Article(id=1149844397380100668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648742400000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-01, revisedDate=1655222400000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-15, acceptedDate=1656864000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-07-04, onlineDate=1752073867410, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752075833963, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867410, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752073867410, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752073867410, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844398495785546, articleId=1149844397380100668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Analysis of Vibration and Noise Characteristics of DC-biased Large-scale Transformer and Research on Characteristics Recognition Method, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since DC bias is one of the main reasons for increases in the vibration and noise of a large-scale transformer, it is essential to fully understand the vibration and noise characteristics of large-scale transformers under DC bias for the evaluation of the operating state of transformers and the reduction of noise and vibration. A 406 MVA EHV large-scale transformer is taken as the research objective, and its vibration and noise characteristics are studied. First, based on the field-circuit coupling finite element method, the no-load operation characteristics under different DC bias currents are simulated and analyzed, and the law of excitation current under different DC biases is analyzed. Second, a multi-physics coupling model of circuit-magnetic field-solid mechanics-pressure acoustics is established, and the effective value of vibration displacement and the time-frequency characteristics of noise signal at different measuring points of the transformer under DC bias are obtained considering the influence of magnetostriction. Third, the sound level is measured at different measuring points around the transformer, and the simulated value is compared with the actual measured value to verify the effectiveness of the proposed calculation method for transformer vibration and noise. Finally, the Hilbert-Huang transform method is used to extract the vibration and noise characteristic quantities of one large-scale transformer under DC bias, and a transformer vibration characteristic recognition method based on the energy ratio of the noise signal intrinsic mode function is proposed. This method can effectively recognize the severity of DC bias of the transformer and accurately grasp its operating state, providing a theoretical basis for timely taking measures to suppress the DC bias.

, correspAuthors=Tao TONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tangbing LI, Jiazhu XU, Tao TONG, Bichuan XU, Leilei ZENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149844469761204299, articleId=1149844397380100668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=直流偏磁下大型变压器的振动和噪声特性分析及特征识别方法研究, columnId=1149830042320109574, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电力系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

直流偏磁是引起大型变压器振动加剧和噪声增大的主要原因之一,全面掌握直流偏磁下大型变压器振动和噪声特征,对变压器的运行状态评估和降噪减振至关重要。以某一406 MVA超高压大型变压器为研究对象,开展振动和噪声特性研究:首先,基于场路耦合有限元法,仿真分析其在不同直流偏磁电流下的空载运行特性,以及不同直流偏磁下励磁电流规律,进而建立电路-磁场-固体力学-压力声学多物理场耦合模型,并考虑磁致伸缩的影响,求得直流偏磁下变压器不同测量点的振动位移有效值和噪声信号时频特性;然后,对变压器周围不同测量点进行声级测定,将仿真值与实测值进行对比,验证所提变压器振动噪声计算方法的有效性;最后,采用希尔伯特-黄变换HHT(Hilbert-Huang transform)方法提取直流偏磁下大型变压器的振动和噪声特征量,提出1种基于噪声信号本征模态函数能量比的变压器振动特征识别方法。该方法能有效识别变压器直流偏磁的严重程度,准确掌握变压器的运行状态,为及时采取抑制直流偏磁措施提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=童涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
童涛(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:
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李唐兵(1983— ),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:变压器诊断和评估。E-mail:

许加柱(1980— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力设备设计和有限元分析。E-mail:

徐碧川(1990— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:

曾磊磊(1993— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:

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李唐兵(1983— ),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:变压器诊断和评估。E-mail:

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李唐兵(1983— ),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:变压器诊断和评估。E-mail:

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许加柱(1980— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力设备设计和有限元分析。E-mail:

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许加柱(1980— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力设备设计和有限元分析。E-mail:

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徐碧川(1990— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:

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徐碧川(1990— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:

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曾磊磊(1993— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:

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曾磊磊(1993— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:

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Research on electromagnetic-mechanical properties and time-frequency characteristics analysis of vibration signals for DC biased transformers[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2017. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844397380100668, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Parameters of large-scale transformer

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参数 数值
额定容量/MVA 406
额定电压/kV 303/172
额定电流/A 1 339/2 360
空载损耗/kW 153
空载电流率/% 0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1205945154930802718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844397380100668, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大型变压器的参数

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参数 数值
额定容量/MVA 406
额定电压/kV 303/172
额定电流/A 1 339/2 360
空载损耗/kW 153
空载电流率/% 0.15
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Peak values of excitation current under different DC biases

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直流偏磁电流/A 正半周期峰值电流/A 负半周期峰值
电流/A
0 1.94 -1.940
2.51 5.27 -0.980
5.50 12.13 -0.490
7.08 21.46 -0.220
10.90 26.11 -0.130
13.26 29.37 -0.054
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不同直流偏磁下的励磁电流峰值

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直流偏磁电流/A 正半周期峰值电流/A 负半周期峰值
电流/A
0 1.94 -1.940
2.51 5.27 -0.980
5.50 12.13 -0.490
7.08 21.46 -0.220
10.90 26.11 -0.130
13.26 29.37 -0.054
), ArticleFig(id=1205945155207626798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844397380100668, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Sound pressure levels at test points under no-load condition

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测试点 仿真值/dB 测量值/dB 误差/%
1 76.7 74.5 2.9
3 73.2 71.7 2.1
6 75.1 73.5 2.1
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空载状态下的测试点声压级

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测试点 仿真值/dB 测量值/dB 误差/%
1 76.7 74.5 2.9
3 73.2 71.7 2.1
6 75.1 73.5 2.1
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Sound pressure levels at test points under different DC biases

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直流偏磁
电流/A
声压级/dB
测试点1 测试点3 测试点6
0 76.7 73.2 75.1
2.51 76.9 73.5 75.4
5.50 77.5 73.9 76.2
7.08 77.9 74.4 76.1
10.90 78.8 74.1 76.9
13.26 80.0 75.5 77.8
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不同直流偏磁下的测试点声压级

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直流偏磁
电流/A
声压级/dB
测试点1 测试点3 测试点6
0 76.7 73.2 75.1
2.51 76.9 73.5 75.4
5.50 77.5 73.9 76.2
7.08 77.9 74.4 76.1
10.90 78.8 74.1 76.9
13.26 80.0 75.5 77.8
), ArticleFig(id=1205945156738547776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844397380100668, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Signal eigenvalues under different DC biases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
直流偏磁电流/A ${k}_{\text{s}}$ ${F}_{3}$
0 1.000 0
2.51 1.006 0.513
5.50 1.019 0.519
7.08 1.034 0.523
10.90 1.075 0.537
13.26 1.100 0.550
), ArticleFig(id=1205945156881154118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844397380100668, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同直流偏磁下的信号特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
直流偏磁电流/A ${k}_{\text{s}}$ ${F}_{3}$
0 1.000 0
2.51 1.006 0.513
5.50 1.019 0.519
7.08 1.034 0.523
10.90 1.075 0.537
13.26 1.100 0.550
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直流偏磁下大型变压器的振动和噪声特性分析及特征识别方法研究
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李唐兵 1 , 许加柱 2 , 童涛 1 , 徐碧川 1 , 曾磊磊 1
电源学报 | 电力系统 2025,23(2): 133-141
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2025, 23(2): 133-141
直流偏磁下大型变压器的振动和噪声特性分析及特征识别方法研究
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李唐兵1 , 许加柱2 , 童涛1 , 徐碧川1 , 曾磊磊1
作者信息
  • 1 国网江西省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,南昌 330096
  • 2 湖南大学电气与信息工程学院,长沙 410082
  • 李唐兵(1983— ),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:变压器诊断和评估。E-mail:

    许加柱(1980— ),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力设备设计和有限元分析。E-mail:

    徐碧川(1990— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:

    曾磊磊(1993— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

童涛(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:
Analysis of Vibration and Noise Characteristics of DC-biased Large-scale Transformer and Research on Characteristics Recognition Method
Tangbing LI1 , Jiazhu XU2 , Tao TONG1 , Bichuan XU1 , Leilei ZENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Jiangxi Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
  • 2 College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.133
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直流偏磁是引起大型变压器振动加剧和噪声增大的主要原因之一,全面掌握直流偏磁下大型变压器振动和噪声特征,对变压器的运行状态评估和降噪减振至关重要。以某一406 MVA超高压大型变压器为研究对象,开展振动和噪声特性研究:首先,基于场路耦合有限元法,仿真分析其在不同直流偏磁电流下的空载运行特性,以及不同直流偏磁下励磁电流规律,进而建立电路-磁场-固体力学-压力声学多物理场耦合模型,并考虑磁致伸缩的影响,求得直流偏磁下变压器不同测量点的振动位移有效值和噪声信号时频特性;然后,对变压器周围不同测量点进行声级测定,将仿真值与实测值进行对比,验证所提变压器振动噪声计算方法的有效性;最后,采用希尔伯特-黄变换HHT(Hilbert-Huang transform)方法提取直流偏磁下大型变压器的振动和噪声特征量,提出1种基于噪声信号本征模态函数能量比的变压器振动特征识别方法。该方法能有效识别变压器直流偏磁的严重程度,准确掌握变压器的运行状态,为及时采取抑制直流偏磁措施提供理论依据。

直流偏磁  /  振动噪声  /  多物理场耦合  /  变压器  /  本征模态函数

Since DC bias is one of the main reasons for increases in the vibration and noise of a large-scale transformer, it is essential to fully understand the vibration and noise characteristics of large-scale transformers under DC bias for the evaluation of the operating state of transformers and the reduction of noise and vibration. A 406 MVA EHV large-scale transformer is taken as the research objective, and its vibration and noise characteristics are studied. First, based on the field-circuit coupling finite element method, the no-load operation characteristics under different DC bias currents are simulated and analyzed, and the law of excitation current under different DC biases is analyzed. Second, a multi-physics coupling model of circuit-magnetic field-solid mechanics-pressure acoustics is established, and the effective value of vibration displacement and the time-frequency characteristics of noise signal at different measuring points of the transformer under DC bias are obtained considering the influence of magnetostriction. Third, the sound level is measured at different measuring points around the transformer, and the simulated value is compared with the actual measured value to verify the effectiveness of the proposed calculation method for transformer vibration and noise. Finally, the Hilbert-Huang transform method is used to extract the vibration and noise characteristic quantities of one large-scale transformer under DC bias, and a transformer vibration characteristic recognition method based on the energy ratio of the noise signal intrinsic mode function is proposed. This method can effectively recognize the severity of DC bias of the transformer and accurately grasp its operating state, providing a theoretical basis for timely taking measures to suppress the DC bias.

DC bias  /  vibration and noise  /  multi-physics coupling  /  transformer  /  intrinsic mode function
李唐兵, 许加柱, 童涛, 徐碧川, 曾磊磊. 直流偏磁下大型变压器的振动和噪声特性分析及特征识别方法研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 133 -141 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.133
Tangbing LI, Jiazhu XU, Tao TONG, Bichuan XU, Leilei ZENG. Analysis of Vibration and Noise Characteristics of DC-biased Large-scale Transformer and Research on Characteristics Recognition Method[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 133 -141 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.133
随着超高压等级直流输电工程的大量投运,其单极大地回线运行方式使变压器中性点接地处引入直流电流,导致直流偏磁现象;同时影响硅钢片的磁致伸缩特性,导致变压器损耗增大、振动和噪声现象加剧,变压器无法正常工作,影响整个直流输电系统的稳定运行[1-4]。振动和噪声信号能有效反映变压器状态信息,因此研究直流偏磁对变压器振动和噪声特性的影响具有重要的理论研究价值。
国内外相关研究主要集中于直流偏磁对变压器的影响,然而变压器存在一定的直流偏磁耐受能力,因此对直流偏磁信号严重度辨识至关重要。国内外诸多学者就直流偏磁对变压器的影响进行了大量研究。Shilyashki等[5]在2016年研究了变压器铁芯的磁致伸缩、位移及噪声的空间分布;Bouayed 等[6]在2017年研究了由电磁激发产生的电磁力对变压器噪声的影响;柏海等[7]针对直流注入交流系统会引起变压器的直流偏磁,使变压器铁芯饱和趋于严重、漏磁增加、谐波含量增加、励磁电流畸变的问题,提出1种在变压器的中性点注入直流的方法,有效应对因直流引起的磁饱和问题;王佳音等[8]在2015年研究了取向硅钢片的磁致伸缩特性与变压器振动噪声的关系;杨柳林等[9]基于PSCAD/EMTDC及ANSYS分别建立了1种变压器的统一磁等效电路UMEC(unified magnetic equivalent circuit)及有限元模型,通过多平台混合仿真手段对变压器遭受直流偏磁影响时的电磁、损耗等励磁特性及励磁状态进行了观测和分析;李旭光[10]通过采用变频扫描法和敲击法对变压器进行了振动和噪声的模态和频谱分析;文献[11]开展了不同直流偏磁电流注入变压器时励磁电流和漏磁方面的实验研究,发现三相三柱同心式变压器在一定程度上可以抵消部分直流电流引起的饱和问题,而单相变压器更容易受直流偏磁电流的影响,较小的直流电流即会引起磁饱和,直流偏磁问题更突出。
本文以某一单相四柱式超高压大型变压器为研究对象,基于场路耦合有限元法建立电路-磁场-固体力学-压力声学多物理场耦合模型,计算变压器在不同直流偏磁电流下的电磁特性及振动噪声特性。通过分析直流偏磁前后变压器振动和噪声的变化规律,得到变压器不同直流偏磁电流下的特征信号,并对变压器周围进行声级测定,将仿真值与实验值进行对比,以验证所提振动和噪声分析方法的有效性。最后,利用希尔伯特-黄变换HHT(Hilbert- Huang transform)对特征量进行模态分析,提出基于噪声信号本征模态函数IMF(intrinsic mode function)能量比的变压器振动特征识别方法,为变压器直流偏磁严重度辨别、状态监测与降噪减振提供技术支持。
本文的研究对象为ZZDFPZ-406000型单相四柱式大型变压器,其主要参数见表1
大型变压器因其绕组匝数多、空载电流小、铁芯磁导率高等特性,在求解器设置中,将计算得到的时域电流返回至磁场模块中重新计算电感参数,从而缩短计算时间。基于以上场路耦合算法,同时考虑到变压器的对称性,本文建立了大型变压器场路耦合模型,如图1所示。图1(a)为大型变压器本体物理模型,由于该模型具有对称性,因此仅对1/2模型进行简化计算;图1(b)为大型变压器的外围电路等效模型,其中直流电压部分是为了模拟直流偏磁,LV1表示芯柱等效低压绕组,HV1表示芯柱等效高压绕组,LV2表示旁轭等效低压绕组,HV2表示旁轭等效高压绕组。
在电路模块中,通过电压源施加电压激励,得到外电流密度Je,将其代入磁场模块作为激励,实现电场-磁场耦合。磁场模块的微分方程为
$\sigma \frac{\partial A}{\partial t}+\nabla \times \left({\mu }_{0}^{-1}{\mu }_{\text{r}}^{-1}\nabla \times A\right)={J}_{\text{e}}$
式中:σ为介电常数;A为磁矢位;t为时间;$\nabla $为梯度单位;${\mu }_{0}$为真空磁导率;${\mu }_{\text{r}}$为相对磁导率。电磁耦合后即可求得磁矢位A,再由电磁场基本理论可求得磁感应强度B和电流密度J
通过将场路耦合分析求得的BJ耦合到结构力学模块中,求解铁芯的振动位移、速度及加速度,微分方程满足
$M\frac{{\text{d}}^{2}\mu }{\text{d}{t}^{2}}+\varsigma \frac{\text{d}\mu }{\text{d}t}+G\mu =F(t)$
式中:M为质量矩阵;μ为振动位移;$\varsigma $为阻尼系数矩阵;G为刚度矩阵;F为受力,即电磁力。考虑电磁力引起的铁芯振动,其xyz这3个方向的表达式分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} F_{x}=J_{y} B_{z}-J_{z} B_{y} \\ F_{y}=J_{z} B_{x}-J_{x} B_{z} \\ F_{z}=J_{x} B_{y}-J_{y} B_{x} \end{array}\right.$
同时考虑磁致伸缩的影响[12],则
${\lambda }_{i}=\frac{3}{2}{\lambda }_{\text{s}}\cdot \left[{\left(\frac{{M}_{i}}{{M}_{\text{s}}}\right)}^{2}-\frac{1}{3}\right]$
式中:${\lambda }_{i}$i方向的磁致伸缩;${\lambda }_{\text{s}}$为磁致伸缩常数;${M}_{i}$i方向的磁化强度;${M}_{\text{s}}$为饱和磁化强度。
在一定磁通范围内,振动位移${\lambda }_{i}$正比于磁通Φ(t)的平方[13-14],即
${\lambda }_{i}\approx k{\Phi }^{2}\left(t\right)$
式中,k为常数。
直流偏磁下的变压器铁芯磁通可表示为交流分量${\Phi }_{\text{ac}}$与直流分量${\Phi }_{\text{dc}}$之和,即
$\Phi (t)={\Phi }_{\text{dc}}+{\Phi }_{\text{ac}}\mathrm{cos}\text{(}\omega t\text{)}$
式中,ω为交流分量加速度,工频下ω=628 rad/s。
结合式(5)和式(6)得磁致伸缩偏移量的工频分量为
${\lambda }_{\text{w}}\approx 2k{\Phi }_{\text{dc}}{\Phi }_{\text{ac}}\mathrm{cos}(\omega t)$
将得到的铁芯表面加速度转换成法向加速度,并加载到声学模块中,从而实现结构力学与声学模块耦合。其表达式为
${a}_{n}={n}_{x}{u}_{tt}+{n}_{y}{v}_{tt}+{n}_{z}{w}_{tt}$
式中:${a}_{n}$为铁芯法向加速度;${n}_{x}、{n}_{y}、{n}_{z}$分别为xyz方向矢量;${u}_{tt}、{v}_{tt}、{w}_{tt}$为铁芯表面加速度。
声学模块中的求解微分方程为
$\frac{1}{{\rho }_{0}{c}^{2}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}p}{\partial {t}^{2}}-\nabla \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{{\rho }_{0}}\right)\left(\nabla p-q\right)=Q$
式中:${\rho }_{0}$为流体密度;c为声速,c=3×108 m/s;p为声压;q为偶级源;Q为单级源。
变压器噪声强度级别用声压级表示,其表达式为
${L}_{\text{p}}=20\mathrm{lg}\left(\frac{p}{{p}_{0}}\right)$
式中:${p}_{0}$为基准声压,${p}_{0}$=20 μPa;Lp为声压级,dB。
变压器中性点允许流过的直流电流与变压器铁芯材料、磁通密度设计取值、变压器结构有关。对于单相变压器,其允许流过的直流电流为额定电流的0.3%。因此,本文研究的单相四柱式大型变压器允许流过的最大直流电流为7.08 A。为分析不同直流偏磁电流对变压器励磁电流的影响,本文设置了2.51、5.50、7.08、10.90和13.26 A共5种直流偏磁情况。采用场路耦合法计算大型变压器不同直流偏磁电流下变压器励磁电流的变化规律,结果见表2
表2可知,随着直流偏磁电流的增大,励磁电流波形整体上移,畸变更加严重。电流正半周期幅值逐渐增大,呈现尖顶波趋势;电流负半周期幅值逐渐减小趋近于0,呈现平顶波趋势。当直流偏磁超过10.90 A时,由于铁芯材料趋近于饱和,励磁电流正半周期幅值变化明显变缓。因此可将1个工频周期内,电流正、负半周幅值差异较大这一特征作为直流偏磁信号的主要特征。特征信号值表达式为
${F}_{1}={F}_{\text{p}}/{F}_{\text{n}}$
式中:${F}_{1}$为特征信号值;${F}_{\text{p}}$为电流正半周期信号幅值;${F}_{\text{n}}$为电流负半周期信号幅值。
不同直流偏磁下的特征信号值变化如图2所示,可见,特征值越大,直流偏磁程度越严重。
由于变压器的磁路、结构的上下和左右对称性,本文对上轭、旁轭和芯柱选取3个典型测试点(上轭中心位置①、芯柱中部位置②和旁轭中心位置③),如图3所示,测得变压器铁芯磁密在不同直流偏磁电流下的变化情况。
变压器在直流偏磁电流为2.51 A时,铁芯磁密分布如图4所示,可见:励磁电流处于正半周期最大值时,磁密最大值为1.22 T;励磁电流处于负半周期最大值时,磁密最大值为0.82 T。正、负半周磁密不对称,即变压器铁芯发生直流偏磁现象,验证了模型的正确性。
表2可知,随着直流偏磁电流的增加,正半周期励磁电流幅值逐渐增大,则铁芯磁密逐渐增大;同理,负半周期磁密逐渐减小。图5(a)为励磁电流正半周期最大值时,测试点①~③铁芯磁密与直流偏磁电流之间的变化关系,当直流偏磁电流超过10.90 A时,铁芯工作在饱和区域,测试点①和②磁密随着直流量的增大变化幅度减小,而测试点③磁密较低,铁芯尚未饱和,因而其磁密增长速度最快。图5(b)为励磁电流负半周期最大值时,测试点①~③铁芯磁密与直流偏磁电流的变化关系,与图5(a)不同,负半周期内,测试点①~③铁芯磁密随着直流偏磁的增大而逐渐减小,铁芯不会出现饱和。
变压器振动噪声的主要原因是电磁力和磁致伸缩,且在空载状态下,电磁力引起的振动要比磁致伸缩小得多。而在直流偏磁条件下,电磁力和磁致伸缩均会增大进而导致振动噪声的增加[15]。因此,本文建立了单相四柱式大型变压器电路-磁场-固体力学-压力声学多物理场耦合模型,分别计算了变压器在空载状态下发生直流偏磁前后的铁芯振动及不同直流偏磁电流下的噪声声压级。
考虑到变压器的重力影响,将变压器底部进行固定约束。变压器无直流偏磁正常工作时,铁芯的振动位移如图6所示,图6(a)(b)分别为电磁力引起的振动位移和磁致伸缩引起的振动位移。可见,电磁力作用下的振动位移最大值为0.02 μm,而磁致伸缩作用下的振动位移最大值为0.44 μm,为电磁力引起的振动位移最大值的22倍。因此,在正常工况下可忽略电磁力作用对振动位移的影响。
图7为不同直流偏磁下的铁芯振动位移,可见:无直流偏磁条件下,铁芯振动位移约为0.44 μm,当直流偏磁电流增加至2.51 A时,铁芯振动位移增长至4.25 μm,相比于无直流偏磁条件,振动位移约增大了9倍;随着直流偏磁电流的不断增加,铁芯区域逐渐饱和,振动位移变化量减小。
为进一步研究直流偏磁下铁芯振动的变化规律,以铁芯顶点(测试点①)为测试点,获取该测试点直流偏磁前、后的振动信号时域与频域波形,分别如图8所示。图8(a)为无直流偏磁条件下变压器振动位移时域和频域波形,由于电磁力与铁芯共振频率为100 Hz,因此其振动周期为0.01 s,是工频周期的1/2,其频率为工频的2倍,结果与频域波形相符。由图8(b)可见,变压器在直流偏磁条件下振动位移幅值明显增加,波形毛刺增多,这是由于磁致伸缩和漏磁的增大,使得变压器谐波增多;从频域波形可以看出各个频段幅值也随之增加,振动频率主要位于50、100、150、300和400 Hz处,其中100 Hz占主要成分,其占比约为基频的2倍,50 Hz频谱含量增加最多。
将固体力学计算得到的振动加速度耦合至声学模块,得到变压器及其外围空气的声压分布[16]图9为正常空载状态下的声场分布云图,可见,距离变压器越远,噪声声压级越弱。为全面了解变压器附近的声压分布,同时考虑到变压器的对称性和重力影响,分别在距变压器表面0.3 m与2.0 m处的空间域内设置15个测试点,如图10所示。通过2270型声级计对变压器周围声压级进行测量,背景噪声为44 dB,并设置环境修正值为1.4 dB。在网侧绕组空载,阀侧绕组端施压状态下,对距变压器表面0.3 m处的测试点进行声压级测试,将仿真计算的声压级与实测声压级进行对比,以测试点1、3、6为例,结果见表3。可以看出,空载状态下,测试点1、3、6的声压级测量值与仿真计算值误差在3%以内,仿真与测试对比结果验证了本文所提电路-磁场-固体力学-压力声学多物理场耦合方法计算变压器噪声声压级的有效性。
基于多物理场耦合计算方法,对大型变压器在不同直流偏磁下的噪声声压级进行计算。以测试点1、3、6为例,计算变压器在直流偏磁下噪声声压级变化规律,见表4。可以看出,大型变压器周围噪声声压级随直流偏磁的增大而有所增加,主要因为直流偏磁现象越严重,变压器铁芯形变量越大,其振动加速度越大,从而进一步导致噪声声压级上升。直流偏磁电流达到13.26 A时,测试点1的声压级达到80.0 dB,已严重超过允许声压级。但直流偏磁电流从0 A上升至13.26 A时,变压器噪声声压级变化不明显,因此通过运行期间噪声声压级大小无法准确判断直流偏磁严重度,需对噪声信号进行分解。
由于变压器噪声信号的不平稳性,采用传统傅里叶变换对其进行分析无法准确获取信号的时变特征。因此,针对噪声信号的复杂特性,本文采用希尔伯特-黄变换对其进行自适应时频分析[17],将信号经过经验模态分解成IMF之和,主要包含基态和次态成分,随着偏磁程度的增加,还会出现附加态成分。各IMF分量信号平稳,能表征出非平稳振动信号,将各分量能量占比用IMF分量的欧几里得范数表示,即
$Q_{i}=\left\|W_{\mathrm{IMF}_{i}}\right\|_{2}=\sqrt{\sum_{i=0}^{i=n} W_{\mathrm{IMF} i}^{2}}$
式中,${W}_{\text{IMF}}{}_{{}_{i}}$为第i个IMF分量的能量占比。
图11为测试点1信号的各IMF分量,可见,基态成分主要为工频分量,信号中心频率为100 Hz,次态分量比重较大。从变压器正常工作到直流偏磁情况下,测试点IMF分量中次态分量、附加态分量明显增加,而基态分量比重降低。杂散态成分为低频成分,频率远低于次态分量频率。因此,本文提出采用IMF能量比来提取噪声信号特征值${F}_{3}$,可表示为
${F}_{3}={k}_{\text{s}}\cdot \frac{{Q}_{2f}}{{Q}_{f}}$
式中:${Q}_{f}$${Q}_{2f}$分别为基态能量、次态能量;f为基频。由于在不同直流偏磁电流条件下,特征值${F}_{3}$变化较小,无法准确判断变压器直流偏磁程度,因此引入直流偏磁严重度系数${k}_{\text{s}}$,即
${k}_{\text{s}}=1+{\displaystyle \sum _{i=3}^{n}{Q}_{if}}/{Q}_{2f}$
式中,${\displaystyle \sum _{i=3}^{n}{Q}_{if}}$为附加态能量。
变压器正常工作时,次态分量和附加态分量成分占比很小,此时${F}_{3}\approx 0$${F}_{3}$越大,${k}_{\text{s}}$>1,信号复杂度越高,直流偏磁越严重;反之,${F}_{3}$越小,${k}_{\text{s}}$越接近1,直流偏磁程度越低。
不同直流偏磁电流条件下,振动噪声信号的特征值见表5,可见:直流偏磁使变压器附加态分量成倍增加,增加量约为基态成分的10%,${F}_{3}$≈0.55; ${F}_{3}$越大,直流偏磁越严重,当${F}_{3}$>0.523且${k}_{\text{s}}$>1.034时,变压器直流偏磁电流超出其允许值,验证了基于IMF能量比的振动噪声信号特征量提取方法的可行性。
综上,基于IMF能量比的特征识别方法能有效辨别变压器直流偏磁严重度,对监测变压器直流入侵提供参考依据,能准确掌握变压器的运行状态,为及时投入抑制直流偏磁措施提供参考,为变压器降噪减振提供理论依据。
本文采用场路耦合法,建立了单相四柱式超高压大型变压器电路-磁场-固体力学-压力声学多物理场耦合模型,深入研究了其在不同直流偏磁电流下的振动和噪声特性,得出如下结论。
(1)当大型变压器发生直流偏磁时,励磁电流畸变,高频分量增加明显,铁芯振动位移成倍增长;当直流偏磁电流超过变压器所允许的7.08 A时,铁芯饱和,振动位移增加近20倍;直流偏磁电流越大,变压器噪声声压级越大。空载状态下,在变压器铁芯上选取3个典型测试点,通过对比测试点声压级仿真值与测量值,验证了多物理场耦合模型的正确性。
(2)选取信号复杂度作为大型变压器噪声的直流偏磁特征量,采用希尔伯特-黄变换对噪声信号特征量进行模态分析,提出1种基于噪声信号IMF能量比的大型变压器直流偏磁特征识别方法。研究结果表明:该方法能有效识别变压器直流偏磁的严重程度,为变压器直流偏磁严重度辨别、降噪减振提供了理论依据和技术参考。
  • 国网江西省电力有限公司科技资助项目(52182020009A)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.133
  • 接收时间:2022-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-01
  • 修回日期:2022-06-15
  • 录用日期:2022-07-04
基金
Technology Project of State Grid Jiangxi Electric Power Co., Ltd.(52182020009A)
国网江西省电力有限公司科技资助项目(52182020009A)
作者信息
    1 国网江西省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,南昌 330096
    2 湖南大学电气与信息工程学院,长沙 410082

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童涛(1994— ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail:
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