Article(id=1146828028698558473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.298, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657382400000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-10, revisedDate=1660060800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-10, acceptedDate=1662393600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-09-06, onlineDate=1751354709076, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709076, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866841, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709076, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=298, endPage=306, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844395815600638, articleId=1146828028698558473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Analysis of Conducted Common-mode EMI Characteristics of Single-switch Forward Converter, columnId=1152281499626778753, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=EMI/EMC, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the conducted common-mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) characteristics of a single-switch forward converter and reduce its CM noise, the analysis of the transmission mechanism of conducted CM noise in the single-switch forward converter is necessary. On this basis, a CM noise transmission path model is established, and a calculation method is proposed to determine the specific external capacitance to reduce the CM noise. In addition, aimed at the defects of the traditional calculation model of induced charge on the secondary side, an improved calculation model is put forward, and simulation results show that the accuracy of the improved model is higher under ideal conditions. Afterwards, the balanced winding method was used to reduce the CM noise flowing through the transformer, and a prototype of single-switch forward converter power supply was used for experimental verification. Results show that the method of calculating the external capacitance was effective, and the accuracy of charge calculated by the improved calculation model was higher when the windings were close or when the number of turns per unit length was relatively large.

, correspAuthors=Wei CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Changchuan PENG, Wei CHEN, Subin LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828032632815739, articleId=1146828028698558473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=单管正激变换器传导共模EMI特性分析, columnId=1149830424375066632, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电磁干扰与电磁兼容, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究单管正激变换器传导共模EMI特性,降低单管正激变换器的共模噪声,对单管正激变换器的传导共模噪声传输机理进行分析。基于分析建立共模噪声路径模型,提出1种计算方法明确外接电容大小来改善共模噪声;同时针对传统计算二次侧感应电荷量模型存在的缺陷,提出改进计算模型,通过仿真验证表明理想条件下改进模型准确性较高;然后使用平衡绕组的方法降低流经变压器的共模噪声,并通过1台单管正激电源样机进行实验验证,结果表明了计算外接电容方法的有效性,及在绕组距离较近且绕组较密情况下,改进计算模型计算的电荷量准确性较高。

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陈为(1958— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子功率变换、高频磁技术、电磁兼容诊断与滤波器、电磁场分析与应用、电磁检测。E-mail:
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彭长川(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:

林苏斌(1977— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授,研究方向:电力电子电磁元件技术,电磁兼容分析与诊断,电气在线监测。E-mail:

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彭长川(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:

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林苏斌(1977— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授,研究方向:电力电子电磁元件技术,电磁兼容分析与诊断,电气在线监测。E-mail:

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林苏斌(1977— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授,研究方向:电力电子电磁元件技术,电磁兼容分析与诊断,电气在线监测。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=A shielding-cancellation technique for suppressing common mode noise in LLC converter, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205945149838914400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028698558473, awardId=51777036, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51777036), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205945150002492266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028698558473, awardId=51777036, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777036), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205945150136710006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028698558473, awardId=2022J01565, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J01565), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205945150262539137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028698558473, 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单管正激变换器传导共模EMI特性分析
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彭长川 , 陈为 , 林苏斌
电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2025,23(2): 298-306
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电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2025, 23(2): 298-306
单管正激变换器传导共模EMI特性分析
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彭长川 , 陈为 , 林苏斌
作者信息
  • 福州大学电气工程与自动化学院,福州 350108
  • 彭长川(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:

    林苏斌(1977— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授,研究方向:电力电子电磁元件技术,电磁兼容分析与诊断,电气在线监测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈为(1958— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子功率变换、高频磁技术、电磁兼容诊断与滤波器、电磁场分析与应用、电磁检测。E-mail:
Analysis of Conducted Common-mode EMI Characteristics of Single-switch Forward Converter
Changchuan PENG , Wei CHEN , Subin LIN
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.298
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为了研究单管正激变换器传导共模EMI特性,降低单管正激变换器的共模噪声,对单管正激变换器的传导共模噪声传输机理进行分析。基于分析建立共模噪声路径模型,提出1种计算方法明确外接电容大小来改善共模噪声;同时针对传统计算二次侧感应电荷量模型存在的缺陷,提出改进计算模型,通过仿真验证表明理想条件下改进模型准确性较高;然后使用平衡绕组的方法降低流经变压器的共模噪声,并通过1台单管正激电源样机进行实验验证,结果表明了计算外接电容方法的有效性,及在绕组距离较近且绕组较密情况下,改进计算模型计算的电荷量准确性较高。

电磁干扰  /  正激变换器  /  传导共模EMI特性  /  共模噪声抵消

To study the conducted common-mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) characteristics of a single-switch forward converter and reduce its CM noise, the analysis of the transmission mechanism of conducted CM noise in the single-switch forward converter is necessary. On this basis, a CM noise transmission path model is established, and a calculation method is proposed to determine the specific external capacitance to reduce the CM noise. In addition, aimed at the defects of the traditional calculation model of induced charge on the secondary side, an improved calculation model is put forward, and simulation results show that the accuracy of the improved model is higher under ideal conditions. Afterwards, the balanced winding method was used to reduce the CM noise flowing through the transformer, and a prototype of single-switch forward converter power supply was used for experimental verification. Results show that the method of calculating the external capacitance was effective, and the accuracy of charge calculated by the improved calculation model was higher when the windings were close or when the number of turns per unit length was relatively large.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI)  /  forward converter  /  conducted common-mode (CM) EMI characteristics  /  CM noise offset
彭长川, 陈为, 林苏斌. 单管正激变换器传导共模EMI特性分析. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 298 -306 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.298
Changchuan PENG, Wei CHEN, Subin LIN. Analysis of Conducted Common-mode EMI Characteristics of Single-switch Forward Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 298 -306 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.298
随着电力电子功率变换器向高频、高功率密度发展,电磁干扰EMI(electromagnetic interference)问题日益严重。在电力电子功率变换器中,共模干扰传输路径复杂,是电磁兼容问题中较难解决的部分[1-4]。共模干扰噪声通常由功率器件的电位跳变产生,通过器件与大地(或与大地相接的导体)之间的分布电容,以电场耦合的方式形成位移电流。
对于不同的开关电源电路结构,需要分析和明确噪声传输路径,以便采用不同方法对其进行抑制[3-5]。Boost变换器在功率因素校正中的广泛应用使得其电磁兼容得到广泛关注[6]。文献[7]针对Boost变换器,明确其噪声传输机理,通过使用反相绕组法构造反相电流以降低噪声,并深入分析反相绕组的寄生参数对噪声抑制的影响;对于单管正激变换器,文献[8-9]分析了一次侧开关管的电位跳变引起的共模噪声传输路径,文献[9]使用电路仿真软件对正激变换器噪声路径进行建模,但并未深入分析变压器容性效应及元件的高频模型;文献[10]对双管正激变换器共模噪声传输路径进行研究,通过调整匝比改变变压器分布电容使得流经变压器的共模噪声减小;文献[11]对单管正激变换器进行分析研究,提到了使用外接电容的方法降低共模噪声,但并未对其降噪机理进行说明和深入分析,缺乏对电容选值的合理设计,因此效果未能较好体现。针对流经变压器的共模噪声,有文献提出变压器一、二次侧之间的容性分布参数是影响共模噪声的关键因素[12-15],对变压器容性参数进行建模可以明确容性效应对共模噪声的影响。文献[16]深入分析变压器电场、磁场效应,提出了1种变压器宽频段共模噪声模型;文献[17]通过变压器共模噪声模型分析不同接线方式对共模噪声的抑制效果;文献[18]使用1种具有屏蔽效果的平衡绕组结构,屏蔽部分共模噪声的同时,构造反向噪声路径抵消变压器共模噪声,改善反激变换器的共模噪声;文献[19]深入分析平面变压器,使用对称结构降低共模噪声;文献[20-21]明确了LLC主要共模干扰源,使用构造抵消电位的方法,在改善整体噪声的同时,不额外增加变压器损耗,不影响变换器转换效率。
本文以单管正激变换器为研究对象,通过对单管正激电路的共模噪声传输路径进行分析,建立噪声等效模型,指出影响共模噪声的关键因素后,通过调整复位二极管位置构造噪声抵消传输路径来改善噪声。同时提出1种计算最佳外接电容的方法,并对通过变压器共模端口有效电容的设计来改善共模噪声的计算方法进行修正,降低了这一方法的误差。最后通过1台单管正激变换器样机验证了以上策略对共模噪声的抑制效果。
准确理解和分析单管正激变换器的共模CM (common-mode)噪声机理,明确噪声源及噪声传播路径是前提和基础。图1(a)为单管正激变换器的工作原理,其中线性阻抗稳定网络LISN(line impedance stability network)用于给接收机提供1个稳定阻抗,且可以防止电网侧的噪声电流流入测试端影响测试结果。${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$分别为输入和输出滤波电容;${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}$为开关管;${\text{D}}_{\text{1}}$为二次侧整流二极管;${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$为复位绕组侧的续流二极管;${\text{D}}_{\text{3}}$为二次侧续流二极管;PGND、GND分别为一、二次侧地,且一、二次侧各有1个用于给开关管和二极管散热的散热片。
对于单管正激变换器,当开关管${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}$关断时,复位绕组二极管${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$和二次侧续流二极管${\text{D}}_{\text{3}}$导通,二次侧整流二极管${\text{D}}_{\text{1}}$同时关断,可以判断图1(a)中一次侧A点和B点、二次侧C点均为电位跳变点。由于${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}$${\text{D}}_{\text{1}}$的工作通断时序相同,因此可以判断A点和C点的电压跳变是同相跳变,而B点和A点是变压器的同名端点,也可认为B点电压跳变与A点同相。因此根据替代定理,可将${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}$${\text{D}}_{\text{1}}、$${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}、{\text{D}}_{\text{3}}$替代为电压源和电流源,如图1(b)所示;根据叠加定理,可将其分为电流源和电压源的情况进行分析,如图1(c)(d)所示。图1(b)~(d)${C}_{\text{pn}}$${C}_{\text{ps}}、{C}_{\text{sn}}$为变压器三绕组之间的分布电容;${C}_{\text{ph1}}、$${C}_{\text{hg1}}、$${C}_{\text{sh1}}、{C}_{\text{ng}}、{C}_{\text{g}}$为各电位跳变点与散热片、大地之间的分布电容。
在传导频段下,输入滤波电容和输出滤波电容可近似认为短路。由图1(c)可以看出,由于开关管侧一次侧绕组短路,因此2个电流源均被短路,噪声电流基本不经过LISN,基本可以忽略${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$${\text{D}}_{\text{3}}$对于共模噪声的影响。假定正相噪声电流方向为从地到LISN。图1(d)中:${i}_{\text{cm1}}$为开关管${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}$漏极产生的共模噪声电流经过${C}_{\text{ph1}}、{C}_{\text{hg1}}$、LISN后通过整流桥回到${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}$的共模电流;${i}_{\text{cm2}}$包括一次侧开关管${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}$的噪声电流经过变压器一、二次侧绕组共模等效电容${C}_{\text{ps}}$后,再经过${C}_{\text{ph1}}、{C}_{\text{hg1}}、$LISN及整流桥回到${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}$的共模噪声电流,以及二次侧二极管${\text{D}}_{\text{1}}$通过${C}_{\text{ph1}}$${C}_{\text{hg1}}$、LISN、整流桥及${C}_{\text{ps}}$后回到${\text{D}}_{\text{1}}$的共模噪声电流;${i}_{\text{cm3}}$为一次侧噪声源通过变压器传输到二次侧,以及二次侧噪声源通过输出侧对地分布电容${C}_{\text{g}}$和LISN后再回到噪声源的共模噪声电流。对于开关管噪声通过变压器传输到复位绕组侧的噪声,由于输入滤波电容高频下的短路及路径${i}_{1}$的存在,会使得此路噪声基本不经过LISN,分析噪声等效模型时可以忽略此路噪声对总共模噪声的影响。
一般会将散热片接一次侧地或二次侧地,来使通过散热片传输的噪声电流直接通过一、二次侧地回到噪声源,而不经过LISN端。将图1(a)中一、二次侧散热片分别接一次侧与二次侧地后,通过上述分析,可以忽略经过散热片的噪声电流对总共模噪声的影响,因此对于图1(a)所示的单管正激变换器,其共模噪声大小基本由图1(d)中的${i}_{\text{cm3}}$决定。基于以上分析,可以得到图2所示的共模噪声等效模型。在传导频段,LISN中0.1 μF电容阻抗非常小,因此在LISN端所测的共模噪声电流实质是通过图2中25 Ω电阻的噪声电流。从图2中可以看出,${i}_{\text{cm3}}$会通过变压器的共模等效电容${C}_{\text{ps}}$${C}_{\text{sn}}$,因此改善变压器传输的共模噪声可以改善总噪声。
对于图2所示的噪声等效模型,在不考虑共模滤波器的情况下,由于2个噪声源同相,2路噪声路径均以同一方向传输。若将复位二极管${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$放置于低边侧,如图3所示,将会使复位二极管噪声源反相,以此构造出1路反向噪声,抵消一部分噪声电流${i}_{\text{cm3}}$,减小电路的总噪声。
具体分析如下:在图3中,通过变压器同名端可知,M点电位跳变与前文的A点、C点电位跳变相反,因此在低边的二极管${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$产生的噪声将从${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$通过LISN传输到地,再通过${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$对地分布电容${C}_{\text{m}}$回到噪声源,一般情况下,此路反相噪声小于正相噪声电流。因此,在不改变电路的工作方式的情况下,通过调整二极管的位置构造噪声抵消路径的方法可以改善一定噪声。
图4给出了${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$在低边时的单管正激变换器共模噪声等效模型。图4中:${V}_{1}$为复位绕组二极管${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$替代的等效电压源,${V}_{2}$为所有与${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$电位跳变相反的等效电压源;${I}_{1}$为从${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$传输经过LISN后到地,再通过${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$对地分布电容${C}_{\text{m}}$回到${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$的噪声电流;两电压源反相,因此电流${I}_{2}$的方向是开关管噪声源通过变压器一、二次侧共模等效电容${C}_{\text{Q}}$到二次侧,与二次侧噪声源一起通过${C}_{\text{g}}$到地,经过LISN后再回到噪声源的噪声电流;${C}_{\text{x}}$为在M点和地之间的外接电容。由于在传导频段0.1 μF电容的阻抗相对50 Ω非常小,可以忽略不计,因此图中${R}_{\text{LISN}}$是2个50 Ω电阻并联,${R}_{\text{LISN}}$=25 Ω。
根据图4的噪声等效模型可知,通过调整${C}_{\text{Q}}$或者${C}_{\text{m}}$可以减小共模噪声。一般在工程应用中,会在电位跳变点和大地之间(如$M$点和大地之间)使用Y电容来减小共模噪声,但是需要通过不断试错的方式得到抑制噪声最佳的电容,本文基于${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}$在低边的正激变换器,提出一种计算方法,通过理论计算可以得到抑制噪声效果最佳的外接电容。推导过程如下:对图4电路列出回路电流方程
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left[{R}_{\text{LISN}}\text{+}\frac{\text{1}}{\text{j}\omega \text{(}{C}_{\text{m}}\text{+}{C}_{\text{x}}\text{)}}\right]{\dot{I}}_{1}-{R}_{\text{LISN}}{\dot{I}}_{2}={\dot{U}}_{1}\\ \left[{R}_{\text{LISN}}\text{+}\frac{\text{1}}{\text{j}\omega \text{(}{C}_{\text{Q}}\text{+}C\text{g)}}\right]{\dot{I}}_{2}-{R}_{\text{LISN}}{\dot{I}}_{1}={\dot{U}}_{2}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\dot{I}}_{1}、{\dot{I}}_{\text{2}}$分别为图4中回路1、2的回路电流;${\dot{U}}_{\text{1}}$${\dot{U}}_{\text{2}}$分别为图4中回路1、2的等效电动势。
一般${C}_{\text{m}}、{C}_{\text{Q}}$${C}_{\text{g}}$单位均为pF,且并接的${C}_{\text{x}}$也是pF级别,在传导频段的阻抗远远大于25 Ω,因此为方便计算,将式(1)改写并求解得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left[\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega \left({C}_{\text{m}}+{C}_{\text{x}}\right)}\right]{\dot{I}}_{1}-{R}_{\text{LISN}}{\dot{I}}_{2}={\dot{U}}_{1}\\ \left[\frac{1}{\text{j}\omega \left({C}_{\text{Q}}+{C}_{\text{g}}\right)}\right]{\dot{I}}_{2}-{R}_{\text{LISN}}{\dot{I}}_{1}={\dot{U}}_{2}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{I}}_{1}={\dot{U}}_{1}\text{j}\omega \left({C}_{\text{m}}+{C}_{\text{x}}\right)-{\omega }^{2}\left({C}_{\text{Q}}+{C}_{\text{g}}\right)\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left({C}_{\text{m}}+{C}_{\text{x}}\right){\dot{U}}_{2}{R}_{\text{LISN}}\\ {\dot{I}}_{2}={\dot{U}}_{2}\text{j}\omega \left({C}_{\text{Q}}+{C}_{\text{g}}\right)-{\omega }^{2}\left({C}_{\text{Q}}+{C}_{\text{g}}\right)\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left({C}_{\text{m}}+{C}_{\text{x}}\right){\dot{U}}_{1}{R}_{\text{LISN}}\end{array}\right.$
式(3)中2个电流的实数部分远远小于其虚数部分,因此在下列计算时进行省略。用插入损耗表示外接电容对噪声的影响,表达式为
$\begin{array}{l}\text{IL}\left({C}_{\text{x}}\right)=20\mathrm{lg}\left|\frac{\dot{I}\left(0\right)}{\dot{I}\left({C}_{\text{x}}\right)}\right|=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }20\mathrm{lg}\left|\frac{{\dot{U}}_{2}\left({C}_{\text{Q}}+{C}_{\text{g}}\right)-{\dot{U}}_{1}{C}_{\text{m}}}{{\dot{U}}_{2}\left({C}_{\text{Q}}+{C}_{\text{g}}\right)-{\dot{U}}_{1}\left({C}_{\text{m}}+{C}_{\text{x}}\right)}\right|\end{array}$
式中,$\dot{I}({C}_{\text{x}})={\dot{I}}_{2}-{\dot{I}}_{1}$
可以看出在没有外接电容时,若${I}_{2}>{I}_{1}$,随着外接电容变大,插入损耗会先变大后变小;若${I}_{2}<{I}_{1}$,插入损耗会一直减小。若为第1种情况,假设插入损耗最大时并联的外接电容为${C}_{\text{max}}$,此时共模噪声最小,则在并接任意电容${C}_{0}$时有
$\text{IL}\left({C}_{\text{0}}\right)=20\mathrm{lg}\left|\frac{{\dot{U}}_{1}\left({C}_{\text{m}}+{C}_{\text{max}}\right)-{\dot{U}}_{1}{C}_{\text{m}}}{{\dot{U}}_{1}\left({C}_{\text{m}}+{C}_{\text{max}}\right)-{\dot{U}}_{1}\left({C}_{\text{m}}+{C}_{\text{x}}\right)}\right|\text{=}$
$20\mathrm{lg}\left|\frac{{C}_{\text{max}}}{{C}_{\text{max}}-{C}_{\text{0}}}\right|$
因此,可以通过外接电容的方式降低共模噪声。若为上述第1种情况,可以根据式(5)准确得到使共模噪声效果最佳的外接电容值;若为第2种情况,则需要在A点、C点并接电容,增大噪声电流${I}_{2}$,计算方式与上文一致,同样可以计算出最小噪声时并接电容的大小。
对于图4的正激变换器共模噪声模型,可以使用外部并接电容的方法减小共模噪声,还可以通过减小流经变压器的噪声电流使总共模噪声减小。文献[17]提到变压器传输的共模噪声电流可以用二次侧绕组感应的电荷量来表示,通过将电荷量归算到一次侧,使用共模端口有效电容${C}_{\text{Q}}$来表示。若一、二次侧均为单层结构且无屏蔽层,窗口高度为$H$时,${C}_{\text{Q}}$可以表示为
$Q={C}_{\text{Q}}{U}_{\text{P}}={\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{H}\frac{{C}_{0}}{H}(\Delta {u}_{\text{P}}-\Delta {u}_{\text{s}})}\text{d}x=\frac{1}{2}{C}_{0}({U}_{\text{P}}-{U}_{\text{S}})$
式中:Q为二次侧感应的电荷量;${U}_{\text{p}}、{U}_{\text{S}}$分别为一、二次绕组的电压;$\Delta {u}_{\text{p}}-\Delta {u}_{\text{s}}$为微元电容的电位差。
通过式(6)可以有效评估共模端口有效电容的大小,但是式(6)计算的电荷量仅考虑了正对绕组间的电荷量,忽略了非正对绕组间产生的电荷量,如图5(a)所示。在绕组间距较大时,非正对绕组距离较大,其产生的电荷量远小于正对绕组间产生的电荷量,因此使用式(6)可以较好地计算电荷量,若距离较小,则不可忽略非正对绕组产生的电荷量,此时式(6)会存在较大误差。基于此,本文对计算电荷量的方法进行改进,综合考虑正对绕组与非正对绕组产生的电荷量。如图6所示,假设窗口高度为H,两绕组间距离为d,绕组线圈的半径为r,对于第${a}_{\text{x}}$一次绕组,其感应的电荷量可以表示为
$\begin{array}{l}{Q}_{{a}_{\text{x}}}={\displaystyle {\int }_{-{\theta }_{2}}^{{\theta }_{1}}\frac{\epsilon \cdot 2\text{π}r\left(d/\mathrm{cos}\theta \right)\Delta \theta }{\left(d/\mathrm{cos}\theta \right)}}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left[\frac{{U}_{\text{P}}}{H}d\mathrm{tan}{\theta }_{2}-\frac{{U}_{\text{S}}}{H}d(\mathrm{tan}{\theta }_{2}+\mathrm{tan}\theta )\right]\end{array}$
式中:$\epsilon $为介电常数;$\theta $为角度。求解得
$\begin{array}{l}{Q}_{{a}_{\text{x}}}=\epsilon \cdot 2\text{π}r\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left[\frac{{U}_{\text{P}}-{U}_{\text{S}}}{H}d\mathrm{tan}{\theta }_{2}({\theta }_{1}+{\theta }_{2})+\right.\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left.\frac{{U}_{\text{S}}}{H}d\mathrm{ln}\left|\frac{\mathrm{cos}{\theta }_{1}}{\mathrm{cos}{\theta }_{2}}\right|\right]\end{array}$
${\theta }_{1}、{\theta }_{2}$${a}_{\text{x}}$代替可得
$\begin{array}{c}{Q}_{{a}_{\text{x}}}=\epsilon \cdot 2\text{π}r\left\{\frac{{U}_{\text{P}}-{U}_{\text{S}}}{H}{a}_{\text{x}}\left[\text{arctan}(\frac{H-{a}_{\text{x}}}{d})+\right.\right.\\ \left.\text{arctan}(\frac{{a}_{\text{x}}}{d})\right]\left.+\frac{{U}_{\text{S}}}{2H}d\mathrm{ln}\left[\frac{{d}^{2}+{a}_{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}}{{d}^{2}+{(H-{a}_{\text{x}})}^{2}}\right]\right\}\text{ }\end{array}$
式中:$\epsilon \cdot 2\text{π}r$可由${C}_{0}\left(d\text{/}H\right)$得到,${C}_{0}$为结构电容。对式(9)从0到H分为k份求和,则可得到考虑正对与非正对绕组的总感应电荷量
$Q=\sum_{a_{\mathrm{x}}=0}^{H} Q_{a_{\mathrm{x}}}$
k和绕组间距d及绕组的紧密程度α有关,为了明确k的取值,本文基于Ansys电磁场仿真软件,在2DMaxwell建立图7所示模型,通过仿真提取出kdα的值,并进一步得到数学模型,可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}k=0.000\text{ }675\text{ }1+0.684\text{ }7d-0.009\text{ }962\alpha +\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }497.8{d}^{2}+32.18d\alpha \end{array}$
式中,α为绕组直径与窗口高度之比。
仿真时,一次侧18匝,二次侧10匝,窗口高度为21.4 mm,改变一、二次侧绕组间距与二次绕组直径,得到传统计算模型(图8中虚线)、改进计算模型(图8中实线)与仿真的电荷量的误差,如图8所示。
图8可见,改进计算模型与仿真值在多数情况误差较小。当二次侧直径为1 mm,即绕线绕制较疏时,传统计算模型与改进计算模型误差基本一致,且随绕组间距变化不大;当二次侧直径为2 mm时,传统计算模型与改进计算模型误差较大,且随绕线间距变化而变化。这表明绕线的疏密程度是影响计算模型准确性的重要因素,且绕线较密时,使用改进计算模型误差较小。
为了降低变压器传输的共模噪声,可以使用调整接线端位置,减小一、二次侧电位差的方式,也可以使用铜箔屏蔽或平衡绕组的方式使二次侧感应的净电荷量为0,来减小共模噪声。为了验证上述改进计算模型的准确性,本文使用平衡绕组的方式使得二次侧感应净电荷量为0,以改善正激变换器的共模噪声。
在变压器中使用平衡绕组的结构如图9所示,图中仅画出了变压器一半结构,绕组的接线点位置如图3所示,变压器具体参数:一次侧(P)绕组36匝,复位(N)绕组36匝,二次侧(S)绕组10匝,平衡绕组接二次侧静点(电位不跳变点),窗口高度H=21.4 mm。由匝数可知绕组的电位${V}_{\text{p}}:{V}_{\text{n}}:{V}_{\text{s}}=$ 36∶36∶10,且一次绕组的电位跳变与其他两绕组电位跳变相反,即设一次绕组电位为正,则可以得到图9中随窗口高度的电位分布。要使变压器传输的共模噪声为0,即二次绕组感应的净电荷量为0,则需使图9中一、二次侧相邻绕组间电荷量相等。
使用传统计算模型得到的二次侧感应净电荷量可表示为
${Q}_{\text{T}}=\left|{\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{H}\frac{{C}_{\text{A}1}}{H}\frac{0.5{v}_{\text{p}}-({n}_{3}/36){v}_{\text{p}}}{H}}x\text{d}x-\right.$
$\left.{\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{H}\frac{{C}_{\text{A}2}}{H}\frac{0.5{v}_{\text{n}}-{v}_{\text{s}}}{H}}x\text{d}x\right|$
式中:${C}_{\text{A1}}$为平衡绕组、P绕组之间的结构电容;${C}_{\text{A2}}$为相邻P、N绕组间的结构电容;${n}_{3}$为平衡绕组的匝数。要使${Q}_{\text{T}}$=0,则可计算得到平衡绕组的匝数为
${n}_{3}=18-\frac{8{C}_{\text{A}2}}{{C}_{\text{A}1}}$
由于改进公式计算模型较为复杂,因此为了验证改进计算模型的准确性,按图9绕制2个除平衡绕组外均相同的变压器,其中2个变压器的P与N绕组线径均为1.24 mm,S绕组线径均为1.83 mm,相邻P与N绕组距离均为0.8 mm,平衡绕组与相邻一次侧距离均为0.5 mm,平衡绕组匝数均为10匝,1号变压器平衡绕组线径为1.63 mm,2号变压器平衡绕组线径为2.24 mm。使用阻抗分析仪对1号变压器测量得到${C}_{\text{A1}}$=72 pF、${C}_{\text{A2}}$=70 pF,对2号变压器测量得到${C}_{\text{A1}}$=71 pF、${C}_{\text{A2}}$=70 pF。可以发现根据式(12),1号变压器的${Q}_{\text{T}}$=8 pC,2号变压器的${Q}_{\text{T}}$=4 pC,即按照传统计算模型,2个变压器抵消共模噪声电流的效果近似相等,均可较好地抑制噪声电流。但根据式(9)~式(11),1号变压器的${Q}_{\text{T}}$=41.525 pC,2号变压器的${Q}_{\text{T}}$=12.7 pC,因此按照改进计算模型,2号变压器抑制噪声效果优于1号变压器。
以1台正激电路实验样机进行实验验证。样机的电路参数:输入电压为交流220 V,输出电压为直流24 V,输出功率为240 W,开关频率为68 kHz。其中变压器基本参数:磁芯型号PQ3535;一次绕组36匝、0.2 mm×15多股绞线,两层绕制;二次绕组10匝、0.2 mm×45股多股绞线,单层绕制;复位绕组36匝、0.2 mm×15多股绞线,两层绕制。实验测试时,采用市电两线接法,将一、二次侧散热片分别接一、二次侧地,噪声测量采用电流法测量共模噪声,以下测量结果中噪声频谱单位为dBμA。
首先验证外接电容降低噪声方法的有效性。在原始变压器的基础上并接5.0 pF电容,得到式(5)左侧约为0.8 dBμA,计算出外接电容为2.6 pF或55.0 pF时测量的噪声最小。在并接2.5 pF后测量出的噪声频谱最小,并接55.0 pF时噪声反而恶化,这是因为并接电容过大导致过补偿进而使得噪声恶化。由图10可见,接2.5 pF电容后在大部分频段小于接5.0 pF时的噪声,在12 MHz左右外接电容效果不理想,结果验证了可以使用式(5)准确得到具体外接的电容${C}_{\text{max}}$的大小,使噪声有效降低。
然后验证改进计算模型的准确性,如图11可见,使用平衡绕组的方法可以有效降低共模噪声大小,且2号变压器在大部分传导频段噪声小于1号变压器,但在20 MHz以上的频段,2号变压器噪声大于1号变压器,这是因为在高频段,器件的近场耦合效应明显,使得噪声恶化。结果验证了在绕组绕制较密或者绕组距离较近时,使用改进模型计算得到的感应电荷量准确性较高。
本文深入分析了单管正激变换器的传导共模EMI特性,得到如下结论。
(1)通过改变电路结构,使用外接电容,或对变压器结构设计,使用平衡绕组等方法可以有效抑制单管正激变换器的共模噪声。
(2)变压器容性参数是影响共模噪声大小的主要因素,可以通过变压器二次侧感应的净电荷量或共模端口有效电容,来表征对噪声抑制的能力。在绕组绕制较密或者绕组距离较近时,使用改进模型计算得到的感应电荷量准确性更高。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777036)
  • 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2022J01565)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.298
  • 接收时间:2022-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-10
  • 修回日期:2022-08-10
  • 录用日期:2022-09-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51777036)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777036)
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J01565)
福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2022J01565)
作者信息
    福州大学电气工程与自动化学院,福州 350108

通讯作者:

陈为(1958— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子功率变换、高频磁技术、电磁兼容诊断与滤波器、电磁场分析与应用、电磁检测。E-mail:
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