Article(id=1146828028329464810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657382400000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-10, revisedDate=1666022400000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-18, acceptedDate=1667664000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-11-06, onlineDate=1751354708988, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354708988, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867265, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354708988, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354708988, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844397484933639, articleId=1146828028329464810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Two-layer Optimal Strategy for Microgrid Considering Flexible Resources, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the capability of microgrid in coping with new energy output and load uncertainty, an optimal control strategy for microgrid considering flexible resources is proposed. According to the source-storage-load characteristics of various flexible resources, a two-layer optimal scheduling model for microgrid is established. In the user layer, user-side flexibility resources are introduced, with an optimization goal of minimizing the difference between user costs and net load and decision variables of electric vehicles and output power of translatable loads. In the source-storage layer model, flexible resources are added to the energy storage and power generation sides, with an optimization goal of minimizing the microgrid operators’ cost and load loss rate and decision variables of gas turbines, main network tie-line and output power of energy storage unit. A case study based on scenario-reduced seasonal typical daily data is simulated, and the improved MOEA/D(multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition) algorithm is used to solve the two-layer optimal scheduling model. Results show that the average annual user cost is reduced by 6.85%, the average annual total cost of operators is reduced by 14.68%, and the average annual load loss rate is reduced by 6.65%. The results verified the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

, correspAuthors=Yunjun YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yunjun YU, Linfeng YANG, Zhirui HA, Zhiping ZHONG, Guoying ZHONG, Hai GONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828031500357734, articleId=1146828028329464810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=考虑灵活性资源的微电网双层优化策略, columnId=1149829992055595012, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=新能源系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高微电网应对新能源出力和负荷不确定性的能力,提出1种考虑灵活性资源的微电网优化控制策略。根据各类灵活性资源的源储荷特性进行分类,建立微电网双层优化调度模型。用户层引入用户侧灵活性资源,以用户费用和净负荷差值最小为优化目标,决策变量为电动汽车和可平移负荷出力功率。源储层模型加入储能侧与发电侧灵活性资源,以微电网运营商成本和失负荷率最小为优化目标,决策变量为燃气轮机、主网联络线和储能单元出力功率。使用场景缩减的季节典型日数据进行算例仿真,采用改进后的基于分解的多目标进化MOEA/D(multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition)算法对双层优化调度模型进行求解,年均用户费用降低6.85%,运营商年均总成本下降14.68%,年均失负荷率下降6.65%,验证了本文所提模型的合理性和有效性。

, correspAuthors=余运俊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
余运俊(1978— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能微电网控制、光伏预测、最优控制及其在光伏微电网系统中的应用。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=brW6HwYTMm7ehwsvzpCcjw==, magXml=JrnAdsaEtAFSG5J9EsBihg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hlL1wJn4v34zFRd2bJtkfQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=SKgI5Pq3zwiJr2ey58spjQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7/pjtzN0tbtjiTaxVJBK9A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨林锋(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

哈志蕊(1986— ),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

钟志萍(1986— ),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

衷国瑛(1992— ),男,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

龚海(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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杨林锋(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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杨林锋(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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哈志蕊(1986— ),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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哈志蕊(1986— ),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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钟志萍(1986— ),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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钟志萍(1986— ),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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衷国瑛(1992— ),男,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

衷国瑛(1992— ),男,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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龚海(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

龚海(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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Coor- dination and optimization method of park-level energy storage and electricity price for local accommodation of renewable energy[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2022, 46(5): 51-61. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152380666788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028329464810, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comparison of results under different schemes for typical days in different seasons, figureFileSmall=aImB4/nVJoWryrkXK9ZyPA==, figureFileBig=6bvlovejwQX5wOg8SpEH5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152510690219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028329464810, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各季节典型日的方案结果对比, figureFileSmall=aImB4/nVJoWryrkXK9ZyPA==, figureFileBig=6bvlovejwQX5wOg8SpEH5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152632325040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028329464810, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Operating parameters of each flexible resource

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设备类型 设备参数 数值
燃气轮机 最大功率/kW 150
最小功率/kW 20
维护费用/(元·kW−1) 0.040 1
燃料费用/(元·kW−1) 0.41
碳排放惩罚/(元·kW−1) 0.152 04
储能系统 最大功率/kW 200
最小功率/kW -200
SOC上、下限 [0.25,0.95]
维护费用/(元·kW−1) 0.104
充放电效率 0.9
电动汽车 最大功率/kW 4
最小功率/kW -4
SOC上、下限 [0.3,0.9]
可平移负荷 充放电效率 0.9
最大功率/kW 200
最小功率/kW 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205945152749765557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028329464810, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各灵活性资源运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备类型 设备参数 数值
燃气轮机 最大功率/kW 150
最小功率/kW 20
维护费用/(元·kW−1) 0.040 1
燃料费用/(元·kW−1) 0.41
碳排放惩罚/(元·kW−1) 0.152 04
储能系统 最大功率/kW 200
最小功率/kW -200
SOC上、下限 [0.25,0.95]
维护费用/(元·kW−1) 0.104
充放电效率 0.9
电动汽车 最大功率/kW 4
最小功率/kW -4
SOC上、下限 [0.3,0.9]
可平移负荷 充放电效率 0.9
最大功率/kW 200
最小功率/kW 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205945152871400381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028329464810, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Time-of-use electricity price for microgrid

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时段类型 具体时段 电价/[元·(kW·h) −1]
08:00—10:00
18:00—20:00
0.964
22:00—05:00 0.273
05:00—08:00
10:00—18:00
20:00—22:00
0.575
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153022395334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028329464810, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微电网分时电价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段类型 具体时段 电价/[元·(kW·h) −1]
08:00—10:00
18:00—20:00
0.964
22:00—05:00 0.273
05:00—08:00
10:00—18:00
20:00—22:00
0.575
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153169195981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028329464810, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Optimization results under different schemes on typical day

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节 结果 方案1 方案2 方案3 方案4 方案5
夏季 用户费用/元 14 325 13 704 14 325 13 704 13 704
失负荷率/% 0 0 0 0 0
运营成本/元 11 348 11 348 10 591 9 689 9 487
运行时间/s 602 629 627 654 680
冬季 用户费用/元 12 381 11 678 12 381 11 678 11 678
失负荷率/% 26.2% 26.2% 17.7% 8.35% 7.34%
运营成本/元 15 145 15 145 14 629 13 801 13 565
运行时间/s 541 562 569 592 640
过渡季 用户费用/元 11 135 10 169 11 135 10 169 10 169
失负荷率/% 3.88% 3.88% 3.49% 0.69% 0
运营成本/元 12 141 12 141 11 120 10 475 10 055
运行时间/s 623 642 649 672 699
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153286636501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028329464810, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

典型日不同方案的优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节 结果 方案1 方案2 方案3 方案4 方案5
夏季 用户费用/元 14 325 13 704 14 325 13 704 13 704
失负荷率/% 0 0 0 0 0
运营成本/元 11 348 11 348 10 591 9 689 9 487
运行时间/s 602 629 627 654 680
冬季 用户费用/元 12 381 11 678 12 381 11 678 11 678
失负荷率/% 26.2% 26.2% 17.7% 8.35% 7.34%
运营成本/元 15 145 15 145 14 629 13 801 13 565
运行时间/s 541 562 569 592 640
过渡季 用户费用/元 11 135 10 169 11 135 10 169 10 169
失负荷率/% 3.88% 3.88% 3.49% 0.69% 0
运营成本/元 12 141 12 141 11 120 10 475 10 055
运行时间/s 623 642 649 672 699
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考虑灵活性资源的微电网双层优化策略
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余运俊 1 , 杨林锋 1 , 哈志蕊 2 , 钟志萍 2 , 衷国瑛 2 , 龚海 1
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025,23(2): 115-124
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025, 23(2): 115-124
考虑灵活性资源的微电网双层优化策略
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余运俊1 , 杨林锋1 , 哈志蕊2 , 钟志萍2 , 衷国瑛2 , 龚海1
作者信息
  • 1 南昌大学信息工程学院,南昌 330031
  • 2 萍乡供电公司,萍乡 337000
  • 杨林锋(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

    哈志蕊(1986— ),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

    钟志萍(1986— ),女,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

    衷国瑛(1992— ),男,硕士。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

    龚海(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

通讯作者:

余运俊(1978— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能微电网控制、光伏预测、最优控制及其在光伏微电网系统中的应用。E-mail:
Two-layer Optimal Strategy for Microgrid Considering Flexible Resources
Yunjun YU1 , Linfeng YANG1 , Zhirui HA2 , Zhiping ZHONG2 , Guoying ZHONG2 , Hai GONG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
  • 2 Pingxiang Power Supply Company, Pingxiang 337000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.115
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为提高微电网应对新能源出力和负荷不确定性的能力,提出1种考虑灵活性资源的微电网优化控制策略。根据各类灵活性资源的源储荷特性进行分类,建立微电网双层优化调度模型。用户层引入用户侧灵活性资源,以用户费用和净负荷差值最小为优化目标,决策变量为电动汽车和可平移负荷出力功率。源储层模型加入储能侧与发电侧灵活性资源,以微电网运营商成本和失负荷率最小为优化目标,决策变量为燃气轮机、主网联络线和储能单元出力功率。使用场景缩减的季节典型日数据进行算例仿真,采用改进后的基于分解的多目标进化MOEA/D(multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition)算法对双层优化调度模型进行求解,年均用户费用降低6.85%,运营商年均总成本下降14.68%,年均失负荷率下降6.65%,验证了本文所提模型的合理性和有效性。

可再生能源  /  微电网  /  调度  /  灵活性资源  /  改进MOEA/D算法  /  多目标优化

To improve the capability of microgrid in coping with new energy output and load uncertainty, an optimal control strategy for microgrid considering flexible resources is proposed. According to the source-storage-load characteristics of various flexible resources, a two-layer optimal scheduling model for microgrid is established. In the user layer, user-side flexibility resources are introduced, with an optimization goal of minimizing the difference between user costs and net load and decision variables of electric vehicles and output power of translatable loads. In the source-storage layer model, flexible resources are added to the energy storage and power generation sides, with an optimization goal of minimizing the microgrid operators’ cost and load loss rate and decision variables of gas turbines, main network tie-line and output power of energy storage unit. A case study based on scenario-reduced seasonal typical daily data is simulated, and the improved MOEA/D(multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition) algorithm is used to solve the two-layer optimal scheduling model. Results show that the average annual user cost is reduced by 6.85%, the average annual total cost of operators is reduced by 14.68%, and the average annual load loss rate is reduced by 6.65%. The results verified the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Renewable energy  /  microgrid  /  scheduling  /  flexible resource  /  improved MOEA/D algorithm  /  multi-objective optimization
余运俊, 杨林锋, 哈志蕊, 钟志萍, 衷国瑛, 龚海. 考虑灵活性资源的微电网双层优化策略. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 115 -124 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.115
Yunjun YU, Linfeng YANG, Zhirui HA, Zhiping ZHONG, Guoying ZHONG, Hai GONG. Two-layer Optimal Strategy for Microgrid Considering Flexible Resources[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 115 -124 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.115
作为目前分布式电源最有效的组织形式,微电网系统不仅可以实现能量的梯级利用,还能提升能源消纳率,实现光伏和风电等可再生能源的高比例接入[1-3]。但是受自身容量限制及可再生能源出力与负荷需求不确定性的影响,很难保证系统的经济可靠运行[4-5]。因此,考虑微电网内部的多类灵活性资源并搭配合理的优化调度计划成为新形势下微电网研究工作的重点。
目前国内外学者的研究侧重于灵活性评估指标的构建和系统规划中灵活性评价,对电力系统灵活性的定义进行了详细介绍[6],从灵活性充裕度视角分析各类灵活性资源的供需特性,提出灵活性量化指标以提高系统的消纳能力[7]。同时,为合理调度微电网内部多类灵活性资源,国内外学者在含新能源及电动汽车的微电网多层优化协同控制方法上进行了大量研究。文献[8]将微电网作为上层领导者,以自身收益最大为目标函数,与下层电动汽车充换储一体化电站传输交易,下层通过调整内部电价改变充放电计划以最大化自身收益,同时采用差分进化算法分别对上、下层优化问题进行求解;文献[9]采取多目标分级方法,根据微电网内部各灵活性资源运行所起作用的不同,将其分为负荷级、源荷级和源网荷级的三级优化问题,同时采用变异粒子群优化MPSO(mutation particle swarm optimization)算法分别对分级后的3个模型进行求解;文献[10]提出了1种考虑电动汽车随机接入的微电网多目标优化负荷分配模型,并使用改进的粒子群算法在3种不同调度场景下进行求解,验证其所提方法的科学性及有效性。其次,以经济性为优化目标,如以总运行成本最小为优化目标,制定离网状态下的最优调度方案[11],但未考虑不同季节对调度计划有效性的影响,对于涉及的灵活性资源的研究也不够全面[12],如文献[13]从调度灵活性视角分析需求响应中可平移负荷对离网型微电网系统的影响,但其响应策略没有准确数据支撑,无法得到真实情况下可平移负荷参与时的调度方案。
本文通过加入用户侧、储能侧与发电侧灵活性资源,建立以用户费用、运营商成本、净负荷均值及失负荷率最低为优化目标的微电网双层优化调度模型,实现对灵活性资源的合理分配,制定最优调度方案。算例以不同季节下的微电网系统为研究对象,验证本文所提模型的合理性和有效性。
本文研究的微电网系统架构如图1所示,内部由光伏单元、风力发电单元、发电侧灵活性资源的可控式发电单元和储能系统向基础负荷、电动汽车EV (electric vehicle)负荷和可平移负荷供电,并与上级电网通过联络线进行能量交互,确保系统功率平衡。
根据灵活性资源的源储荷特性,本文选取电动汽车单元与可平移负荷单元作为用户侧灵活性资源,将柴油发电机与燃气轮机作为发电侧灵活性资源,飞轮储能、蓄电池、超级电容与超导储能系统SMES (superconducting magnetic energy storage)等归为储能侧灵活性资源。
以微电网灵活性的角度分析,电动汽车放电时,可视为移动电源,减少负荷需求大于可再生能源发电量时的失负荷量;充电时可作为移动负荷,减少可再生能源发电量高于负荷需求时的弃风弃光量。利用电动汽车的双重特性,合理安排其充放电调度,可以有效减少净负荷差值及用户的购电成本[14]。其中电动汽车i的荷电状态SOC(state of charge)为
${S}_{i}(t)={S}_{0,i}+{\displaystyle \sum _{t={T}_{\mathrm{in},i}}^{{T}_{\text{out,}i}+24}\frac{{P}_{i}(t)\cdot {\eta }_{i}\cdot {\mu }_{i}(t)}{{Q}_{\text{s},i}}}$
式中:${S}_{i}\left(t\right)$为车辆it时刻的荷电状态;${S}_{0,i}$为车辆i初始时刻荷电状态;${P}_{i}\left(t\right)$为车辆it时刻的充电或放电功率;${\eta }_{i}$为电能转化效率;${\mu }_{i}\left(t\right)$为车辆it时刻的充放电状态;${Q}_{\text{s},i}$为电池总容量;${T}_{\text{in},i}$为车辆i结束出行的入网时刻;${T}_{\text{out},i}$为车辆i离开微电网的出行开始时刻。
可平移负荷是调整开启时间对其用电时段进行平移但总量保持不变的负荷,如空调、洗衣机、冰箱、热水器及大/中型工商业用户等。通过峰谷电价与电网补贴等方式调整用电时间与用电功率,能够达到削峰填谷,消纳多余可再生能源和实现系统经济运行的目的,是微电网优化调度中重要的资源[15],其过程可表示为
${\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{L}_{\text{tr}}}(t)-{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{P}_{\text{tr}}}(t)=\text{0}$
式中,${L}_{\text{tr}}\left(t\right)、{P}_{\text{tr}}\left(t\right)$分别为t时刻调度前、后的可平移负荷功率。
储能是微电网的重要组成部分,其调峰调频与用户需求管理功能契合灵活性资源的特点。在可再生能源充足时储存电能,不足时释放电能。本文选取微电网中常见的蓄电池代表储能侧灵活性资源,其荷电状态反映储能系统ESS(energy storage system)当前时段容量占总容量的比例,决定了储能系统调度周期内后续时刻的充放电状态,其计算公式为
${S}_{\text{ess}}(t+1)=(1-\delta )\cdot {S}_{\text{ess}}(t)-\frac{\Delta t\cdot {\eta }_{\text{ess}}(t)\cdot {P}_{\text{ess}}(t)}{{E}_{\text{ess}}}$
式中:${S}_{\text{ess}}\left(t\right)$t时刻ESS荷电状态;δ为ESS自放电效率;$\Delta t=1\text{ h}$${\eta }_{\text{ess}}(t)$为ESS在t时刻的充放电效率;${P}_{\text{ess}}\left(t\right)$t时刻ESS的充、放电功率,其值大于0时表示储能向微电网放电,小于0时表示储能系统充电;${E}_{\text{ess}}$为ESS的最大容量。
本文所述发电侧灵活性资源采用燃气轮机,其通过燃烧天然气,将天然气中的化学能转化为电能和热能,以弥补风机和光伏单元发电的不足,保证微电网的可持续供电,为用户提供可靠的电力服务。燃气轮机的发电功率为
${P}_{\text{MT}}(t)={V}_{\text{MT}}(t)\cdot {L}_{\text{MT}}{\eta }_{\text{MT}}$
式中,${P}_{\text{MT}}(t)、{V}_{\text{MT}}(t)、{L}_{\text{MT}}、{\eta }_{\text{MT}}$分别为t时刻燃气轮机的发电功率、单位时间天然气消耗量、燃气热值、发电效率。
微电网系统中灵活性资源的存在形式可分为用户侧灵活性资源、储能侧灵活性资源与发电侧灵活性资源,所建立的双层优化模型如图2所示。该模型先利用用户侧灵活性资源减少系统内的净负荷波动,再合理安排储能侧与发电侧灵活性资源出力状态,在协调源荷特性的同时有利于更好发挥灵活性资源的经济优势。用户层模型中的微电网需求负荷响应中心通过调度微电网系统内的可平移负荷与电动汽车单元,制定出合理的用户需求曲线,能够有效减少用户的购电费用与净负荷波动;再基于用户层所提供的优化后总负荷曲线,源储层模型中的微电网运营商调度中心可通过对发电侧灵活性资源与储能侧灵活性资源进行协调调度,以降低微电网系统的失负荷量与运营商成本。
用户层模型的目标函数为用户成本${F}_{1}$及净负荷差值${F}_{2}$最小。用户成本${F}_{1}$包括电动汽车充电费用及放电补贴之和${C}_{\text{ev,cost}}$、可平移负荷购电费用${C}_{\mathrm{tr},\mathrm{cost}}$与不可平移负荷购电费用${C}_{\text{im,cost}}$。净负荷差值${F}_{2}$为微电网在日前调度期间负荷总值${P}_{\text{L}}\left(t\right)$与风光出力预测值${P}_{\text{WT}}\left(t\right)、{P}_{\text{PV}}\left(t\right)$之差。${F}_{1}$${F}_{2}$的表达式分别为
${F}_{1}={C}_{\text{ev,c}\text{ost}}\text{+}{C}_{\text{tr}\text{,c}\text{ost}}+{C}_{\text{im,c}\text{ost}}$
${C}_{\text{ev,c}\text{ost}}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{24}{P}_{\text{L,ev}}(t)\cdot {P}_{\text{r}}(t)}$
${C}_{\text{tr}\text{,c}\text{ost}}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{24}{P}_{\text{L,tr}}(t)\cdot {P}_{\text{r}}(t)}$
${C}_{\text{im}\text{,c}\text{ost}}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{24}{P}_{\text{L,im}}(t)\cdot {P}_{\text{r}}(t)}$
${F}_{2}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{24}\left|{P}_{\text{L}}(t)-{P}_{\text{WT}}(t)+{P}_{\text{PV}}(t)\right|}$
${P}_{\text{L}}(t)={P}_{\text{L,ev}}(t)+{P}_{\text{L,im}}(t)+{P}_{\text{L,tr}}(t)$
式中:${P}_{\text{L,ev}}\left(t\right)、{P}_{\text{L,tr}}\left(t\right)、{P}_{\text{L,im}}\left(t\right)$分别为t时刻电动汽车、可平移负荷、不可平移负荷的实时功率;${P}_{\text{r}}\left(t\right)$为微电网t时刻的分时电价;${P}_{\text{L}}\left(t\right)、{P}_{\text{WT}}\left(t\right)$${P}_{\text{PV}}\left(t\right)$分别为t时刻微电网总负荷、风机出力、光伏出力的预测功率。不可平移负荷为运行过程中不可被微电网系统所调控的负荷单元,且其出力具有不确定性。目前不可平移负荷的预测精度很高,较好的预测模型精度可达95%以上。
电动汽车充、放电约束条件表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{\text{ev}}^{\text{min}}⩽{S}_{\text{ev}}(t)⩽{S}_{\text{ev}}^{\text{max}}\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{ev}}^{\text{min}}⩽{P}_{\text{ev}}(t)⩽{P}_{\text{ev}}^{\text{max}}\hfill \end{array}\right.$
式中:${S}_{\text{ev}}\left(t\right)、{S}_{\text{ev}}^{\text{max}}、{S}_{\text{ev}}^{\text{min}}$分别为t时刻的电动汽车荷电状态、电动汽车荷电状态上限、电动汽车荷电状态下限;${P}_{\text{ev}}\left(t\right)、{P}_{\text{ev}}^{\text{max}}、{P}_{\text{ev}}^{\text{min}}$分别为t时刻的电动汽车充电功率、电动汽车最大充电功率、电动汽车最大放电功率。
可平移负荷需求总量约束条件表示为
${W}_{\text{L,tr}}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{P}_{\text{L,tr}}}(t)\cdot \Delta T$
式中,${W}_{\text{L,tr}}$为调度周期内的可平移负荷需求总量,平移前、后整个调度周期内的总负荷量都应保持不变。
可平移负荷功率上、下限表示为
${P}_{\text{L,tr}}^{\text{min}}⩽{P}_{\text{L,tr}}(t)⩽{P}_{\text{L,tr}}^{\text{max}}$
式中,${P}_{\text{L,tr}}^{\text{max}}$${P}_{\text{L,tr}}^{\text{min}}$分别为可平移负荷在t时刻的用电功率上限和下限。
源储层模型的目标函数为微电网运营商成本${F}_{3}$及微电网运行周期内的失负荷率${F}_{4}$最小。其中运营商成本${F}_{3}$包括燃气轮机运行产生的综合运行成本${C}_{\text{MT,cost}}$、主网联络线的总成本${C}_{\text{grid,cost}}$、储能系统的运维成本${C}_{\text{ess,cost}}$与购电成本${C}_{\text{buy}}$${F}_{3}$${F}_{4}$的表达式分别为
${F}_{3}={C}_{\text{MT,cost }}+{C}_{\text{grid,cost}}+{C}_{\text{ess,cost}}+{C}_{\text{buy}\text{ }}$
${C}_{\text{MT,cost}\text{ }}={C}_{\text{MT,om}}+{C}_{\text{MT,EN}}+{C}_{\text{MT,fuel}\text{ }}$
${C}_{\text{MT,om}}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T} {K}_{\text{om,MT}}}\cdot {P}_{\text{MT}}(t)$
${C}_{\text{MT,EN}}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{K}\left({C}_{k}{\gamma }_{\text{MT,}k}\right)\cdot }}{P}_{\text{MT}}(t)$
${C}_{\text{MT,fuel }}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T} {K}_{\text{fuel,MT}}}\cdot {P}_{\text{MT}}(t)$
${C}_{\text{grid, cost}\text{ }}={C}_{\text{grid, price}\text{ }}+{C}_{\text{grid,EN }}+{C}_{\text{grid, wave }}$
${C}_{\text{grid, price }}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{P}_{\text{r}}}(t)\cdot {P}_{\text{grid }}(t)$
${C}_{\text{grid, EN}}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{K}\left({C}_{k}{\gamma }_{\text{grid,}k}\right)}}\left|{P}_{\text{grid }}(t)\right|$
${C}_{\text{grid,wave }}={\gamma }_{\text{grid,w}\text{ }}{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}\left|{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{P}_{\text{grid }}}(t)-{P}_{\text{grid }}(t)\right|}$
${C}_{\text{ess,cost }}=\left|{P}_{\text{ess }}(t)\right|{\alpha }_{\text{ess,om}}$
${C}_{\text{buy}}={P}_{\text{WT}}(t)\cdot {C}_{\text{WT}}+{P}_{\text{PV}}(t)\cdot {C}_{\text{PV}}$
${P}_{\text{g}}(t)={P}_{\text{WT}}(t)+{P}_{\text{PV}}(t)+{P}_{\text{grid}}(t)+{P}_{\text{ess}}(t)+{P}_{\text{MT}}(t)$
${F}_{4}=\frac{{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{24}{P}_{\text{L}}}(t)-{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{24}{P}_{\text{g}}}(t)}{{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{24}{P}_{\text{L}}}(t)}$
式中:${C}_{\text{MT,om}}$为运行维护成本;${C}_{\text{MT,EN}}$为环境治理成本;${C}_{\text{MT,fuel}}$为燃料成本;${K}_{\text{om,MT}}$为燃气轮机的运行维护系数;${P}_{\text{MT}}\left(t\right)$t时刻燃气轮机发电机组出力总和;${C}_{k}$为对第k类污染物的治理费用;${\gamma }_{\text{MT,}k}$为燃气轮机运行过程中产生的第k类污染物总排放量;${K}_{\text{fuel,MT}}$为燃气轮机的燃料系数;${C}_{\text{grid,price}}$为主网与微电网电量的交易成本;${C}_{\text{grid,EN}}$为主网产生的环境治理成本;${\gamma }_{\text{grid,}k}$为主网联络线运行过程中产生的第k类污染物总排放量;${C}_{\text{grid,wave}}$为主网联络线功率惩罚费用;${\gamma }_{\text{grid,}\text{w}}$为主网联络线功率惩罚系数;${P}_{\text{grid}}\left(t\right)$为主网t时刻的联络线功率,其值大于0时表示微电网向主网联络线购电,小于0时表示微电网向主网联络线售电;${\alpha }_{\text{ess,om}}$为储能系统的运行维护系数;${C}_{\text{WT}}$${C}_{\text{PV}}$分别为风机与光伏发电单元的售电电价;${P}_{\text{L}}\left(t\right)$${P}_{\text{g}}\left(t\right)$分别为微电网失负荷率${F}_{4}$中的负荷需求总量与发电总量。
功率平衡约束条件表示为
${P}_{\text{grid}}\text{(}t\text{)}+{P}_{\text{WT}}\text{(}t\text{)}+{P}_{\text{PV}}\text{(}t\text{)}+{P}_{\text{MT}}\text{(}t\text{)}+{P}_{\text{ess}}\text{(}t\text{)}={P}_{\text{L}}\text{(}t\text{)}$
燃气轮机出力约束条件表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\text{MT}}(t)-{P}_{\text{MT}}(t-1)⩽{R}_{\text{MT,max}}^{\text{up}}\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{MT}}(t-1)-{P}_{\text{MT}}(t)⩽{R}_{\text{MT,max}}^{\text{down }}\hfill \end{array}\right.$
式中,${R}_{\text{MT,max}}^{\text{up}}$${R}_{\text{MT,max}}^{\text{down }}$分别为燃气轮机最大向上爬坡速率和最大向下爬坡速率。
储能电池充放电约束条件表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{\text{ess,min}}⩽{S}_{\text{ess}}(t)⩽{S}_{\text{ess,max}}\hfill \\ \left|{P}_{\text{ess}}(t)\right|\cdot \Delta t⩽0.2{E}_{\text{ess}}\hfill \end{array}\right.$
式中,${S}_{\text{ess,min}}$${S}_{\text{ess,max}}$分别为ESS荷电状态的上限和下限。
主网联络线功率上、下限表示为
${P}_{\text{grid }}^{\mathrm{min}}⩽{P}_{\text{grid }}(t)⩽{P}_{\text{grid }}^{\mathrm{max}}$
式中,${P}_{\text{grid}}^{\text{max}}$${P}_{\text{grid}}^{\text{min}}$分别为主网联络线功率的最大值和最小值。
本文采用改进的基于分解的多目标进化MOEA/ D(multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition)算法进行求解。改进算法在原算法[16]的基础上,增加了满足约束的初始化策略及考虑最大适应值提升的取代策略,有效解决了原算法出现的收敛过早和全局搜索能力差等缺点。算法由2个部分组成:第1部分是先将多目标问题分解为一系列的单目标子问题,实现对整个帕累托(Pareto)前沿的逼近;第2部分为针对每一个单目标优化子问题进行信息协同进化,通过不停迭代计算以实现对整个Pareto前沿的有效覆盖。为避免算法在求解过程中陷入局部最优,每次迭代结束,种群始终是由每个子问题的潜在最优解组成,并通过选取恰当的子问题对邻域进行优化,使不同子问题相互交换信息,保证算法的寻优能力,并采用模糊隶属度函数从Pareto前沿上选取最恰当的解决方案。具体流程如图3所示。
本文以含光伏、风机、负荷、电动汽车及储能系统的某商业园区为例[17],对微电网系统的灵活性资源优化调度问题进行研究,相关仿真参数设置见表1 [9],不同季节典型日的源荷数据如图4所示,调度周期为1 d,时间间隔为1 h,设定调度时间内的可平移负荷总量不超过总负荷的10%,电动汽车群数量为100辆,单位时间内主网联络线最大交互功率取500 kW,功率波动惩罚成本为0.3元/(kW·h),碳排放惩罚成本为0.187元/(kW·h),风机和光伏上网单位电价分别为0.38和0.42元/(kW·h)。
微电网与主网的电能交易采用分时电价形式,参考上海市分时电价,具体见表2
通过MATLAB 2018a软件进行仿真实验,电脑配置为Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4790M CPU@3.6GHz。
利用改进后MOEA/D算法对各季节典型日负荷层的电动汽车单元与可平移负荷单元进行优化调度,所得出力结果及微电网系统优化前后总负荷曲线如图5所示。可以看出,09:00至17:00期间电动汽车单元为离网状态,既不充电也不放电,较符合用户的行驶习惯。17:00之后电动汽车并网,参与微电网系统的调度并在晚高峰期间放电缓解用电紧缺情况。同时可平移负荷单元也在早高峰与晚高峰时期,尽量减少出力,将其平移至净负荷较低时工作。优化后,电动汽车的有序充放电与可平移负荷单元的“削峰填谷”使夏季典型日净负荷差值降低55.7%,冬季典型日净负荷差值降低12.4%,过渡季典型日净负荷差值降低10.2%。且电动汽车充电和可平移负荷大功率工作主要集中在谷时电价,可有效减少用户的购电费用;同时电动汽车单元也集中在峰时时刻进行放电,可极大缓解用电紧缺。
参与源储层优化的运行单元为储能侧灵活性资源、发电侧灵活性资源与主网联络线。将用户层优化后的微电网总负荷结果代入源储层模型中,利用改进的MOEA/D算法对其求解,可得出源储层各调度单元的出力情况,如图6所示。可以看出,夏季典型日中主网联络线购电功率与储能充电功率相对较低,这是因为夏季的风光资源充分,对应新能源出力最大,能确保大部分负荷正常供电。冬季的风光资源相应较少,燃气轮机出力功率、主网联络线售电功率与储能放电功率相对其他季节都较高。在源储层模型中,优化目标为失负荷率与微电网运营商费用最低,主网联络线、储能与燃气轮机的功率都在尽可能满足用户供电的基础上跟随微电网分时电价的变化趋势而上升或下降。
为更清晰地验证灵活性资源及双层优化调度策略对提升系统应对新能源出力和负荷不确定性能力的有效性,本文设定以下5种方案进行验证:方案1,未使用双层优化调度方法的微电网常规调度方案;方案2,仅使用用户层优化调度方案,优化方法采用MOEA/D算法;方案3,仅使用源储层优化调度方案,优化方法采用MOEA/D算法;方案4,使用双层优化调度方案,优化方法采用MOEA/D算法;方案5,使用双层优化调度方案,优化方法采用改进后的MOEA/D算法。分别对夏季、冬季与过渡季典型日数据进行算例分析,以上述方案进行仿真,实验结果见表3图7
表3可见,夏季典型日中方案2比方案1的用户费用下降4.34%;方案3比方案1的运营成本降低6.67%。冬季典型日中方案2比方案1的用户费用降低5.68%;方案3比方案1的运营成本降低3.41%,失负荷率降低8.50个百分点。过渡季典型日中方案2比方案1的用户费用降低8.67%;方案3比方案1的运营成本降低8.41%,失负荷率降低0.39个百分点。
图7可见,在3个季节典型日的仿真结果中,方案2相对方案1只能相应减少用户费用1个指标,对于失负荷率与运营商成本并没有进行优化,而方案3相对方案1可以有效降低失负荷率与运营商的成本,但没有对用户费用进行优化。方案4、方案5在考虑用户侧、储能侧与发电侧灵活性资源的基础上,使用双层优化调度方法,可以同时优化用户费用、失负荷率与运营商成本3个目标函数。结果表明相对另外3个方案,方案4、方案5能有效提高微电网系统应对不确定性的能力,减小经济损失,有效降低微电网失负荷率,提高系统运行水平。但在失负荷率和运营成本2个优化目标上,采用改进后的MOEA/D算法进行优化的方案5比采用原算法的方案4所得结果更优。
本文综合考虑微电网中灵活性资源的源储荷特性,并基于此建立计及灵活性资源的微电网双层优化调度模型,以提高微电网应对新能源出力和负荷不确定性的能力。仿真结果表明,在微电网进行优化调度时,考虑灵活性资源,能更好地应对微电网中可再生能源与用户负荷随机性、波动性所造成的功率大幅波动,有效减少系统运行成本和用户费用,在保证系统灵活性充裕度的基础上可以最大程度降低微电网的切负荷量。采用本文所提方法获得的调度方案,年均用户费用降低6.85%,运营商年均总成本下降14.68%,年均失负荷率下降6.65%。
  • 江西省重点研发计划资助项目(20214BBG74006)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(61563034)
  • 国家国际科技合作专项资助项目(2014DFG72240)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.115
  • 接收时间:2022-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-10
  • 修回日期:2022-10-18
  • 录用日期:2022-11-06
基金
Jiangxi Province Key R&D Program Project(20214BBG74006)
江西省重点研发计划资助项目(20214BBG74006)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(61563034)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(61563034)
National Special Project for International Science and Technology Cooperation(2014DFG72240)
国家国际科技合作专项资助项目(2014DFG72240)
作者信息
    1 南昌大学信息工程学院,南昌 330031
    2 萍乡供电公司,萍乡 337000

通讯作者:

余运俊(1978— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能微电网控制、光伏预测、最优控制及其在光伏微电网系统中的应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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