Article(id=1146828028744700910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.86, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1653840000000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-30, revisedDate=1660752000000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-18, acceptedDate=1661097600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-08-22, onlineDate=1751354709086, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709086, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867561, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709086, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709086, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844399544361547, articleId=1146828028744700910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Phase-shifting Control Strategy of Flying Capacitor Voltage for Flying Capacitor Clamped Three-level Converter, columnId=1152281492153004911, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Modeling and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The flying capacitor clamped three-level converter has many advantages, e.g., it can reduce the voltage stress of a switch and the volume of a filter inductor. Under its operation, it is necessary to stabilize the flying capacitor voltage at half of the high-voltage side voltage, so a control strategy of adjusting the duty cycle is often used. However, this method has the problem of coupling control between flying capacitor voltage and output voltage, resulting significant fluctuations of inductance current in the process of flying capacitor voltage regulation. To solve this problem, the advantages of using the phase-shifting control strategy to realize the decoupling control of flying capacitor voltage and output volt-age are analyzed, and the corresponding control characteristics are also studied. Through the establishment of a harmonic model of flying capacitor voltage, the relationship between flying capacitor voltage and phase-shifting angle is given. A low-order harmonic function relationship is constructed, which indicates that the flying capacitor voltage is affected by the switch duty cycle D and phase-shifting angle ∆φ. The effective duty cycle interval of phase-shifting control and the duty cycle that optimizes the performance of phase-shifting control are delimited by combining with a time-domain model. A simulation model was established, and an experimental prototype with 3.6 kW was built. The control strategies of adjusting flying capacitor voltage based on phase-shifting angle and duty cycle are compared to verify the decoupling advantages and control characteristics of phase-shifting control.

, correspAuthors=Xiaokui LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huiyao MI, Lei SONG, Xiaokui LIU, Shanxu DUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828033463292133, articleId=1146828028744700910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=飞跨电容钳位型三电平变换器飞跨电容电压移相控制策略研究, columnId=1149829942550200325, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=建模与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

飞跨电容钳位型三电平变换器具有降低开关管的电压应力、减小滤波电感体积等优势。变换器工作时,飞跨电容电压需要稳定在高压侧电压的一半,常采用调节占空比的控制策略,但该方法存在飞跨电容电压与输出电压控制耦合的问题,在飞跨电容电压调节过程中电感电流波动较大。针对这一问题,分析了移相控制策略实现飞跨电容电压与输出电压控制解耦的优势,并深入分析其控制特性。通过建立飞跨电容电压的谐波模型,分析了飞跨电容电压与移相角的关系。建立飞跨电容电压受开关管占空比D和移相角度∆φ之间的低次谐波函数关系,并结合时域模型划定出移相控制的有效占空比区间,以及使得移相控制性能最优的占空比。建立仿真模型并搭建了1台3.6 kW的实验样机,将移相调节与占空比调节的飞跨电容电压控制策略进行对比,验证了移相控制的解耦优势以及控制特性。

, correspAuthors=刘潇奎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘潇奎(1997— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:三电平整流器的设计、调制和控制技术。E-mail:
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米慧瑶(1998— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:三电平变换器的控制优化及故障检测。E-mail:

宋磊(1995— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:三电平变换器设计及优化调控技术。E-mail:

段善旭(1970— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子的模块化与智能化控制技术。E-mail:

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米慧瑶(1998— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:三电平变换器的控制优化及故障检测。E-mail:

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米慧瑶(1998— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:三电平变换器的控制优化及故障检测。E-mail:

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宋磊(1995— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:三电平变换器设计及优化调控技术。E-mail:

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宋磊(1995— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:三电平变换器设计及优化调控技术。E-mail:

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段善旭(1970— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子的模块化与智能化控制技术。E-mail:

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段善旭(1970— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子的模块化与智能化控制技术。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Simulation and experimental parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
开关频率f /kHz 18
输出电压${U}_{\text{H}}$/V 600
输入电压${U}_{\text{L}}$/V 300~510
飞跨电容${C}_{\text{f}}$/μF 22
输入电容${C}_{\text{L}}$/μF 6.5
输出电容${C}_{\text{H}}$/μF 750
电感${L}_{\text{1}}$/μH 450
), ArticleFig(id=1205945154582671417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028744700910, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真和实验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
开关频率f /kHz 18
输出电压${U}_{\text{H}}$/V 600
输入电压${U}_{\text{L}}$/V 300~510
飞跨电容${C}_{\text{f}}$/μF 22
输入电容${C}_{\text{L}}$/μF 6.5
输出电容${C}_{\text{H}}$/μF 750
电感${L}_{\text{1}}$/μH 450
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飞跨电容钳位型三电平变换器飞跨电容电压移相控制策略研究
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米慧瑶 , 宋磊 , 刘潇奎 , 段善旭
电源学报 | 建模与控制 2025,23(2): 86-95
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电源学报 | 建模与控制 2025, 23(2): 86-95
飞跨电容钳位型三电平变换器飞跨电容电压移相控制策略研究
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米慧瑶 , 宋磊 , 刘潇奎 , 段善旭
作者信息
  • 强电磁技术全国重点实验室(华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院), 武汉 430074
  • 米慧瑶(1998— ),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:三电平变换器的控制优化及故障检测。E-mail:

    宋磊(1995— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:三电平变换器设计及优化调控技术。E-mail:

    段善旭(1970— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子的模块化与智能化控制技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘潇奎(1997— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:三电平整流器的设计、调制和控制技术。E-mail:
Research on Phase-shifting Control Strategy of Flying Capacitor Voltage for Flying Capacitor Clamped Three-level Converter
Huiyao MI , Lei SONG , Xiaokui LIU , Shanxu DUAN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology (School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.86
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飞跨电容钳位型三电平变换器具有降低开关管的电压应力、减小滤波电感体积等优势。变换器工作时,飞跨电容电压需要稳定在高压侧电压的一半,常采用调节占空比的控制策略,但该方法存在飞跨电容电压与输出电压控制耦合的问题,在飞跨电容电压调节过程中电感电流波动较大。针对这一问题,分析了移相控制策略实现飞跨电容电压与输出电压控制解耦的优势,并深入分析其控制特性。通过建立飞跨电容电压的谐波模型,分析了飞跨电容电压与移相角的关系。建立飞跨电容电压受开关管占空比D和移相角度∆φ之间的低次谐波函数关系,并结合时域模型划定出移相控制的有效占空比区间,以及使得移相控制性能最优的占空比。建立仿真模型并搭建了1台3.6 kW的实验样机,将移相调节与占空比调节的飞跨电容电压控制策略进行对比,验证了移相控制的解耦优势以及控制特性。

飞跨电容  /  移相控制  /  解耦控制  /  有效区间

The flying capacitor clamped three-level converter has many advantages, e.g., it can reduce the voltage stress of a switch and the volume of a filter inductor. Under its operation, it is necessary to stabilize the flying capacitor voltage at half of the high-voltage side voltage, so a control strategy of adjusting the duty cycle is often used. However, this method has the problem of coupling control between flying capacitor voltage and output voltage, resulting significant fluctuations of inductance current in the process of flying capacitor voltage regulation. To solve this problem, the advantages of using the phase-shifting control strategy to realize the decoupling control of flying capacitor voltage and output volt-age are analyzed, and the corresponding control characteristics are also studied. Through the establishment of a harmonic model of flying capacitor voltage, the relationship between flying capacitor voltage and phase-shifting angle is given. A low-order harmonic function relationship is constructed, which indicates that the flying capacitor voltage is affected by the switch duty cycle D and phase-shifting angle ∆φ. The effective duty cycle interval of phase-shifting control and the duty cycle that optimizes the performance of phase-shifting control are delimited by combining with a time-domain model. A simulation model was established, and an experimental prototype with 3.6 kW was built. The control strategies of adjusting flying capacitor voltage based on phase-shifting angle and duty cycle are compared to verify the decoupling advantages and control characteristics of phase-shifting control.

Flying capacitor  /  phase-shifting control  /  decoupling control  /  effective interval
米慧瑶, 宋磊, 刘潇奎, 段善旭. 飞跨电容钳位型三电平变换器飞跨电容电压移相控制策略研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.86
Huiyao MI, Lei SONG, Xiaokui LIU, Shanxu DUAN. Research on Phase-shifting Control Strategy of Flying Capacitor Voltage for Flying Capacitor Clamped Three-level Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.86
为了解决可再生能源能量供给波动的问题[1-2],通常会在直流微电网系统中加入储能装置[3]。储能装置中的储能介质通常通过双向DC-DC变换器[4]接入直流母线,从而实现直流母线侧和储能介质侧能量的双向流动[5]。传统两电平DC-DC变换器因为受到硅器件耐压的限制而难以适应电压等级的提升。对此,目前有2种解决方法:一种是选用高压大功率器件,比如串并联硅器件[6-7]或者选用新型器件[8],但是该方法会带来串并联器件之间的不均压和不均流、新器件的高成本等新的问题;另一种方法则是采用多电平拓扑,因其能有效降低开关管电压应力而得到广泛应用[9-10]
本文针对飞跨电容FC(flying capacitor)型三电平双向直流变换器进行研究。该拓扑具有开关管的电压应力低、低压侧电流纹波小等优势,从而可以有效提高拓扑功率密度[4]。为实现最低器件电压应力,需要将FC电压稳定控制在高压侧电压的一半。目前关于FC电压的控制策略的研究主要分为两大类:被动平衡策略和闭环控制策略。被动平衡策略主要是利用FC的自平衡特性[11-12]来维持其电压,且通常会采取一定的措施增大自平衡能力,比如采用多载波调制策略PD-PWM(phase disposition pulse width modulation)[11],其相对于传统的相移载波调制策略PSC-PWM(phase-shifted carrier-based pulse width modulation)具有更好的谐波特性。另外还有加入无源RLC滤波器增强自平衡特性的方法,但是该方法增加了系统的损耗,降低了效率[12]。被动平衡策略是1种开环控制策略,由于存在非理想性因素,通常需要闭环控制回路来平衡FC电压。
目前关于闭环控制策略的研究主要以调节占空比为主[13-17],然而由于输出电压也是通过调节占空比控制,所以FC电压和输出电压这2个控制环路存在耦合,在FC电压调节的过程中会引起电感电流波动。还有一些研究采用算法选择最佳开关冗余模态[18-23],实现FC的充放电,本质上也属于占空比调节,因此仍然存在控制耦合的问题。因此,文献[24]提出了1种反步滑模控制实现解耦,但是在建模时忽略了谐波对FC电压的影响;文献[25]中采用了1种调节移相角的方法,实现了FC电压的控制,但该研究未详细分析移相法控制FC电压的原理及移相控制方法的控制特性。
因此,本文针对FC钳位型三电平变换器FC电压的移相控制策略,详细分析了其控制原理及控制特性,建立了FC电压谐波模型,利用数学模型和仿真说明了FC电压与移相角关系,解释了移相法实现FC电压与输出电压控制之间解耦的原理。通过推导FC电压与占空比和移相角的数学关系,得到了移相控制的有效占空比区间以及控制性能最优占空比。通过实验对移相和传统调节占空比2种FC电压控制策略的特性进行了对比,且对控制特性进行了验证。
飞跨电容型三电平直流双向变换器拓扑如图1所示,其中:T1、T2、T3、T4为开关管;${C}_{\text{f}}$为飞跨电容;${L}_{1}$为滤波电感;${C}_{\text{L}}$${C}_{\text{H}}$分别为低压侧和高压侧滤波电容;${i}_{\text{L}}$${i}_{\text{H}}$分别为低压侧和高压侧电流。FC型三电平直流双向变换器按照能量流动的方向可以分为Boost模式和Buck模式。以输出端为高压侧的Boost模式为例,令输出端接负载${R}_{\text{L}}$,此时开关管T3、T4为主控管,且T1与T4、T2与T3开关管的驱动信号分别互补。理想工况下,T3与T4开关管的驱动信号相差180°。能量从低压侧UL流向高压侧UH
图2所示,在Boost模式下FC型三电平直流双向变换器有4种模态:00(T3、T4都不导通)、01(T3关断、T4导通)、10(T3导通、T4关断)和11(T3、T4导通)[13]。其中,在图2(b)图2(c)所示的01和10模态下,FC分别处于充电和放电的状态,FC电压的传统调节占空比控制即通过改变这2个模态的时间控制FC的充放电,进而稳定FC的电压。选取电感${L}_{1}$的电流${i}_{\text{L}}$、飞跨电容${C}_{\text{f}}$的电压${u}_{\text{f}}$和输出电容${C}_{\text{H}}$的电压${u}_{\text{H}}$为状态变量,飞跨电容型三电平直流变换器的状态方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} L_{1} \frac{\mathrm{~d} i_{\mathrm{L}}(t)}{\mathrm{d} t}=U_{\mathrm{L}}+\left[S_{3}(t)-S_{4}(t)\right] u_{\mathrm{L}}(t)- \\ \quad\left[1-S_{4}(t)\right] u_{\mathrm{H}}(t) \\ C_{\mathrm{f}} \frac{\mathrm{~d} u_{\mathrm{L}}(t)}{\mathrm{d} t}=\left[S_{4}(t)-S_{3}(t)\right] i_{\mathrm{L}}(t) \\ C_{\mathrm{H}} \frac{\mathrm{~d} u_{\mathrm{H}}(t)}{\mathrm{d} t}=\left[1-S_{4}(t)\right] i_{\mathrm{L}}(t)-i_{\mathrm{H}}(t) \end{array}\right.$
式中,${S}_{\text{1}}(t)、{S}_{\text{2}}(t)、{S}_{\text{3}}(t)和{S}_{\text{4}}(t)$为4个开关管的驱动信号。
为了分析移相角对FC电压的影响,需考虑开关过程引入的谐波影响,采用傅里叶级数表示开关管的驱动信号,分析开关谐波对FC电压的影响。选取T4驱动波形中点为0时刻,则T3和T4驱动信号波形如图3所示,开关管导通时驱动信号为1,关断时驱动信号为0,占空比为D。设T4滞后于T3的角度为$\phi $,它由固定移相角$\psi $和控制量$\Delta \phi $组成,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\phi =\psi +\Delta \phi \\ \psi =\text{π}\end{array}\right.$
将式(1)中各状态变量$x(t)$分离为直流分量$X$和谐波分量$\Delta x(t)$,即:$x(t)\text{ }\text{=}\text{ }X\text{ }\text{+}\text{ }\Delta x(t)$,式(1)变为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\text{1}}\frac{\text{d[}{I}_{\text{L}}+\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}\text{(}t\text{)]}}{\text{d}t}={U}_{\text{L}}+[{S}_{\text{3}}\text{(}t\text{)}-{S}_{\text{4}}\text{(}t\text{)}]\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }[{U}_{\text{f}}+\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}\text{(}t\text{)}]-[\text{1}-{S}_{\text{4}}\text{(}t\text{)}]\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }[{U}_{\text{H}}+\Delta {u}_{\text{H}}\text{(}t\text{)}]\end{array}\hfill \\ \begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{f}}\frac{\text{d}[{U}_{\text{f}}+{u}_{\text{f}}\text{(}t\text{)}]}{\text{d}t}=[{S}_{\text{4}}\text{(}t\text{)}-{S}_{\text{3}}\text{(}t\text{)}]\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{[}{I}_{\text{L}}+\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}\text{(}t\text{)]}\end{array}\hfill \\ \begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{H}}\frac{\text{d}[{U}_{\text{H}}+\Delta {u}_{\text{H}}\text{(}t\text{)}]}{\text{d}t}=[\text{1}-{S}_{\text{4}}\text{(}t\text{)}]\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }[{I}_{\text{L}}+\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}\text{(}t\text{)}]-\text{[}{I}_{\text{H}}+\Delta {i}_{\text{H}}\text{(}t\text{)]}\end{array}\hfill \end{array}\right.$
根据傅里叶变换公式可以计算得到T3和T4的驱动信号${S}_{\text{3}}(t)$${S}_{\text{4}}(t)$的表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{4}(t)=D+{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }\frac{2}{n\text{π}}\mathrm{sin}(nD\text{π})\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t)}\\ {S}_{3}(t)=D+{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }{(-1)}^{n}\frac{2}{n\text{π}}\mathrm{sin}(nD\text{π})\cdot }\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-n\Delta \phi )\end{array}\right.$
式中:n为谐波次数;${\omega }_{\text{s}}$为开关角频率。将式(4)代入式(3)中可进一步得到状态方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\text{1}}\frac{\text{d}[{I}_{\text{L}}+\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}(t)]}{\text{d}t}={U}_{\text{L}}-(\text{1}-D){U}_{\text{H}}-{G}_{1}(t){U}_{\text{f}}+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }C(t){U}_{\text{H}}-{G}_{1}(t)\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}(t)-[\text{1}-D-C(t)]\Delta {u}_{\text{H}}(t)\\ {C}_{\text{f}}\frac{\text{d}[{U}_{\text{f}}+{u}_{\text{f}}(t)]}{\text{d}t}={G}_{1}(t){I}_{\text{L}}+{G}_{1}(t)\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}(t)\\ {C}_{\text{H}}\frac{\text{d}[{U}_{\text{H}}+\Delta {u}_{\text{H}}(t)]}{\text{d}t}=(\text{1}-D){I}_{\text{L}}-\frac{{U}_{\text{H}}}{{R}_{\text{L}}}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{I}_{\text{L}}C(t)+[\text{1}-D-C(t)]\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}(t)-\frac{\Delta {u}_{\text{H}}(t)}{{R}_{\text{L}}}\\ {G}_{1}(t)={\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }\frac{2}{n\text{π}}\mathrm{sin}(nD\text{π})\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t)}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }\frac{\text{2}\cdot {(-\text{1})}^{n}}{n\text{π}}\mathrm{sin}(nD\text{π})\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-n\Delta \phi )}\\ C(t)={\displaystyle \sum _{n=\text{1,2,}\dots }^{\infty }\frac{\text{2}}{n\text{π}}\mathrm{sin}(nD\text{π})\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t)}\end{array}\right.$
将式(5)中的直流分量和谐波分量分离,进一步得到飞跨电容电压和电感电流的小信号表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{f}}\frac{\text{d}\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}(t)}{\text{d}t}={G}_{1}(t)\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}(t)\\ {L}_{1}\frac{\text{d}\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}(t)}{\text{d}t}=A(t)\text{+}B(t)\\ A(t)\text{=}-{G}_{1}(t){U}_{\text{f}}+C(t){U}_{\text{H}}\\ B(t)\text{=}-{G}_{1}(t)\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}(t)-(1-D)\Delta {u}_{\text{H}}(t)+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }C(t)\Delta {u}_{\text{H}}(t)\end{array}\right.$
式中,B(t)为纹波,与直流量A(t)相比其影响可忽略不计。由式(6)所知,由于Uf是直流量,所以A(t)中由-G1(t)Uf项所产生的$\Delta {i}_{{L}_{1}}(t)$电流必定与G1(t)在相位上相差90°,因此,$\Delta {i}_{{L}_{1}}(t)$${G}_{1}(t)$相乘后无直流分量,对飞跨电容电压没有贡献。基于以上分析可知,影响飞跨电容电压的量是A(t)中的C(t)UH项产生的电流$\Delta {i}_{{L}_{2}}(t)$,则有
$\begin{array}{l}{L}_{1}\frac{\text{d}\Delta {i}_{{L}_{2}}(t)}{\text{d}t}=C(t){U}_{\text{H}}=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }\frac{2}{n\text{π}}\mathrm{sin}(nD\text{π})}\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t){U}_{\text{H}}\end{array}$
根据式(7),可得$\Delta {i}_{{L}_{2}}(t)$
$\begin{array}{l}\Delta {i}_{{L}_{2}}(t)={\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }\frac{2{U}_{\text{H}}\mathrm{sin}(nD\text{π})}{{n}^{2}\text{π}{L}_{1}{\omega }_{\text{s}}}\mathrm{sin}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t)}=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }{M}_{{i}_{L2n}}\mathrm{sin}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t)}\end{array}$
代入式(6)中,得到$\Delta {i}_{{L}_{2}}(t)$与飞跨电容电压的关系,即

$\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{f}}\frac{\text{d}\Delta {u}_{\text{f,}{i}_{{L}_{2}}}\left(t\right)}{\text{d}t}={G}_{1}(t)\Delta {i}_{{L}_{2}}\left(t\right)=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left[{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }\frac{2}{n\text{π}}\mathrm{sin}\left(nD\text{π}\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t\right)}-\right.\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left.\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }\frac{2\cdot {\left(-1\right)}^{n}}{n\text{π}}\mathrm{sin}\left(nD\text{π}\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-n\Delta \phi \right)}\right]\cdot \end{array}$

$\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1,2,\dots }^{\infty }{M}_{{i}_{L2n}}\mathrm{sin}\left(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t\right)}$
只考虑可以影响飞跨电容电压的直流量,且只有角频率相同的三角函数项相乘才会产生直流分量,则飞跨电容电压状态方程中含有直流分量的n次谐波,有
$\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{f}}\frac{\text{d}\Delta {u}_{\text{f,}{i}_{L2n}}(t)}{\text{d}t}=\frac{2\mathrm{sin}(nD\text{π}){M}_{{i}_{L2n}}}{n\text{π}}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }[\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t)\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-90°)-{(-1)}^{n}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-n\Delta \phi )\mathrm{cos}(n{\omega }_{\text{s}}t-90°)]\end{array}$
将其中的直流分量分离出来,则可以进一步得到
$\begin{array}{l}{\left.{C}_{\text{f}}\frac{\text{d}\Delta {u}_{\text{f,}{i}_{L2}{}_{n}}(t)}{\text{d}t}\right|}_{\text{DC}}=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\frac{2\cdot {(-1)}^{n+1}{U}_{\text{H}}{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}(nD\text{π})\mathrm{sin}(n\Delta \phi )}{{n}^{3}{\text{π}}^{2}{\omega }_{\text{s}}{L}_{1}}\end{array}$
在开关管的状态空间平均模型中,只考虑开关管驱动信号中的直流量D无法分析移相角对FC电压的影响,而结合傅里叶变换,考虑各次谐波的影响如式(11),可以看出,移相角对FC电压的影响是通过开关函数中的谐波实现的。
由式(11)可知,FC电压同时受到开关管T3和T4的占空比D以及移相角$\Delta \phi $的影响。传统调节占空比的FC电压控制策略即通过调节T3和T4开关管的导通时间来平衡FC的电压,但输出电压也是通过调节占空比控制的,这也是输出电压控制与FC电压控制相耦合的原因。
移相控制策略框图如图4所示,其中:实线部分表示FC电压的移相控制策略,通过调节移相角$\Delta \phi $控制FC电压,通过调节占空比D控制输出电压,从而实现FC电压与输出电压控制环路的解耦;虚线部分表示FC电压的传统调节占空比控制策略,FC电压控制环输出为小范围占空比调节量∆d,输出电压控制环输出也为占空比调节量∆D,两者共同调节开关管的占空比D,相互耦合。T3及T4的导通占空比过大,会使得Boost模式下T3及T4的损耗较大。T3和T4的占空比过小时,主开关管T1和T2的占空比较大,在Buck模式下T1和T2的损耗较大,故在实际系统设计中,为了限制2个模式下主开关管的损耗,Buck/Boost变换器的占空比一般取为0.2~0.8。而移相角的引入若不能改变1个开关周期内各工作模态的时间,则会影响输出电压。所以移相角的调节范围设置在0.1个开关周期内,即:$-0.1{\omega }_{\text{s}}{T}_{\text{S}}~0.1{\omega }_{\text{s}}T$,其中${T}_{\text{S}}$为1个开关周期。
结合图4的控制框图以及式(11),建立仿真模型,谐波次数取到5。仿真参数见表1,系统输入电压为360 V,控制输出电压为600 V。跨电容电压调节时的电感电流仿真波形如图5所示,将FC电压由300 V切到240 V,得到在FC电压的调节过程中,小范围调节占空比和调节移相角2种FC控制策略所对应的电感电流仿真波形。采用调节占空比的控制策略如图5(a)所示,电感电流会产生波动,幅值高达10.1 A。而采用移相法进行调节时,如图5(b)所示,电感电流未产生明显波动。以上仿真结果证明了移相法能够实现飞跨控制环和输出电压控制环的解耦。另外,输出电压变化后,电感电流纹波增大,这是由于飞跨电压不再是输出电压的一半,导致电感电流不再有倍频的效果。
根据式(11)可定量分析通过移相角调节FC电压的机理。由于式(11)的分母项中存在谐波次数三次方,所以高次谐波对FC电压的影响可以忽略,且谐波次数仅取到5。FC电压的变化率$\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}$与占空比D和调节移相角$\Delta \phi $之间的关系如图6所示。
根据图6(a)可以分析出,在D=0.5时$\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}$达到了最大值,且$\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}$关于D=0.5对称;在不同占空比下,移相角$\phi $对FC电压的调节效果不同。如图6(b)(c)所示分别为5种占空比工况下小范围调节移相角$\Delta \phi $和调节占空比$\Delta D$$\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}$的影响曲线。由图6(b)可见,$\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}$与移相角大小成呈相关,在D=0.5时,$\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}$达到了最大值;在D为0~0.5的范围内,随着占空比的减小,移相角调节FC电压的速度逐渐减慢;在D为0.5~1.0的范围内,随着占空比的增大,$\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}$逐渐降低,移相角调节FC电压的速度逐渐减慢;在占空比较大或者较小(D<0.2或者D> 0.8)时,随着移相角的改变,$\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}$都较小且接近于0,意味着移相调节的控制策略效果较差。由图6(c)可见,在不同的占空比工况下,传统小范围调节占空比的FC电压控制策略的调节速度差别不大。
基于以上分析,控制输出电压为600 V时,分别在6种工况即D = 0.50、0.40、0.30、0.25、0.20和0.15下测试移相法调节FC电压时间,并进行比较,得到的仿真结果如图7所示。由图可见,随着占空比的减小,FC电压从300 V调节到240 V的时间逐渐增加。综合理论分析和仿真结果,可以总结为:在D=0.50时,通过移相角调节FC电压的速度最快;随着D远离0.50,调节时间逐渐增大;在D为0.20~0.80的范围内,采用移相调节FC电压的控制策略效果较好。
为了验证理论分析的正确性,本文搭建了如图8所示的1台3.6 kW的样机进行实验验证。实验参数与仿真参数一致,输入电压为360 V,输出电压控制为600 V,占空比为0.4。根据图6所示的分析结果可知,此时通过移相角调节FC电压的速度较快。
图9所示展示了采用调节占空比控制和移相控制2种控制方法,FC电压指令从300 V变为240 V时,在FC电压调节过程中的FC电压${u}_{\text{f}}$、输出电压${u}_{\text{o}}$和电感电流${i}_{\text{L}}$的实验波形。对比图9(a)图9(b)结果可以看出,在采用调节占空比的FC电压控制策略时,电感电流会受到FC电压控制环路动作的影响,产生一个峰峰值为8.4 A的波动;而在采用调节移相角的控制策略时,电感电流不会受到FC电压控制环路动作的影响,在FC电压调至240 V后电流纹波增大,这是因为FC电压不是输出电压的一半,电感电流无法实现倍频,纹波增大。
保持输入电压360 V,输出电压控制在600 V,将负载电阻从200 Ω降至100 Ω,分别得到在飞跨电容电压的调节移相角和调节占空比2种控制策略下的实验结果,如图10所示。由于电感电流均通过调节占空比的大小进行调节,所以在2种飞跨电容电压的调节策略下电感电流的波形没有差别,且飞跨电容电压均能保持在300 V左右。根据飞跨电容电压的纹波公式$\Delta {u}_{\text{f}}\text{=}D{T}_{\text{S}}{i}_{L}/{C}_{\text{f}}$,由于负载电阻减小,输出电压仍控制在600 V,所以电感电流${i}_{\text{L}}$上升,从而导致飞跨电容电压纹波增大。
图11为在6种占空比工况D = 0.50、0.40、0.30、0.20、0.15和0.10下,FC电压从300 V调节至240 V时的FC电压${u}_{\text{f}}$、输出电压${u}_{\text{o}}$和电感电流${i}_{\text{L}}$的实验波形,分别展示了不同工况下的FC电压调节速度,且输出电压均控制在600 V。从实验结果可以看出,在D=0.50时,移相控制对FC电压的调节速度最快,随着占空比远离0.50,调节速度逐渐变慢;当D=0.20时,调节时间延长至11.4 ms;在D=0.15和0.10时,移相角的调节速度很慢,且电感电流畸变严重。这是因为占空比远离0.50时,根据图6,调节移相角对FC电压的影响小,所以移相调节速度很慢,调节时间长,FC电压的控制效果不佳。并且,由于占空比很大或者很小时移相角的调节会改变变换器在1个开关周期内的工作模态,从而影响输出电压,此时移相控制的解耦作用已失效。实验结果与理论分析结果一致,在不同占空比工况下FC电压的移相控制策略的控制效果不同。
针对现有研究缺乏对移相控制策略的特性分析的问题,本文建立了飞跨电容钳位型三电平变换器的谐波模型,通过分析调节移相角实现FC电压控制的原理,得出移相控制策略可实现FC电压控制环和输出电压控制环解耦的结论;且深入分析了移相控制策略的特性,为移相控制策略的控制参数设计及其实现与输出电压解耦的有效占空比区间提供了参考。通过将FC电压的移相控制策略与调节占空比控制策略进行仿真和实验对比可知,移相控制不存在传统调节占空比控制在FC电压调节过程中引起的电感电流波动问题。在占空比0.50的附近,移相策略对FC电压的调节速度最快,随着占空比远离0.50,调节时间越来越长,且移相控制FC电压的占空比有效区间为0.2~0.8。移相法与调节占空比法的控制速度在占空比为0.2~0.8范围内区别不大。占空比不同会导致移相调节的控制速度不同,还需考虑极端工况,而调节占空比控制FC电压的速度几乎不受影响。
对于占空比距离0.50较远时移相角对飞跨电容电压的调节速度较慢的问题,可以通过非线性的控制器参数来进行弥补,或者根据实际占空比范围,在最远离0.50的占空比下设计控制参数,从而保证整个工作区间内飞跨电容电压有较快的响应速度。
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.86
  • 接收时间:2022-05-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-30
  • 修回日期:2022-08-18
  • 录用日期:2022-08-22
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    强电磁技术全国重点实验室(华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院), 武汉 430074

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刘潇奎(1997— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:三电平整流器的设计、调制和控制技术。E-mail:
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