Article(id=1146828030133010454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1641139200000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-03, revisedDate=1646928000000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-11, acceptedDate=1651680000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-05, onlineDate=1751354709418, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354709418, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867074, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354709418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354709418, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828027490604008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354708786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499546380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155776469561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828027490604008, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844398156046919, articleId=1146828030133010454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Review of Photovoltaic Power Equalizer Topologies, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve the target of carbon neutrality, renewable energy power generation represented by photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become an important means. PV power generation systems usually require multiple PV modules to be connected in series to obtain a high output voltage. However, in series-connected PV modules, the mismatch of component characteristics due to partial shading or different degrees of aging of components will cause a serious loss of power generation. Therefore, many technical schemes have been proposed to solve this problem. The PV equalizer has become a promising solution, and it uses a power electronic converter to transfer the mismatched power and change the operating point of the component to obtain the maximum output power. First, the basic concepts and principles of PV equalizers are elaborated, then, the PV-bus, PV-PV and other special types of PV equalizers topologies are introduces in detail. In addition, a comparison and analysis of the paremeters and performance of the existing PV equalizer topologies is performed. Finally, the topological structures of PV equalizers are summarized and evaluated, providing a reference for engineers and practitioners in this field.

, correspAuthors=Ben ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ben ZHAO, Haoran CUI, Yigeng HUANGFU, Yongheng YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828032959971472, articleId=1146828030133010454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=光伏功率均衡器拓扑综述, columnId=1149829992055595012, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=新能源系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以光伏发电为代表的新能源发电已经成为实现“碳中和”这一目标的重要手段。光伏发电系统通常需要多个光伏组件串联从而获得高电压输出,而在串联光伏组件中由于局部阴影或组件不同程度老化等因素造成的组件特性不匹配会导致系统发电量的严重损失。因此,诸多技术方案被提出以尝试解决这一问题。其中,光伏均衡器成为1种很有前景的解决方案,其采用电力电子变换器将不匹配功率进行转移从而改变组件工作点获得最大功率输出。首先介绍光伏均衡器的基本概念及工作原理。然后详细介绍组件-母线(PV-bus)结构、组件-组件(PV-PV)结构及其他特殊类型结构的光伏均衡器拓扑,并对现有的光伏均衡器拓扑电路进行细致的参数及性能对比分析。最后,对不同类型的光伏均衡器拓扑结构进行总结与评价,为该方向的研究人员提供参考。

, correspAuthors=赵犇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵犇(1987— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副研究员。研究方向:新能源电力电子变换器拓扑与控制。E-mail:
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崔浩然(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏系统电力电子变换器。E-mail:

皇甫宜耿(1981— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电与混合动力。E-mail:

杨永恒(1987— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:新能源发电、储能及并网技术。E-mail:

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崔浩然(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏系统电力电子变换器。E-mail:

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皇甫宜耿(1981— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电与混合动力。E-mail:

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皇甫宜耿(1981— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电与混合动力。E-mail:

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杨永恒(1987— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:新能源发电、储能及并网技术。E-mail:

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杨永恒(1987— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:新能源发电、储能及并网技术。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=A voltage divider structure to improve the power gain rate of photovoltaic micro-inverter, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205945154234544161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, awardId=51807164, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51807164), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205945154360373290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, awardId=51807164, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51807164), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205945154482008112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, awardId=2022GY-175, language=EN, fundingSource=Shaanxi Key R&D Program(2022GY-175), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205945154582671414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, awardId=2022GY-175, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2022GY-175), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205945146072429202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205945146080817810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, companyId=1205945146072429202, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205945146085012115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, companyId=1205945146072429202, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 西北工业大学自动化学院,西安 710072)]), AuthorCompany(id=1205945146210841244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileSmall=/B3HcqmlqRYTYPxgTzVuhQ==, figureFileBig=ux6rGsuumUT2r1Kh+akQaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945150405145479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=图1, caption=局部阴影下的光伏组件特性, figureFileSmall=/B3HcqmlqRYTYPxgTzVuhQ==, figureFileBig=ux6rGsuumUT2r1Kh+akQaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945150644220821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Operating states of PV string under partial shading, figureFileSmall=625yfx1IjQ1GmTq3E2dh1g==, figureFileBig=5DBfh8G6Rg+aUAJdBwmBNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945151881540507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=图2, caption=局部阴影下的光伏组串工作状态, figureFileSmall=625yfx1IjQ1GmTq3E2dh1g==, figureFileBig=5DBfh8G6Rg+aUAJdBwmBNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152003175330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Main structure types of PV equalizer, figureFileSmall=RclfD3YJaNfVhzRlV6F1DQ==, figureFileBig=rOX3zkGpwjs46MzdmeqPfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152112227240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=图3, caption=光伏均衡器的主要结构类型, figureFileSmall=RclfD3YJaNfVhzRlV6F1DQ==, figureFileBig=rOX3zkGpwjs46MzdmeqPfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152238056369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Topologies of PV-bus structure, figureFileSmall=Sw2mLWE+oeS8JeNrXGjDmQ==, figureFileBig=PTnNlM8r2EcAQgYrQG3B3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152368079800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=图4, caption=组件-母线结构拓扑, figureFileSmall=Sw2mLWE+oeS8JeNrXGjDmQ==, figureFileBig=PTnNlM8r2EcAQgYrQG3B3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152489714621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Topologies of PV-PV structure, figureFileSmall=vuC/srOzKT2cuumFAqPDIQ==, figureFileBig=hnZu18Q2OFvSoMYnrNORvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152573600707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=图5, caption=组件-组件结构拓扑, figureFileSmall=vuC/srOzKT2cuumFAqPDIQ==, figureFileBig=hnZu18Q2OFvSoMYnrNORvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152703624137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Topologies of other special structures, figureFileSmall=tcFXt4WJR1A13dQOkaMIKg==, figureFileBig=rbPmRdKN+Iu5dColc32unQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152850424783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=图6, caption=其他特殊类型结构拓扑, figureFileSmall=tcFXt4WJR1A13dQOkaMIKg==, figureFileBig=rbPmRdKN+Iu5dColc32unQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205945152993031125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of parameters among PV-bus topologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑种类 系统功率提升 系统效率 开关数量 磁芯数量 电压应力 参考文献
单向反激 96.7%
以上
N N ${V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}$ [8]
双向反激 平均功率比串联系统多50%左右(5%的局部遮蔽条件下) 95.0% 2N N $\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}\\ {V}_{\text{bus}}\frac{{N}_{i1}}{{N}_{i2}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\end{array}\right.$ [9]
单开关多绕组
反激
提高14.9%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从65.28 W提升至74.98 W) 1 1 ${V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{\text{p}}}{{N}_{i1}}$ [10]
单开关多绕组
正激
提高45.6%(3块组件中2块部分遮蔽条件下,功率从417.45 W提升至607.7 W) 1 N+1 $2{V}_{\text{bus}}$ [11]
Buck-Boost 2N-2 N-1 ${V}_{\text{bus}}$ [12]
双向反激+
升压变换器
96.7% 2N N+1 $\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}\\ {V}_{\text{bus}}\frac{{N}_{i1}}{{N}_{i2}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\end{array}\right.$ [13]
双开关LLC
谐振变换器
提高38%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从105 W提升至145 W) 93.0%~95.0% 2 2 ${V}_{\text{bus}}$ [14]
单开关SEPIC
变换器
提高26%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从46 W提升至57.9 W) 90.0% 1 N+1 ${V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}$ [15]
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153123054557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

组件-母线结构拓扑参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑种类 系统功率提升 系统效率 开关数量 磁芯数量 电压应力 参考文献
单向反激 96.7%
以上
N N ${V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}$ [8]
双向反激 平均功率比串联系统多50%左右(5%的局部遮蔽条件下) 95.0% 2N N $\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}\\ {V}_{\text{bus}}\frac{{N}_{i1}}{{N}_{i2}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\end{array}\right.$ [9]
单开关多绕组
反激
提高14.9%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从65.28 W提升至74.98 W) 1 1 ${V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{\text{p}}}{{N}_{i1}}$ [10]
单开关多绕组
正激
提高45.6%(3块组件中2块部分遮蔽条件下,功率从417.45 W提升至607.7 W) 1 N+1 $2{V}_{\text{bus}}$ [11]
Buck-Boost 2N-2 N-1 ${V}_{\text{bus}}$ [12]
双向反激+
升压变换器
96.7% 2N N+1 $\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}\\ {V}_{\text{bus}}\frac{{N}_{i1}}{{N}_{i2}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\end{array}\right.$ [13]
双开关LLC
谐振变换器
提高38%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从105 W提升至145 W) 93.0%~95.0% 2 2 ${V}_{\text{bus}}$ [14]
单开关SEPIC
变换器
提高26%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从46 W提升至57.9 W) 90.0% 1 N+1 ${V}_{\text{bus}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}$ [15]
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153311798254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of parameters among PV-PV topologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑种类 系统功率提升 系统效率 开关个数 磁芯数量 电压应力 参考文献
开关电感 提高20% 90.0% 2N-2 N-1 Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [16]
开关电容 提高19.8%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从
1 039 W上升到1 245 W)
92.5% 4N-4 0 Vpvi [17]
开关电容 提高约50%(其中1块组件在20%光照
强度下)
97.0% 4N-4 0 Vpvi [18]
谐振开关电容 提高27.7%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从
1 620 W上升到2 070 W)
99.0% 4N-4 N-1 Vpvi [19]
开关电感电容 提高20.36%(其中1块组件在25%
光照强度下,功率从60 W上升到
72.2 W)
4N-4 N-1 Vpvi [20]
Buck-Boost 提高近40% 90.0% 2N 1 Vpvi [21]
Cuk电路 98.0% 2N-2 2N-2 Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [22]
环形功率
均衡拓扑
均衡器处理功率减少60%(传统链式均衡拓扑的均衡功率为80 kW,环形均衡拓扑及其优化策略加入后,均衡功率为32 kW) 98.6%~98.9% 2N-2 N Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [23]
开关电感电容 92.5% 2N-2 N-1 Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [24]
开关电感电容 最大提高53.8%(局部遮蔽条件下,
功率从58.6 W上升到90.1 W)
89.4%~96.3% 8个
光伏组件需要10个
8个
光伏组件需要5个
Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [25]
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153479570422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

组件-组件结构拓扑参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑种类 系统功率提升 系统效率 开关个数 磁芯数量 电压应力 参考文献
开关电感 提高20% 90.0% 2N-2 N-1 Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [16]
开关电容 提高19.8%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从
1 039 W上升到1 245 W)
92.5% 4N-4 0 Vpvi [17]
开关电容 提高约50%(其中1块组件在20%光照
强度下)
97.0% 4N-4 0 Vpvi [18]
谐振开关电容 提高27.7%(局部遮蔽条件下,功率从
1 620 W上升到2 070 W)
99.0% 4N-4 N-1 Vpvi [19]
开关电感电容 提高20.36%(其中1块组件在25%
光照强度下,功率从60 W上升到
72.2 W)
4N-4 N-1 Vpvi [20]
Buck-Boost 提高近40% 90.0% 2N 1 Vpvi [21]
Cuk电路 98.0% 2N-2 2N-2 Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [22]
环形功率
均衡拓扑
均衡器处理功率减少60%(传统链式均衡拓扑的均衡功率为80 kW,环形均衡拓扑及其优化策略加入后,均衡功率为32 kW) 98.6%~98.9% 2N-2 N Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [23]
开关电感电容 92.5% 2N-2 N-1 Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [24]
开关电感电容 最大提高53.8%(局部遮蔽条件下,
功率从58.6 W上升到90.1 W)
89.4%~96.3% 8个
光伏组件需要10个
8个
光伏组件需要5个
Vpvi+Vpvi+1 [25]
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153622176768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of parameters among other special topologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑种类 系统功率提升 系统效率 开关个数 磁芯数量 电压应力 参考文献
双向反激组件-隔离端口 提高32%(50%遮光条件下,功率从77 W上升到102 W) 96.00% 2N N $\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{c}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}\\ {V}_{\text{c}}\frac{{N}_{i1}}{{N}_{i2}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\end{array}\right.$ [26]
双向反激组件-隔离端口 提高10.19%(30%遮光条件下) 98.66%~99.12% 2N N $\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{c}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}\\ {V}_{\text{c}}\frac{{N}_{i1}}{{N}_{i2}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\end{array}\right.$ [27]
单输入-多输出LLC 提高23.78%(12个光伏组件中的2个发生遮蔽时,功率从2 239.30 W上升到
2 937.92 W)
90.00% 2 4/N+1 Vbus [28]
LC谐振+倍压
整流器
0 1 0.5 Vpvi [29]
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153739616259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

其他特殊类型结构拓扑参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑种类 系统功率提升 系统效率 开关个数 磁芯数量 电压应力 参考文献
双向反激组件-隔离端口 提高32%(50%遮光条件下,功率从77 W上升到102 W) 96.00% 2N N $\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{c}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}\\ {V}_{\text{c}}\frac{{N}_{i1}}{{N}_{i2}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\end{array}\right.$ [26]
双向反激组件-隔离端口 提高10.19%(30%遮光条件下) 98.66%~99.12% 2N N $\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\text{c}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\frac{{N}_{i2}}{{N}_{i1}}\\ {V}_{\text{c}}\frac{{N}_{i1}}{{N}_{i2}}+{V}_{\text{pv}i}\end{array}\right.$ [27]
单输入-多输出LLC 提高23.78%(12个光伏组件中的2个发生遮蔽时,功率从2 239.30 W上升到
2 937.92 W)
90.00% 2 4/N+1 Vbus [28]
LC谐振+倍压
整流器
0 1 0.5 Vpvi [29]
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153857056777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Analysis and comparison of PV equalizer characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均衡器结构 特点 具体内容
组件-母线 优点 1.使用开关数量较少,可靠性较高,成本较低,部分拓扑可仅由1个或2个开关进行控制。
2.处理功率较低,通过均衡器后的功率损耗较少。
缺点 1.多使用隔离拓扑,使用磁性元器件数量较多,体积较大。
2.部分拓扑为多绕组结构,扩展性较差。
3.开关管电压应力较大,通常等于或者大于母线电压。
组件-组件 优点 1.可以减少磁性元器件的使用,从而减小硬件尺寸。
2.都是非隔离拓扑,可以使用小封装和相对较低的成本实现。
3.额定电压是基于光伏组件的电压特性确定的,功率元器件的电压应力较低。
4.扩展性较好,并且MPPT控制算法是分布式的,也便于进行扩展。
缺点 1.使用开关数量较多,损耗较大,可靠性较低。
2.当1个或几个电池或模块被遮蔽时,所有均衡器必须参与功率转换,这将增加功率损耗。
其他
特殊类型
优点 1.组件-隔离端口拓扑多为双向隔离拓扑,每个光伏组件的功率可以直接与独立总线进行交换,该独立总线的电压是低于系统总线电压的,有利于降低均衡器元器件电压应力。
2.LLC多绕组拓扑可以实现对自适应功率分配功能,仅用2个开关就可实现均衡多个光伏组件。
3.LC谐振+倍压整流器组成的均压拓扑不需要额外的开关管,仅使用二极管即可实现自均衡。
缺点 1.组件-隔离端口拓扑为了保持隔离总线的电压稳定,流入和流出隔离端口的功率必须相等,所以在给定的串联电流下,精确的MPPT可能难以实现。
2.LLC多绕组拓扑和LC谐振+倍压整流器组成的均压拓扑的二极管数量较多,系统损耗将会增加。
), ArticleFig(id=1205945153961914382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828030133010454, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

光伏均衡器特点分析对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均衡器结构 特点 具体内容
组件-母线 优点 1.使用开关数量较少,可靠性较高,成本较低,部分拓扑可仅由1个或2个开关进行控制。
2.处理功率较低,通过均衡器后的功率损耗较少。
缺点 1.多使用隔离拓扑,使用磁性元器件数量较多,体积较大。
2.部分拓扑为多绕组结构,扩展性较差。
3.开关管电压应力较大,通常等于或者大于母线电压。
组件-组件 优点 1.可以减少磁性元器件的使用,从而减小硬件尺寸。
2.都是非隔离拓扑,可以使用小封装和相对较低的成本实现。
3.额定电压是基于光伏组件的电压特性确定的,功率元器件的电压应力较低。
4.扩展性较好,并且MPPT控制算法是分布式的,也便于进行扩展。
缺点 1.使用开关数量较多,损耗较大,可靠性较低。
2.当1个或几个电池或模块被遮蔽时,所有均衡器必须参与功率转换,这将增加功率损耗。
其他
特殊类型
优点 1.组件-隔离端口拓扑多为双向隔离拓扑,每个光伏组件的功率可以直接与独立总线进行交换,该独立总线的电压是低于系统总线电压的,有利于降低均衡器元器件电压应力。
2.LLC多绕组拓扑可以实现对自适应功率分配功能,仅用2个开关就可实现均衡多个光伏组件。
3.LC谐振+倍压整流器组成的均压拓扑不需要额外的开关管,仅使用二极管即可实现自均衡。
缺点 1.组件-隔离端口拓扑为了保持隔离总线的电压稳定,流入和流出隔离端口的功率必须相等,所以在给定的串联电流下,精确的MPPT可能难以实现。
2.LLC多绕组拓扑和LC谐振+倍压整流器组成的均压拓扑的二极管数量较多,系统损耗将会增加。
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光伏功率均衡器拓扑综述
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赵犇 1 , 崔浩然 1 , 皇甫宜耿 1 , 杨永恒 2
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025,23(2): 105-114
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025, 23(2): 105-114
光伏功率均衡器拓扑综述
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赵犇1 , 崔浩然1 , 皇甫宜耿1 , 杨永恒2
作者信息
  • 1 西北工业大学自动化学院,西安 710072
  • 2 浙江大学电气工程学院,杭州 310027
  • 崔浩然(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏系统电力电子变换器。E-mail:

    皇甫宜耿(1981— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电与混合动力。E-mail:

    杨永恒(1987— ),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:新能源发电、储能及并网技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

赵犇(1987— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副研究员。研究方向:新能源电力电子变换器拓扑与控制。E-mail:
Review of Photovoltaic Power Equalizer Topologies
Ben ZHAO1 , Haoran CUI1 , Yigeng HUANGFU1 , Yongheng YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.105
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以光伏发电为代表的新能源发电已经成为实现“碳中和”这一目标的重要手段。光伏发电系统通常需要多个光伏组件串联从而获得高电压输出,而在串联光伏组件中由于局部阴影或组件不同程度老化等因素造成的组件特性不匹配会导致系统发电量的严重损失。因此,诸多技术方案被提出以尝试解决这一问题。其中,光伏均衡器成为1种很有前景的解决方案,其采用电力电子变换器将不匹配功率进行转移从而改变组件工作点获得最大功率输出。首先介绍光伏均衡器的基本概念及工作原理。然后详细介绍组件-母线(PV-bus)结构、组件-组件(PV-PV)结构及其他特殊类型结构的光伏均衡器拓扑,并对现有的光伏均衡器拓扑电路进行细致的参数及性能对比分析。最后,对不同类型的光伏均衡器拓扑结构进行总结与评价,为该方向的研究人员提供参考。

光伏发电  /  不匹配  /  均衡器  /  差分功率处理

To achieve the target of carbon neutrality, renewable energy power generation represented by photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become an important means. PV power generation systems usually require multiple PV modules to be connected in series to obtain a high output voltage. However, in series-connected PV modules, the mismatch of component characteristics due to partial shading or different degrees of aging of components will cause a serious loss of power generation. Therefore, many technical schemes have been proposed to solve this problem. The PV equalizer has become a promising solution, and it uses a power electronic converter to transfer the mismatched power and change the operating point of the component to obtain the maximum output power. First, the basic concepts and principles of PV equalizers are elaborated, then, the PV-bus, PV-PV and other special types of PV equalizers topologies are introduces in detail. In addition, a comparison and analysis of the paremeters and performance of the existing PV equalizer topologies is performed. Finally, the topological structures of PV equalizers are summarized and evaluated, providing a reference for engineers and practitioners in this field.

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation  /  mismatch  /  equalizer  /  differential power processing
赵犇, 崔浩然, 皇甫宜耿, 杨永恒. 光伏功率均衡器拓扑综述. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (2) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.105
Ben ZHAO, Haoran CUI, Yigeng HUANGFU, Yongheng YANG. Review of Photovoltaic Power Equalizer Topologies[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (2) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.105
近年来,随着我国“碳达峰、碳中和”战略的提出,光伏发电再次成为社会热点,学术界与产业界均不断对现有光伏发电系统进行改造和升级,以助力早日实现“双碳”目标[1-2]。通常情况下,光伏系统中会将光伏组件串联连接来获取更高的电压输出。考虑云朵、树木、灰尘等造成的光伏组件局部遮光及电池组件不同程度老化等因素,串联组件会导致电特性不匹配,使得光伏系统发电功率下降明显,发电量损失严重[3]
为减小光伏组件串联连接造成的不匹配工况下的发电功率损失,出现了微型逆变器(micro- inverter)和直流优化器(DC optimizer)2种典型的全功率处理变换器装置[4]。每个光伏组件连接1个独立的变换器,从而改变系统的串联结构,实现每块光伏组件的最大功率点跟踪MPPT(maximum power point tracking)控制,提升系统发电量。然而,该变换器会处理光伏组件产生的全部功率,其产生的损耗与光伏组件的功率成正比。同时,由于微型逆变器和直流优化器的成本较高,大规模应用受限。为克服上述全功率变换结构的劣势,近年来诸多学者提出了光伏功率均衡器的概念,也被称为差分功率处理器DPP(differential power processor)[5-6]。光伏均衡器仅处理光伏组件之间不匹配的功率,可以减小变换器的功率等级、功率损耗,并且在较小的功率失配或没有失配的情况下,其处理功率非常小甚至为0。同时,变换器的体积、成本等也相应减小,可靠性相应提高。
本文综述近年来先进的光伏功率均衡器,首先简述光伏均衡器的工作原理,继而详细介绍组件-母线(PV-bus)、组件-组件(PV-PV)和其他特殊类型结构的均衡器拓扑电路,对比分析各种均衡器拓扑性能特点。最后,对现有均衡器进行总结和评价,并分析展望未来光伏均衡器拓扑相关研究。
光伏均衡器的基本原理是采用1个能量变换传输装置将未被遮蔽组件的部分功率转移到被遮蔽组件,使其工作点发生改变从而提升系统发电量。在理想状况下,串联的光伏组件均无遮蔽且光照强度相等,因此在后级控制下,每个光伏组件均工作在最大功率点。但当1个或多个光伏组件发生遮蔽时,被遮蔽组件的电流输出能力会降低,造成光伏组串功率特性的多峰值问题,导致系统的最大功率点难以跟踪。如图1(a)所示,当出现遮蔽时,系统出现2个峰值点AB且均小于未遮蔽时的峰值点,这时会出现2种不同工况:①由于光伏组串电流被拉低至被遮蔽组件电流,使光伏组串整体发电量大大降低,如图2(a)所示;②光伏组串电流工作于未遮蔽组件的最大功率点,被遮蔽组件不能提供该电流而造成旁路二极管导通,如图2(b)所示,从而将遮蔽组件电压钳位于负值,如图1(b)所示,使该组件由发电转化为耗电,从而造成“热斑”,加速老化[7]
光伏均衡器采用1个DC-DC变换器来代替反并联二极管,让本应流过二极管的电流流经均衡器,从而将光伏组件两端的电压控制在其最大功率点附近,而不是被旁路二极管钳位于负值。此时,被遮蔽的光伏组件将不再消耗功率而是输出功率,从而大幅提升光伏系统在遮蔽情况下的发电量。
光伏均衡器拓扑主要可以分为组件-母线、组件-组件和其他特殊类型结构。
组件-母线结构如图3(a)所示,每个均衡器在光伏组件和系统总线之间连接,每个光伏组件都对应1个均衡器,与系统母线进行能量交换,以达到光伏组件在最大功率下运行所需的电流。在组件-母线结构中,失配补偿电流在光伏组件和系统母线之间流动。
组件-组件结构如图3(b)所示,每个均衡器在2个光伏组件之间连接,均衡器大多是双向的,可以在2个光伏组件之间进行能量交换,以达到每个光伏组件在最大功率下运行所需的电流,从而实现组件-组件电流和功率补偿。对由n个光伏组件组成的光伏系统,会有n-1个均衡器。其中每个均衡器会控制1个光伏组件,但会有光伏组件不受均衡器的控制,而是通过系统串联电流进行控制。
其他特殊类型结构中有代表性的是组件-隔离端口(PV-isolated port)结构,如图3(c)所示,每个均衡器在光伏组件和独立的隔离总线之间连接。由于使用隔离端口,每个光伏组件的功率直接与独立总线进行交换,该独立总线的电压低于系统总线电压,拓扑的可靠性和效率有所提高。
组件-母线结构拓扑如图4所示。文献[8]利用单向反激拓扑作为均衡器,如图4(a)所示,可以从系统母线向光伏组件提供功率,该拓扑电路简单、工作可靠。文献[9]利用双向反激拓扑作为均衡器,如图4(b)所示,能实现光伏组件和系统母线之间的双向能量流动,同时证明均衡器在寿命性能方面比传统全功率处理结构更有优势。
文献[10]提出1种基于单开关多绕组反激拓扑的均衡器,如图4(c)所示,可以实现光伏组件内部不匹配部分的自补偿,且开关器件数量仅有1个,从而简化电路结构、降低成本。类似地,文献[11]提出基于单开关多绕组正激变换器的光伏均衡器,如图4(d)所示,也仅使用1个开关器件,由于输出电感与组件数量成比例,因此磁芯数量达到n+1个。文献[12]提出1种Buck-Boost均衡器拓扑,如图4(e)所示,采用非隔离拓扑可以避免变压器的使用,但该拓扑的开关数量与电感数量均与组件数量成比例增长,分别达到2n-2和n-1个。
文献[13]将双向反激式均衡器的输出直接连接到DC-DC升压变换器的输出电压总线,如图4(f)所示,光伏组串的主功率通过该DC-DC升压变换器处理,均衡功率通过反激变换器处理,该结构的优点是DC-DC升压变换器可以独立控制组串电流,系统可更可靠地保持最佳功率运行。文献[14]中的均衡器拓扑为双开关LLC谐振变换器,该变换器与传统的均衡器拓扑相比,仅使用2个开关器件,可以显著简化电路和控制。文献[15]中的均衡器拓扑为单开关SEPIC变换器,该变换器仅使用1个开关管,进一步简化电路。
为详细对比同一类型均衡器拓扑,将各个拓扑电路的主要参数进行对比总结,详见表1
表1中:N为所对应光伏组件的数量;Vbus为母线电压;Vpvi为组件电压;Ni1Ni2分别为对应组件连接的变压器一次和二次绕组;Np为母线侧变压器绕组。
多数组件-母线结构的光伏均衡器拓扑开关器件使用较少,其可靠性和经济性相对较高,如文献[10]提出的单开关多绕组反激式拓扑、文献[11]提出的单开关多绕组正激式拓扑及文献[15]提出的单开关SEPIC变换器拓扑中的开关数量均为1个,开关数量远小于其他类型拓扑。
然而,由于该类型拓扑多采用磁性元件作为功率传输途径,且部分拓扑的磁性元件数量还与组件数量成比例增长,因此多数组件-母线结构的光伏均衡器体积较大、功率密度较低。
组件-组件结构拓扑如图5所示。开关电感是最常用的组件-组件结构均衡器拓扑,如图5(a)所示,也可以将其视为双向降压-升压变换器[16],该结构较为简单,控制方式也比较方便。文献[17]提出1种基于开关电容变换器的模块化均衡器架构,如图5(e)所示,使系统功率产出显著增加。文献[18]提出1种高效率开关电容的均衡方案,该均衡器拓扑具有控制简单、损耗小、效率高等优势,然而由于使用开关电容拓扑,增加了开关数量。文献[19]使用谐振开关电容变换器作为均衡器拓扑,如图5(d)所示,该变换器可以实现零电流开关,能在更宽的工作范围内实现更高的效率。文献[20]提出1种基于开关电感电容的光伏均衡器,如图5(f)所示,可以通过电感和开关电容限制电流的波动,并且消除了部分遮光下光伏组件的多个功率峰值问题。文献[21]提出1种Buck-Boost型均衡器,该拓扑仅使用1个电感来均衡光伏组件的总能量。文献[22]提出用Cuk电路作为均衡器拓扑,如图5(c)所示,采用紧凑的磁耦合Cuk变换器,可以减小尺寸,降低成本。
文献[23]提出1种环形功率均衡拓扑及效率优化控制策略,实现电压平衡,如图5(g)所示,较已有方案,仅增加了单个低值电感和电容,在保证子模块电压均衡的情况下,最大限度地减小功率流通,从而降低器件的电流应力及损耗,以提升效率。文献[24]提出1种适用于输入独立输出串联IIOS(input independent output series)型直流变换器的开关电感电容型功率均衡电路,如图5(b)所示,在开关周期内可实现端口间能量连续传递,改善动态特性,减小子模块输出电压波动,同时以电感和电容为储能元件,防止电感磁饱和,提高能量转换效率。文献[25]提出1种类似的均衡拓扑,区别在于电容放置位置不同使得工作过程有所不同,也实现了局部遮蔽下系统功率的有效提升。
组件-组件结构拓扑的主要参数见表2,表中,VpviVpvi+1为相邻2个组件的电压。可以看出,此类型结构的拓扑中,开关个数均与组件个数成比例增加,这对系统成本和可靠性等方面均带来不利影响。
开关电感、开关电容拓扑是较常见的组件-组件均衡器结构,由于不直接和母线相连,其电压等级相对较低,因而功率器件的电压应力相应减小。部分拓扑完全取消磁性元件的使用,其体积尺寸也将会相应减小,如文献[17-18]中的开关电容变换器拓扑。同时,该结构拓扑易于控制并且具有良好的可扩展性。然而,此结构中功率器件数量会随光伏组件个数成比例增加,部分拓扑的开关数量达到近乎4倍于组件个数,如文献[17-20]中所提拓扑,这将导致系统成本攀升、功耗增加,以及可靠性的相应降低。
其他特殊类型结构拓扑如图6所示。文献[26-27]使用双向反激组件-隔离端口拓扑,如图6(a)所示,其效率相较于其他拓扑显著提高。文献[28]提出1种单输入-多输出LLC型均衡器拓扑,如图6(b)所示,与传统均衡器结构中的“一对一”拓扑相比,此拓扑实现了“一对多”的功能,利用LLC多绕组拓扑良好的对称性和输入、输出电压可变的特点,实现对不同数量的遮蔽光伏组件的自适应功率分配功能,仅用2个开关就可均衡多个光伏组件,使得每个光伏组件达到近似最大功率点的效果。文献[29]提出在桥式光伏微逆变器的基础上,增加1个LC谐振单元及与子模块数量匹配的倍压整流器,形成1个不需单独控制的均压器结构,如图6(c)所示,该均压器可以对受局部阴影影响的子模块补偿电流,使得各子模块输出电压尽量保持接近,从而实现光伏模块输出功率稳定在最大功率点。
其他特殊类型结构拓扑的主要参数见表3,表中,${V}_{\text{c}}$为隔离端口电压。可以看出,组件-隔离端口拓扑整体效率较高,达到近99.0%。
组件-隔离端口结构采用隔离拓扑,可靠性相对较高。同时相对于组件-母线结构,其隔离总线电压低于母线电压,因而可以减小电压应力、提升效率。然而,其元器件较多会导致体积和成本增加。
单输入-多输出LLC拓扑及LC谐振+倍压整流器组成的均压拓扑使用开关器件和磁性元件较少,控制方式较为简单。然而,二极管数量均达到2N个,并随组件数量成比例增加,将会一定程度上增加损耗。
通过对组件-母线结构、组件-组件结构及其他特殊类型结构的光伏均衡器拓扑参数及性能进行对比,可以看出,各类型结构拓扑均具有其独特的优势和局限性,表4对各结构拓扑总体的优、缺点进行了分析总结。
本文分别从均衡器原理、常见的拓扑结构、参数及性能等方面对现有的光伏均衡器类型进行对比分析,最后总结现有拓扑的优、缺点。
组件-母线、组件-组件结构是目前光伏均衡器主要的2种结构类型。组件-母线型结构均衡器母线侧的开关管电压应力大多等于或高于母线电压,因而不太适合母线电压高的大规模电站应用,但该类型均衡器通常结构简单、开关管数量较少、成本较低,且少量组件串联后母线电压不高,因此适合户用、母线电压较低的分布式光伏系统。组件-组件结构可扩展性好,且减少了磁性元器件的使用,其电压应力大多为单块组件电压或者相邻2块组件的输出电压之和,电压应力较小,适合对扩展性及电压应力要求较高的大型光伏电站系统,然而该类型均衡器开关管数量随组件数量成比例增加,使得系统可靠性降低且成本较高。组件-隔离端口结构整体效率较高,且电压应力较低,值得进一步研究探索。本文从光伏均衡器主要类型结构出发,试图对现有拓扑进行全面总结,以期为光伏均衡器相关研究提供一定参考,增进光伏均衡器的研究热度与深度,助力“双碳”战略早日实现。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51807164)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2022GY-175)
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2025年第23卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.2.105
  • 接收时间:2022-01-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-03
  • 修回日期:2022-03-11
  • 录用日期:2022-05-05
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51807164)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51807164)
Shaanxi Key R&D Program(2022GY-175)
陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2022GY-175)
作者信息
    1 西北工业大学自动化学院,西安 710072
    2 浙江大学电气工程学院,杭州 310027

通讯作者:

赵犇(1987— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副研究员。研究方向:新能源电力电子变换器拓扑与控制。E-mail:
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