Article(id=1146828029331898380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647878400000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-22, revisedDate=1653926400000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-31, acceptedDate=1654185600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-03, onlineDate=1751354709226, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709226, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866658, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709226, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709226, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844394595021424, articleId=1146828029331898380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Study on Current-fed Dual-active-bridge DC-DC Converter Based on Coupling Filter Inductance, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In an energy storage system, the current-fed dual-active-bridge converter has a large current stress and the corresponding soft-switching range is limited, which limits the converter’s efficiency and power density. To solve these problems, combined with the coupled inductor technology, a current-fed dual-active-bridge converter with a low current ripple on the energy storage side and a wide soft-switching range is proposed. Two current-fed full bridges are connected in parallel on the energy storage side, thus effectively reducing the current stress of switches therein. By adjusting the phase shift angle between the two parallel full bridges on the energy storage side, the current ripple is reduced. By reasonably designing the coupling filter inductance, the obtained mutual inductance current is large enough to satisfy the soft-switching conditions for switches. The working principle and steady-state analysis of the converter were given in detail, and a 400 W experimental prototype was designed to verify the superiority and feasibility of the proposed converter.

, correspAuthors=Junfeng LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhen LAI, Jun ZENG, Junfeng LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828033358430387, articleId=1146828029331898380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=基于耦合滤波电感的电流源型双有源桥式直流变换器的研究, columnId=1149829799759339522, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=DC-DC变换器, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

应用于储能系统的电流源型双有源桥式变换器往往存在电流应力大、软开关范围受限等问题,限制了变换器的效率和功率密度。针对此问题,结合耦合电感技术,提出1种储能侧电流纹波小且软开关范围宽的电流源型双有源桥式变换器。变换器的储能侧由2个并联的电流源型全桥构成,可有效减小储能侧开关管的电流应力。通过调节储能侧并联全桥间的移相,可减小储能侧电流纹波;通过合理设计耦合滤波电感,得到足够大的互感电流以满足开关管的软开关条件。详细介绍了变换器的工作原理和稳态分析,并设计了400 W的实验样机,实验结果进一步验证了所提变换器的优越性和可行性。

, correspAuthors=刘俊峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘俊峰(1978— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、高频配电系统、运动控制。E-mail:
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赖臻(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:双向DC-DC变换器。E-mail:

曾君(1979— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、分布式发电的能量管理和智能控制。E-mail:

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赖臻(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:双向DC-DC变换器。E-mail:

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赖臻(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:双向DC-DC变换器。E-mail:

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曾君(1979— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、分布式发电的能量管理和智能控制。E-mail:

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曾君(1979— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、分布式发电的能量管理和智能控制。E-mail:

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companyId=1205945143014785423, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205945143027368335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, companyId=1205945143014785423, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 华南理工大学电力学院,广州 510640)]), AuthorCompany(id=1205945143107060117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205945143119643032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, companyId=1205945143107060117, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205945143123837336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, companyId=1205945143107060117, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 华南理工大学自动化科学与工程学院,广州 510640)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205945145619448453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Circuit topology of current-fed dual-active-bridge converter based on coupled inductors, figureFileSmall=O01ATey2X08Tbj7wubhcMA==, figureFileBig=IL9ab4+x+4YjzwWUQT/Omw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945145715917452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于耦合电感的电流源型双有源桥式变换器电路拓扑结构, figureFileSmall=O01ATey2X08Tbj7wubhcMA==, figureFileBig=IL9ab4+x+4YjzwWUQT/Omw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945146034684587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Operating waveforms in Boost mode, figureFileSmall=HhFtEzXtpFyrbAPWq3j7YA==, figureFileBig=cs2/66nTpxZTzyURajI8uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945146173096627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图2, caption=升压模式下的工作波形, figureFileSmall=HhFtEzXtpFyrbAPWq3j7YA==, figureFileBig=cs2/66nTpxZTzyURajI8uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945146298925763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Operation modes in Boost mode, figureFileSmall=u5FMF45/Jbq60J0XjcWI0g==, figureFileBig=vsbI7SlzT4gc5JW6fHXY2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945147540439762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图3, caption=升压模式下的工作模态, figureFileSmall=u5FMF45/Jbq60J0XjcWI0g==, figureFileBig=vsbI7SlzT4gc5JW6fHXY2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945147653685982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Variation curve of current ripple cancellation rate β with duty cycle ${D}_{L}$, figureFileSmall=8EMYq7NMNC3j5CqxSgzY/Q==, figureFileBig=0Iq3EuXqBSY6vk9x0k+iHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945147787903717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图4, caption=变换器纹波抵消率β随占空比${D}_{L}$变化曲线, figureFileSmall=8EMYq7NMNC3j5CqxSgzY/Q==, figureFileBig=0Iq3EuXqBSY6vk9x0k+iHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945147913732841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Key waveforms while ${Q}_{3b}$ is turned on, figureFileSmall=UqIN4bRfpZhTYmQ9N+BAnA==, figureFileBig=9IOQcARqoPElJyMmM7Ga1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148039561969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图5, caption=${Q}_{3b}$开通时刻关键波形, figureFileSmall=UqIN4bRfpZhTYmQ9N+BAnA==, figureFileBig=9IOQcARqoPElJyMmM7Ga1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148173779706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Control block diagram, figureFileSmall=069VgtqES0AazYFk6OG+ag==, figureFileBig=EeGSA1FnNKWw2g8Ou0AD5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148274443007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图6, caption=控制框图, figureFileSmall=069VgtqES0AazYFk6OG+ag==, figureFileBig=EeGSA1FnNKWw2g8Ou0AD5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148433826568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comparison between proposed converter and similar converters in related references, figureFileSmall=K+x6MOl6bTVCxqPIh2Ku3w==, figureFileBig=zDu8QTY1QCfnCtFbEQ5GbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148538684174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图7, caption=所述变换器与相关文献对比, figureFileSmall=K+x6MOl6bTVCxqPIh2Ku3w==, figureFileBig=zDu8QTY1QCfnCtFbEQ5GbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148614181652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Experimental waveforms in Boost and Buck modes at rated power, figureFileSmall=urd48L3f6dzl5QMO1cqA7Q==, figureFileBig=AO7P04H7X1F7UPDchv/PIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148731622171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图8, caption=额定功率下升压和降压模式的实验波形, figureFileSmall=urd48L3f6dzl5QMO1cqA7Q==, figureFileBig=AO7P04H7X1F7UPDchv/PIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148840674080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Experimental waveforms of soft-switching for switches in Boost mode at P=400 W with ${V}_{L}$= 40 V, figureFileSmall=AfHwp3FeGe/UM8r6foOXSA==, figureFileBig=pessseAMLRaEAMUH5Nuw/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945148983280429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图9, caption=P=400 W、${V}_{L}$=40 V时升压模式下各开关管的软开关实验波形, figureFileSmall=AfHwp3FeGe/UM8r6foOXSA==, figureFileBig=pessseAMLRaEAMUH5Nuw/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945149075555122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Dynamic waveforms of converter under changes in voltage and power on energy storage side, figureFileSmall=W2Pa59l1RVVTMCzNflxLtg==, figureFileBig=3aDBxrg5QnYYecV4HWueXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945149151052600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=图10, caption=变换器储能侧电压切换和功率切换时的动态波形, figureFileSmall=W2Pa59l1RVVTMCzNflxLtg==, figureFileBig=3aDBxrg5QnYYecV4HWueXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945149268493122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

ZVS conditions for switches on energy storage side

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MOSFET 软开关实现条件 MOSFET 软开关实现条件
${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$ ${i}_{\text{p1}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}<-{i}_{0}$ ${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$ ${i}_{\text{p2}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}}<-{i}_{0}$
${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$ ${i}_{\text{p1}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}>{i}_{0}$ ${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$ ${i}_{\text{p2}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}}>{i}_{0}$
${\text{Q}}_{\text{2u}}$ ${i}_{\text{p1}}+{i}_{{L}_{\text{f2}}}>{i}_{0}$ ${\text{Q}}_{\text{4u}}$ ${i}_{\text{p2}}+{i}_{{L}_{\text{f4}}}>{i}_{0}$
${\text{Q}}_{\text{2b}}$ ${i}_{\text{p1}}+{i}_{{L}_{\text{f2}}}<-{i}_{0}$ ${\text{Q}}_{\text{4b}}$ ${i}_{\text{p2}}+{i}_{{L}_{\text{f4}}}<-{i}_{0}$
), ArticleFig(id=1205945149377545033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

储能侧开关管软开关条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MOSFET 软开关实现条件 MOSFET 软开关实现条件
${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$ ${i}_{\text{p1}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}<-{i}_{0}$ ${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$ ${i}_{\text{p2}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}}<-{i}_{0}$
${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$ ${i}_{\text{p1}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}>{i}_{0}$ ${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$ ${i}_{\text{p2}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}}>{i}_{0}$
${\text{Q}}_{\text{2u}}$ ${i}_{\text{p1}}+{i}_{{L}_{\text{f2}}}>{i}_{0}$ ${\text{Q}}_{\text{4u}}$ ${i}_{\text{p2}}+{i}_{{L}_{\text{f4}}}>{i}_{0}$
${\text{Q}}_{\text{2b}}$ ${i}_{\text{p1}}+{i}_{{L}_{\text{f2}}}<-{i}_{0}$ ${\text{Q}}_{\text{4b}}$ ${i}_{\text{p2}}+{i}_{{L}_{\text{f4}}}<-{i}_{0}$
), ArticleFig(id=1205945149482402637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of performance between proposed converter and existing BDCs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 MOSFET数量 电感数量 循环电流 是否具有储能侧电压调节能力 理论软开关范围 储能侧电流纹波
本文BDC 12 6 全范围 极小
文献[14] 16 6 全范围
文献[15] 12 8 全范围
文献[17] 16 2 有限
), ArticleFig(id=1205945149591454547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

所述BDC与现有BDC的性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 MOSFET数量 电感数量 循环电流 是否具有储能侧电压调节能力 理论软开关范围 储能侧电流纹波
本文BDC 12 6 全范围 极小
文献[14] 16 6 全范围
文献[15] 12 8 全范围
文献[17] 16 2 有限
), ArticleFig(id=1205945149725672282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Parameters of experimental prototype

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
${V}_{\text{L}}\text{/}V$ 40~50 $\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\text{f1}},{L}_{\text{f2}},{L}_{\text{f3}},{L}_{\text{f4}}\text{/μH}\hfill \end{array}$ 280
${V}_{\text{H}}\text{/}V$ 200 $\begin{array}{l}{M}_{1},{M}_{2}\text{/μH}\hfill \end{array}$ 150
P/W 400 ${L}_{\text{r1}},{L}_{\text{r2}}\text{/μH}$ 380
f/kHz 50 ${n}_{1},{n}_{2}$ 3/6
), ArticleFig(id=1205945149843112799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828029331898380, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实验样机参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
${V}_{\text{L}}\text{/}V$ 40~50 $\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\text{f1}},{L}_{\text{f2}},{L}_{\text{f3}},{L}_{\text{f4}}\text{/μH}\hfill \end{array}$ 280
${V}_{\text{H}}\text{/}V$ 200 $\begin{array}{l}{M}_{1},{M}_{2}\text{/μH}\hfill \end{array}$ 150
P/W 400 ${L}_{\text{r1}},{L}_{\text{r2}}\text{/μH}$ 380
f/kHz 50 ${n}_{1},{n}_{2}$ 3/6
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基于耦合滤波电感的电流源型双有源桥式直流变换器的研究
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赖臻 1 , 曾君 1 , 刘俊峰 2
电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025,23(2): 11-20
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电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025, 23(2): 11-20
基于耦合滤波电感的电流源型双有源桥式直流变换器的研究
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赖臻1 , 曾君1 , 刘俊峰2
作者信息
  • 1 华南理工大学电力学院,广州 510640
  • 2 华南理工大学自动化科学与工程学院,广州 510640
  • 赖臻(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:双向DC-DC变换器。E-mail:

    曾君(1979— ),女,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、分布式发电的能量管理和智能控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘俊峰(1978— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、高频配电系统、运动控制。E-mail:
Study on Current-fed Dual-active-bridge DC-DC Converter Based on Coupling Filter Inductance
Zhen LAI1 , Jun ZENG1 , Junfeng LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.11
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应用于储能系统的电流源型双有源桥式变换器往往存在电流应力大、软开关范围受限等问题,限制了变换器的效率和功率密度。针对此问题,结合耦合电感技术,提出1种储能侧电流纹波小且软开关范围宽的电流源型双有源桥式变换器。变换器的储能侧由2个并联的电流源型全桥构成,可有效减小储能侧开关管的电流应力。通过调节储能侧并联全桥间的移相,可减小储能侧电流纹波;通过合理设计耦合滤波电感,得到足够大的互感电流以满足开关管的软开关条件。详细介绍了变换器的工作原理和稳态分析,并设计了400 W的实验样机,实验结果进一步验证了所提变换器的优越性和可行性。

双有源桥式变换器  /  耦合电感  /  交错技术  /  软开关

In an energy storage system, the current-fed dual-active-bridge converter has a large current stress and the corresponding soft-switching range is limited, which limits the converter’s efficiency and power density. To solve these problems, combined with the coupled inductor technology, a current-fed dual-active-bridge converter with a low current ripple on the energy storage side and a wide soft-switching range is proposed. Two current-fed full bridges are connected in parallel on the energy storage side, thus effectively reducing the current stress of switches therein. By adjusting the phase shift angle between the two parallel full bridges on the energy storage side, the current ripple is reduced. By reasonably designing the coupling filter inductance, the obtained mutual inductance current is large enough to satisfy the soft-switching conditions for switches. The working principle and steady-state analysis of the converter were given in detail, and a 400 W experimental prototype was designed to verify the superiority and feasibility of the proposed converter.

Dual-active-bridge converter  /  coupled inductor  /  interleave technology  /  soft-switching
赖臻, 曾君, 刘俊峰. 基于耦合滤波电感的电流源型双有源桥式直流变换器的研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 11 -20 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.11
Zhen LAI, Jun ZENG, Junfeng LIU. Study on Current-fed Dual-active-bridge DC-DC Converter Based on Coupling Filter Inductance[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 11 -20 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.11
鉴于以太阳能、风能为代表的可再生能源存在间歇性和随机性的特点,电化学储能装置常被用于可再生能源发电系统以实现功率的削峰填谷[1]。双向直流变换器BDC(bidirectional DC-DC converter)作为直流母线与储能装置的接口变换,成为目前储能研究的热点[2]。关于储能用双向直流变换器的研究主要围绕以下3点展开:其一,为减小传输损耗,直流母线的电压等级通常较高,而储能单元的电压较低,储能系统需要高电压增益变换器[3];其二,过大的充、放电电流纹波将缩短储能元件的使用寿命,变换器在储能侧需具有低电流纹波[4];其三,变换器的开关器件应满足软开关工作条件,以减小开关损耗[5],提高变换器效率。
在实际应用中,由于二极管的反向恢复问题,传统非隔离BDC的电压增益有限,因此在高电压增益场合,多采用隔离型BDC[6]。在隔离型BDC中,以双有源桥式变换器为基础功率单元的双向DC-DC变换器具有电气隔离、宽软开关范围等优势,从而得到了广泛应用[7]。双有源桥式变换器包括电压源型双有源桥式变换器和电流源型双有源桥式变换器。电压源型的双有源桥式变换器存在较大的储能侧电流纹波,且当储能单元电压变化范围较大时,电压源型的双有源桥式变换器还存在电流应力较大、软开关范围受限等问题[8]。为适应储能侧宽电压变化范围,电流源型双有源桥式变换器被采用,其由双向Buck/Boost变换器和电压源型双有源桥式变换器级联而成。由于双向Buck/Boost变换器具备一定的调压能力,电流源型双有源桥式变换器能更好地适应储能侧宽电压输入的场合[9]。此外,由于储能侧端口可采用交错并联结构,储能侧电流纹波得到显著降低[10]
尽管电流源型双有源桥式电路相较电压源型双有源桥式电路有诸多优势,其储能侧开关管的软开关条件较为复杂,滤波电感电流和变压器原边电流需要在死区时间内完成对储能侧开关管结电容的充、放电[11]。因此,当滤波电感电流纹波较小时,储能侧开关管难以实现软开关。相应地,储能侧开关管的软开关范围与滤波电感电流纹波在设计上相互制约。此外,当储能单元电压变化范围较大时,由于交错并联结构消除电流纹波的能力有限,传统的电流源型双有源桥式变换器仍具有较大的储能侧电流纹波[12]。为进一步减小储能侧的电流纹波,文献[13-14]分别提出了三相双有源全桥变换器和2组电流源型双有源桥式变换器并联连接的方案,但两者的储能侧电流纹波大小仍受限于软开关范围;而文献[15]在储能侧的并联全桥间增加1组辅助电感,通过合理设计辅助电感,可借助辅助电感电流实现储能侧开关管的软开关,然而电感数目的增加限制了变换器的功率密度。
基于上述分析,本文提出了1种基于耦合电感的电流源型双有源桥式变换器,该变换器具有储能侧低电流纹波、零电压开通ZVS(zero voltage switching)和控制简便的优势。所提拓扑在储能侧利用耦合电感将2组电流源型全桥并联连接,辅以调制策略,可在储能侧端口电流纹波极低的前提下实现全范围ZVS软开关。同时,通过电压匹配策略和减小储能侧电流纹波的优化目标,将变换器的5个变量转化为2个解耦的控制变量。最后,所提变换器及控制策略的优越性和可行性通过实验得到了验证。总体而言,所提变换器具有极低的储能侧端口电流纹波和全范围ZVS软开关的优势,适用于储能侧宽电压变化范围的储能应用。
图1为所提基于耦合电感的电流源型双有源桥式变换器电路拓扑结构。${V}_{\text{L}}$为储能端电压,${V}_{\text{H}}$为直流母线电压。与传统并联全桥相比,该变换器用2个耦合电感代替4个直流滤波电感。${L}_{\text{f1}}$${L}_{\text{f3}}$为耦合电感的自感,其互感为${M}_{\text{1}}$${L}_{\text{f2}}$${L}_{\text{f4}}$为另一组耦合电感的自感,其互感为${M}_{\text{2}}$;且${L}_{\text{f}i}$=${L}_{\text{f}}$(i=1, 2, 3, 4),${M}_{1}={M}_{2}=M$${L}_{\text{r1}}$${L}_{\text{r2}}$为能量传输电感,${C}_{\text{C1}}$${C}_{\text{C2}}$为储能侧的钳位电容。2组储能侧全桥通过变压器${\text{T}}_{\text{1}}$${\text{T}}_{\text{2}}$连接至同一个高压侧全桥,且${\text{T}}_{\text{1}}$${\text{T}}_{\text{2}}$的匝比${n}_{1}$${n}_{2}$均为1:n。由于变换器具有能量双向传递的能力,定义能量从储能侧传递至高压侧的工作模式为升压模式,反之为降压模式。
图2为变换器在升压模式下的工作波形。通过控制3组全桥的开关,分别得到幅值为${V}_{\text{C1}}、{V}_{\text{C2}}$${V}_{\text{H}}$的交流方波${v}_{\text{AB}}、{v}_{\text{CD}}$${v}_{\text{EF}}$${D}_{\text{L1}}、{D}_{\text{L2}}$${D}_{\text{H}}$分别为三电平电压波形${v}_{\text{AB}}、{v}_{\text{CD}}$${v}_{\text{EF}}$的占空比,${D}_{\text{L1}}$${D}_{\text{L2}}$设置为相同大小,表示为${D}_{\text{L}}$。移相角${\phi }_{1}、{\phi }_{2}$${\phi }_{\text{L}}$分别表示${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$${\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}、{\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$${\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}、{\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$的驱动信号波形之间的相位差,其与2π的比值分别表示为${\text{D}}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{1}}、{\text{D}}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{2}}$${\text{D}}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}$。定义移相占空比${\text{D}}_{\phi }$${\text{D}}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{1}}$${\text{D}}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{2}}$的平均值,当${\text{D}}_{\phi }>0$时,变换器工作在升压模式,反之则工作在降压模式。当变换器储能端电压变化时,钳位电容的电压可通过交错并联的Buck/Boost电路进行调节。因此,钳位电容${C}_{\text{C1}}$${C}_{\text{C2}}$的电压等于${V}_{\text{L}}/{D}_{\text{L}}$。同时,高压侧电压被${V}_{\text{H}}$钳位,为了减少循环电流,能量传输电感${L}_{\text{r1}}$${L}_{\text{r2}}$的两侧电压应实现电压匹配,满足${V}_{\text{H}}=n{V}_{\text{L}}/{D}_{\text{L}}$。高压侧全桥和储能侧的每个全桥均可等同于双有源全桥电路,每个等效双有源全桥电路的传输功率随${D}_{Lj}\left(j=1,\text{ }2\right)$${D}_{\text{H}}$${D}_{{\phi }_{j}}\left(j=1,\text{ }2\right)$而变化。
变换器1个周期内包含12种工作模态,由于工作模态是对称的,故只分析半周期的模态。另一半周期的模态相似,不再赘述。半周期的工作模态如图3所示,具体分析如下。
工作模态1(${t}_{0},{t}_{1}$):储能侧${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$关断时,${i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$${i}_{\text{p1}}$之差给${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$的结电容充电,并给${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$的结电容放电。若在死区时间内,${i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$${i}_{\text{p1}}$之差完成对${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$的结电容的充电和放电,则${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$的体二极管导通,${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$的漏-源极电压钳位至0。在此时刻后导通${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$实现零电压开通。此时${v}_{\text{AB}}、{v}_{\text{CD}}$${v}_{\text{EF}}$的大小分别为${V}_{\text{C1}}$,0和$-{V}_{\text{H}}$,能量传输电感电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$线性增加。${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$的表达式分别为
${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}(t)={i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}({t}_{0})+\frac{n{V}_{\text{C1}}+{V}_{\text{H}}}{{L}_{\text{r1}}}(t-{t}_{0})$
${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}(t)={i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}({t}_{0})+\frac{{V}_{\text{H}}}{{L}_{\text{r1}}}(t-{t}_{0})$
工作模态2(${t}_{1},{t}_{2}$):储能侧${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$关断时,${i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}}$${i}_{\text{p2}}$之差给${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$的结电容充电,并给${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$的结电容放电。若在死区时间内,${i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}}$${i}_{\text{p2}}$之差完成对${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$的结电容的充电和放电,则${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$的体二极管导通,此时${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$的漏-源极电压钳位至0。在此时刻后导通${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$实现零电压开通。此时,${v}_{\text{CD}}$的大小由0变为${V}_{\text{C2}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$的表达式为
${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}(t)={i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}({t}_{1})+\frac{n{V}_{\text{C2}}+{V}_{\text{H}}}{{L}_{\text{r1}}}(t-{t}_{1})$
工作模态3(${t}_{2},{t}_{3}$):高压侧${\text{S}}_{\text{2u}}$关断时,${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$之和给${\text{S}}_{\text{2u}}$的结电容充电,并给${\text{S}}_{\text{2b}}$的结电容放电。若在死区时间内${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$之和完成对${\text{S}}_{\text{2u}}$${\text{S}}_{\text{2b}}$的结电容的充电和放电,则${\text{S}}_{\text{2b}}$的体二极管导通,此时${\text{S}}_{\text{2b}}$的漏-源极电压钳位至0。在此时刻后导通${\text{S}}_{\text{2b}}$${\text{S}}_{\text{2b}}$实现零电压开通。此时,${v}_{\text{EF}}$的大小由$-{V}_{\text{H}}$变为0。${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$的表达式分别为
${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}(t)={i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}({t}_{2})+\frac{n{V}_{\text{C1}}}{{L}_{\text{r1}}}(t-{t}_{2})$
${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}(t)={i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}({t}_{2})+\frac{n{V}_{\text{C2}}}{{L}_{\text{r2}}}(t-{t}_{2})$
工作模态4(${t}_{3},{t}_{4}$):高压侧${\text{S}}_{\text{1b}}$关断时,${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$之和给${\text{S}}_{\text{1b}}$的结电容充电,并给${\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}$的结电容放电。若在死区时间内${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$之和完成对${\text{S}}_{\text{1b}}$${\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}$的结电容的充电和放电,则${\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}$的体二极管导通,${\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}$的漏-源极电压钳位至0。在此时刻后导通${\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}$${\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}$实现零电压开通。此时,${v}_{\text{EF}}$的大小由0变为${V}_{\text{H}}$。当${V}_{\text{H}}=n{V}_{\text{L}}/{D}_{\text{L}}$时,${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$保持不变,能量从储能侧传递至高压侧。
工作模态5(${t}_{4},{t}_{5}$):储能侧${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$关断时,${i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$${i}_{\text{p1}}$之差给${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$的结电容充电,并给${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$的结电容放电。若在死区时间内,${i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$${i}_{\text{p1}}$之差完成对${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$的结电容的充电和放电,则${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$的体二极管导通,此时${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$的漏-源极电压钳位至0。在此时刻后导通${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}$实现零电压开通。此时,${v}_{\text{AB}}$的大小由${V}_{\text{C1}}$变为0。${i}_{{L}_{\text{r1}}}$的电流表达式为
$i_{L_{\mathrm{r} 1}}(t)=i_{\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{r} 1}}\left(t_{4}\right)-\frac{V_{\mathrm{H}}}{L_{\mathrm{r} 1}}\left(t-t_{4}\right)$
工作模态6(${t}_{5},{t}_{6}$):储能侧${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$关断时,${i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}}$${i}_{\text{p2}}$之差给${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$的结电容充电,并给${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$的结电容放电。若在死区时间内,${i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}}$${i}_{\text{p2}}$之差完成对${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$的结电容的充电和放电,则${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$的体二极管导通,此时${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$的漏-源极电压钳位至0。在此时刻后导通${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$实现零电压开通。此时,${v}_{\text{CD}}$的大小由${V}_{\text{C2}}$变为0。${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}$的电流表达式为
${i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}(t)={i}_{{L}_{\text{r2}}}({t}_{5})-\frac{{V}_{\text{H}}}{{L}_{\text{r2}}}(t-{t}_{5})$
根据模态分析,储能侧占空比${D}_{\text{L1}}$${D}_{\text{L2}}$用于维持钳位电容${C}_{\text{C1}}$${C}_{\text{C2}}$的电压,且${V}_{\text{C1}}\text{=}{V}_{\text{C2}}\text{=}{V}_{\text{C}}$,因此${D}_{\text{L1}}$${D}_{\text{L2}}$应满足
${D}_{\text{L1}}\text{=}{D}_{\text{L2}}\text{=}{D}_{\text{L}}\text{=}\frac{{V}_{\text{L}}}{{V}_{\text{C}}}$
${i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$为例,计算单个滤波电感的电流纹波。${i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$的电流变化率$\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}/\text{d}t$由输入电压${V}_{\text{L}}$和桥臂中点电压${v}_{\text{A}}、{v}_{\text{C}}$决定
$\frac{\text{d}{i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}}{\text{d}t}=\frac{({L}_{\text{f}}-M){V}_{\text{L}}-{L}_{\text{f}}{v}_{\text{A}}+M{v}_{\text{C}}}{{L}_{\text{f}}^{\text{2}}-{M}^{2}}$
通过调节储能侧全桥的等效占空比${D}_{\text{L}}$及储能侧全桥间的移相占空比${D}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}$,可以改变${i}_{{L}_{\text{f}1}}$的波形及其纹波大小$\Delta {i}_{{L}_{\text{f}1}}$,即
$i_{L_{\mathrm{f} 1}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\left(L_{\mathrm{f}}-M\right) V_{\mathrm{L}}-L_{\mathrm{f}} V_{\mathrm{C}}}{L_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}-M^{2}} t+i_{L_{\mathrm{f} 1}}\left(t_{0}\right) \\ t_{0}+k T<t<t_{1}+k T \\ \frac{\left(L_{\mathrm{f}}-M\right)\left(V_{\mathrm{L}}-V_{\mathrm{C}}\right)}{L_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}-M^{2}}\left(t-t_{1}\right)+i_{L_{\mathrm{f} 1}}\left(t_{1}\right) \\ t_{1}+k T<t<t_{4}+k T \\ \frac{\left(L_{\mathrm{f}}-M\right) V_{\mathrm{L}}+M V_{\mathrm{C}}}{L_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}-M^{2}}\left(t-t_{4}\right)+i_{L_{\mathrm{f} 1}}\left(t_{4}\right) \\ t_{4}+k T<t<t_{5}+k T \\ \frac{\left(L_{\mathrm{f}}-M\right) V_{\mathrm{L}}}{L_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}-M^{2}}\left(t-t_{5}\right)+i_{L_{\mathrm{f} 1}}\left(t_{5}\right) \\ t_{5}+k T<t<t_{0}+(k+1) T \end{array}\right.$
$\Delta {i}_{{L}_{\text{f}1}}=\frac{{V}_{\text{C}}\left[({D}_{\text{L}}-{D}_{\text{L}}^{\text{2}}){L}_{\text{f}}+({D}_{\text{L}}^{\text{2}}-{D}_{\text{L}}+{D}_{{\phi }_{\text{L}}})M\right]}{({L}_{\text{f}}^{\text{2}}-{M}^{2})f}$
式中:k为任意整数;${t}_{1}={t}_{0}+{D}_{{\phi }_{\text{L}}}T$${t}_{4}={t}_{0}+{D}_{\text{L}}T$t5= ${t}_{0}+\left({D}_{\text{L}}+{D}_{{\phi }_{\text{L}}}\right)T$
${D}_{{\phi }_{\text{L}}}<{D}_{\text{L}}$时,${L}_{\text{f1}}$${L}_{f3}$所组成的耦合电感的输入电流${i}_{L1}$
$\begin{array}{l} i_{L 1}=i_{L_{\mathrm{f} 1}}+i_{L_{\mathrm{f} 3}}= \\ \left\{\begin{array}{ll} \frac{2 V_{\mathrm{L}}-V_{\mathrm{C}}}{L_{\mathrm{f}}+M} t+i_{\mathrm{L} 1}\left(t_{0}\right) & t_{0}+k T<t<t_{1}+k T \\ \frac{2\left(V_{\mathrm{L}}-V_{\mathrm{C}}\right)}{L_{\mathrm{f}}+M}\left(t-t_{1}\right)+i_{\mathrm{L} 1}\left(t_{1}\right) & t_{1}+k T<t<t_{4}+k T \\ \frac{2 V_{\mathrm{L}}-V_{\mathrm{C}}}{L_{\mathrm{f}}+M}\left(t-t_{4}\right)+i_{\mathrm{L} 1}\left(t_{4}\right) & t_{4}+k T<t<t_{5}+k T \\ \frac{2 V_{\mathrm{L}}}{L_{\mathrm{f}}+M}\left(t-t_{5}\right)+i_{\mathrm{L} 1}\left(t_{5}\right) & t_{5}+k T<t<t_{0}+(k+1) T \end{array}\right. \end{array}$
由于互感电流在储能侧端口相互抵消,储能侧的电流纹波显著降低。根据${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}\left({\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}\right)$的驱动信号超前于${\text{Q}}_{\text{2u}}\left({\text{Q}}_{\text{4u}}\right)$的驱动信号180°,可以得出${L}_{\text{f2}}$${L}_{\text{f4}}$所组成的耦合电感的输入电流${i}_{L2}$
${i}_{L2}\text{=}{i}_{{L}_{\text{f2}}}\text{+}{i}_{{L}_{\text{f4}}}\text{=}{i}_{L1}\text{(}t\text{+}T\text{/2)}$
为减小变换器储能侧的环流损耗,储能侧等效占空比${D}_{\text{L}}$一般设置在0.50附近。因此,以0.25< ${D}_{\text{L}}$<0.50为例计算变换器储能侧电流纹波,当${D}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}$变化时,变换器的储能侧电流纹波$\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}$表示为
$ \Delta {i}_{\mathrm{L}} = \Delta \left( {{i}_{L1} + {i}_{L2}}\right) = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \frac{2\left( {1 - 2{D}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right) \left( {{D}_{\mathrm{L}} - {D}_{{\varphi }_{\mathrm{L}}}}\right) {V}_{\mathrm{L}}}{{D}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( {{L}_{\mathrm{f}} + M}\right) f} & 0 < {D}_{{\varphi }_{\mathrm{L}}} < \frac{1 - 2{D}_{\mathrm{L}}}{2} \\ \frac{\left( {4{D}_{\mathrm{L}} - 1}\right) \left( {1 - 2{D}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right) {V}_{\mathrm{L}}}{{D}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( {{L}_{\mathrm{f}} + M}\right) f} & \frac{1 - 2{D}_{\mathrm{L}}}{2} < {D}_{{\varphi }_{\mathrm{L}}} < {D}_{\mathrm{L}} \\ \frac{\left( {1 - 2{D}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right) \left( {2{D}_{\mathrm{L}} + 2{D}_{{\varphi }_{\mathrm{L}}} - 1}\right) {V}_{\mathrm{L}}}{{D}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( {{L}_{\mathrm{f}} + M}\right) f} & {D}_{\mathrm{L}} < {D}_{{\varphi }_{\mathrm{L}}} < \frac{1}{2} \end{array}\right. $
当变换器储能侧间的移相占空比满足(1-2${D}_{\text{L}}$)/ 2<${D}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}<{D}_{\text{L}}$时,储能侧电流纹波最小,此时对于每个VL的取值,储能侧电流纹波的大小可由${L}_{\text{f}}$+M确定。为说明耦合电感对储能侧电流纹波的抵消作用,结合式(10)和式(14),计算${D}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}$=(1-2${D}_{\text{L}}$)/2时,不同的${L}_{\text{f}}$M的取值下变换器的纹波抵消率β,即
$\beta \text{=}\frac{\Delta {i}_{\text{L}}}{\Delta {i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}}=\frac{2(4{D}_{\text{L}}-1)(1-2{D}_{\text{L}})({L}_{\text{f}}-M)}{2({D}_{\text{L}}-{D}_{\text{L}}^{\text{2}}){L}_{\text{f}}+(2{D}_{\text{L}}^{\text{2}}-4{D}_{\text{L}}+1)M}$
图4$M/{L}_{\text{f}}$取不同值时,变换器的储能侧电流纹波抵消率β${D}_{\text{L}}$的变化曲线。可见,当${L}_{\text{f}}+M$确定后,设计不同的$M/{L}_{\text{f}}$,可以设计出储能侧电流纹波相同,但滤波电感电流纹波不同的样机,为后文软开关实现提供理论基础。
对于高压侧开关管${\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}{\text{~S}}_{\text{2b}}$,诸多相关文献已对其软开关条件进行了详细分析,当${D}_{\text{H}}$=0.5时,高压侧各管均能实现全范围软开关[16]。储能侧开关管的${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}{\text{~Q}}_{\text{4b}}$软开关条件详细分析如下。以升压模式的模态分析为例,滤波电感电流与变压器原边电流共同作用,对MOSFET的结电容进行充、放电,从而实现零电压开通。因此,${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}{\text{~Q}}_{\text{4b}}$软开关条件见表1,其中,${i}_{0}$为能完成对结电容充、放电的最小电流。
结合模态分析可知,变换器储能侧滞后全桥下管软开关条件最严苛。本文将以${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$为例,详细说明其软开关过程。图5${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$关断后、${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$开通前的关键波形,${i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}}$中的实线波形为所提变换器的滤波电感电流波形,虚线为传统并联连接的电流源型双有源桥式电路的滤波电感电流波形。可见,对于传统并联连接的电流源型双有源桥式电路,${\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}$可能出现无法实现软开关的现象,本文所述变换器则可通过合理设计${L}_{\text{f}}$M,实现全功率范围内的软开关。
储能侧开关管的软开关实现条件可概括为
${\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{{T}_{\text{dz}}}({i}_{\text{p2}}-{i}_{{L}_{\text{f3}}})\text{d}t}⩾2{C}_{\text{oss}}{V}_{\text{C}}$
式中:${T}_{\text{dz}}$为死区时间;${C}_{\text{oss}}$为储能侧开关管的结电容。
根据2.1节中通过电流纹波确定${L}_{\text{f}}+M$的设计方案,式(10)可改写为
$\Delta {I}_{i}(M)=\frac{{V}_{\text{C}}(1-{D}_{\text{L}}){D}_{\text{L}}}{({L}_{\text{f}}+M)f}+\frac{{V}_{\text{C}}{D}_{{\phi }_{\text{L}}}M}{({L}_{\text{f}}^{\text{2}}-{M}^{2})f}$
式(17)中第1项与虚线所示电流波形一致。由于耦合电感的引入,所提变换器在死区时间内,仍能保证结电容的充、放电电流足够大,从而实现软开关。结合式(16)和式(17),为实现全范围软开关,互感M的约束范围为
$\frac{\left[4{C}_{\text{oss}}f({L}_{\text{f}}+M)-({D}_{\text{L}}-{D}_{\text{L}}^{\text{2}}){T}_{\text{dz}}\right]{L}_{\text{f}}}{4{C}_{\text{oss}}f({L}_{\text{f}}+M)-({D}_{\text{L}}-{D}_{\text{L}}^{\text{2}}-{D}_{{\phi }_{\text{L}}}){T}_{\text{dz}}}⩽M<{L}_{\text{f}}$
随着${D}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}$的增大,变换器储能侧2组全桥的传输功率的差值增大,且储能侧的循环电流增大。此外,根据式(14),当$\left(1-2{D}_{\text{L}}\right)/2<{D}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}<{D}_{\text{L}}$时,储能侧电流纹波为定值,继续增大${D}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}$无意义。因此,取${D}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}=\left(1-2{D}_{\text{L}}\right)/2$,变换器的控制策略如图6所示。其中,${V}_{\text{H}}$${I}_{\text{H}}$分别为高压侧的电压和电流,${V}_{\text{L}}$为储能元件的电压,${P}_{\text{ref}}$为功率参考信号。
根据${V}_{\text{H}}$${V}_{\text{L}}$可确定储能侧等效占空比${D}_{\text{L}}$,进而确定储能侧全桥间的移相${D}_{\phi }{}_{{}_{\text{L}}}$。此时,功率传输控制回路与${D}_{\phi }$成单调关系,可以利用PI控制器进行调节。以升压模式为例,该变换器的输出功率为
$P=\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{4 V_{\mathrm{H}}^{2} D_{\mathrm{L}} D_{\varphi}}{L_{\mathrm{r}} f} \quad 0<D_{\varphi_{1}}<\frac{1-2 D_{\mathrm{L}}}{4} \\ \frac{V_{\mathrm{H}}^{2}}{L_{\mathrm{r}} f}\left[-4 D_{\varphi}^{2}+4\left(D_{\mathrm{L}}+1\right) D_{\varphi}-2 D_{\mathrm{L}}^{2}+3 D_{\mathrm{L}}-1\right] \\ \frac{1-2 D_{\mathrm{L}}}{4}<D_{\varphi_{1}}<\frac{3\left(1-2 D_{\mathrm{L}}\right)}{4} \\ \frac{V_{\mathrm{H}}^{2}}{L_{\mathrm{r}} f}\left(-8 D_{\varphi}^{2}+4 D_{\varphi}-4 D_{\mathrm{L}}^{2}+4 D_{\mathrm{L}}-1\right) \\ \frac{3\left(1-2 D_{\mathrm{L}}\right)}{4}<D_{\varphi_{1}}<\frac{1+2 D_{\mathrm{L}}}{4} \end{array}\right. $
本文所述BDC与相似BDC的对比[14-15,17]表2。分别从器件数量、循环电流、软开关范围和储能侧电流纹波等方面进行比较。
图7为本文所述变换器与文献[14-15]的相关比较。由图7(a)可知,所述变换器具有最高的纹波抵消率;图7(b)给出了实现全范围软开关的前提下,各变换器滤波电感的交流分量,相比于传统并联连接的电流源型DAB,所述变换器的滤波电感具有较小的交流损耗;图7(c)给出了储能侧电流纹波为2%时,${\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}$导通时的充、放电电流大小,若要满足储能侧电流纹波要求,传统并联连接的电流源型DAB不能实现全范围的软开关。
为验证所提变换器的可行性,本文设计搭建了1台额定功率400 W的实验样机。样机储能侧电压范围为40~50 V,高压侧电压为200 V,工作频率为50 kHz。实验样机的主要参数见表3。开关管选用英飞凌的IRFP460,控制器采用德州仪器的TMS 320F28335。
图8为储能侧电压分别为40 V和50 V时,额定功率下变换器中3组全桥的桥臂中点电压${v}_{\text{AB}}$${v}_{\text{CD}}、{v}_{\text{EF}}$和变压器高压侧总电流${i}_{\text{S}}$的波形。其中,图8(a)(b)为升压模式,图8(c)(d)为降压模式。实验结果表明:变换器能实现功率的双向流动,且双向工作具有对称性;通过调节${D}_{\text{L}}$,钳位电容电压${V}_{\text{C1}}$${V}_{\text{C2}}$稳定在100 V。因此,变换器在宽输入范围内实现电感两端电压匹配。${i}_{\text{S}}$在能量传输阶段保持不变,循环电流可以保持最小值。
图9为所提变换器工作在额定功率且储能侧电压为40 V时,各开关管的软开关波形。由于工作波形的对称性,同一全桥不同桥臂对应位置开关管的软开关波形相似,因此仅给出每个全桥的超前桥臂${\text{Q}}_{\text{1u}}、{\text{Q}}_{\text{1b}}、{\text{Q}}_{\text{3u}}、{\text{Q}}_{\text{3b}}、{\text{S}}_{\text{1u}}$${\text{S}}_{\text{1b}}$的软开关波形。可见,在死区时间内,所有开关管的结电容均完成充、放电,实现ZVS软开关。
图10为所提变换器储能侧电压切换和功率切换时的动态波形。图10(a)(b)分别为该变换器升压模式下,传输功率从满载切换至半载和半载切换至满载的动态波形,可见,变换器可在5 ms内恢复到稳态,具有较好的动态性能;图10(c)为储能侧电压由40 V切换至50 V时的动态波形,可见,所提变换器在宽储能侧电压范围内具有小于2%的电流纹波;图10(d)为变换器工作在400 W、40 V时,储能侧电流${i}_{\text{L}}$、耦合电感端口电流${i}_{L1}$和滤波电感电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$,可见,所提变换器在保证储能侧低电流纹波的同时,滤波电感仍具有较大的电流纹波,以满足储能侧开关管的软开关条件。
本文提出了1种基于耦合电感的电流源型双有源桥式变换器,辅以四重移相调制策略,显著降低了储能侧开关管的电流纹波和电流应力并实现全功率范围软开关。该变换器实现了储能侧电流纹波和软开关范围在设计上的解耦,确保变换器在极低的储能侧电流纹波前提下实现全范围软开关。根据理论分析,本文设计了储能侧电压为40~50 V、高压侧电压为200 V、额定功率为400 W的实验样机。实验结果表明,该变换器具有储能侧低电流应力、低电流纹波和宽ZVS软开关范围的优点,适用于储能侧宽电压变化范围的储能应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877085)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(62173148)
  • 广州市科技计划科学研究专项资助项目(202002030373)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.11
  • 接收时间:2022-03-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-22
  • 修回日期:2022-05-31
  • 录用日期:2022-06-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877085)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877085)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173148)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(62173148)
Guangzhou Science and Technology Program Scientific Research Project(202002030373)
广州市科技计划科学研究专项资助项目(202002030373)
作者信息
    1 华南理工大学电力学院,广州 510640
    2 华南理工大学自动化科学与工程学院,广州 510640

通讯作者:

刘俊峰(1978— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、高频配电系统、运动控制。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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