Article(id=1146828029138960394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.247, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1655827200000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-22, revisedDate=1661529600000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-27, acceptedDate=1662998400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-09-13, onlineDate=1751354709181, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709181, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866799, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=247, endPage=255, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844395387744884, articleId=1146828029138960394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=SOC Estimation of Lithium Battery Based on Resistance-capacitance Parameters Filtering Optimization UKF, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A fast and accurate estimation of the state-of-charge (SOC) of lithium batteries is critical for the battery management system. Aimed at the problem that the Kalman filter algorithm lacks reasonable constraints on the resistance-capacitance (RC) parameters when estimating the SOC of lithium batteries, an optimization method of RC parameters filtering is proposed, and it is combined with unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to achieve the fast and accurate convergence of lithium battery SOC estimation. First, an equivalent circuit model of lithium battery is established by combing the polynomial equation. Then, forgetting factor recursive least squares is used to obtain the time-varying and time-invariant model RC parameters. The expression of RC parameters filtering relationship is established by setting the Kalman gain threshold, and an RC optimization UKF algorithm is proposed for lithium battery SOC estimation. Finally, hybrid pulse-power characteristic experiment, intermittent constant-current discharge experiment and dynamic stress test experiment were designed to verify the convergence and robustness of the proposed algorithm. The maximum estimation error of SOC was less than 1.0%, and the reference range of gain threshold was also given.

, correspAuthors=Jingying ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin HU, Jingying ZHAO, Shuailiang YAO, Wenyu ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828033358430388, articleId=1146828029138960394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=基于阻容参数滤波优化UKF的锂电池SOC估计, columnId=1149830274575463188, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电池与储能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

锂电池荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)的快速精确估计,对电池管理系统至关重要。针对卡尔曼滤波算法估计锂电池SOC时阻容参数缺乏合理约束的问题,提出1种阻容参数滤波优化方法,结合无迹卡尔曼滤波UKF(unscented Kalman filter)实现锂电池SOC估计的快速精确收敛。首先,结合多项式建立锂电池等效电路模型;然后,利用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法获取时变和时不变的模型阻容参数,通过设置卡尔曼增益阈值,建立阻容参数滤波关系式,提出阻容参数滤波优化无迹卡尔曼滤波算法,估计锂电池SOC;最后,设计混合功率脉冲特性实验、间歇恒流放电实验和动应力测试实验,验证设计方法的收敛性和鲁棒性,SOC最大估计误差低于1.0%,并给出增益阈值参考范围。

, correspAuthors=赵靖英, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵靖英(1974— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:电气可靠性评估。E-mail:
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胡劲(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂电池状态估计研究。E-mail:

姚帅亮(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能控制技术研究。E-mail:

张文煜(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:新能源发电。E-mail:

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胡劲(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂电池状态估计研究。E-mail:

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姚帅亮(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能控制技术研究。E-mail:

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姚帅亮(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能控制技术研究。E-mail:

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张文煜(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:新能源发电。E-mail:

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张文煜(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:新能源发电。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029138960394, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Uoc -SOC data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SOC/% 充电${U}_{\text{oc}}$/V 放电${U}_{\text{oc}}$/V ${U}_{\text{oc}}$均值/V
100 4.187 1 4.184 6 4.185 9
90 4.091 3 4.053 5 4.072 4
80 3.993 3 3.937 5 3.965 4
70 3.885 7 3.825 0 3.855 4
60 3.784 7 3.726 1 3.755 4
50 3.706 9 3.659 4 3.683 2
40 3.656 0 3.615 4 3.635 7
30 3.617 6 3.568 6 3.593 1
20 3.567 7 3.508 1 3.537 9
10 3.491 4 3.430 3 3.460 9
0 3.244 0 3.244 0 3.244 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205945148412850939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029138960394, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Uoc-SOC数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SOC/% 充电${U}_{\text{oc}}$/V 放电${U}_{\text{oc}}$/V ${U}_{\text{oc}}$均值/V
100 4.187 1 4.184 6 4.185 9
90 4.091 3 4.053 5 4.072 4
80 3.993 3 3.937 5 3.965 4
70 3.885 7 3.825 0 3.855 4
60 3.784 7 3.726 1 3.755 4
50 3.706 9 3.659 4 3.683 2
40 3.656 0 3.615 4 3.635 7
30 3.617 6 3.568 6 3.593 1
20 3.567 7 3.508 1 3.537 9
10 3.491 4 3.430 3 3.460 9
0 3.244 0 3.244 0 3.244 0
), ArticleFig(id=1205945148509319934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029138960394, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Time-invariant RC parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${R}_{\text{o}}$/mΩ 2.00
${R}_{\text{S}}$/mΩ 25.12
${R}_{\text{L}}$/mΩ 77.51
${C}_{\text{S}}$/kF 0.171
${C}_{\text{L}}$/kF 0.356
), ArticleFig(id=1205945148605788935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029138960394, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

时不变阻容参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${R}_{\text{o}}$/mΩ 2.00
${R}_{\text{S}}$/mΩ 25.12
${R}_{\text{L}}$/mΩ 77.51
${C}_{\text{S}}$/kF 0.171
${C}_{\text{L}}$/kF 0.356
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基于阻容参数滤波优化UKF的锂电池SOC估计
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胡劲 1 , 赵靖英 1 , 姚帅亮 2 , 张文煜 2
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2025,23(2): 247-255
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2025, 23(2): 247-255
基于阻容参数滤波优化UKF的锂电池SOC估计
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胡劲1 , 赵靖英1 , 姚帅亮2 , 张文煜2
作者信息
  • 1 河北工业大学电气工程学院, 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室,天津 300130
  • 2 国网冀北张家口风光储输新能源有限公司,张家口 075000
  • 胡劲(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂电池状态估计研究。E-mail:

    姚帅亮(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能控制技术研究。E-mail:

    张文煜(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:新能源发电。E-mail:

通讯作者:

赵靖英(1974— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:电气可靠性评估。E-mail:
SOC Estimation of Lithium Battery Based on Resistance-capacitance Parameters Filtering Optimization UKF
Jin HU1 , Jingying ZHAO1 , Shuailiang YAO2 , Wenyu ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, College of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
  • 2 State Grid Jibei Zhangjiakou Wind-PV-Storage-Transportation New Energy Co., Ltd., Zhangjiakou 075000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.247
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锂电池荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)的快速精确估计,对电池管理系统至关重要。针对卡尔曼滤波算法估计锂电池SOC时阻容参数缺乏合理约束的问题,提出1种阻容参数滤波优化方法,结合无迹卡尔曼滤波UKF(unscented Kalman filter)实现锂电池SOC估计的快速精确收敛。首先,结合多项式建立锂电池等效电路模型;然后,利用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法获取时变和时不变的模型阻容参数,通过设置卡尔曼增益阈值,建立阻容参数滤波关系式,提出阻容参数滤波优化无迹卡尔曼滤波算法,估计锂电池SOC;最后,设计混合功率脉冲特性实验、间歇恒流放电实验和动应力测试实验,验证设计方法的收敛性和鲁棒性,SOC最大估计误差低于1.0%,并给出增益阈值参考范围。

锂电池  /  荷电状态  /  阻容参数  /  无迹卡尔曼滤波

A fast and accurate estimation of the state-of-charge (SOC) of lithium batteries is critical for the battery management system. Aimed at the problem that the Kalman filter algorithm lacks reasonable constraints on the resistance-capacitance (RC) parameters when estimating the SOC of lithium batteries, an optimization method of RC parameters filtering is proposed, and it is combined with unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to achieve the fast and accurate convergence of lithium battery SOC estimation. First, an equivalent circuit model of lithium battery is established by combing the polynomial equation. Then, forgetting factor recursive least squares is used to obtain the time-varying and time-invariant model RC parameters. The expression of RC parameters filtering relationship is established by setting the Kalman gain threshold, and an RC optimization UKF algorithm is proposed for lithium battery SOC estimation. Finally, hybrid pulse-power characteristic experiment, intermittent constant-current discharge experiment and dynamic stress test experiment were designed to verify the convergence and robustness of the proposed algorithm. The maximum estimation error of SOC was less than 1.0%, and the reference range of gain threshold was also given.

Lithium battery  /  state-of-charge (SOC)  /  resistance- capacitance (RC) parameters  /  unscented Kalman filter (UKF)
胡劲, 赵靖英, 姚帅亮, 张文煜. 基于阻容参数滤波优化UKF的锂电池SOC估计. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 247 -255 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.247
Jin HU, Jingying ZHAO, Shuailiang YAO, Wenyu ZHANG. SOC Estimation of Lithium Battery Based on Resistance-capacitance Parameters Filtering Optimization UKF[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 247 -255 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.247
锂电池荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)的精确估算有助于电池管理系统制定针对电池组的均衡策略,延长电池组寿命。国内外研究学者通过调整卡尔曼滤波算法中误差协方差初值${P}_{\text{0}}$、噪声协方差QR,研究锂电池SOC估计方法[1]。文献[2]利用模糊控制器调控噪声协方差,研究扩展卡尔曼滤波EKF(extended Kalman filter)算法,实现SOC估计的快速收敛;文献[3]利用扩展卡尔曼滤波和无迹卡尔曼滤波UKF(unscented Kalman filter)循环估计电池状态量和系统参数,实现噪声协方差R的迭代更新,提高锂电池SOC估计精度;文献[4]通过构建不同放电倍率下的SOC与电池内阻关系式,实现变电流过程中SOC精确估算;文献[5]利用EKF算法估计锂电池SOC的同时,通过最小二乘法进行容量和误差协方差观测,实现锂电池SOC的多参数联合估计;文献[6]将神经网络和UKF进行结合,设计主从滤波器分别对系统状态和噪声方差进行估计,提升SOC的估计速度和精度。
同时,文献[7-9]在锂电池模型方面进行改进,通过提高等效电路模型精度进一步提升SOC估计精度;文献[10-11]利用含遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法FFRLS(forgetting factor recursive least squares)进行锂电池模型阻容参数在线辨识;文献[12]利用Huber-M方法改进卡尔门滤波算法,并将门控循环单元神经网络的输出量作为观测值,提高了锂电池SOC估计精度和收敛速度;文献[13]构建双扩展卡尔曼滤波方法,并行工作估算等效模型阻容参数和进行SOC估计;文献[14]提出利用循环神经网络并行工作的策略,对电池模型容量进行实时估算,修正模型放电倍率,提升SOC估计精度;文献[15]通过建立电池等效电路模型,再结合神经网络的自学习能力实现老化后电池的SOC估计。
在SOC估计方法中,阻容参数的选取影响电池状态估计。离线辨识得到的时不变阻容参数,数值稳定,但会降低SOC估计精度;而在线辨识得到的时变阻容参数缺乏合理约束[10],数值受电池工况影响,波动较大甚至发散,影响SOC估计的稳定性和收敛性。
本文基于锂电池等效电路模型,研究阻容参数的辨识方法,通过设置增益阈值建立阻容参数的合理约束,与UKF结合,构建阻容参数滤波优化无迹卡尔曼滤波RCO-UKF(resistance-capacitance optimization unscented Kalman filter)算法,实现锂电池SOC快速估计。首先,进行混合功率脉冲特性HPPC(hybrid pulse-power characteristic)实验,根据实验数据建立电池等效模型;然后,进行间歇恒流放电实验和动应力测试DST(dynamic stress test)实验,验证RCO- UKF算法的收敛性及鲁棒性;最后,利用控制变量法,进行不同误差协方差初值的收敛性实验,给出增益阈值的参考区间。
构建二阶RC模型描述锂电池充、放电特性,如图1所示。其中,${U}_{\mathrm{oc}}$为电池开路电压,I为电池充、放电电流,${R}_{\text{L}}$${C}_{\text{L}}$分别为电化学极化电阻和极化电容,${R}_{\text{S}}$${C}_{\text{S}}$分别为浓差极化电阻和极化电容,${U}_{\text{S}}$${U}_{\text{L}}$分别为${R}_{\text{S}}$${R}_{\text{L}}$端电压,U为电池端电压,${R}_{\text{o}}$为等效内阻。
设置[SOC ${U}_{\text{L}}$${U}_{\text{S}}$]T为锂电池性能的状态变量,构建离散状态空间方程为
$\begin{array}{l}\left[\begin{array}{c}{\text{SOC}}_{k+1}\\ \text{ }{U}_{\text{S}}{}_{,k+1}{}_{}^{}\\ {U}_{\text{L,}}{}_{k+1}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& {\text{e}}^{-\Delta t/{\tau }_{\text{s}}}& 0\\ 0& 0& {\text{e}}^{-\Delta t/{\tau }_{\text{l}}}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{\text{SOC}}_{k}\\ \text{ }{U}_{\text{S}}{}_{,k}{}_{}^{}\\ {U}_{\text{L}}{}_{\text{,}k}\end{array}\right]+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left[\begin{array}{c}-\Delta t/{Q}_{\text{c}}\\ {R}_{\text{S}}(1-{\text{e}}^{-\Delta t/{\tau }_{\text{s}}})\\ {R}_{\text{L}}(1-{\text{e}}^{-\Delta t/{\tau }_{\text{l}}})\end{array}\right]{I}_{k}\end{array}$
$U={U}_{\text{oc}}(\text{SOC})-{U}_{\text{S}}-{U}_{\text{L}}-{R}_{\text{o}}I(k)$
式中:k为离散时间;Δt为采样间隔;${\tau }_{\text{s}}$${\tau }_{\text{l}}$分别为时间常数${R}_{\text{S}}{C}_{\text{S}}$${R}_{\text{L}}{C}_{\text{L}}$${Q}_{\text{c}}$为电池容量。
建立图1${U}_{\mathrm{oc}}$与式(1)中SOC的映射关系,${U}_{\mathrm{oc}}$取充电和放电阶段开路电压的均值。利用6阶多项式拟合${U}_{\mathrm{oc}}\text{-SOC}$的非线性关系,即
$\begin{array}{l}{U}_{\text{oc}}={a}_{6}{\mathrm{SOC}}^{6}+{a}_{5}{\mathrm{SOC}}^{5}+{a}_{4}{\mathrm{SOC}}^{4}+{a}_{3}{\mathrm{SOC}}^{3}+\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{a}_{2}{\mathrm{SOC}}^{2}+{a}_{1}\mathrm{SOC}+{a}_{0}\end{array}$
式中,${a}_{1}~{a}_{6}$为多项式系数。
图1中的阻容参数${R}_{\text{o}}、{R}_{\text{S}}、{C}_{\text{S}}、{R}_{\text{L}}、{C}_{\text{L}}$是未知的,在结合等效电路模型与卡尔曼滤波算法估计锂电池SOC之前,需利用FFRLS辨识阻容参数得到具体数值,递推式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\theta }_{k}={\theta }_{k-1}+{K}_{\text{LS,}k}\text{(}{Z}_{k}-{\phi }_{{}_{k-\text{1}}}^{\text{T}}{\theta }_{k-1})\\ {K}_{\text{LS,}k}=\frac{{P}_{\text{LS,}k-1}{\phi }_{k-1}}{\lambda +{\phi }_{{}_{k-\text{1}}}^{\text{T}}{P}_{\text{LS,}k-1}{\phi }_{k-1}}\\ {P}_{\text{LS,}k}={\lambda }^{-1}({I}_{\text{e}}-{K}_{\text{LS,}k}{\phi }_{{}_{k-\text{1}}}^{\text{T}}){P}_{\text{LS,}k-1}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\theta $为待定系数向量;${K}_{\text{LS}}{}_{,k}$为增益矩阵;${Z}_{k}$为模型状态观测值;${\phi }_{k}$k-2至k时刻的IU${P}_{\text{LS}}{}_{,k}$为协方差矩阵;𝜆为遗忘因子;${I}_{\text{e}}$为同型单位矩阵。
FFRLS根据输入不同,得到时变和时不变阻容参数:将锂电池实时工况下的电压、电流作为FFRLS的输入,得到时间序列形式的时变阻容参数;以恒定的电压、电流作为FFRLS的输入,取输出时序均值,可得到时不变阻容参数。
通常锂电池模型状态方程式(1)和式(2)由时变阻容参数或时不变阻容参数单一构成。时变阻容参数可提供较高的电池模型和SOC估计精度,但数值稳定性较低;时不变阻容参数稳定性较高,但提供的精度较低。
综合考虑2种阻容参数的特性,结合其优势设计阻容参数滤波方法,具体实施方式如下。
(1)定义时变阻容参数向量${X}_{k}=[{R}_{\text{o}|k}\text{ }{R}_{\text{S}|k}\text{ }{C}_{\text{S}|k}$${R}_{\text{L}|k}\text{ }{C}_{\text{L}|k}]{}^{\text{T}}$。时变阻容参数在复杂工况下可能出现较大数值抖动、负值等情况,为保障参数稳定性,引入时不变阻容参数进行修正。
(2)定义时不变阻容参数向量$\overline{X}=[{R}_{\text{o}}\text{ }{R}_{\text{S}}\text{ }{C}_{\text{S}}\text{ }{R}_{\text{L}}$${C}_{\text{L}}$]T。对锂电池施加恒流激励,以电压的零状态响应${U}_{\text{ZRS}}$和零输入响应${U}_{\text{ZIR}}$为依据,通过FFRLS辨识可得到$\overline{X}$
$U_{\mathrm{ZRS}}=U_{\mathrm{oc}}-I R_{\mathrm{o}}-I R_{\mathrm{S}}\left(1-\mathrm{e}^{-t / \tau_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)-I R_{\mathrm{L}}\left(1-\mathrm{e}^{-t / \tau_{1}}\right)$
$U_{\mathrm{ZIR}}=U_{\mathrm{oc}}-I R_{\mathrm{S}} \mathrm{e}^{-t / \tau_{\mathrm{s}}}-I R_{\mathrm{L}} \mathrm{e}^{-t / \tau_{1}}$
(3)由于$\overline{X}$元素为固定数值,受实验条件影响,辨识结果泛化能力较低。为提高其泛化能力,为$\overline{X}$添加噪声项${w}_{\text{g}}$模拟环境噪声,定义${w}_{\text{g}}=[{w}_{\text{o}}\text{ }{w}_{\text{rs}}\text{ }{w}_{\text{cs}}$${w}_{\text{rl}}\text{ }{w}_{\text{cl}}]{}^{\text{T}}$,方差$\sigma \text{=}{\left[{\sigma }_{\text{o}}\text{ }{\sigma }_{\text{rs}}\text{ }{\sigma }_{\text{cs}}\text{ }{\sigma }_{\text{rl}}\text{ }{\sigma }_{\text{cl}}\right]}^{\text{T}}$。其中${w}_{\text{o}}\text{~N(0,}$${\sigma }_{\text{o}}\text{)}$${w}_{\text{rs}}\text{~N(0},{\sigma }_{\text{rs}}\text{)}$${w}_{\text{cs}}\text{~N(0},{\sigma }_{\text{cs}}\text{)}$${w}_{\text{rl}}\text{~N(0},$${\sigma }_{\text{rl}}\text{)}$${w}_{\text{cl}}\text{~}$$\text{N(0},{\sigma }_{\text{cl}}\text{)}$,即${w}_{\text{g}}$各元素服从均值为0、方差为σ对应元素的正态分布,N表示正态分布符号。计算σ各元素值,其表达式为
${\sigma }_{j}^{2}=\frac{{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{k}{({X}_{k,j}-{\overline{X}}_{j})}^{2}}}{k}$
式中:${\sigma }_{j}$${\overline{X}}_{j}$分别为σ$\overline{X}$的第j个元素;${X}_{k,j}$${X}_{k}$的第j个元素。为保证Cholesky分解运算的数字稳定性,应限制向量元素${\sigma }_{j}$≤0.01${\overline{X}}_{j}$
(4)根据卡尔曼滤波算法的递推特性[6],卡尔曼增益${K}_{k}$由模型状态量估计值和传感器测量值确定。当${K}_{k}$较小时,模型状态量估计值更接近实际值;而${K}_{k}$较大时,传感器测量值更接近实际值。
本文时变阻容参数${X}_{k}$由状态量估计值获得,因此当${K}_{k}$较大时,${X}_{k}$稳定性较差,需利用固定的时不变阻容参数$\overline{X}+{w}_{g}$替换${X}_{k}$,保证卡尔曼滤波算法的迭代稳定性。引入增益阈值γ区分${K}_{k}$的大小,基于采集的电池端电压和电流数据,递推Kk变化趋势,增益阈值γ设置与${K}_{k}$变化趋势有关,基于变化区间寻求γ的合理设置。如图2所示,${K}_{k}$在45 s附近出现第2峰值,在150 s后趋于平稳状态,若${K}_{k}$第2峰值存在,γ一般选取大于${K}_{k}$平稳状态值且小于${K}_{k}$第2峰值的常数;否则γ取值在${K}_{k}$平稳状态的1.1~1.5倍范围内,均可保证卡尔曼滤波算法的平稳迭代。
基于阶跃函数ɛ构建阻容参数滤波关系式,对比${K}_{k}$γ大小确定阻容参数滤波输出结果${X}_{\text{a}}$。当${K}_{k}$>γ时,Xa=$\overline{X}+{w}_{g}$;当${K}_{k}$<γ时,${X}_{\text{a}}=$${X}_{k}$,表达式为
${X}_{\text{a}}=[1-\epsilon ({K}_{k}-\gamma )]{X}_{k}+\epsilon ({K}_{k}-\gamma )(\overline{X}+{w}_{\text{g}})$
(5)异常值判定。阻容参数在线辨识过程中,异常负值的出现可能导致计算结果发散,降低算法收敛性,因此设置异常值判定机制,当${X}_{k}$输出含负数时,使${X}_{\text{a}}=\overline{X}+{w}_{g}$
将上述阻容参数滤波代入UKF递推过程,构建RCO-UKF算法估计锂电池SOC。
根据锂电池输出的非线性特征,将式(1)和式(2)改写为
${x}_{k+1}=f({x}_{k},{u}_{k},w)$
${y}_{k}=h({x}_{k},{u}_{k},v)$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}w~N(0,Q)\\ v~N(0,R)\end{array}\right.$
式中:f( )、h( )分别为式(1)、式(2)离散状态空间方程的函数形式;${u}_{k}$为锂电池性能的状态变量;wQ分别为系统过程噪声及其协方差;vR分别为系统测量噪声及其协方差。
根据式(9)~式(11),在UKF基础上增加阻容参数滤波模块,将递推的卡尔曼增益系数代入阻容参数滤波模块,构建卡尔曼增益闭环控制,实现阻容参数同步迭代。RCO-UKF递推过程如下。
(1)设置2n+1个sigma点,根据式(9)中状态向量${x}_{k}={\left[{\text{SOC}}_{k}\text{ }{U}_{\text{L},k}\text{ }{U}_{\text{S},k}\right]}^{\text{T}}$的维数,n表示状态向量维数,取值3,则
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\chi }_{0}=\overline{x}\\ {\chi }_{i}=\overline{x}+\sqrt{(n+{\lambda }_{\text{u}}){P}_{x}}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }i=1\text{, }2\text{, }\dots \text{, }n\\ {\chi }_{i+n}=\overline{x}-\sqrt{(n+{\lambda }_{\text{u}}){P}_{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\overline{x}$$\text{SOC}、{U}_{\text{L}}、{U}_{\text{S}}$的均值;${P}_{x}$为状态向量的斜方差矩阵,矩阵$\sqrt{(n+{\lambda }_{\text{u}}){P}_{x}}$定义为$(n+{\lambda }_{\text{u}}){P}_{x}$经Cholesky分解后得到的平方根矩阵第i列;${\lambda }_{\text{u}}$为比例缩放因子,可表示为
${\lambda }_{\text{u}}={\alpha }^{2}(n+{k}_{i})-n$
式中:α为较小的正数;${k}_{i}$在单状态变量情况下取0,多状态变量情况下取3-n,本文n=3,故取${k}_{i}$=0。
(2)sigma采样点的均值权重${W}_{i}^{\text{m}}$和方差权重${W}_{i}^{\text{c}}$设定为
${W}_{i}^{\text{m}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{\text{u}}/(n+{\lambda }_{\text{u}})\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }i=0\\ 1/2(n+{\lambda }_{\text{u}})\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }i\ne 0\end{array}\right.$
${W}_{i}^{\text{c}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{\text{u}}/(n+{\lambda }_{\text{u}})+1+\beta -{\alpha }^{2}\text{ }{\text{ }}_{\text{ }}\text{ }\text{ }i=0\\ 1/2(n+{\lambda }_{\text{u}})\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }i\ne 0\end{array}\right.$
式中,β为反应高阶状态历史信息的超参数。
(3)将k时刻的卡尔曼增益${K}_{k}$输入阻容参数自适应模块,构建闭环反馈,结合式(8)计算k时刻的${X}_{\text{a}}$,即
$X_{\mathrm{a}, k}=\left[1-\varepsilon\left(K_{k}-\gamma\right)\right] \boldsymbol{X}_{k}+\varepsilon\left(K_{k}-\gamma\right)\left(\overline{\boldsymbol{X}}+w_{\mathrm{g}, k}\right)$
(4)优化sigma采样点的时间更新过程,将${X}_{\text{a}}$代入式(9),得到k+1时刻预测状态向量的均值${x}_{k+1|k}$和方差${P}_{k+1|k}$分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{c}{x}_{k+1|k}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2n}{W}_{i}^{\text{m}}f({\chi }_{i}){|}_{{X}_{\text{a},k}}}\\ {P}_{k+1|k}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2n}{W}_{i}^{\text{c}}\left[f({\chi }_{i}){|}_{{X}_{\text{a},k}}-{x}_{k+1|k}\right]}\cdot \\ {\left[f({\chi }_{i}){|}_{{X}_{\text{a},k}}-{x}_{k+1|k}\right]}^{T}+Q\end{array}\right.$
(5)状态向量预测值的采样点更新为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\xi }_{0}={x}_{k+1|k}\\ {\xi }_{i}={x}_{k+1|k}+\sqrt{(n+\lambda ){P}_{k+1|k}}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }i=1,\text{ }2,\text{ }\cdots,\text{ }n\\ {\xi }_{i+n}={x}_{k+1|k}-\sqrt{(n+\lambda ){P}_{k+1|k}}\end{array}\right.$
(6)优化sigma采样点的测量更新过程,将${X}_{\text{a}}$代入式(10),得到k+1时刻预测测量向量的均值 ${y}_{k+1|k}$、方差${P}_{yy}$和协方差${P}_{xy}$分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_{k+1|k}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2n}{W}_{i}^{\text{m}}h({\xi }_{i}){|}_{{X}_{\text{a,}k}}}\\ {P}_{yy}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2n}{W}_{i}^{\text{c}}\left[h({\xi }_{i}){|}_{{X}_{\text{a,}k}}-{y}_{k+1|k}\right]}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\left[h({\xi }_{i}){|}_{{X}_{\text{a,}k}}-{y}_{k+1|k}\right]}^{\text{T}}+R\\ {P}_{xy}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{2n}{W}_{i}^{\text{c}}\left[f({\chi }_{i}){|}_{{X}_{\text{a,}k}}-{x}_{k+1|k}\right]}\cdot \\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\left[h({\xi }_{i}){|}_{{X}_{\text{a,}k}}-{y}_{k+1|k}\right]}^{\text{T}}\end{array}\right.$
(7)计算k+1时刻的卡尔曼增益、状态估计和协方差矩阵,其中${x}_{k}{}_{+1}={\left[{\text{SOC}}_{k}{}_{+1}\text{ }{U}_{\text{L},k}{}_{+1}\text{ }{U}_{\text{S},k}{}_{+1}\right]}^{\text{T}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{K}_{k+1}={P}_{xy}{P}_{yy}^{-1}\\ {x}_{k+1}={x}_{k+1}{}_{|k}+{K}_{k}{}_{+1}({y}_{k+1}-{y}_{k+1|k})\\ {P}_{k+1}={P}_{k+1|k}-{K}_{k}{}_{+1}{P}_{yy}{K}_{{{}_{k}}_{+1}}^{\text{T}}\end{array}\right.$
RCO-UKF算法估计锂电池SOC的总体流程如图3所示。
以额定容量1 800 mA·h、最高电压4.2 V、截止电压2.5 V的18650型三元锂电池为实验对象,按照《Freedom CAR电池测试手册》,进行标准HPPC实验,建立等效电路模型。设计0.25C倍率的间歇恒流放电实验,按照绝对误差低于2.0%,验证设计算法的收敛性;设计DST实验,验证设计算法的鲁棒性。电池测试平台如图4所示,包括高性能电池检测平台(设备型号CT-4008T-5V12A-S1)和恒温恒湿箱,保持恒温26 ℃,采样间隔0.5 s。
将电池充电至最高电压4.2 V,放电至截止电压2.5 V,进行HPPC实验。分别得到放电和充电时对应的${U}_{\text{oc}}\text{-SOC}$离散值,见表1
${U}_{\text{oc}}$均值,利用6阶多项式拟合${U}_{\text{oc}}\text{-SOC}$的非线性关系。根据间歇恒流放电实验数据,SOC从100%至0以每10%为步长辨识得到10组时不变阻容参数向量,取均值作为电池的时不变参数,见表2
在SOC估计实验中,设置对照组与RCO-UKF算法进行对比,其中:对照组1利用时变阻容参数的UKF算法估计锂电池SOC;对照组2利用时不变阻容参数的UKF算法估计锂电池SOC。
设置锂电池放电起始SOC为0.9,终止放电SOC为0.6,电池端电压由实验设备内置高精度传感器测量。放电间歇静置1 h,保证电池内部温度充分散发,降低温度噪声对实验结果的影响。
通过状态变量向真实值的逼近过程观测SOC估计的收敛性,对照组1、对照组2、RCO-UKF算法选用相同的${P}_{0}$Q、R值,结果如图5所示。
可见,对照组1在进行SOC估计时,300 s后收敛,收敛速度较低,收敛后最大误差小于1.0%;对照组2在[0 s,50 s]区间内快速接近真实值,但在[50 s,1 250 s]区间内SOC的最大误差大于2.0%,收敛性能较差;RCO-UKF算法的SOC估计结果,可在50 s内收敛,收敛后最大误差小于1.0%。结果表明, RCO-UKF算法估计SOC,综合收敛性能强于对照组1和2。
RCO-UKF算法可提高SOC收敛过程中的卡尔曼增益均值,提升SOC收敛速度。如图6所示,截取对照组1、2和RCO-UKF算法在[0 s,300 s]区间的卡尔曼增益变化,其中γ=0.2。根据卡尔曼滤波算法原理,卡尔曼增益越大,收敛速度越快。[0 s, 50 s]内,RCO-UKF算法、对照组2、对照组1的卡尔曼增益均值分别为0.51、0.50、0.42,在SOC收敛初期,时不变阻容参数构成了稳定的状态方程,增大了卡尔曼增益,使RCO-UKF算法具有更快收敛速度;50 s后,SOC收敛至真实值附近,卡尔曼增益趋于稳定,时变阻容参数提升了SOC估计精度,使RCO-UKF算法具有更高精度。结果表明,RCO-UKF算法可在SOC收敛过程中利用时不变阻容参数提升收敛速度,在SOC收敛后,利用时变阻容参数保持较高的SOC估计精度。
通过DST实验模拟锂电池复杂工况,验证RCO- UKF算法估计SOC的鲁棒性。如图7所示,对照组2估计SOC能快速逼近真实值,在100 s内完成收敛,但存在过冲,且收敛后平均误差大于1.5%,最大误差大于2.0%;对照组1在150 s内完成收敛,收敛后SOC最大误差小于1.0%;RCO-UKF算法则在100 s内完成收敛,最大误差小于1.0%,以高于对照组1的收敛速度和对照组2的精度进行SOC估计,能在复杂工况下实现SOC快速精确收敛。
在SOC收敛过程中,SOC实际值和估计值偏差较大,导致在线辨识得到的部分时变阻容参数抖动严重,出现异常负值。抖动和异常值可能导致RC环节发散及Cholesky分解无法处理的非半正定矩阵,影响算法稳定性,并降低SOC估计的收敛速度。如图8所示,时变阻容参数${R}_{\text{S}}$${C}_{\text{S}}$数值时间序列在[0 s,200 s]内数值出现较大抖动,幅度分别超过500 F、0.05 Ω,且${R}_{\text{S}}$${C}_{\text{S}}$在第10 s左右出现异常负值。
RCO-UKF算法估计SOC收敛过程具有较强的参数数值稳定性,如图9所示,当抖动和异常值出现时,阻容参数滤波方法根据卡尔曼增益阈值的判定,规避了参数异常抖动和负值。${R}_{\text{S}}$在[0 s,100 s]内振幅小于0.035 Ω,${C}_{\text{S}}$在[0 s,100 s]内振幅小于100 F,且${R}_{\text{S}}$${C}_{\text{S}}$无异常负值,保证了SOC估计过程的稳定快速收敛。
${P}_{\text{0}}$QR会影响算法的收敛速度和精度,为排除${P}_{\text{0}}$QR对SOC估计结果的影响,分别改变${P}_{\text{0}}$QR值估计SOC,通过分析卡尔曼增益的收敛特性,确定增益阈值参考范围,如图10~图12所示。
图10(a)(b)可见,增大${P}_{\text{0}}$可提升SOC估计的收敛速度,对照组2存在过冲,且收敛后最大误差大于2.0%;对照组1收敛后最大误差小于1.0%,但收敛速度慢;RCO-UKF算法收敛速度高于对照组1,收敛后最大误差小于1.0%。由图11(a)(b)图12(a)(b)可见,减小QR可提升SOC估计的收敛速度,RCO-UKF算法估计SOC,高于对照组1收敛速度和对照组2估计精度,收敛后最大误差小于1.0%。由图10(c)(d)图11(c)(d)图12(c)(d)可见,改变${P}_{\text{0}}$QR不会影响RCO-UKF算法卡尔曼增益最终的收敛区间,200 s后卡尔曼增益均收敛至[0,0.2]范围内。
图13$\gamma $值分别为0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20时SOC估计值的收敛曲线,收敛后最大误差均低于1.0%。其中,$\gamma $=0.10或$\gamma $=0.15时可在100 s内完成收敛;$\gamma $=0.20时可在130 s内完成收敛;$\gamma $=0.05时可在160 s内完成收敛。改变$\gamma $值,可调节RCO-UKF算法估计SOC的收敛性能,增益阈值$\gamma $的参考区间可选择[0.05,0.20]。
本文构建锂电池等效电路模型状态方程,引入增益阈值,提出1种阻容参数滤波优化的无迹卡尔曼滤波算法。通过卡尔曼增益递推特性,选取增益阈值最优设置区间,基于阶跃函数建立阻容参数滤波关系式,给出SOC估计方法,提升电池SOC收敛速度和估计稳定性。设计实验平台和实验方案,间歇恒流放电实验结果表明,利用所提方法估计锂电池SOC可在50 s内收敛,收敛后最大误差小于1.0%;DST实验结果显示参数RS在[0 s,100 s]内振幅小于0.035 Ω、${C}_{\text{S}}$在[0 s,100 s]内振幅小于100 F;控制变量实验结果表明,保证SOC估计具有较强收敛性,增益阈值范围可选取[0.05,0.20]。实验结果验证了SOC估计方法的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(5137704)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2019202481)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2017202284)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.247
  • 接收时间:2022-06-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-22
  • 修回日期:2022-08-27
  • 录用日期:2022-09-13
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(5137704)
国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(5137704)
Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2019202481)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2019202481)
Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2017202284)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2017202284)
作者信息
    1 河北工业大学电气工程学院, 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室,天津 300130
    2 国网冀北张家口风光储输新能源有限公司,张家口 075000

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赵靖英(1974— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:电气可靠性评估。E-mail:
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