Article(id=1146828029411595254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.256, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1687276800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-21, revisedDate=1697817600000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-21, acceptedDate=1698508800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-29, onlineDate=1751354709246, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709246, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867180, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=256, endPage=265, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844397908582980, articleId=1146828029411595254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Joint Online Estimation of SOC and SOH for Lithium Batteries Based on Fractional-order Models, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The accurate estimation of the state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is always a key scientific prob-lem that needs to be solved urgently. In this paper, based on a second-order fractional-order equivalent circuit model, the state space equation of a lithium-ion battery is established, and the discretization expressions of fractional-order differential and integral equations of battery parameters and SOC are derived. Then, a dual fractional-order extended Kalman filter method is studied to estimate the equivalent circuit parameters, SOC and battery capacity simultaneously. In addition, a time weighting sequence method based on estimated SOC and battery capacity is proposed, different discharge currents and cumulative time are monitored, and the available capacity of the battery is calculated online, thus achieving real-time estimation of the SOH of the battery at any discharge depth and any discharge rate. Finally, under the conditions of dynamic stress test, three lithium iron phosphate batteries of the same manufacturer, the same model and different aging degrees were used for experimental verification.

, correspAuthors=Xiaobin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui WANG, Huan YAN, Xiaobin ZHANG, Yuanyuan YUE, Xiangdong SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828033748504814, articleId=1146828029411595254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=基于分数阶的锂电池SOC和SOH联合在线估计, columnId=1149830274575463188, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电池与储能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

锂离子电池的荷电状态和健康状态的准确估计一直是亟待解决的关键科学问题。依据二阶分数阶等效电路模型,建立其状态空间方程,推导电池参数和荷电状态的分数阶微积分方程的离散化表达式,再研究1种双分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波方法,对电池的等效电路参数、荷电状态以及电池容量同时进行估计。提出基于估计的荷电状态和电池容量的时间加权序列方法,监测不同放电电流与累积时间,在线计算电池可用容量,从而实现在任意放电深度和任意放电速率下的电池健康状态实时估计,并且在动态应力测试工况下以3块同厂家、同型号、不同老化程度的单体磷酸铁锂电池进行实验验证。

, correspAuthors=张晓滨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张晓滨(1977— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能电网的优化控制和新能源并网控制。E-mail:
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王辉(1990— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划技术,配电网智能化关键技术研究。E-mail:

严欢(1988— ),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电网规划。E-mail:

岳园园(1992— ),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电网规划。E-mail:

孙向东(1971— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电机控制技术,储能变流器技术,微电网控制技术。E-mail:

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王辉(1990— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划技术,配电网智能化关键技术研究。E-mail:

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王辉(1990— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划技术,配电网智能化关键技术研究。E-mail:

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严欢(1988— ),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电网规划。E-mail:

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岳园园(1992— ),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电网规划。E-mail:

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岳园园(1992— ),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电网规划。E-mail:

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孙向东(1971— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电机控制技术,储能变流器技术,微电网控制技术。E-mail:

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孙向东(1971— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电机控制技术,储能变流器技术,微电网控制技术。E-mail:

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Specification for lithium iron phosphate battery pack

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定容量/(A·h) 36
标称电压/V 3.2
充电截止电压/V 3.7
放电截止电压/V 2.5
标准充、放电电流/A 12
循环寿命/次 >2 000
), ArticleFig(id=1205945150627447680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029411595254, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

磷酸铁锂电池组规格

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定容量/(A·h) 36
标称电压/V 3.2
充电截止电压/V 3.7
放电截止电压/V 2.5
标准充、放电电流/A 12
循环寿命/次 >2 000
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基于分数阶的锂电池SOC和SOH联合在线估计
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王辉 1 , 严欢 1 , 张晓滨 2 , 岳园园 1 , 孙向东 2
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2025,23(2): 256-265
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2025, 23(2): 256-265
基于分数阶的锂电池SOC和SOH联合在线估计
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王辉1 , 严欢1 , 张晓滨2 , 岳园园1 , 孙向东2
作者信息
  • 1 国网陕西省电力有限公司经济技术研究院,西安 710065
  • 2 西安理工大学电气工程学院,西安 710054
  • 王辉(1990— ),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划技术,配电网智能化关键技术研究。E-mail:

    严欢(1988— ),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电网规划。E-mail:

    岳园园(1992— ),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电网规划。E-mail:

    孙向东(1971— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电机控制技术,储能变流器技术,微电网控制技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张晓滨(1977— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能电网的优化控制和新能源并网控制。E-mail:
Joint Online Estimation of SOC and SOH for Lithium Batteries Based on Fractional-order Models
Hui WANG1 , Huan YAN1 , Xiaobin ZHANG2 , Yuanyuan YUE1 , Xiangdong SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Economic and Technological Research Institute, State Grid Shaanxi Electric Power Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710065, China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.256
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锂离子电池的荷电状态和健康状态的准确估计一直是亟待解决的关键科学问题。依据二阶分数阶等效电路模型,建立其状态空间方程,推导电池参数和荷电状态的分数阶微积分方程的离散化表达式,再研究1种双分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波方法,对电池的等效电路参数、荷电状态以及电池容量同时进行估计。提出基于估计的荷电状态和电池容量的时间加权序列方法,监测不同放电电流与累积时间,在线计算电池可用容量,从而实现在任意放电深度和任意放电速率下的电池健康状态实时估计,并且在动态应力测试工况下以3块同厂家、同型号、不同老化程度的单体磷酸铁锂电池进行实验验证。

锂离子电池  /  分数阶模型  /  双分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波器  /  时间加权序列方法

The accurate estimation of the state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is always a key scientific prob-lem that needs to be solved urgently. In this paper, based on a second-order fractional-order equivalent circuit model, the state space equation of a lithium-ion battery is established, and the discretization expressions of fractional-order differential and integral equations of battery parameters and SOC are derived. Then, a dual fractional-order extended Kalman filter method is studied to estimate the equivalent circuit parameters, SOC and battery capacity simultaneously. In addition, a time weighting sequence method based on estimated SOC and battery capacity is proposed, different discharge currents and cumulative time are monitored, and the available capacity of the battery is calculated online, thus achieving real-time estimation of the SOH of the battery at any discharge depth and any discharge rate. Finally, under the conditions of dynamic stress test, three lithium iron phosphate batteries of the same manufacturer, the same model and different aging degrees were used for experimental verification.

Lithium-ion battery  /  fractional-order model  /  dual fractional-order extended Kalman filter  /  time weighting sequence method
王辉, 严欢, 张晓滨, 岳园园, 孙向东. 基于分数阶的锂电池SOC和SOH联合在线估计. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 256 -265 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.256
Hui WANG, Huan YAN, Xiaobin ZHANG, Yuanyuan YUE, Xiangdong SUN. Joint Online Estimation of SOC and SOH for Lithium Batteries Based on Fractional-order Models[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 256 -265 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.256
锂电池在储能系统中获得了广泛应用,其中电池管理系统BMS(battery management system)尤为重要。荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)和健康状态SOH (state-of-health)估计是BMS的核心,是确保电池安全性和提高可靠性的基础[1]。电池模型及其参数又是SOC和SOH精确估计的基础,因此选择合适的电池模型非常重要。现有的锂电池模型主要分为电化学模型、黑箱模型、耦合模型以及等效电路模型4类,其中等效电路模型应用最为广泛。与整数阶模型相比,分数阶模型FOM(fractional-order model)依据恒相位元件CPE(constant phase element)和Warburg元件的阻抗特性,由1个或多个并联RC和Warburg元件组成的分数阶模型具有更高的精度[2]
电池等效电路模型精度在很大程度上依赖于识别参数的精度。现有参数识别算法包括遗传算法GA(genetic algorithm)、递归最小二乘RLS(recursive least square)方法、扩展卡尔曼滤波EKF(extended Kalman filter)算法、粒子群优化PSO(particle swarm optimizer)和H无穷滤波器等,其中RLS方法和EKF算法常用于在线参数估计。协同估算方法通过考虑SOC和SOH之间的耦合关系,可以实现两者之间相互迭代过程的交替更新。文献[3]利用二阶RC模型结合DEKF方法共同估算SOC和SOH,因电池内阻易受温度影响,于是对SOH的准确估算有较大影响;考虑到温度对联合估计的影响,文献[4]将OCV、SOC、SOH与温度之间的关系嵌入到二阶RC模型中,使用自适应EKF结合遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法进行SOC估计,再利用已识别的内阻、极化电阻、OCV等模型参数进行SOH估计;文献[5]在二阶RC模型的基础上,提出了1种后向平滑平方根容积卡尔曼滤波和EKF的混合方法来联合估计SOC和SOH,与传统的粒子滤波方法和无迹卡尔曼滤波方法相比,该混合方法具有较高的估计精度;文献[6]提出了1种基于双扩展卡尔曼滤波和分数阶模型的锂离子电池SOC和SOH联合估计的方法,其中一个EKF估计欧姆内阻和电池容量用来反映SOH,另一个EKF用于在线更新模型参数,这种联合估计方法提高了估计精度;文献[7]提出了1种基于二阶阻容等效电路模型的强跟踪自适应衰落扩展卡尔曼滤波器,用于不同工作条件和环境温度下锂离子电池SOC的精确估计,与EKF相比,所提出的算法对SOC估计精度有所提高;文献[8]提出1种基于深度学习的锂离子电池SOC和SOH联合估算方法,该方法基于门控循环单元循环神经网络和卷积神经网络,利用锂离子电池电压、电流和温度,实现全寿命周期内SOC和SOH的同时估算,并消除了锂离子电池老化因素对锂离子电池SOC估算造成的负面影响;文献[9]提出1种集成在太阳能光伏系统应用中的锂离子电池SOH的精确在线估计方法,该方法改进了库仑计数方法,使用时间加权法,可以准确测量单个放电过程中可变放电速率期间的放电容量,但由于短时间内很难准确估计SOH及其趋势,所以有必要研究不同时间尺度的SOH。近些年来人工智能相关算法在SOH领域也有所应用。文献[10]基于实验获取了磷酸铁锂电池和电池组的老化数据集,构建了迁移学习的SOH评估模型框架,验证了小规模样本再训练模型的评估效果;文献[11]采用CatBoost方法评估电池SOH,并引入SHAP方法分析各健康特征对评估结果的影响及特征间的耦合关系;文献[12]研究1种基于变分模态分解和麻雀搜索算法优化的核极限学习机集成预测模型的SOH预测方法。
人工智能算法往往需要较多的数据进行训练,算法相对复杂,因此本文借鉴上述联合估计方法,选择二阶分数阶等效电路模型作为基础,利用双分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波器对电池参数、容量进行辨识,以及对荷电状态进行估计,进而提出基于估计的荷电状态和电池容量的时间加权序列方法,实现电池的短时和长时SOH估计。
图1为锂离子电池分数阶模型的全频域阻抗谱。通过对每一频域范围内的阻抗进行建模,可得如图2所示的分数阶等效电路模型,其中:${I}_{\text{L}}$表示电池充放电电流;${U}_{1}$表示恒相位元件电容${C}_{\text{PE1}}$的电压;${U}_{2}$表示恒相位元件电容${C}_{\text{PE2}}$的电压;${U}_{3}$表示Warburg元件${C}_{\text{W}}$的电压;${U}_{\text{o}}$表示电池端电压;${U}_{\text{OCV}}$表示开路电压;电阻${R}_{1}$${C}_{\text{PE1}}$并联表示电池的浓差极化过程;电阻${R}_{2}$${C}_{\text{PE2}}$并联表示电池的电化学极化过程。高频部分的阻抗谱曲线与实轴相交,相交点为欧姆内阻${R}_{0}$;中频段半圆截面反映电荷转移和双层电容效应;低频段表示锂离子在2个电极上的扩散特性。
恒相位元件${C}_{\text{PE1}}、{C}_{\text{PE2}}$和Warburg元件${C}_{\text{W}}$的阻抗分别用${Z}_{{C}_{\text{PE1}}}、{Z}_{{C}_{\text{PE2}}}、{Z}_{\text{W}}$表示,其表达式分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Z}_{{C}_{\text{PE1}}}=1/{C}_{1}{s}^{\alpha }\\ {Z}_{{C}_{\text{PE2}}}=1/{C}_{2}{s}^{\beta }\\ {Z}_{\text{W}}=1/{C}_{\text{W}}{s}^{\gamma }\end{array}\right.$
式中:${C}_{1}、{C}_{2}、{C}_{\text{W}}$为模型元件的参数;α、β${C}_{\text{PE1}}$${C}_{\text{PE2}}$元件的分数阶次;γ为Warburg元件的分数阶次,αβγ都在(0, 1)范围内;s为拉普拉斯算子。根据图2和式(1),列写方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{D}^{\alpha }{U}_{1}(t)=-\left(1/{R}_{1}{C}_{1}\right){U}_{1}(t)+\left(1/{C}_{1}\right){I}_{\text{L}}(t)\\ {D}^{\beta }{U}_{2}(t)=-\left(1/{R}_{2}{C}_{2}\right){U}_{2}(t)+\left(1/{C}_{2}\right){I}_{\text{L}}(t)\\ {D}^{\gamma }{U}_{3}(t)=-\left(1/{C}_{\text{W}}\right){I}_{\text{L}}(t)\\ \text{SOC}(t)={\text{SOC}}_{0}-{\displaystyle {\int }_{{t}_{0}}^{t}\frac{\eta {I}_{\text{L}}(\tau )}{{Q}_{\text{n}}}}\text{d}\tau \\ {U}_{\text{o}}(t)={U}_{\text{OCV}}(t)-{R}_{0}{I}_{\text{L}}(t)-{U}_{1}(t)-{U}_{2}(t)-{U}_{3}(t)\end{array}\right.$
式中:${D}^{\alpha }$为分数阶微积分的算子,表示关于时间t的积分-微分算子;${U}_{1}(t)、{U}_{2}(t)、{U}_{3}(t)$分别为随时间t变化的恒相位元件${C}_{\text{PE1}}、{C}_{\text{PE2}}$和Warburg元件${C}_{\text{W}}$的两端电压;${I}_{\text{L}}(t)$为随时间t变化的电池充放电电流;η为充放电效率;${Q}_{\text{n}}$为电池可用容量;$\text{SOC}(t)$为电池荷电状态;${\text{SOC}}_{0}$为电池荷电状态初始值;${U}_{\text{o}}(t)$为随时间t变化的电池端电压;${U}_{\text{OCV}}(t)$为随时间t变化的电池开路电压。
使用Grunwald-Letnikov定义,根据短时记忆原理,选择数据长度N=1时,对式(2)进行离散化,可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{\text{1}}\text{(}k\text{+1) }=\text{(}\alpha -\frac{{T}_{\text{s}}^{\alpha }}{{R}_{1}{C}_{1}}\text{)}{U}_{\text{1}}\text{(}k\text{)}+\frac{{T}_{\text{s}}^{\alpha }}{{C}_{1}}{I}_{\text{L}}\text{(}k\text{)}\\ {U}_{\text{2}}\text{(}k\text{+1) }=\text{(}\beta -\frac{{T}_{\text{s}}^{\beta }}{{R}_{2}{C}_{2}}\text{)}{U}_{\text{2}}\text{(}k\text{)}+\frac{{T}_{\text{s}}^{\beta }}{{C}_{2}}{I}_{\text{L}}\text{(}k\text{)}\\ {U}_{\text{3}}\text{(}k\text{+1) }=\gamma {U}_{\text{3}}\text{(}k\text{)}-\frac{{T}_{\text{s}}^{\gamma }}{{C}_{\text{W}}}{I}_{\text{L}}\text{(}k\text{)}\\ \text{SOC(}k\text{+1)}=\text{SOC(}k\text{)}-\frac{\eta {T}_{\text{s}}^{}}{{Q}_{\text{n}}}{I}_{\text{L}}\text{(}k\text{)}\\ {U}_{\text{o}}\text{(}k\text{)}={U}_{\text{OCV}}\text{(}k\text{)}-{R}_{\text{0}}{I}_{\text{L}}\text{(}k\text{)}-{U}_{\text{1}}\text{(}k\text{)}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{U}_{\text{2}}\text{(}k\text{)}-{U}_{\text{3}}\text{(}k\text{)}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${T}_{\text{s}}$为采样周期;${I}_{\text{L}}\text{(}k\text{)}$为第k时刻采样的电池充放电电流;${U}_{1}(k)、{U}_{1}(k+1)、{U}_{2}(k)、{U}_{2}(k+1)$分别为第kk+1时刻采样的恒相位元件${C}_{\text{PE1}}、{C}_{\text{PE2}}$的电压;${U}_{3}\text{(}k\text{)}、{U}_{3}\text{(}k+1\text{)}$分别为第kk+1时刻采样的Warburg元件${C}_{\text{W}}$的电压;$\text{SOC}(k)、\text{SOC}(k+1)$分别为第kk+1时刻估计的电池荷电状态;${U}_{\text{o}}(k)$为第k时刻计算的电池端电压。
在线辨识用来表征电池SOH特性的欧姆内阻${R}_{0}$和电池可用容量${Q}_{\text{n}}$、分数阶模型的参数${R}_{1}、{C}_{1}$${R}_{2}$${C}_{2}、{C}_{\text{W}}$以及分数阶次αβγ。定义${x}_{k}=[\text{SOC}(k)$${U}_{1}(k)\text{ }\text{ }{U}_{2}(k)\text{ }\text{ }{U}_{3}(k)\text{ }\text{ }{R}_{0}\text{ }\text{ }1/{Q}_{\text{n}}]{}^{\text{T}}$${\theta }_{k}=\text{ }[1\text{/}{R}_{1}\text{ }\text{ }1\text{/}{C}_{1}\text{ }\text{ }\alpha \text{ }\text{ }1\text{/}{R}_{2}$$1\text{/}{C}_{2}\text{ }\text{ }\beta \text{ }\text{ }1\text{/}{C}_{\text{W}}\text{ }\text{ }\gamma]$${u}_{k}={I}_{\text{L}}(k)$${y}_{k}={U}_{\text{o}}(k)$,由此可见,${x}_{k}$包含6个元素,${\theta }_{k}$包含8个元素。结合电池开路电压与SOC之间存在非线性关系,整理式(3)可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{x}_{k+1}=\boldsymbol{A}\left(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{k}\right) \boldsymbol{x}_{k}+\boldsymbol{B}\left(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{k}\right) u_{k}=f\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{k}, u_{k}, \boldsymbol{\theta}_{k}\right) \\ \boldsymbol{y}_{k}=U_{\mathrm{OCV}}\left(x_{1, k}\right)-x_{2, k}-x_{3, k}-x_{4, k}-x_{5, k} u_{k}=g\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{k}, u_{k}, \boldsymbol{\theta}_{k}\right) \end{array}\right.$
式中:${x}_{k}{}_{+1}$为状态方程;${y}_{k}$为测量方程;${x}_{i,k}$${x}_{k}$的第i个元素;${\theta }_{i,k}$${\theta }_{k}$的第i个元素;系数矩阵$A({\theta }_{k})$=$\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& 0& -\eta {T}_{\text{s}}{u}_{k}\\ 0& {\theta }_{3,k}-{\theta }_{1,k}{\theta }_{2,k}{T}_{\text{s}}^{{\theta }_{3,k}}& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& {\theta }_{6,k}-{\theta }_{4,k}{\theta }_{5,k}{T}_{\text{s}}^{{\theta }_{6,k}}& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& {\theta }_{8,k}& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right];B\left({\theta }_{k}\right)={\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& {\theta }_{2,k}{T}_{\text{s}}^{{\theta }_{3,k}}& {\theta }_{5,k}{T}_{\text{s}}^{{\theta }_{6,k}}& -{\theta }_{7,k}{T}_{\text{s}}^{{\theta }_{8,k}}\end{array}\begin{array}{cc}\text{ }\text{ }0& 0\end{array}\right]}^{\text{T}}。$
为了在线辨识分数阶等效电路模型参数、电池可用容量以及SOC,本文研究了1种双分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波DFOEKF(dual fractional-order extended Kalman filter)算法,其框图如图3所示。
FOEKF1滤波器估计状态${x}_{k}$,其中包括SOC、${R}_{0}$${Q}_{\text{n}}$等,FOEKF2滤波器同步在线辨识分数阶等效电路模型参数状态${\theta }_{k}$,2个滤波器在每一步都递归交换信息,FOEKF1将状态变量${x}_{k}$以及更新过程中卡尔曼增益${K}_{x}^{k}$传递给FOEKF2,FOEKF2将模型参数变量${\theta }_{k}$传递给FOEKF1。因此,DFOEKF算法联合估计SOC和容量及内阻的同时,还可以同步更新电池分数阶模型参数。
状态方程及测量方程分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{k+1}=f({x}_{k},\text{ }{u}_{k},\text{ }{\theta }_{k})+{w}_{k}^{\text{T}}\\ {y}_{k+1}=g({x}_{k},\text{ }{u}_{k},\text{ }{\theta }_{k})+{v}_{k}^{\text{T}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${x}_{k+}{}_{1}$k+1时刻状态变量的预测值;${x}_{k}$k时刻状态变量的最优估计值;${w}_{k}^{\text{T}}$${v}_{k}^{\text{T}}$分别为状态向量x的状态噪声和测量噪声,它们是均值为0的独立白噪声,其方差分别为${Q}_{x}^{k}$${R}_{x}^{k}$
预测状态向量${\widehat{x}}^{-}{}_{k+1}$及预测估计误差方差${P}_{x,k+1}^{-}$分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-}\text{=}f({\widehat{x}}_{k}^{+},\text{ }{u}_{k},\text{ }{\widehat{\theta }}_{k+1}^{-})\\ {P}_{x,k+1}^{-}=A({\widehat{\theta }}_{k+1}^{-}){P}_{x,k}^{+}{[A({\widehat{\theta }}_{k+1}^{-})]}^{\text{T}}{Q}_{x}^{k}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\widehat{\theta }}_{k+1}^{-}$为利用FOEKF2对参数${\theta }_{k}$的预测值;${\widehat{x}}_{k}^{+}$k时刻的后验估计值;${P}_{x,k}^{+}$k时刻估计误差方差的后验估计。
计算卡尔曼增益为
${K}_{x}^{k}={P}_{x,k+1}^{-}{\text{(}{H}_{k}^{x}\text{)}}^{\text{T}}{[{H}_{k}^{x}{P}_{x,k+1}^{-}{\text{(}{H}_{k}^{x}\text{)}}^{\text{T}}+{P}_{k}^{x}]}^{-1}$
式中:${K}_{x}^{k}$为第k时刻的卡尔曼增益;${H}_{k}^{x}$为雅可比矩阵,可写成
$\begin{array}{l}{H}_{k}^{x}={\left.\frac{\partial g\text{(}\cdot \text{)}}{\partial {x}_{k}}\right|}_{{x}_{k}={\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-}}=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left[\frac{\partial {U}_{\text{OCV}}}{\partial \text{SOC}}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }-1\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }-1\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }-1\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }-{u}_{k}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }0\right]\end{array}$
更新状态向量及更新估计误差方差分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{+}={\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-}+{K}_{x}^{k}[{y}_{k}-g({\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-},\text{ }{u}_{k},\text{ }{\theta }_{k\text{+1}}^{-})]\\ {P}_{k+1}^{+}=(I-{K}_{x}^{k}{H}_{k}^{x}){P}_{k+1}^{-}\end{array}\right.$
式中,I为单位矩阵。
状态方程及测量方程分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\theta }_{k+1}={\theta }_{k}+{w}_{k}^{\theta }\\ {y}_{k}=g({x}_{k},\text{ }{u}_{k},\text{ }{\theta }_{k})+{v}_{k}^{\theta }\end{array}\right.$
式中:${w}_{k}^{\theta }$${v}_{k}^{\theta }$分别为状态向量θ的状态噪声和测量噪声;θk+1k+1时刻状态变量的预测值;θkk时刻状态变量的最优估计值。
预测状态向量${\widehat{\theta }}_{k+1}^{-}$和预测估计误差方差${P}_{\theta,k+1}^{-}$分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{\theta }}_{k+1}^{-}={\theta }_{k}^{+}\\ {P}_{\theta,k+1}^{-}={P}_{k}^{+}+{Q}_{k}^{\theta }\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\theta }_{k}^{+}$θk时刻的后验估计;${P}_{\theta,k}^{+}$为在k时刻估计误差方差的后验估计;${Q}_{k}^{\theta }$为均值是0的独立白噪声。
计算卡尔曼增益为
${K}_{k}^{\theta }={P}_{\theta,k+1}^{-}{\text{(}{H}_{k}^{\theta }\text{)}}^{\text{T}}{[{H}_{k}^{\theta }{P}_{\theta,k+1}^{-}{\text{(}{H}_{k}^{\theta }\text{)}}^{\text{T}}+{R}_{k}^{\theta }]}^{-1}$
式中:${K}_{k}^{\theta }$k时刻的卡尔曼增益;${R}_{k}^{\theta }$为均值是0的方差。
更新状态向量θ和更新估计误差方差为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}_{k+1}^{+}=\hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}_{k+1}^{-}+\boldsymbol{K}_{k}^{\theta}\left[\boldsymbol{y}_{k}-g\left(\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_{k+1}^{-}, u_{k}, \hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}_{k+1}^{-}\right)\right] \\ \boldsymbol{P}_{\theta, k+1}^{+}=\left(\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{K}_{k}^{\theta} \boldsymbol{H}_{k}^{\theta}\right) \boldsymbol{P}_{\theta, k+1}^{-} \end{array}\right.$
式中,${H}_{k}^{\theta }$为雅可比矩阵,表示为
$\begin{array}{l}{H}_{k}^{\theta }={\left.\frac{\text{d}g({\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-},{u}_{k+1},{\widehat{\theta }}_{k}^{})}{\text{d}{\theta }_{k}}\right|}_{{\theta }_{k}={\widehat{\theta }}_{k+1}^{-}}=\frac{\text{d}g({\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-},{u}_{k+1},{\widehat{\theta }}_{k}^{})}{\text{d}{\theta }_{k}}=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\frac{\partial g({\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-},{u}_{k+1},{\widehat{\theta }}_{k}^{})}{\partial {\theta }_{k}}+\frac{\partial g({\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-},{u}_{k+1},{\widehat{\theta }}_{k}^{})}{\partial {\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-}}\frac{\text{d}{\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-}}{d{\theta }_{k}}。\end{array}$
其中:
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial g({\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-},{u}_{k+1},{\widehat{\theta }}_{k}^{})}{\partial {\theta }_{k}}=[\begin{array}{cccccccc}0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}];\\ \frac{\partial g({\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-},{u}_{k+1},{\widehat{\theta }}_{k}^{})}{\partial {\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-}}=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}{\left.\frac{\partial {U}_{\text{OCV}}}{\partial \text{SOC}}\right|}_{\text{SOC}={\widehat{x}}_{{}_{1,k+1}}^{-}}& -1& -1& -1& -{u}_{k+1}& 0\end{array}\right] \end{array}$
$\frac{\text{d}{\widehat{x}}_{k+1}^{-}}{\text{d}{\theta }_{k}}=\frac{\partial f({\widehat{x}}_{k}^{+},{u}_{k},{\widehat{\theta }}_{k}^{})}{\partial {\theta }_{k}}+\frac{\partial f({\widehat{x}}_{k}^{+},{u}_{k},{\widehat{\theta }}_{k}^{})}{\partial {\widehat{x}}_{k}^{+}}\frac{\text{d}{\widehat{x}}_{k}^{+}}{\text{d}{\theta }_{k}}$$\frac{\text{d}{\widehat{x}}_{k}^{+}}{\text{d}{\theta }_{k}}=\frac{\text{d}{\widehat{x}}_{k}^{-}}{\text{d}{\theta }_{k-1}}-{K}_{k-1}^{\theta }{H}_{k-1}^{\theta }$
传统的SOH方法通常需要100%的放电深度和恒定的放电率来测量电池的可用容量。然而,在实际应用中,电池的放电电流会随负载的变化而变化。另外,电池一般不会在短时间内出现明显的老化现象,老化通常需要经历漫长的时间,因此本文从长、短时间2个尺度来估计电池SOH。先将长时间(例如1个星期)分解为w个短时间(例如1 d),再根据放电电流速率将1个短时间分为N个时间段,相邻时间段内以不同放电倍率进行恒流放电。为此,本文提出一种基于时间加权法的短时电池可用容量测量方法,根据电流变化以及电池的放电深度对电池可用容量进行实时估计,以此计算短时健康状态SOH,即有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Q}_{0}=\frac{{Q}_{0}(1){t}_{1}\text{+}{Q}_{0}(2){t}_{\text{2}}\text{+}\text{ }\cdots \text{ }\text{+}{Q}_{0}(N){t}_{N}}{{t}_{1}\text{+}{t}_{\text{2}}\text{+}\text{ }\cdots \text{ }\text{+}{t}_{N}}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }[{\text{SOC}}_{\text{start}}(N)-{\text{SOC}}_{\text{end}}(N)]\\ \text{SOH}=\frac{{Q}_{0}}{{Q}_{\text{rate}}}\times 100\%\end{array}\right.$
式中:${Q}_{0}\text{(}1\text{)},\text{ }{Q}_{0}\text{(}2\text{)},\text{ }\dots,\text{ }{Q}_{0}\text{(}N\text{)}$为出厂新电池给出的每个放电速率下电池可用容量;${t}_{n}$(n=1,2,…,N)为电池在每个相应放电速率中经历的时间;${\text{SOC}}_{\text{start}}(N)$为整个放电过程开始时刻的SOC;${\text{SOC}}_{\text{end}}(N)$为整个放电过程终止时刻的SOC;${Q}_{0}$为短时间内电池可用容量;${Q}_{\text{rate}}$为电池额定容量。${\text{SOC}}_{\text{start}}(N)-{\text{SOC}}_{\text{end}}(N)$旨在解决在短时间内可变放电深度下电池最大可用容量估计不准的问题,${Q}_{0}(1),\text{ }{Q}_{0}(2),\text{ }\cdot \cdot \cdot,\text{ }{Q}_{0}(N)$用于解决在单个时间段内放电过程中不同放电倍率下电池最大可用容量估计不准的问题。式(14)表示1种放电深度的短时电池健康状态,可以用来评价短期内的电池健康程度。
将在一段长时间范围内w个短时健康状态求取平均值,则可以获得长时间范围内的健康状态,在此称为长时健康状态${\text{SOH}}_{\text{whole}}$,即
${\text{SOH}}_{\text{whole}}\text{=}\frac{{\text{SOH}}_{\text{1}}{\text{+SOH}}_{\text{2}}\text{+}\text{ }\cdots \text{ }{\text{+SOH}}_{w}}{w}$
式中,${\text{SOH}}_{\text{1}},\text{ }{\text{SOH}}_{\text{2}},\text{ }\dots,\text{ }{\text{SOH}}_{w}$分别为在一段长时间范围内中相同或不同放电深度的第1~w个健康状态。式(15)可以用来评价长期范围的电池健康程度及趋势。
SOH估计具体流程如图4所示。需要说明的是,所采用的时间加权法适用于电池放电模式。
电池放电过程中,如果放电电流和放电倍率发生变化,则计入不同放电电流和放电倍率所对应的时间。FOEKF1和FOEKF2每估计1次,需要重复1次上述记录过程,记录期间需要判断电池的放电电流和放电倍率是否变化,若放电电流和放电倍率没有变化,则持续记录对应的放电时间;若放电电流和放电倍率发生变化,则结束上一次的时间记录,开始记录新一次放电电流和放电倍率下对应的时间。如此循环进行FOEKF1和FOEKF2的估计过程和时间记录过程,直到电池电量完全耗尽或放电过程结束。计时结束后,对电池的总放电容量进行计算,利用式(14)计算最新的短时电池健康状态SOH,再联合之前计算的w-1个短时电池健康状态,利用式(15)求取平均值,最终可得长时电池健康状态SOHwhole。总是以最近w个短时电池健康状态进行滚动计算,则可以长期估计电池的SOH变化趋势。
为了验证上述估计方法的正确性,本文搭建实验平台,在动态应力测试DST(dynamic stress test)工况下对3块不同老化程度的磷酸铁锂电池进行测试,验证DFOEKF算法在线辨识参数、估计SOC和基于时间序列加权法在线估计SOH的正确性。搭建的电池测试平台如图5所示,电池的基本参数见表1
首先,分别对新电池、老化1号电池和老化2号电池采用C/3间歇充放电实验(恒流放电或者充电维持18 min,然后将电池静置1 h),获得每个电池两端电压和SOC,并绘制对应电池的充电状态和放电状态的开路电压OCV(open circuit voltage)与SOC之间的关系曲线。图6给出了新电池的OCV- SOC关系曲线,老化1号和老化2号电池的OCV- SOC关系曲线与新电池的曲线形状近似,区别仅在于在相同SOC时老化程度越大的电池端电压越低,由于篇幅所限,文中没有给出老化电池的OCV-SOC关系曲线。由图6可见,磷酸铁锂电池存在较长时间的端电压平台期,充电状态和放电状态下OCV- SOC曲线存在较大差异,因此本文对充电状态和放电状态分别进行了OCV-SOC曲线拟合。
充电状态和放电状态的拟合多项式分别为
$\begin{array}{l}{U}_{\text{oc}}^{\text{eh}}\text{=}\text{ }-{\text{365.22SOC}}^{\text{8}}{\text{+1 565.70SOC}}^{\text{7}}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\text{2 774.30SOC}}^{\text{6}}{\text{+2 626.50SOC}}^{\text{5}}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\text{1 436.40SOC}}^{\text{4}}{\text{+460.05SOC}}^{\text{3}}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\text{84.25SOC}}^{\text{2}}\text{+8.41SOC+2.903}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{U}_{\text{oc}}^{\text{dis}}\text{=}-{\text{203.62SOC}}^{\text{8}}{\text{+966.90SOC}}^{\text{7}}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\text{1 889.20SOC}}^{\text{6}}{\text{+1 969.70SOC}}^{\text{5}}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\text{1 188.10SOC}}^{\text{4}}{\text{+420.73SOC}}^{\text{3}}-\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\text{85.04SOC}}^{\text{2}}\text{+9.21SOC+2.819}\end{array}$
3块不同老化程度电池测定的容量曲线如图7所示。图中:新电池的容量为标定容量;其余2块电池中,老化1号电池是容量接近90%标定容量的电池,老化2号电池是老化程度最深的电池,其容量只有新电池的50%。
DST工况是由城市循环工况简化而成的动态驾驶测试工况。在环境温度25 ℃下,3块电池的SOC从100%降为0,整个过程中输入电流和电池端电压的测量曲线如图8所示,采样时间为10 s,其中正电流代表放电电流。
采用DFOEKF算法对3块电池分别进行在线参数辨识,限于篇幅,此处仅给出新电池在DST工况下参数辨识的结果,如图9所示,其中,电阻${R}_{2}$估计值基本为9 mΩ,所显示的数值位数多是由MATLAB数据处理造成的。从图9中可以看出,辨识参数具有明显的波动和尖峰,表明DFOEKF算法能准确地反映在动态工况下各参数的复杂时变特性。根据图中电池内阻${R}_{0}$和容量${Q}_{\text{n}}$的估计结果可以观察到,初始阶段电池内阻变化缓慢,最终估计的内阻在1 mΩ左右,与本文采用的磷酸铁锂电池在规格书中所给定内阻小于2 mΩ的标准吻合,表明了参数辨识的合理性。容量估计在后期存在一个较小的波动,波动误差在0.8 A·h即2%以内。${R}_{0}$${Q}_{\text{n}}$的估计结果验证了所研究的DFOEKF算法的有效性。
以事先测得的每个电池的OCV-SOC关系曲线为基础,分别在DST工况下进行测试,结果如图10所示。图10(a)为新电池在DST工况下的电压预测结果和估计值与真实值之间的误差,可见,端电压预测误差极小,接近0%,而SOC估计的最大误差不超过1.4%;图10(b)为老化1号电池的相关波形,该电池的预测端电压误差很小,在0.1%范围内波动,而SOC的估计最大误差不超过1.4%;图10(c)为老化2号电池的相关波形,该电池的容量仅为新电池的一半,但是其端电压的误差仍然很小,在0.3%附近,而SOC估计误差最大不超过2.7%。从图10可见,对于不同老化程度的电池,最大SOC估计误差都在2.7%以内,表明DFOEKF算法估计电池参数和SOC较为准确。
图11为不同放电深度和老化程度下所估计的3块电池SOH对比。图中,蓝色柱状图(左1)为放电深度在100%情况下的SOH估计值,即电池SOC从100%下降至0%,因此以蓝色柱状图对应的SOH为参考值。新电池在不同放电深度下估计的SOH最大误差不超过5.03%,长时健康状态${\text{SOH}}_{\text{whole}}$与参考值之间误差不超过1.51%;老化1号电池在不同放电深度下估计的SOH最大误差不超过5.1%,${\text{SOH}}_{\text{whole}}$与参考值之间的误差不超过1.04%;老化2号电池在不同放电深度下估计的SOH最大误差不超过1.49%,长时健康状态${\text{SOH}}_{\text{whole}}$与参考值之间的误差不超过0.57%。综上,长时健康状态${\text{SOH}}_{\text{whole}}$与参考值之间的误差均不超过1.51%,说明文中所提SOH估计算法具有较高的估计精度,验证了算法的有效性。
本文基于二阶分数阶等效电路模型,采用双分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对模型参数、荷电状态以及反映健康状态的欧姆内阻和电池容量进行估计,使用时间加权法对电池实际可用容量进行估计。实验结果表明,在DST工况下不同老化程度电池的SOC都能被准确估计,新电池和较新电池的SOC估计误差在1.4%之内,老化严重电池的SOC估计误差在2.7%之内;不同老化程度电池在不同放电深度下长时健康状态${\text{SOH}}_{\text{whole}}$的最大估计误差不超过1.51%,验证了本文所研究联合估计算法的有效性。
  • 国网陕西省电力有限公司科学技术资助项目(SGSNJY00GPJS2200015)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52477196)
  • 西安市科技计划资助项目(24GXFW0067)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.256
  • 接收时间:2023-06-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-21
  • 修回日期:2023-10-21
  • 录用日期:2023-10-29
基金
Science and Technology Project of State Grid Shaanxi Electric Power Co., Ltd.(SGSNJY00GPJS2200015)
国网陕西省电力有限公司科学技术资助项目(SGSNJY00GPJS2200015)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52477196)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52477196)
Xi’an Science and Technology Project(24GXFW0067)
西安市科技计划资助项目(24GXFW0067)
作者信息
    1 国网陕西省电力有限公司经济技术研究院,西安 710065
    2 西安理工大学电气工程学院,西安 710054

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张晓滨(1977— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能电网的优化控制和新能源并网控制。E-mail:
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