Article(id=1146828028404962283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.274, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1654185600000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-03, revisedDate=1667404800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-03, acceptedDate=1670515200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-12-09, onlineDate=1751354709006, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709006, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867217, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709006, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709006, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=274, endPage=282, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844398177018440, articleId=1146828028404962283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Optimal Selection of Decoupling Capacitors on DC-side of High-frequency Converters, columnId=1152281495990793077, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Passive Components and Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The switching speed and switching frequency of converters keep increasing, and higher requirements are also imposed on the DC-side decoupling capacitors. To solve the problems of overvoltage spikes and decoupling capacitor losses caused by voltage and current oscillations during the switch-off process, a transient circuit model considering the system’s stray parameters is established, and the evolution of overvoltage and decoupling capacitor current oscillation is analyzed. On this basis, a loss model considering the parasitic parameters of the main circuit and the equivalent series resistance of the decoupling capacitor is proposed. The limiting factors for the selection of decoupling capacitors in practical engineering are quantitatively analyzed, and an optimal selection method for the decoupling capacitance and loss limit condition is obtained. Finally, the proposed model and analysis method were verified by simulation and experimental results.

, correspAuthors=Jinwu GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wensi CHEN, Jinwu GONG, Xiaoming ZHA, Jialuo CHEN, Shangzhi PAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828033748504815, articleId=1146828028404962283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=高频变流器直流侧的去耦电容优化选型研究, columnId=1149830329382469639, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=无源元件与材料, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

变流器的开关速度和开关频率越来越高,对直流侧去耦电容也提出了更高的要求。针对开关管关断过程中电压、电流振荡带来的过电压尖峰和去耦电容损耗问题,首先建立考虑系统杂散参数的瞬态电路模型,分析开关管关断过程中过电压和去耦电容电流振荡的演变过程;然后提出考虑主电路寄生参数和去耦电容等效串联电阻的损耗模型,量化分析实际工程中去耦电容选型所受的限制因素,得出去耦电容容值、损耗限制条件的优化选型方法;最后通过仿真和实验验证了所提模型和分析方法的正确性。

, correspAuthors=宫金武, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宫金武(1981— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:高效率高功率密度电力电子变流器设计、宽禁带半导体器件应用研究。E-mail:
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陈文思(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子瞬态模型与功率器件驱动电路。E-mail:

查晓明(1967— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:大功率电力电子装置及其在电能质量控制、高压电机驱动、柔性输电、新能源及微电网技术中的应用。E-mail:

陈佳洛(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率变换器数字控制技术、高功率密度高效率电源技术。E-mail:

潘尚智(1976— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:功率变换器数字控制技术、高功率密度高效率电源技术。E-mail:

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陈文思(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子瞬态模型与功率器件驱动电路。E-mail:

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陈文思(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子瞬态模型与功率器件驱动电路。E-mail:

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查晓明(1967— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:大功率电力电子装置及其在电能质量控制、高压电机驱动、柔性输电、新能源及微电网技术中的应用。E-mail:

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查晓明(1967— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:大功率电力电子装置及其在电能质量控制、高压电机驱动、柔性输电、新能源及微电网技术中的应用。E-mail:

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陈佳洛(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率变换器数字控制技术、高功率密度高效率电源技术。E-mail:

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陈佳洛(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率变换器数字控制技术、高功率密度高效率电源技术。E-mail:

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潘尚智(1976— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:功率变换器数字控制技术、高功率密度高效率电源技术。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

潘尚智(1976— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:功率变换器数字控制技术、高功率密度高效率电源技术。E-mail:

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Multi-physical domain coupling analysis of multi-chip parallel controller[J/OL]. Journal of Power Supply, 1-13. [2024-12-27]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=_GofKS1StuTt_pFcTeYTHKi3Nj7fcv3rYMqkpQ0EdBRN0PVBgBMQIu6VdB4sCnHaWGtuuhGG7vwVIIxO-AGpSMsAmBJFIXlk3A85XjyLAeYKP8_6R5Geu9imtdRSe1LxlP_xzNJX-Dt91nsItJw7ju12Y0Ras-Z6OFcNtVjmmvcMAFQFihajPf8HiVs3eIHg&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS. 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language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同去耦电容下的效果对比, figureFileSmall=DbJGG/e6g0vUgzKIVawG8g==, figureFileBig=4Uoe9YTNXVRbzmou8lREIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945149729866588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028404962283, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Simulation parameters of example

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参数 数值 参数 数值
$V_{\mathrm{DC}} / \mathrm{V}$ 800 $\begin{array}{l}{R}_{C}\text{/mΩ}\hfill \end{array}$ 150
$L_{C} / \mathrm{nH}$ 100 ${R}_{\text{1}}\text{/mΩ}$ 30
$L_{1} / \mathrm{nH}$ 100 $\begin{array}{l}{R}_{\text{2}}\text{/mΩ}\hfill \end{array}$ 8
$L_{2} / \mathrm{nH}$ 10 ${R}_{\text{m}}\text{/m}\Omega $ 50
$L / \mu \mathrm{H}$ 220 ${C}_{\text{1}}\text{/μF}$ 500
$L_{\mathrm{m}} / \mathrm{nH}$ 2 $\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{m}}\text{/μF}\hfill \end{array}$ 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1205945149859890016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828028404962283, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实例仿真参数

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参数 数值 参数 数值
$V_{\mathrm{DC}} / \mathrm{V}$ 800 $\begin{array}{l}{R}_{C}\text{/mΩ}\hfill \end{array}$ 150
$L_{C} / \mathrm{nH}$ 100 ${R}_{\text{1}}\text{/mΩ}$ 30
$L_{1} / \mathrm{nH}$ 100 $\begin{array}{l}{R}_{\text{2}}\text{/mΩ}\hfill \end{array}$ 8
$L_{2} / \mathrm{nH}$ 10 ${R}_{\text{m}}\text{/m}\Omega $ 50
$L / \mu \mathrm{H}$ 220 ${C}_{\text{1}}\text{/μF}$ 500
$L_{\mathrm{m}} / \mathrm{nH}$ 2 $\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{m}}\text{/μF}\hfill \end{array}$ 0.1
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Parameters of test platform

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类型 产品型号 带宽/MHz 测试信号
示波器 Tektronix MDO3104 1 000
电流探头 CYBERTEK CWT0120AS 30 ${I}_{\text{L}}$
电流探头 CYBERTEK CWT0120AS 30 ${i}_{\text{m}}$
电压探头 CYBERTEK DP6150B 200 ${v}_{\text{ds}}$
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测试平台参数

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类型 产品型号 带宽/MHz 测试信号
示波器 Tektronix MDO3104 1 000
电流探头 CYBERTEK CWT0120AS 30 ${I}_{\text{L}}$
电流探头 CYBERTEK CWT0120AS 30 ${i}_{\text{m}}$
电压探头 CYBERTEK DP6150B 200 ${v}_{\text{ds}}$
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Known experimental parameters

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参数 数值 参数 数值
$\begin{array}{l}{L}_{1}\text{/nH}\hfill \end{array}$ 70 ${L}_{2}\text{/nH}$ 32
${C}_{\text{oss}}\text{/pF}$ 105 ${C}_{\text{m}}\text{/μF}$ 0.1
${C}_{1}\text{/mF}$ 1 $L\text{/mH}$ 220
$f\text{/kHz}$ 125 $\begin{array}{l}{R}_{\text{m}}\text{/mΩ}\hfill \end{array}$ 50
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已知的实验参数

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参数 数值 参数 数值
$\begin{array}{l}{L}_{1}\text{/nH}\hfill \end{array}$ 70 ${L}_{2}\text{/nH}$ 32
${C}_{\text{oss}}\text{/pF}$ 105 ${C}_{\text{m}}\text{/μF}$ 0.1
${C}_{1}\text{/mF}$ 1 $L\text{/mH}$ 220
$f\text{/kHz}$ 125 $\begin{array}{l}{R}_{\text{m}}\text{/mΩ}\hfill \end{array}$ 50
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高频变流器直流侧的去耦电容优化选型研究
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陈文思 , 宫金武 , 查晓明 , 陈佳洛 , 潘尚智
电源学报 | 无源元件与材料 2025,23(2): 274-282
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电源学报 | 无源元件与材料 2025, 23(2): 274-282
高频变流器直流侧的去耦电容优化选型研究
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陈文思 , 宫金武 , 查晓明 , 陈佳洛 , 潘尚智
作者信息
  • 武汉大学电气与自动化学院,武汉 430072
  • 陈文思(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子瞬态模型与功率器件驱动电路。E-mail:

    查晓明(1967— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:大功率电力电子装置及其在电能质量控制、高压电机驱动、柔性输电、新能源及微电网技术中的应用。E-mail:

    陈佳洛(1998— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率变换器数字控制技术、高功率密度高效率电源技术。E-mail:

    潘尚智(1976— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:功率变换器数字控制技术、高功率密度高效率电源技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

宫金武(1981— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:高效率高功率密度电力电子变流器设计、宽禁带半导体器件应用研究。E-mail:
Research on Optimal Selection of Decoupling Capacitors on DC-side of High-frequency Converters
Wensi CHEN , Jinwu GONG , Xiaoming ZHA , Jialuo CHEN , Shangzhi PAN
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.274
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变流器的开关速度和开关频率越来越高,对直流侧去耦电容也提出了更高的要求。针对开关管关断过程中电压、电流振荡带来的过电压尖峰和去耦电容损耗问题,首先建立考虑系统杂散参数的瞬态电路模型,分析开关管关断过程中过电压和去耦电容电流振荡的演变过程;然后提出考虑主电路寄生参数和去耦电容等效串联电阻的损耗模型,量化分析实际工程中去耦电容选型所受的限制因素,得出去耦电容容值、损耗限制条件的优化选型方法;最后通过仿真和实验验证了所提模型和分析方法的正确性。

开关过程  /  杂散参数  /  去耦电容  /  损耗模型

The switching speed and switching frequency of converters keep increasing, and higher requirements are also imposed on the DC-side decoupling capacitors. To solve the problems of overvoltage spikes and decoupling capacitor losses caused by voltage and current oscillations during the switch-off process, a transient circuit model considering the system’s stray parameters is established, and the evolution of overvoltage and decoupling capacitor current oscillation is analyzed. On this basis, a loss model considering the parasitic parameters of the main circuit and the equivalent series resistance of the decoupling capacitor is proposed. The limiting factors for the selection of decoupling capacitors in practical engineering are quantitatively analyzed, and an optimal selection method for the decoupling capacitance and loss limit condition is obtained. Finally, the proposed model and analysis method were verified by simulation and experimental results.

Switching process  /  stray parameter  /  decoupling capacitor  /  loss model
陈文思, 宫金武, 查晓明, 陈佳洛, 潘尚智. 高频变流器直流侧的去耦电容优化选型研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 274 -282 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.274
Wensi CHEN, Jinwu GONG, Xiaoming ZHA, Jialuo CHEN, Shangzhi PAN. Research on Optimal Selection of Decoupling Capacitors on DC-side of High-frequency Converters[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 274 -282 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.274
基于宽禁带半导体器件的变流器往往有更高的系统效率和功率密度,但更高的开关速度意味着开关过程中有更高的dv/dt和di/dt,因而更容易受系统杂散参数的影响,表现为电磁能量脉冲非理想特性,如更大的开关过电压、过电流[1-3]。在大容量的变流器装置中,通常使用大容值的电解电容或膜电容降低直流电压波动,但是由于直流母线支撑电容体积较大,电容与变换器之间需通过导线或母排进行连接,会在整个换流回路引入较大的杂散电感[4-5],开关瞬态过程中较大的电流变化率在开关管两端产生较大的电压尖峰[6]。目前,已经有许多学者针对器件封装和叠层母排结构问题对其进行优化设计,达到了降低杂散电感的目的。但是受封装和结构的限制,杂散电感无法降为0,在一些大容量变流器应用场合,杂散电感仍有几十nH[7]。这类非理想瞬态过程容易造成器件损坏和装置失效,威胁变流器的稳定可靠运行。
开关瞬态起主导作用的为电流中的高频分量,可在变流器端口添加高频去耦电容,去耦电容可以吸收连接导体中杂散电感存储的能量,还可以进一步缩小换流回路面积,降低关断瞬态开关管电压应力。去耦电容不会降低变换器的开关速度,使基于宽禁带半导体器件的变流器可以实现更高的工作频率,但是开关过程更高的dv/dt和di/dt也会在去耦电容上引起更剧烈的电流振荡[8-9],振荡的电流在去耦电容等效串联电阻ESR(equivalent series resistance)上产生大量损耗。随着开关频率的提高,去耦电容ESR损耗问题越发严重,甚至引起去耦电容失效,影响变流器稳定运行。
分析去耦电容对换流过程瞬态的影响规律,通过去耦电容选型降低杂散参数带来的不利影响,对提高变流器的可靠性与效率具有重要的指导意义。目前,国内外学者对去耦电容的影响进行了广泛的研究,取得了重大进展。文献[10]从匹配谐振频率的角度,对去耦电容容值进行选型,让高频电流的通道阻抗最小,但采用的是试验的方法,没有准确的取值模型;文献[11]选择去耦电容使电源分配网络频域阻抗在一定频率范围,但忽略了电源分配网络在电流激励作用下的瞬态特性,存在过度设计的问题;文献[12]推导了去耦电容能有效去耦的电流激励上升时间范围,可减少去耦网络使用的电容数量;文献[13]通过对过电压抑制的分析,得到了一个去耦电容的最小值,但采用的电路模型过于简单;文献[14]从电磁干扰EMI(electromagnetic interference)噪声衰减的角度研究,通过设计去耦电容可以改变EMI噪声频谱,包括两者噪声频率和幅度。上述文献在设计时认为去耦电容有助于降低EMI噪声,但没有考虑关断过电压和ESR损耗对去耦电容选型的影响。容值过大的去耦电容具有很大的体积,增加了器件尺寸和成本,不利于布局,过大的ESR也会导致发热严重。容值过小的去耦电容不能完全吸收连接线上杂散电感存储的能量,且会在高di/dt电流的激励下引起高频振荡,在系统中引入更多的电磁干扰,影响变流器稳定性。因此,研究去耦电容选型时,考虑ESR损耗和过电压抑制非常必要。
为了研究去耦电容的优化选型方法,首先分阶段地分析过电压产生的具体原因,建立时域下SiC MOSFET功率开关管的过电压瞬态模型,提出去耦电容容值的准确解析方法;然后对去耦电容的电流进行分析,并在此基础上提出去耦电容ESR的损耗模型,分析去耦电容选型所受的限制和边界;最后搭建实验平台,结果表明了所分析结果的正确性和有效性,为后期设计提供理论指导。
为分析变流器端口特性,可对图1所示的全桥逆变电路进行适当简化,每个换流过程实际上都是在2个功率开关器件之间换流,并可简化为基本双脉冲电路结构,如图2所示。图中:${V}_{\text{DC}}$为直流电压源;${C}_{1}$为母线支撑电容;${L}_{C}$为母线支撑电容的寄生电感;${R}_{C}$为母线支撑电容的串联等效电阻;${L}_{1}$为连接铜线的杂散电感;${R}_{1}$为连接铜线的等效电阻;${C}_{\text{m}}$为高频去耦电容;${L}_{\text{m}}$为去耦电容的寄生电感;${R}_{\text{m}}$为去耦电容的等效串联电阻;${L}_{2}$为逆变器侧杂散电感;${R}_{2}$为逆变器侧的等效电阻;L为双脉冲测试使用的大电感;${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}、{\text{Q}}_{\text{2}}$为开关管,上开关管${\text{Q}}_{\text{1}}$持续关断,下开关管${\text{Q}}_{\text{2}}$驱动信号给定2个脉冲而测试${\text{Q}}_{\text{2}}$的开关特性。
关断过电压是研究开关器件关断瞬态过程时需重点关注的对象。增加高频去耦电容后关断瞬态过程中的典型波形与没有高频去耦电容的情况有明显不同。加入高频去耦电容后,由于连接件杂散电感和高频去耦电容的振荡,使得关断时开关管两端出现2个振荡峰值,其典型波形如图3所示,${V}_{\text{peak1}}、$${V}_{\text{peak2}}$分别代表第1次、第2次电压峰值。在开关关断瞬间的2个振荡过程,第1个振荡频率较高,第2个振荡频率较低,同时在振荡过程中会出现2个过电压峰值。
根据图2所示的电路,在LTspice仿真软件上搭建仿真模型,模型参数见表1,MOS管采用英飞凌的IMBG120R030M1H_L3。将英飞凌的spice模型导入仿真,对加入高频去耦电容后的电压和电流波形进行分析,得到关断电压峰值计算公式和振荡过程产生的原因。
第1个电压峰值主要是由于逆变器侧杂散电感${L}_{2}$能量释放引起的,由于杂散电感${L}_{2}$相比于其他寄生电感很小,因此,在研究第1个振荡过程时,可以将其他支路的大电感视作开路,去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}$相比于开关管的输出电容${C}_{\text{oss}}$也较大,可以视作短路,其等效电路如图4所示。
第1个振荡过程是由回路总杂散电感${L}_{\text{loop1}}$${C}_{\text{oss}}$之间的振荡引起的,该振荡周期满足关系式
$T_{1}=2 \pi \sqrt{L_{\text {loopl }} C_{\text {oss }}}$
式中,${L}_{\text{l}}{}_{\text{oop1}}\text{= }{L}_{\text{2}}\text{+}{L}_{\text{s}}\text{+}{L}_{\text{m}}$${L}_{\text{s}}$为开关管寄生电感。
由电压尖峰产生的机理可知,第1个峰值的过电压为
$\Delta {V}_{\text{peak}1}={L}_{\text{loop}1}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{\text{d}}}{\text{d}t}$
式中,${i}_{\text{d}}$为等效回路上流过电感的电流。相对于${L}_{\text{s}}$${L}_{\text{m}}$${L}_{2}$的值很大,所以第1个振荡过程的峰值和周期主要受母排杂散电感${L}_{2}$和开关管输出电容${C}_{\text{oss}}$的影响。${L}_{2}$受PCB布局的影响,样机中${L}_{2}$${C}_{\text{oss}}$的值固定,所以第1个电压峰值${V}_{\text{peak1}}$可通过优化布局得以抑制。
图3可知,第1个振荡周期${T}_{1}$远小于第2个振荡周期${T}_{2}$。在第2个振荡过程开始的极短时间内,第1个振荡过程已达到稳态,杂散电感${L}_{2}$上的能量释放完成,所以将开关管所在支路视作开路。直流电源${V}_{\text{DC}}$给直流母线电容充电的周期远大于第2个振荡周期${T}_{2}$${L}_{1}$${C}_{\text{m}}$发生能量交换时,可近似认为电流由${C}_{1}$提供,所以将电源所在支路视作开路,其等效回路如图5所示。
第2个振荡过程的振荡周期满足关系式
${T}_{2}=2\text{π}\sqrt{{L}_{\text{loop}2}{C}_{\text{m}}}$
式中,${L}_{\text{loop2}}={L}_{1}+{L}_{C}+{L}_{\text{m}}$。可知${L}_{1}、{L}_{C}$${C}_{\text{m}}$只会影响第2个振荡过程的峰值电压。
第2个电压峰值的形成满足能量守恒,可表示为
$\frac{1}{2}{C}_{\text{m}}\Delta {V}_{\text{peak}2}^{2}=\frac{1}{2}{L}_{\text{loop}2}{i}_{\text{d}}^{2}$
因此,第2个电压振荡峰值为
$\Delta {V}_{\text{peak}2}=\sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\text{loop}2}{i}_{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}}{{C}_{\text{m}}}}$
第2个电压尖峰${V}_{\text{peak2}}$是杂散电感${L}_{1}$${C}_{\text{m}}$之间发生能量交换。由式(5)可知,第2个峰值电压${V}_{\text{peak2}}$${C}_{\text{m}}$之间存在反比例关系,通过增大${C}_{\text{m}}$可以降低${V}_{\text{peak2}}$。但是,当电容值过大时,继续增大电容对降低${V}_{\text{peak2}}$的效果不显著,同时当${C}_{\text{m}}$过大时,电容的体积也会变得很大,增大电容的经济性并不高。因此,在实际应用中应该选择一个合适的电容值。
通过1.1节分析可知,第1个峰值电压${V}_{\text{peak1}}$由母排杂散电感决定,去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}$只会影响第2个峰值电压${V}_{\text{peak2}}$,随着${C}_{\text{m}}$的增加,${V}_{\text{peak1}}$不变、${V}_{\text{peak2}}$不断减小。所以当${V}_{\text{peak1}}={V}_{\text{peak2}}$时,为${C}_{\text{m}}$的理论最优取值。最优的去耦电容取值满足关系式
$\sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\text{loop}2}{i}_{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}}{{C}_{\text{m(min)}}}}={L}_{\text{loop}1}\frac{\text{d}{i}_{\text{d}}}{\text{d}t}$
可得去耦电容的最小取值为
${C}_{\text{m(min)}}=\frac{{L}_{\text{loop}2}{i}_{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}}{{L}_{\text{loop}1}^{2}{(\text{d}{i}_{\text{d}}/\text{d}t)}^{2}}$
表1中的参数代入式(7)计算可得
${C}_{\text{m}(\mathrm{min})}=0.102\text{ μF}$
此时,开关管两端关断电压振荡部分的仿真局部放大如图6所示。可见,当去耦电容取合适值时,可以使2个振荡过程中的电压峰值相等,此时的电容值为理论上的最优电容取值,和分析结果一致。
由于实际应用中,去耦电容不可避免地具有ESR,尤其是由于连接杂散电感的存在,使得流过去耦电容的电流增大。高开关频率下,ESR导致的去耦电容发热问题将更加严重,甚至引起去耦电容失效,因此需要对去耦电容的损耗机理和导致损耗的因素进行分析。
1.2节仿真电路中流过去耦电容的电流${i}_{\text{m}}$图7所示。可以看出,在开通和关断过程中均会有较大的振荡电流通过,因此,在开通和关断过程中去耦电容ESR上均会有较大的损耗。
以关断过程为例,去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}$参与关断振荡的等效回路如图5所示,根据关断过程振荡等效回路列写电路方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{DC}}=({R}_{1}+{R}_{C}+{R}_{\text{m}}){i}_{\text{m}}+({L}_{1}+{L}_{C}+{L}_{\text{m}})\frac{\text{d}{i}_{\text{m}}}{\text{d}t}+{u}_{\text{m}}\\ {u}_{\text{m}}(0)={V}_{\text{DC}}\\ {{u}^{\prime }}_{\text{m}}(0)=\frac{{I}_{\text{L}}}{{C}_{\text{m}}}\\ {i}_{\text{m}}={C}_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{d}{u}_{\text{m}}}{\text{d}t}\\ {P}_{\text{loss}}={i}_{\text{m}}^{2}{R}_{\text{m}}\end{array}\right.$
通过求解方程(9)得到去耦电容电压${u}_{\text{m}}$和ESR损耗${P}_{\text{loss}}$分别为
${u}_{\text{m}}=\frac{2{I}_{\text{L}}{L}_{0}{\text{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{0}}{2{L}_{0}}t}}{\sqrt{{C}_{\text{m}}}\sqrt{4{L}_{0}-{C}_{\text{m}}{R}_{0}^{2}}}\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{t\sqrt{4{L}_{0}-{C}_{\text{m}}{R}_{0}^{2}}}{2\sqrt{{C}_{\text{m}}}{L}_{0}}\right)+{V}_{\text{DC}}$
${P}_{\text{loss}}=\frac{4{L}_{0}^{3}{I}_{\text{L}}^{2}{C}_{\text{m}}^{2}{R}_{\text{m}}}{4{L}_{0}-{C}_{\text{m}}{R}_{0}^{2}}{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\left(\frac{\sqrt{4{L}_{0}-{C}_{\text{m}}{R}_{0}^{2}}}{2\sqrt{{C}_{\text{m}}}{L}_{0}}t+\phi \right)$
式中:${I}_{\text{L}}$为MOS管关断电流;t为MOS管关断后经过的时间;${L}_{0}={L}_{1}+{L}_{C}+{L}_{\text{m}}$${R}_{0}={R}_{1}+{R}_{C}+{R}_{\text{m}}$$\phi \text{=}$$-\text{arctan}\sqrt{\frac{4{L}_{0}}{{C}_{\text{m}}{R}_{0}^{2}}-1}$${u}_{\text{m}}$的波形如图8所示。
$t=\frac{\text{π}{L}_{0}\sqrt{{C}_{\text{m}}}}{\sqrt{4{L}_{0}-{C}_{\text{m}}{R}_{0}^{2}}}$时,${u}_{\text{m}}$取得最大值${u}_{\text{mpeak}}$
${u}_{\text{mpeak}}=\frac{2{I}_{\text{L}}{L}_{0}{\text{e}}^{-\frac{\text{π}{R}_{0}\sqrt{{C}_{\text{m}}}}{2\sqrt{4{L}_{0}-{C}_{\text{m}}{R}_{0}^{2}}}}}{\sqrt{{C}_{\text{m}}}\sqrt{4{L}_{0}-{C}_{\text{m}}{R}_{0}^{2}}}+{V}_{\text{DC}}$
电容过电压${u}_{\text{peak}}$与去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}$的关系如图9所示。可以看出,通过增大${C}_{\text{m}}$可以降低${u}_{\text{peak}}$。但是当${C}_{\text{m}}$大于一定值后,继续增大电容对降低过电压的效果并不显著。
通过求解式(9)的微分方程,并代入表1的参数,得到去耦电容的电流有效值${I}_{\text{RMS}}$、去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}$与去耦电容等效串联电阻${R}_{\text{m}}$的关系曲线如图10所示。可以看出,通过增大${C}_{\text{m}}$可以降低${I}_{\text{RMS}}$。当${C}_{\text{m}}$>0.4 μF时,继续增大${C}_{\text{m}}$对降低${I}_{\text{RMS}}$的效果不显著;同时,当${C}_{\text{m}}$过大时,电容的体积也会变得很大,增大电容的经济性并不高。因此,在实际应用中应该选择一个合适的电容值。
ESR上的损耗${P}_{\text{loss}}$与去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}$、去耦电容等效串联电阻Rm的关系曲线如图11所示。可以看出,通过增大${C}_{\text{m}}$可以降低${P}_{\text{loss}}$。当0<${C}_{\text{m}}$<0.2 μF时,增大${C}_{\text{m}}$对降低${P}_{\text{loss}}$的效果显著;当${C}_{\text{m}}$>0.4 μF时,继续增大${C}_{\text{m}}$对降低${P}_{\text{loss}}$的效果减弱。且当${R}_{\text{m}}$较大时,增大${C}_{\text{m}}$对降低${P}_{\text{loss}}$的效果更加显著。
增大${R}_{\text{m}}$可以降低去耦电容的电流有效值${I}_{\text{RMS}}$,去耦电容通流小,但是与此同时,ESR上的损耗${P}_{\text{loss}}$${R}_{\text{m}}$增大而大大增加,电容的发热增加。因此,去耦电容选型时应该综合考虑容值及其ESR,以达到通流能力和热损耗的平衡。采用多个小电容并联达到相同的去耦电容值,比直接使用大电容在减小损耗上更具优势,因为采用多个小电容并联能减小ESR,从而降低损耗。
为了验证理论分析的正确性,搭建MOSFET多脉冲实验平台如图12所示。采用的去耦电容为TDK的B58031,为抑制电压振荡,将1 mF的吸收电容放在直流母线两端。为使实验波形精准,需要较高带宽的示波器与电压电流探头,相关参数见表2
尽量缩短电压探头接地回路,以减小EMI对测试结果的影响。另外也对电压、电流探头的延迟进行矫正。根据文献[15-17]的方法,通过1次预实验提取了母排杂散电感参数${L}_{1}$=70 nH,${L}_{2}$=32 nH,通过查阅开关管器件IMBG120R030M1H的数据手册可知MOS管的${C}_{\text{oss}}$=105 pF,测试板具体参数见表3
近似取${L}_{\text{loop1}}\approx {L}_{2}=32\text{ nH}、{L}_{\text{loop2}}\approx {L}_{1}=70\text{ nH}$,根据式(1)与式(3),计算得出${T}_{1}、{T}_{2}$的理论值分别为${T}_{\text{1L}}=11.52\text{ ns}、{T}_{\text{2L}}\text{=525.69 ns}$。通过计算得出的关断过电压2个阶段的振荡周期${T}_{\text{1L}}、{T}_{\text{2L}}$,与实验测试得到的${T}_{1}=11.50\text{ ns}、{T}_{2}=522.60\text{ ns}$吻合(如图13),验证了第1个振荡周期${T}_{1}$由杂散电感${L}_{\text{loop1}}$和开关管输出电容${C}_{\text{oss}}$决定,第2个振荡周期${T}_{2}$由杂散电感${L}_{\text{loop2}}$和去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}$决定。如图13(a)所示,当去耦电容取值合适时,2个阶段的过电压尖峰相等。
图14为不同去耦电容条件下的实验波形。当去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}=0.125\text{ μF}$时,开关管的第1个过电压尖峰${V}_{\text{peak1}}=725.7\text{ V}$,第2个过电压尖峰${V}_{\text{peak2}}\text{=715.1 V}$;当${C}_{\text{m}}\text{=0.25 μF}$时,${V}_{\text{peak1}}\text{=722.0 V}$${V}_{\text{peak2}}\text{=665.1 V}$。实验结果与第2节的分析一致,即增大${C}_{\text{m}}$能降低${V}_{\text{peak2}}$,同时对${V}_{\text{peak1}}$影响不大。当去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}$偏大时,继续增大${C}_{\text{m}}$对降低${V}_{\text{peak2}}$的效果不再显著,反而会增加体积和成本。综合考虑当${C}_{\text{m}}\text{=0.125 μF}$时,2个阶段的过电压尖峰值相等,而且既可以将关断过电压抑制到一个可以接受的值,也能降低成本,减小体积。
图14(a)所示,当去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}=0.125\text{ μF}$时,流过电容的电流有效值${i}_{\text{RMS}}\text{=13.6 A}$,电容电流峰值${I}_{\text{peak}}\text{=67.2 A}$,1个周期内电容ESR产生的平均损耗${P}_{\text{loss}}\text{=0.92 W}$;如图14(b)所示,当去耦电容${C}_{\text{m}}\text{=}$$\text{0.25 μF}$时,流过电容的电流有效值${i}_{\text{RMS}}\text{=8.27 A}$,电容电流峰值${I}_{\text{peak}}\text{=41.6 A}$,1个周期内电容ESR产生的平均损耗${P}_{\text{loss}}\text{=0.34 W}$。效果对比如图15所示,可见,增大去耦电容的容值能降低电容电流的有效值,抑制电容电流的峰值,增加电容的通流能力,降低电容ESR上的功率损耗。
本文针对开关管关断过程中电压、电流振荡带来的过电压尖峰和去耦电容损耗问题,综合考虑了系统杂散参数的瞬态电路模型,分析了开关管关断过程中过电压和去耦电容电流振荡的演变过程,提出了1种去耦电容的取值方法,能使2个过电压尖峰达到最优,并通过双脉冲测试的仿真与实验结果,分析比较了不同去耦电容对电压尖峰和ESR损耗的影响。结果表明,去耦电容不影响第1个关断过电压峰值,增大去耦电容能降低第2个关断过电压峰值、电容电流有效值和去耦电容ESR损耗,是改善开关特性的有效方法。但当电容值增大到一定程度时,继续增大电容对降低过电压峰值和电容ESR损耗${P}_{\text{loss}}$的效果减弱,此时电容的体积也会变得很大,增大电容的经济性并不高。本文进一步从去耦电容ESR损耗的角度对去耦电容的值进行对比,其结果为大容量变流器端口高频去耦电容的设计提供了重要的理论依据。
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.274
  • 接收时间:2022-06-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-06-03
  • 修回日期:2022-11-03
  • 录用日期:2022-12-09
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52177191)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52177191)
State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense(6142217200403)
国防科工局稳定支持资助项目(6142217200403)
作者信息
    武汉大学电气与自动化学院,武汉 430072

通讯作者:

宫金武(1981— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:高效率高功率密度电力电子变流器设计、宽禁带半导体器件应用研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.274
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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