电池储能系统可提供电网功率(静态)支撑和电压(动态)支撑;其次,采用全状态反馈方法将电压控制器和电流控制器合并,使得所提控制器设计更系统化和灵活化,并可减小单相接地故障引起的电压振荡;然后,为了维持电池储能荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)的稳定,设计基于调节因子α的电池储能SOC控制器,以进一步提升电池储能系统的自治运行能力;最后,通过MATLAB和半实物仿真平台对14节点直流系统进行案例研究,仿真结果验证了所提方法在静态功率、动态电压双支撑及单线接地故障时的有效性。研究结果表明,所提方法下电池储能系统可连接到电网中的任何关键节点,通过本地监测扰动可主动支撑电网公共连接点电压,不受扰动影响,且可独立运行控制。此外,该方法还可防止暂态低压事故时变流器过流等问题,最终实现BES的自治运行能力。

电池储能系统  /  直流微电网  /  电网支撑  /  可再生能源的间歇性  /  虚拟惯量

With the increasing penetration rate of renewable energy, carbon emissions are reduced. However, the inherent intermittency and volatility of renewable energy also bring problems such as inertia, security and economy to the power system. The battery energy storage(BES) technology has become one of the important means to solve this problem. Under this background, an autonomous control method for BES system oriented to the active support of grid voltage is proposed based on full-state feedback. First, based on sagging Kv(Vg-vg) and the virtual capacitor C inertia technology, static power support control and dynamic voltage support control modules are designed, so that the BES system can provide power(static) support and voltage(dynamic) support. Second, the voltage controller and current controller are combined by using the full-state feedback method, which makes the design of the proposed controller more systematic and flexible and reduces the voltage oscillations caused by single-phase ground fault. Third, in order to maintain the stability of state-of-charge(SOC) of BES, a BES SOC controller based on regulatory factors is also designed to further improve the autonomous operation ca-pability of the BES system. Finally, a case study of a 14-node DC system was carried out based on MATLAB and a semi-physical simulation platform, and simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method in the cases of double-support of static power and dynamic voltage and single-line ground fault. With this method, the BES system can be connected to any key node in the grid, and the voltage at the point of common coupling in the grid can be actively supported through the local monitoring of disturbance, which is not affected by disturbance and can be operated and controlled independently. In addition, this method can also prevent the converter from overcurrent during transient low-voltage accidents, so that the autonomous operation capability of BES is realized.

Battery energy storage (BES) system  /  DC microgrid  /  power grid support  /  intermittency of renewable energy  /  virtual inertia
郭辉, 杨华磊, 冯海波, 崔东亚, 张毅. 面向电网电压主动支撑的电池储能系统自治控制方法. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 132 -142 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.132
Hui GUO, Hualei YANG, Haibo FENG, Dongya CUI, Yi ZHANG. Autonomous Control Method for Battery Energy Storage System Oriented to Active Support of Grid Voltage[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 132 -142 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.132
随着我国“双碳”战略的稳步推进,可再生能源如光伏PV(photovoltaic)、风力发电机等越来越多地接入电力系统[1-3]。据国际能源署预测,全球光伏安装量预计每年将增长约13%,约占电力需求的1/3[4-6]。然而,高渗透率PV的不确定性和间歇性给电力系统电压控制带来了重大挑战,如:大规模可再生能源出力的强扰动特性会导致电力系统电压剧烈波动,甚至不稳定等问题。在此背景下,电池储能BES(battery energy storage)技术被认为是平抑大规模可再生能源间歇性和波动性的重要手段之一,并可作为实现可再生能源高渗透的锚定源[7-9]
针对含储能的高渗透率可再生能源电力系统电压控制问题,国内外学者进行了一些研究,并提出了多种解决方法[10-19]。文献[17-18]针对含高渗透率PV的电力系统,提出了1种基于移动平均模型和双电层电容的储能控制方法,以解决PV输出功率骤升引起的功率电压问题,但该方法无法解决光伏输出功率突然下降引起的功率电压问题;文献[19-20]提出了1种利用BES系统跟踪可再生能源的输出功率,以平滑可再生能源输出功率的控制方法,根据可再生能源扰动可自动调节电池储能系统的输出及电池荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge),但该方法需要实时测量可再生能源输出功率,这对电池储能系统的安装位置有较高要求,且控制方法高度依赖通信网络,因此,电池储能系统只能响应来自本地可再生能源的输出功率扰动。为了降低电池储能控制系统对通信网络的依赖性,提升电池储能的响应能力,国内外学者提出了基于虚拟同步发电机SGs(synchronous generators)的电池储能功率控制策略,该方法可极大提升电池储能的惯性和调速器响应能力,使得电池储能具备类似传统交流发电机的调频能力。文献[21]提出了1种适用于电池储能系统三相逆变器的控制方法,该方法通过调整直流端口电容的电压,可为电池储能系统变流器直流侧提供一定的虚拟惯量;文献[22]提出了1种基于下垂增益的电池储能系统变流器功率控制方法,以补偿系统电压波动期间的功率不平衡,然而,这种方法在控制策略中引入了电压微分项,可能会引起控制系统的高频动态变化;文献[23]提出了1种基于SOC的电池储能系统虚拟惯量控制方法,可根据电池储能系统的SOC自动调整下垂增益,以提升控制系统的稳定性。综上所述,目前已有电池储能系统控制方法存在以下不足:①仅能单独调节系统惯量或下垂增益,不能同时调节这2个量,控制调节难度大,控制效果较差;②依赖本地可再生能源输出功率扰动的监测,不能接收二次控制的指令,且控制器的响应速度和阻尼设计不合理,使得控制器设计复杂,灵活性低;③需要电池储能系统与可再生能源组合使用,且主要是为了平滑可再生能源出力的波动性,不具备独立自治运行的能力。
基于此,本文提出1种可主动支撑电网电压的电池储能系统自治控制方法,以提升BES变流器的惯量和下垂增益自动调节能力,从而实现BES 对电网电压主动电压功率支撑。
图1为所提电池储能系统自治控制框图,图中:${v}_{\text{g}}$为直流母线电压;${V}_{\text{g}}$${v}_{\text{g}}$的标称值;${K}_{\text{v}}$为下垂增益;${V}_{\text{bat}}$为电池电压;${i}_{\text{bo}}$${i}_{\text{bo}}^{*}$分别为变流器输出电流及其参考值;${L}_{\text{b}}$为滤波器电感;${R}_{\text{b}}$为寄生电阻;${R}_{\text{v}}$为虚拟电阻,是正常数;${P}_{\text{set}}$为功率设定值;$\beta (\cdot )$为静态支撑调整增益;iss为电池电流;ISOC为增量电流;${\text{SOC}}_{\text{set}}$为SOC的设定值。可以看出,所提方法具备动态电压支撑和静态功率支撑2个电网支撑模块。动态电压支撑通过模拟电容C产生惯量响应;静态功率支撑由${K}_{\text{v}}({V}_{\text{g}}-{v}_{\text{g}})$产生下垂响应,当可再生能源出现出力扰动时,会影响直流母线电压${v}_{\text{g}}$,当BES探测到这些变化时会自动做出相应的反应,此外,所提方法还限制变流器电流,以保护其免受暂态低压扰动,并维持电池的SOC。
对于电池储能系统,通常采用双向全桥电压源变流器VSC(voltage-source converter),本文主要对其进行控制建模和方法设计的研究。假设m(t)是变流器的脉宽调制PWM(pulse width modulation)信号,则变流器的平均输出电压为${v}_{\text{bo}}(t)=m(t){V}_{\text{bat}}。$本文定义$u(t)=m(t){V}_{\text{bat}}$作为控制输入,则
$\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}{i}_{\text{bo}}(t)=-\frac{{R}_{\text{b}}}{{L}_{\text{b}}}{i}_{\text{bo}}(t)+\frac{1}{{L}_{\text{b}}}u(t)-\frac{1}{{L}_{\text{b}}}{v}_{\text{g}}(t)$
图2为所提BES系统及其控制器的等效电路,该模型基于开关周期内信号的平均值推导得出[12]
图2(a)所示,对电网的动态电压支撑是通过模拟电容来实现的,则有
${I}^{*}-{i}_{\text{bo}}=C{\dot{v}}_{c}$
式中:${I}^{*}=\beta ({i}_{\text{ss}},\text{SOC})+{I}_{\text{SOC}}={i}_{\text{set}}+{I}_{\text{SOC}},$ 由较慢的外控制环提供,符合虚拟电容的动态特性,其中,iset为电流设定值;${\dot{v}}_{c}$为电容器C的电压${v}_{c}$的变化率。
图2(b)为电压环的等效电路。为了给电网电压提供支撑,直流母线电压${v}_{\text{g}}$和电容电压${v}_{c}$必须耦合,这是由电压回路来实现的。电压控制回路模型为
${v}_{c}-{v}_{\text{g}}={i}_{\text{bo}}^{*}{R}_{\text{v}}$
由于电流控制回路速度快,变流器输出电流${i}_{\text{bo}}$在电压回路的时间尺度上等于参考值${i}_{\text{bo}}^{*}$,因此式(3)中${R}_{\text{v}}$为虚拟电容和直流电压之间的虚拟电阻。电压环控制一般采用PI控制器,这会使控制设计复杂化,也会影响控制器的稳定裕度。静态支撑通过下垂函数可表示为
${P}_{\text{ss}}={P}_{\text{set}}+{K}_{\text{v}}({V}_{\text{g}}-{v}_{\text{g}})$
电流控制回路必须快速将变流器电流${i}_{\text{bo}}$严格调节至参考值${i}_{\text{bo}}^{*}$,本文采用具有增益k1k2k3的全状态反馈来实现完全控制。电池的SOC为可用充电容量与其总容量的比值,即
$\begin{array}{l}\text{SOC}(t)={\text{SOC}}_{\text{0}}-\frac{1}{Q}{{\displaystyle \int }}_{0}^{t}{i}_{\text{bo}}(t)\Rightarrow \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\text{SOC}(t)=-\frac{1}{Q}{i}_{\text{bo}}(t)\end{array}$
式中,${\text{SOC}}_{\text{0}}$为SOC的初始值。SOC控制器产生增量电流ISOC,以将SOC驱动至其设定值SOCset。该参数调整SOC控制的强度,并根据SOC状态调整静态支撑的水平。
所提控制器存在10个需要设计的参数:CRvKv,电流控制增益k1k2k3,SOC控制增益(k1SOCk2SOC),及SOC驱动参数($\alpha $$\beta $)。
(1)虚拟电容C。电容产生的惯量功率${P}_{\text{dyn}}$
${P}_{\text{dyn}}=-C{v}_{c}{\dot{v}}_{c}\approx -C{v}_{\text{g}}{\dot{v}}_{\text{g}}\approx -C{V}_{\text{g}}{\dot{V}}_{\text{g}}$
电压Vg及其变换率${\dot{V}}_{\text{g}}$和所需的支撑水平将确定C的大小。
(2)虚拟电阻Rv。对于直接连接到直流母线的实际电容器,电容器电压等于直流系统电压,即电阻Rv为0。但本文必须考虑Rv≠0的情况,以允许控制器正常工作。由此产生的RC电路的截止频率${f}_{\text{c}}=1/(2\text{π}{R}_{\text{v}}C),$因此,Rv应足够小,以获得足够大的带宽。然而,过小的Rv会增加对噪声和vg急剧跳变的敏感性,并导致过度调制,故Rv的建议值在0.01~0.10 p.u.之间。
(3)下垂增益Kv。本文设定${K}_{\text{v}}={P}_{\text{rated}}/\Delta {V}_{\text{g}},$ 其中:Prated为BES的额定功率;$\Delta {V}_{\text{g}}$为直流母线的允许电压偏差。该模块的输出是通过极限电压暂态条件下的限制器进行调节。
(4)电流控制增益k1k2k3。本文采用线性二次型跟踪器技术来设计电流控制增益。假设${x}_{1}(t)$=${\displaystyle \int e(t)\text{d}t=}{\displaystyle \int \left[-{i}_{\text{bo}}(t)+{i}_{\text{bo}}^{\text{ref}}(t)\right]\text{d}t}$${x}_{2}(t)={i}_{\text{bo}}(t)$${x}_{3}(t)$=${v}_{c}(t),$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{x}}_{1}=-{x}_{2}+\frac{{x}_{3}}{{R}_{\text{v}}}-\frac{{v}_{\text{g}}}{{R}_{\text{v}}}\\ {\dot{x}}_{2}=-\frac{{R}_{\text{b}}}{{L}_{\text{b}}}{x}_{2}+\frac{u}{{L}_{\text{b}}}-\frac{{v}_{\text{g}}}{{L}_{\text{b}}}\\ {\dot{x}}_{3}=-\frac{{x}_{2}}{C}+\frac{{i}_{\text{ss}}+{I}_{\text{SOC}}}{C}\\ u=-{k}_{1}{x}_{1}-{k}_{2}{x}_{2}-{k}_{3}{x}_{3}+{V}_{\text{ff}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,${V}_{\text{ff}}$为恒定前馈项,表示软启动,${V}_{\text{ff}}={v}_{g}(0)$+${k}_{3}{v}_{c}(0)$${v}_{\text{g}}(0)$为滤波后的电网电压,以改善电流限制。其控制目标是使得x2在存在干扰的情况下仍能跟踪其参考值${\dot{x}}_{2}$。该问题属于鲁棒跟踪问题,可通过对式(7)求导获得线性二次调节器LQR(linear quad-ratic regulator)。令${z}_{i}(t)={\dot{x}}_{i}(t),$i=1,2,3;$w(t)=\dot{u}(t),$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{z}}_{1}=-{z}_{2}+\frac{1}{{R}_{\text{v}}}{z}_{3}\\ {\dot{z}}_{2}=-\frac{{R}_{\text{b}}}{{L}_{\text{b}}}{z}_{2}+\frac{1}{{L}_{\text{b}}}w\\ {\dot{z}}_{3}=-\frac{1}{C}{z}_{2}\\ w=-{k}_{1}{z}_{1}-{k}_{2}{z}_{2}-{k}_{3}{z}_{3}\end{array}\right.$
电流指令issISOC的动态速度较慢,而电网电压vg为直流量,因此$\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}{v}_{\text{g}}=\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}{i}_{\text{ss}}=\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}{I}_{\text{SOC}}=0,$ 式(8)可统一为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{z}(t)=Az(t)+Bw(t)\\ w(t)=-Kz(t)\end{array}\right.$
其控制目标是将${z}_{i}(t)=e(t)$调节至0,则控制成本J表示为
$J={{\displaystyle \int }}_{0}^{\infty }\left[{q}_{1}{e}^{2}(t)+{q}_{2}{z}_{2}^{2}(t)+{q}_{3}{z}_{3}^{2}(t)+{w}^{2}(t)\right]\text{d}t$
此外,还可系统地调整参数${q}_{i}s$,以设计K,从而在电流控制中实现快速平稳响应。
(5)SOC控制增益k1SOCk2SOC。由于该回路速度较慢,在设计过程中,动态电压支撑和电流控制回路被视为一个整体。设${x}_{1}(t)={\displaystyle \int (-\text{SOC}(t)+{\text{SOC}}_{\text{set}})\text{d}t}$${x}_{2}(t)=\text{SOC}(t)$$u(t)={I}_{\text{SOC}}(t)$。其状态方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{x}}_{1}=-{x}_{2}+{\text{SOC}}_{\text{set}}\\ {\dot{x}}_{2}=-\frac{1}{Q}u\\ u=-{k}_{\text{1SOC}}{x}_{1}-{k}_{\text{2SOC}}{x}_{2}\end{array}\right.$
其控制目标是使得x2在存在干扰的情况下仍能跟踪其参考值${\dot{x}}_{2}$。类似上述推导,将${z}_{i}(t)=e(t)$调节至0,则控制成本为
$J={{\displaystyle \int }}_{0}^{\infty }\left[{q}_{1}{e}^{2}(t)+{q}_{2}{z}_{2}^{2}(t)+{w}^{2}(t)\right]\text{d}t$
(6)SOC控制率$\alpha $。其可调整充电、放电的速率,本文设置为
$\alpha=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1 & \mathrm{SOC}_{\mathrm{a}}<\mathrm{SOC}<\mathrm{SOC}_{\mathrm{b}} \\ 1+\gamma\left|\mathrm{SOC}-\mathrm{SOC}_{\mathrm{set}}\right| & \text { 其他 } \end{array}\right.$
式中,$\gamma $为1个正常数。
(7)静态支撑调整增益$\beta $。根据SOC设定点的距离调整静态支撑项,并防止可能地耗尽或过度充电,$\beta $可表示为
$\beta =\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1\hfill & {v}_{\text{g}}{<}_{\text{g}},{\text{SOC}}_{\text{a}}\le \text{SOC}\hfill \\ \frac{\text{SOC}-{\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{min}}}{{\text{SOC}}_{\text{a}}-{\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{min}}}\hfill & {v}_{\text{g}}<{V}_{\text{g}},{\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{min}}<\text{SOC}<{\text{SOC}}_{\text{a}}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & {v}_{\text{g}}<{V}_{\text{g}},\text{SOC}\le {\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{min}}\hfill \\ 1\hfill & {v}_{\text{g}}\ge {V}_{\text{g}},\text{SOC}\le {\text{SOC}}_{\text{b}}\hfill \\ \frac{{\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{max}}-\text{SOC}}{{\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{max}}-{\text{SOC}}_{\text{b}}}\hfill & {v}_{\text{g}}\ge {V}_{\text{g}},{\text{SOC}}_{\text{b}}<\text{SOC}<{\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{max}}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & {v}_{\text{g}}\ge {V}_{\text{g}},{\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{max}}<\text{SOC}\hfill \end{array}\right.$
式中,SOCmin和SOCmax分别为SOC的最小限值和最大限值。当SOC跨越下、上边界SOCa和SOCb时,控制器开始减少静态支撑。
本文测试系统采用1个14节点的直流电力系统,其包括节点7处的15 kW的PV系统、节点8处的电池储能系统以及不同节点的负载。负载有3种类型:恒电阻(R型)、恒功率(P型)和恒电流(I型)。测试系统的标称电压为400 V,直流电力系统通过18 kV·A的三相变流器连接到交流电力系统。测试系统的相关参数见表1表2,系统结构如图3所示。
图3中,15 kW PV变流器由1个CPV = 500 F的直流端口电容和LPV = 2.5 mH、RPV = 50 mΩ的输出滤波器组成。测试系统中控制结构的设计参数为:${k}_{1\text{PV}}=-1\text{ }333.35$${k}_{2\text{PV}}=2.82$${k}_{3\text{PV}}=237.13$${k}_{4\text{PV}}=$$-1.14$${k}_{5\text{PV}}=829.43$${k}_{6\text{PV}}=0.59。$测试系统采用三相VSC和dq轴电流控制方法。直流端口电容为1.2 mF,滤波器为2.5 mH和50 mΩ。VSC通过PI控制器(K=−0.284 8、$\tau =1/75$)调节直流参考电压${V}_{\text{dc}}^{*}=400$V。此外,VSC还可使用下垂机制(Kq= −0.057 7、${I}_{\text{}\text{q}}^{*}=-7.84$A)提供电压、无功支撑。通过最优控制设计电流控制增益${k}_{\text{1inv}}=-1\text{ }000、$${k}_{\text{2inv}}$=$2.26。$另外,本文采用的三相同步参考系下锁相环PLL(phase-locked loop)参数${\mu }_{1}={\mu }_{3}$=$200$${\mu }_{2}$=$5\text{ }000$。所提控制器安装在节点8处的600 V 10 kW电池储能系统的变流器上,变流器为全桥VSC,含1个Lb=2.5 MH、Rb=50 mΩ的输出滤波器,其额定电流为25 A,模拟电容C=100 mF,虚拟电阻Rv=0.10 $\text{Ω}$,可使RC电路的带宽在16 Hz左右。对于静态支撑,当直流电压偏离20 V (即5%)时,BES提供其额定功率10 kW,因此Kv=500。交流电力系统建模为电网阻抗Zg=0.12+j1.2 $\text{Ω}$的三相交流电源。公共耦合点PCC(point of common coupling)处的标称交流电压为208 V,并连接滞后功率因数为0.7的7.07 kV·A本地交流负载P0。变流器的开关频率为10 kHz。
为了验证所提方法下BES对电网动态电压支撑能力,本文首先设定Kv=0,即静态支撑被禁用,且只研究所提控制的惯量特性,并与实际电容进行仿真比较。图4为光伏输出功率分别在t=0.50 s和t=1.25 s发生阶跃变化时所提控制器的响应。可以看出,在无补偿器的情况下,整个测试系统中节点上的电压均会发生波动和偏移。此外,观察电池及电网变流器直流侧和交流侧的电压发现,所提方法下BES能够像实际电容器一样工作,有效抑制系统电压波动。
图5t=0.50 s时,4.0 kW的负载连接到节点9并在t=1.50 s断开时的控制响应。可以看出,在无补偿的情况下,负载变化会导致电力系统发生剧烈的电压波动,而所提方法下BES可像实际电容一样有效消除电压波动。
测试案例中下垂增益Kv=400。图6为光伏输出功率在t=0.50 s和t=1.25 s发生突变时的控制系统响应,并与单独动态电压支撑进行了比较分析。可以看出,启用静态支撑功能后,当电压稳定在400 V以下时,BES持续供电;当电压稳定在400 V以上时,BES吸收电能,因此电压限制在较小的范围内。由于电网变流器始终控制着PCC的直流电压,所以静态支撑对此特定节点无较大影响。
图7为在t=0.50 s、t=1.25 s时连接、断开4.0 kW负载时的控制系统响应。可以看出,在静态支撑下BES可提供稳态支持,并将电压保持在较窄范围内。
图8图9分别为光伏发电和负载变化期间的电网变流器电流变化,仿真结果显示,BES的动态电压支撑起到了缓冲电网变流器突然应力的作用,在启用静态支撑的情况下,电网变流器在功率扰动期间稳定运行时的波动较小。
图10为电网阻抗Zg的1/2处发生单相接地故障时系统的响应。可以看出,故障在t=0.40 s发生,在t=0.50 s清除;无BES支撑时,整个系统会发生电压振荡;而有BES支撑时,连接点附近的电压振荡显著减少。
为了在较短时间内仿真验证所提SOC控制的有效性,本文采用了1个容量Q = 0.1 A·h的小电池。图11为当${q}_{1}$${q}_{2}$分别在${10}^{-7}\to {10}^{-1.8}$${10}^{1}\to $${10}^{0.75}$之间增加时SOC环路的闭环极点。可以看出,闭环极点$-0.014\pm \text{j}0.013$的控制增益为:${k}_{\text{1SOC}}$=$0.133\text{ }4$${k}_{\text{2SOC}}=-10.08。$SOC限值为:${\text{SOC}}_{\text{set}}=0.5,$${\text{SOC}}_{\text{a}}=0.3$${\text{SOC}}_{\text{b}}=0.7$${\text{SOC}}_{\text{min}}=0.2$${\text{SOC}}_{\text{max}}=0.8$$\gamma =2。$
图12为BES系统对光伏功率上升的响应。可以看出,由于母线电压vg > 400 V,BES通过吸收系统功率提供静态支持,从而导致SOC上升。SOC控制的参考电流ISOC也会上升,表明电池应该放电以驱动SOC回到其标称值。当SOC达到70%边界条件时,控制器开始减小静态支撑;当SOC达到80%上限时,控制器禁用静态支撑。
进一步实验验证所提方法的有效性。实验器件包括1个在最大功率点工作的Agilent E4360A光伏仿真器、1个Rg=6.5 Ω、Vdc= 38 V的直流电压源和1个Chroma可编程电子负载。负载电阻设定为12.73 Ω,PCC处的电压设定为Vg=35.0 V。带有所提控制器的BES系统与PCC连接,电压为Vb=75.0 V,串联电阻R1=3.2 Ω,负载R2=52 Ω。本文使用Semikron的全桥变流器,其控制参数采用开关频率为5 kHz的单极PWM。变流器输出滤波器电感Lb= 10 mH,寄生电阻Rb=1.4 Ω,模拟电容C=120 mF,虚拟电阻Rv=1.5 Ω。电流控制增益q1=107.1q2= 101.2q3=102,控制增益k1=-5 611.0、k2=12.8、k3=-22。闭环极点位于-604$\pm $j469和-21+j0处。下垂增益Kv=18.8,这意味着BES每单位电压偏移供应或吸收18.8 W。最大和最小电流限制ImaxImin分别设置为5 A和-5 A。图13(a)~(c)为光伏电流ipvo从2.30 A降至0.48 A时的系统响应。无BES支撑时,光伏功率的下降会导致PCC电压vg从35.0 V骤降至28.0 V,电网电流ig从0.350 A骤升至1.525 A;在BES动态支撑下,BES通过峰值为1.85 A的快速电流ibo提供惯性,防止电压骤降,类似于100 mF的实际电容;当静态支撑启用时,BES继续提供1.20 A的电流,将电压保持在33.5 V。图13(d)~(f)为PV电流ipvo从0.475 A增加到2.200 A时的响应,同样地可得出相同结论。
图14(a)~(c)为负载电阻从12 Ω降低至6 Ω时的响应,这导致PCC处的电压vg从35.0 V突然下降至26.0 V,电网电流ig上升至1.8 A。在动态支撑下,BES通过注入峰值为2.4 A的电流来提供惯性,并缓慢降至0;在静态支撑下,BES持续供电电流ibo为1.85 A,电压保持在33.0 V。图14(e)~(f)为负载从6.0 Ω增加至12 Ω时的响应,同样地,实验结果证实了该系统在低电压和低功率下的运行有效性。由于系统是线性的,因此在高压/电力应用中的可扩展性是有效的。
本文提出了1种可主动支撑电网电压的BES 系统自治控制方法,以提升BES变流器的惯量和下垂增益自动调节能力,从而实现BES对电网电压主动静/动态支撑。最后,本文通过MATLAB和半实物仿真平台进行了案例研究,研究结论如下。
(1)所提方法采用${K}_{\text{v}}({V}_{\text{g}}-{v}_{\text{g}})$下垂和虚拟电容C惯量技术,使得BES变流器具备一定惯量和下垂增益自动可调能力,可提供电网静态功率支撑和动态电压支撑。
(2)所提方法采用全状态反馈方法,将电压控制器和电流控制器合并,使得所提控制器设计更系统化和灵活化,并可减小单相接地故障引起的电压振荡。
(3)本文设计的基于调节因子$\alpha $的电池储能SOC控制器,可进一步提升电池储能系统的自治运行能力,使得电池储能系统不需要与可再生能源组合使用,不依赖对本地可再生能源扰动的监测,可连接到电力系统的任何关键节点,并通过本地测量检测扰动,在电力系统受到扰动期间提供一定主动电压支撑,以保证电力系统的安全运行。
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.132
  • 接收时间:2022-05-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-18
  • 修回日期:2023-03-23
  • 录用日期:2023-03-31
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    1 河南九域恩湃电力技术有限公司,郑州 450000
    2 河南合众电力技术有限公司,郑州 450001
    3 国网湖北省电力公司武汉供电公司,武汉 430000

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郭辉(1978— ),男,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:电源一次调频控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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