Article(id=1146828037078782561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.188, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1642521600000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-19, revisedDate=1649260800000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-07, acceptedDate=1650556800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-22, onlineDate=1751354711074, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354711074, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073882009, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354711074, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354711074, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=188, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844459011204032, articleId=1146828037078782561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Overview of Wireless Power Transfer Technology for Implantable Medical Devices, columnId=1152281494212408178, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Wireless Power Transfer, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous advancement of medical technology, implantable medical devices (IMD) are increasingly applied in clinical practice. Since the traditional battery-powered method will bring additional tissue damage and surgical costs to patients, the use of wireless power transfer (WPT) technology to power IMD will become a trend in the future. However, how to design a high-efficiency IMD-WPT system in a limited space is very challenging. To this end, the performance characteristics of five WPT technologies suitable for IMD are compared. Then, the magnetic resonance WPT technology is taken as an example to introduce the key issues in the design of a magnetic resonance IMD-WPT system. Finally, the application status of part of the magnetic resonance WPT technologies in some typical IMD is combined, and the research direction of IMD-WPT technology in the future is discussed.

, correspAuthors=Dongyuan QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao CHEN, Dongyuan QIU, Bo ZHANG, Wenxun XIAO, Yanfeng CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828041247920171, articleId=1146828037078782561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=植入式医疗设备无线供电技术综述, columnId=1149830138994647045, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=无线电能传输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着医疗技术的不断进步,植入式医疗设备IMD(implantable medical devices)在临床上的应用越来越多。由于传统的电池供电方式会给患者带来额外的组织损伤和手术成本,采用无线电能传输WPT(wireless power transfer)技术对IMD供电将成为今后的趋势。然而,如何在有限的空间内设计出高效率的IMD-WPT系统具有较大的挑战性。为此,对比了5种适用于IMD的WPT技术的性能特点;然后以磁谐振式WPT技术为例,具体介绍了磁谐振式IMD-WPT系统设计中的关键问题;最后结合部分磁谐振式WPT技术在一些典型IMD中的应用现状,讨论了IMD-WPT技术未来的研究方向。

, correspAuthors=丘东元, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
丘东元(1972— ),女,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子装置与系统。E-mail:
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陈浩(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。 E-mail:

张波(1962— ),男,中国电源学会会士,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:

肖文勋(1979— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:

陈艳峰(1970— ),女,中国电源学会高级会员,博士(后),教授。研究方向:非线性系统与电力电子建模与控制。E-mail:

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陈浩(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。 E-mail:

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陈浩(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。 E-mail:

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张波(1962— ),男,中国电源学会会士,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:

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张波(1962— ),男,中国电源学会会士,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:

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肖文勋(1979— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:

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肖文勋(1979— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:

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陈艳峰(1970— ),女,中国电源学会高级会员,博士(后),教授。研究方向:非线性系统与电力电子建模与控制。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

陈艳峰(1970— ),女,中国电源学会高级会员,博士(后),教授。研究方向:非线性系统与电力电子建模与控制。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1205931312154735320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison among commonly used IMD-WPT technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
WPT技术类型 传输距离 传输功率 传输效率 接收线圈尺寸 组织安全性
磁感应式 数mm内 数百mW到
数W
大,线圈半径通常在
10~20 mm之间
安全性高,且有完整的
安全性评估标准
磁谐振式 通常在数cm内 数十mW到
数百mW
大,线圈半径通常在
10~20 mm之间
安全性高,且有完整的
安全性评估标准
电场耦合式 通常在
10 mm内
通常在
数十mW内
中等 较大,极板尺寸通常小于20 mm×20 mm 安全性较高,但未得到
完整评估
超声波式 通常在数cm内 通常在
数mW内
很小,但线圈不对准
敏感度很高
安全性低,超声波在人体组织内传播引起的组织振动带来的生物效应未知
光学耦合式 数mm内 μW级别 很低 很小,但线圈不对准
敏感度很高
研究较少,安全性未得到有效评估
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312276370145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常用的IMD-WPT技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
WPT技术类型 传输距离 传输功率 传输效率 接收线圈尺寸 组织安全性
磁感应式 数mm内 数百mW到
数W
大,线圈半径通常在
10~20 mm之间
安全性高,且有完整的
安全性评估标准
磁谐振式 通常在数cm内 数十mW到
数百mW
大,线圈半径通常在
10~20 mm之间
安全性高,且有完整的
安全性评估标准
电场耦合式 通常在
10 mm内
通常在
数十mW内
中等 较大,极板尺寸通常小于20 mm×20 mm 安全性较高,但未得到
完整评估
超声波式 通常在数cm内 通常在
数mW内
很小,但线圈不对准
敏感度很高
安全性低,超声波在人体组织内传播引起的组织振动带来的生物效应未知
光学耦合式 数mm内 μW级别 很低 很小,但线圈不对准
敏感度很高
研究较少,安全性未得到有效评估
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312389616359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Power requirements of common IMD[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植入式医疗设备 功率要求/mW
植入式周围神经刺激器 35~100
人造耳蜗 10~100
胶囊内窥镜 30~570
视网膜植入物 40~250
植入式注射泵 0.1~1.0
心脏起搏器、除颤器 0.03~0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312507056878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常见植入式医疗设备功率要求[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植入式医疗设备 功率要求/mW
植入式周围神经刺激器 35~100
人造耳蜗 10~100
胶囊内窥镜 30~570
视网膜植入物 40~250
植入式注射泵 0.1~1.0
心脏起搏器、除颤器 0.03~0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312616108788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison among basic compensation topologies[4]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
补偿拓扑 发射侧补偿电容${C}_{1}$ 接收侧补偿
电容${C}_{2}$
输出电压增益${G}_{v}$ 传输效率$\eta $
SS $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{1}}$ $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}}$ $\frac{{R}_{\text{L}}}{\omega M}$ $\frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}{{R}_{1}{R}_{\text{L}}+{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}$
SP $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}\left({L}_{1}-{M}^{2}/{L}_{2}\right)}$ $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}}$ $\frac{{L}_{2}}{M}$ $\frac{{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}}{{R}_{1}{L}_{1}^{2}+{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}}$
PP $\frac{{L}_{1}-{M}^{2}/{L}_{2}}{{({R}_{1}+{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}/{L}_{2}^{2})}^{2}+{\omega }^{2}{({L}_{1}-{M}^{2}/{L}_{2})}^{2}}$ $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}}$ ${L}_{2}/\sqrt{\frac{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}^{2}{({L}_{1}^{2}-{M}^{2})}^{2}}{{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}^{2}}+{M}^{2}}$ $\frac{{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}}{{R}_{1}{L}_{1}^{2}+{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}}$
PS $\frac{{L}_{1}}{{({R}_{1}+{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}/{R}_{\text{L}})}^{2}+{\omega }^{2}{L}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}}$ $\frac{M{R}_{\text{L}}}{\sqrt{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{4}+{L}_{1}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}^{2}}}$ $\frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}{{R}_{1}{R}_{\text{L}}+{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312729354999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基本补偿拓扑对比[4]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
补偿拓扑 发射侧补偿电容${C}_{1}$ 接收侧补偿
电容${C}_{2}$
输出电压增益${G}_{v}$ 传输效率$\eta $
SS $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{1}}$ $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}}$ $\frac{{R}_{\text{L}}}{\omega M}$ $\frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}{{R}_{1}{R}_{\text{L}}+{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}$
SP $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}\left({L}_{1}-{M}^{2}/{L}_{2}\right)}$ $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}}$ $\frac{{L}_{2}}{M}$ $\frac{{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}}{{R}_{1}{L}_{1}^{2}+{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}}$
PP $\frac{{L}_{1}-{M}^{2}/{L}_{2}}{{({R}_{1}+{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}/{L}_{2}^{2})}^{2}+{\omega }^{2}{({L}_{1}-{M}^{2}/{L}_{2})}^{2}}$ $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}}$ ${L}_{2}/\sqrt{\frac{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}^{2}{({L}_{1}^{2}-{M}^{2})}^{2}}{{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}^{2}}+{M}^{2}}$ $\frac{{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}}{{R}_{1}{L}_{1}^{2}+{M}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}}$
PS $\frac{{L}_{1}}{{({R}_{1}+{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}/{R}_{\text{L}})}^{2}+{\omega }^{2}{L}_{1}^{2}}$ $\frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}}$ $\frac{M{R}_{\text{L}}}{\sqrt{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{4}+{L}_{1}^{2}{R}_{\text{L}}^{2}}}$ $\frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}{{R}_{1}{R}_{\text{L}}+{\omega }^{2}{M}^{2}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312821629692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comparison among S-SP, LCC-S and LC-S compensation networks[27,29,31]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
补偿拓扑 补偿参数关系 电压增益
S-SP ${C}_{2}+{C}_{3}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{2}}\text{, }{C}_{1}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}[{L}_{1}+{C}_{3}{({\omega }_{0}^{}M)}^{2}/(1-{\omega }_{0}^{2}{C}_{3}{L}_{2})]}$ ${G}_{v}=\frac{{R}_{\text{L}}(1-{\omega }_{0}^{2}{C}_{3}{L}_{2})}{{\omega }_{0}M}$
LCC-S ${C}_{\text{f1}}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{\text{f1}}},\text{ }{C}_{1}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}({L}_{1}-{L}_{\text{f1}})},\text{  }{C}_{2}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{2}}$ ${G}_{v}=\frac{M}{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$
LC-S ${C}_{1}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{\text{f1}}}+\frac{1}{(1-k){\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{1}},\text{ }{C}_{2}=\frac{1}{(1-k){\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{2}}$ ${G}_{v}=\frac{(1-k)\sqrt{{L}_{1}{L}_{2}}}{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1205931312926487296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

S-SP、LCC-S和LC-S补偿网络对比[27,29,31]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
补偿拓扑 补偿参数关系 电压增益
S-SP ${C}_{2}+{C}_{3}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{2}}\text{, }{C}_{1}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}[{L}_{1}+{C}_{3}{({\omega }_{0}^{}M)}^{2}/(1-{\omega }_{0}^{2}{C}_{3}{L}_{2})]}$ ${G}_{v}=\frac{{R}_{\text{L}}(1-{\omega }_{0}^{2}{C}_{3}{L}_{2})}{{\omega }_{0}M}$
LCC-S ${C}_{\text{f1}}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{\text{f1}}},\text{ }{C}_{1}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}({L}_{1}-{L}_{\text{f1}})},\text{  }{C}_{2}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{2}}$ ${G}_{v}=\frac{M}{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$
LC-S ${C}_{1}=\frac{1}{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{\text{f1}}}+\frac{1}{(1-k){\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{1}},\text{ }{C}_{2}=\frac{1}{(1-k){\omega }_{0}^{2}{L}_{2}}$ ${G}_{v}=\frac{(1-k)\sqrt{{L}_{1}{L}_{2}}}{{L}_{\text{f1}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1205931313056510726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

EMC standards for common IMDs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IMD 相关EMC标准
心脏起搏器 ISO 14708-2:2005, ISO 14117:2019, EN45502-2-1:2003, ANSI/AAMI PC69:2007, GB 16174.2—2015
植入式心律转复除颤器 ISO 14708-6:2019, ISO 14117:2019
人工耳蜗 ISO 14708-7:2019
植入式神经刺激器 ISO 14708-3:2017, ISO/TS 10974:2018
植入式
注射泵
ISO 14708-4:2008
), ArticleFig(id=1205931313136202506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828037078782561, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

常见IMD的EMC标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IMD 相关EMC标准
心脏起搏器 ISO 14708-2:2005, ISO 14117:2019, EN45502-2-1:2003, ANSI/AAMI PC69:2007, GB 16174.2—2015
植入式心律转复除颤器 ISO 14708-6:2019, ISO 14117:2019
人工耳蜗 ISO 14708-7:2019
植入式神经刺激器 ISO 14708-3:2017, ISO/TS 10974:2018
植入式
注射泵
ISO 14708-4:2008
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陈浩 , 丘东元 , 张波 , 肖文勋 , 陈艳峰
电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2025,23(1): 188-199
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电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2025, 23(1): 188-199
植入式医疗设备无线供电技术综述
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陈浩 , 丘东元 , 张波 , 肖文勋 , 陈艳峰
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学电力学院,广州 510641
  • 陈浩(1999— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。 E-mail:

    张波(1962— ),男,中国电源学会会士,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:

    肖文勋(1979— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:

    陈艳峰(1970— ),女,中国电源学会高级会员,博士(后),教授。研究方向:非线性系统与电力电子建模与控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

丘东元(1972— ),女,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子装置与系统。E-mail:
Overview of Wireless Power Transfer Technology for Implantable Medical Devices
Hao CHEN , Dongyuan QIU , Bo ZHANG , Wenxun XIAO , Yanfeng CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.188
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随着医疗技术的不断进步,植入式医疗设备IMD(implantable medical devices)在临床上的应用越来越多。由于传统的电池供电方式会给患者带来额外的组织损伤和手术成本,采用无线电能传输WPT(wireless power transfer)技术对IMD供电将成为今后的趋势。然而,如何在有限的空间内设计出高效率的IMD-WPT系统具有较大的挑战性。为此,对比了5种适用于IMD的WPT技术的性能特点;然后以磁谐振式WPT技术为例,具体介绍了磁谐振式IMD-WPT系统设计中的关键问题;最后结合部分磁谐振式WPT技术在一些典型IMD中的应用现状,讨论了IMD-WPT技术未来的研究方向。

无线电能传输  /  植入式医疗设备  /  磁谐振  /  电磁兼容

With the continuous advancement of medical technology, implantable medical devices (IMD) are increasingly applied in clinical practice. Since the traditional battery-powered method will bring additional tissue damage and surgical costs to patients, the use of wireless power transfer (WPT) technology to power IMD will become a trend in the future. However, how to design a high-efficiency IMD-WPT system in a limited space is very challenging. To this end, the performance characteristics of five WPT technologies suitable for IMD are compared. Then, the magnetic resonance WPT technology is taken as an example to introduce the key issues in the design of a magnetic resonance IMD-WPT system. Finally, the application status of part of the magnetic resonance WPT technologies in some typical IMD is combined, and the research direction of IMD-WPT technology in the future is discussed.

Wireless power transfer(WPT)  /  implantable medical devices(IMD)  /  magnetic resonance  /  electroma-gnetic compatibility
陈浩, 丘东元, 张波, 肖文勋, 陈艳峰. 植入式医疗设备无线供电技术综述. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 188 -199 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.188
Hao CHEN, Dongyuan QIU, Bo ZHANG, Wenxun XIAO, Yanfeng CHEN. Overview of Wireless Power Transfer Technology for Implantable Medical Devices[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 188 -199 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.188
植入式医疗设备IMD(implantable medical devices)是1种植入在人体内并长期发挥医疗作用的电子设备,主要用于替代或辅助人体某些器官发挥功能。目前绝大多数IMD采用电池供电,而体内电池通常会占用过多体积,阻碍了IMD的小型化。此外,由于电池的容量有限,患者不得不定期进行手术更换电池,给患者带来一定的手术风险和经济负担[1-2]。无线电能传输WPT(wireless power transfer)技术是1种无需通过导线,直接将电能传输至负载的技术。相比于传统供电方式,WPT技术能够从体外为IMD长期供电,可以延长IMD的使用寿命,同时减小植入物的体积,有着独特的应用优势。
设计IMD-WPT系统时,需要综合考虑诸多方面的因素。首先是安全性,由于WPT技术可能会给患者带来额外的组织振动或电磁辐射,故需要对其安全性进行完整的评估;其次是稳定性,由于IMD工况的变化或人体的运动可能会影响WPT系统的输出性能,故要求WPT系统的输出具有恒压或恒流特性;此外,传输效率、传输功率及植入物体积等均为IMD-WPT系统设计需要考虑的因素。因此,需要根据不同WPT技术的性能特点,选择合适的WPT技术。
目前适用于IMD的WPT技术按工作原理可以分为以下5种:①磁感应式WPT,该技术基于变压器原理,依靠发射线圈和接收线圈之间的电磁感应传递能量[3];②磁谐振式WPT,该技术的能量传递媒介和感应式相同,均是通过磁场进行能量传递,但工作原理和感应式不同,其基于能量耦合原理,能够实现中等距离的无线电能传输[4];③电场耦合式WPT,该技术使用2个可分离的电容极板,通过极板间的位移电流实现跨组织层的电能传输[5];④超声波式WPT,该技术利用压电材料的压电效应与逆压电效应,使用1对压电换能器完成电能-声能-电能的转换,从而实现电能的无线传输[6];⑤光学耦合式WPT,该技术利用激光或红外光发射器发射激光或红外光,被植入体内的CMOS阵列接收并转换为电能[7]
上述5种WPT技术在IMD中的应用总结见表1。从表1可以看出,相比于其他WPT技术,磁谐振式WPT技术的传输功率较大,可以满足绝大多数IMD的需求,且传输效率较高、技术较成熟,已经形成了较完整的组织安全评估标准,符合IMD-WPT系统应用的实际需要。因此,本文将以磁谐振式WPT技术为例,详细论述植入式医疗设备无线电能传输(IMD-WPT)系统设计中的关键技术,并介绍部分IMD-WPT系统的研究与应用现状,指出IMD-WPT技术的未来研究方向,为今后IMD-WPT系统的推广应用提供参考。
磁谐振式IMD-WPT系统基本结构如图1所示,主要包括高频逆变器、补偿网络、耦合线圈和整流器等。因此,设计1个磁谐振式IMD-WPT系统关键在于选择谐振频率、高频逆变器和高频整流器拓扑、补偿网络型式及耦合线圈结构,此外还需考虑电磁安全标准等。
对于IMD-WPT系统,其工作频率通常使用国际电信联盟无线通信部门规定的工业科学医疗ISM(industrial scientific medical)频段[8],故使用时无需授权许可。尽管提高谐振频率有利于IMD的小型化及提高传输效率,但是谐振频率过高会导致人体吸收电磁能量过多并且增大趋肤效应[9],因此通常情况下IMD-WPT系统采用的谐振频率不超过20 MHz。此外,为了和射频识别RFID(radio frequency identification)系统相兼容,多数IMD-WPT系统选择的工作频率为13.56 MHz[10]
表2列出了一些常见IMD所需的功率,可以看出IMD-WPT系统对工作功率要求较低,属于小功率的应用场合,因此,IMD-WPT的高频逆变器可采用电压型D类逆变器、E类逆变器等,其拓扑分别如图2(a)(b)所示。
D类逆变器可以利用LC谐振网络实现零电压开关,开关损耗低,通常应用于100 kHz~10 MHz的中小功率场合,且其软开关条件受负载影响不大,对负载的适应能力较强。E类逆变器中仅有 1个开关管,能够同时实现零电压开关和零电压导数开关,具有体积小、控制简单、开关损耗低等优点,通常应用于1~20 MHz的小功率场合。当负载或耦合系数变化时,D类逆变器可以通过闭环控制来实现WPT系统输出电压的稳定,而E类逆变器的软开关条件会随着负载和耦合系数的变化而变化,导致传输效率降低。为了降低E类逆变器软开关条件对线圈偏移和负载变化的敏感度,可以采用改进参数设计[12]、改进电路拓扑[13-14]等方法。
传输效率和传输功率是WPT系统的2个关键性能指标,而系统的传输效率与线圈的品质因数和耦合系数密切相关,因此尽可能地提高线圈的品质因数和耦合系数是IMD-WPT系统线圈设计的一般目标[15]
目前在IMD-WPT系统中线圈类型如图3所示,常用的有平面螺旋线圈和空间螺旋线圈2种,其形状如图3(a)~(c)所示。在平面螺旋线圈中,当导线长度和外径相同时,圆形线圈能够产生更加均匀的磁通分布,由于绕制的匝数更多,其等效电感也更大,但方形线圈的制作更为简便。与空间螺旋线圈相比,当电感相同时,平面螺旋线圈对空间的要求更大,但是在导线长度和外径相同的情况下,平面螺旋线圈能提供更大的耦合系数[16]。由于2种线圈类型各有特点,文献[17]提出了1种将平面螺旋线圈多层堆叠后得到的堆叠螺旋线圈,如图3(d)所示,该线圈的空间利用率高,可以在体积相同的情况下产生更大的电感,有利于IMD的小型化。此外,这种多层堆叠的结构显著增大了线圈的寄生电容,有利于降低系统的工作频率。总的来说,线圈类型的选择不仅要考虑线圈本身的特性,还需要结合具体的IMD形状,例如在扁平型IMD中采用平面螺旋型线圈可以使结构更加紧凑。
在IMD-WPT系统中常用的线圈结构如图4所示。其中两线圈、三线圈和四线圈的典型结构分别如图4(a)~(c)所示。
图4(a)所示的两线圈结构中,R1R2分别为发射线圈和接收线圈的等效电阻,C1C2分别为发射线圈和接收线圈的补偿电容,L1L2分别为发射线圈和接收线圈的等效电感,M12为发射线圈和接收线圈之间的互感,$\omega $为系统的工作角频率,${\omega }_{0}$为系统固有谐振频率。当系统处于谐振状态时,有$\omega ={\omega }_{0}={\omega }_{1}={\omega }_{2}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{{L}_{1}{C}_{1}}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{{L}_{2}{C}_{2}}}$,此时接收线圈可以在发射线圈中等效为1个反射电阻Rref,其表达式为
${R}_{\text{ref}}={k}_{12}^{2}{\omega }_{0}{L}_{1}{Q}_{\text{2L}}={k}_{12}^{2}{R}_{1}{Q}_{1}{Q}_{\text{2L}}$
式中:${k}_{12}=\frac{{M}_{12}}{\sqrt{{L}_{1}{L}_{2}}}$${Q}_{\text{2L}}=\frac{{Q}_{2}{Q}_{\text{L}}}{{Q}_{2}+{Q}_{\text{L}}}$${Q}_{2}=\frac{{\omega }_{2}{L}_{2}}{{R}_{2}}$${Q}_{\text{L}}=\frac{{\omega }_{2}{L}_{2}}{{R}_{\text{L}}}$${Q}_{1}=\frac{{\omega }_{1}{L}_{1}}{{R}_{1}}$
此时系统的传输效率及传输功率可分别表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\eta }_{2}=\frac{{R}_{\text{ref}}}{{R}_{1}+{R}_{\text{ref}}}\cdot \frac{{Q}_{\text{2L}}}{{Q}_{\text{L}}}=\frac{{k}_{12}^{2}{Q}_{1}{Q}_{\text{2L}}}{1+{k}_{12}^{2}{Q}_{1}{Q}_{\text{2L}}}\cdot \frac{{Q}_{\text{2L}}}{{Q}_{\text{L}}}\\ {P}_{2}=\frac{{U}_{\text{s}}^{2}}{2{R}_{1}}\cdot \frac{1}{1+{k}_{12}^{2}{Q}_{1}{Q}_{\text{2L}}}\cdot {\eta }_{2}=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\frac{{U}_{\text{s}}^{2}}{2{R}_{1}}\cdot \frac{{k}_{12}^{2}{Q}_{1}{Q}_{\text{2L}}}{{\left(1+{k}_{12}^{2}{Q}_{1}{Q}_{\text{2L}}\right)}^{2}}\cdot \frac{{Q}_{\text{2L}}}{{Q}_{\text{L}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,Us为交流输入电压有效值。
同理可得,对于1个m线圈系统,第j+1线圈反射到第j线圈上的反射电阻可以表示为
${R}_{\text{ref }j,j+1}={k}_{j,j+1}^{2}{\omega }_{0}{L}_{j}{Q}_{(j+1)\text{L}}\text{   }j=1,2,\cdots,m-1$
此时系统的传输功率和传输效率分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\eta }_{m}=\left({\displaystyle \prod _{j=1}^{m-1}\frac{{k}_{j,j+1}^{2}{Q}_{j}{Q}_{(j+1)\text{L}}}{1+{k}_{j,j+1}^{2}{Q}_{j}{Q}_{(j+1)\text{L}}}}\right)\cdot \frac{{Q}_{m\text{L}}}{{Q}_{\text{L}}}\\ {P}_{m}=\frac{{U}_{\text{s}}^{2}}{2{R}_{1}}\cdot \frac{1}{1+{k}_{12}^{2}{Q}_{1}{Q}_{2\text{L}}}\cdot {\eta }_{m}\end{array}\right.$
由上述分析可知,系统的传输效率和传输功率与反射电阻密切相关,而反射电阻的大小又由线圈品质因数和耦合系数共同决定。由式(2)可知,两线圈系统仅能在传输距离较近(或耦合系数较大)时保持较大的传输功率和传输效率,但具有结构简单、占用体积小等优点,因此两线圈结构在IMD-WPT系统中应用最为广泛。对于三、四线圈系统,其附加的电源线圈或负载线圈可以降低电源内阻或负载电阻对线圈品质因数的影响[18],增大传输距离,因而能在传输距离较远时保持较高的传输效率和传输功率。与三线圈结构相比,四线圈结构的传输距离更远,但是占用体积更大,因此在IMD中应用相对较少。此外,图4(d)给出了另一种三线圈结构[19],包括2个发射线圈和1个接收线圈,其中接收线圈位于体内,2个发射线圈分别位于身体的两侧,从而形成1个均匀对称的磁场,降低了系统对线圈偏移的敏感度。
总体来说,对于一些传输距离短的IMD,例如人工耳蜗、植入式注射泵等,通常采用两线圈结构[20],而对于一些传输距离较远且线圈容易发生位置偏移的IMD,例如视网膜假体、心脏起搏器、胶囊内窥镜等,采用三线圈或四线圈结构都可以在较远传输距离下获得较高的传输效率和较好的抗偏移能力[10,21-22]
在IMD-WPT系统线圈设计中,接收线圈尺寸过大会增加组织炎症、细胞损伤等风险。因此需要根据植入深度和部位的不同,合理选择接收线圈的尺寸和类型,同时尽量保证接收线圈的小型化。在确定接收线圈的尺寸和形状后,通常需要分析线圈的磁场分布,再以传输效率等性能为目标函数进行优化,得到发射线圈的最佳参数。文献[23]基于两线圈系统,提出优化发射线圈外径的4种方法,前3种方法分别从最大化磁场强度、最大化互感和最大化耦合系数方面对发射线圈外径进行优化,在传输距离不变的情况下,得出最佳外径分别为$\sqrt{2}x$$\sqrt{2}x$x(x为两线圈之间的间距);第4种方法通过求解在一定传输范围(x1, x2)内磁场强度的积分最大值,得到最佳的线圈外径Ro。对于平面螺旋线圈,还需要对发射线圈的内径进行优化,文献[24]指出,当内径Ri和外径Ro满足Ri/Ro≈0.34时,耦合系数最大。
目前在磁谐振式WPT系统中使用的补偿拓扑可以分为基本拓扑和复合拓扑2类。
根据补偿电容串、并联方式的不同,基本拓扑可以分为4种:SS(串联-串联)型、SP(串联-并联)型、PS(并联-串联)型、PP(并联-并联)型,其电路形式分别如图5(a)~(d)所示。通常情况下,由于接收线圈的内阻R2很小,故在分析时忽略不计,4种基本补偿拓扑的补偿电容及系统传输效率见 表3。由表3可以看出,在相同的电路参数下,SS型拓扑的传输效率与PS型相同,SP型拓扑的传输效率与PP型相同。由于IMD的负载大小和耦合系数容易发生变化,在4种基本补偿中仅有SS型拓扑的发射侧补偿电容与负载和耦合系数均无关,有利于在负载和耦合系数变化时保持系统的谐振状态。在谐振频率较高时,采用SS型拓扑可以获得比SP型拓扑更高的传输效率[25]。而对于SP型拓扑,其输出电压与负载无关,具有一定的恒压特性。此外,在给定的谐振频率、负载、耦合系数下,SP型拓扑实现最大传输效率需要的接收线圈电感比SS型拓扑更小,有利于减小接收线圈的体积[26]
为了得到更好的输出特性,在基本补偿网络的基础上,S-PS、LCC-S和LC-S等复合拓扑相继被提出,其电路结构分别如图6(a)~(c)所示。当电路处于谐振状态且忽略接收线圈内阻R2 时,各拓扑的补偿参数关系和电压增益见表4,可以看出,对于同一补偿拓扑,补偿电容的选择并不唯一,因此可以在满足表4的前提下,选择不同的补偿参数,对传输效率、输出电压等特性进行优化。
虽然S-PS结构能够获得与负载无关的电压增益,但其对负载变化不敏感的能力依赖于耦合系数的恒定,不能较好地满足IMD-WPT系统的实际需求[27]。LCC-S拓扑具有发射侧恒流特性和接收侧恒压特性[28],然而其接收侧的恒压特性也取决于耦合系数的恒定。与LCC-S拓扑相比,LC-S拓扑在发射侧减少了1个补偿电容,但仍能够在负载变化时保持恒压输出[29],若采用另一种补偿参数设计方法,LC-S能够在负载变化时实现恒流输出,并且可以通过调节补偿电容改变输入阻抗角,容易实现ZVS[30]
根据上述分析可知,相比于基本补偿拓扑,S-PS、LCC-S及LC-S等复合补偿拓扑降低了系统对于负载变化的敏感度,但仍不能满足IMD-WPT系统对于抗耦合偏移的需要,此外,为了最大程度地保持IMD-WPT系统的小型化,现有绝大多数IMD-WPT系统仍然采用基本补偿拓扑。
高频整流器的功能是将接收线圈上的高频交流电转化为直流电供负载使用,由于桥式整流电路的工作稳定、结构简单,故在IMD-WPT系统中得到了广泛应用。图7(a)所示为带滤波电容的桥式二极管整流电路,其结构简单、体积较小,使用时无需任何控制。一方面由于现代IMD内的芯片工艺均采用标准CMOS工艺,而二极管与标准CMOS工艺不兼容,造成了额外的体积浪费[32];另一方面,由于二极管本身存在导通压降,在IMD-WPT系统的低电压输出环境中不能完全忽视,这很大程度上影响了系统的传输效率和输出电压。为此,具有较低导通压降且能与标准CMOS工艺相兼容的CMOS有源整流电路被提出[33],其拓扑如图7(b)所示。但是CMOS整流电路中的比较器延迟会影响传输效率和传输功率,且其控制电路较为复杂[34],因此目前在IMD-WPT系统中应用较少。文献[35]使用具有偏移补偿模块来补偿比较器的延迟,但该延迟补偿为固定补偿,没有考虑到因负载和耦合系数变化导致的延迟变化;文献[36]提出了1种能够自适应延迟补偿的CMOS整流电路,可以减少负载和耦合系数变化对延迟的影响,但增加了2个反馈回路,增加了电路体积。
由于IMD-WPT系统的接收部分位于人体内部,线圈产生的电磁场会使人体组织受到一定的电磁辐射,对患者的人身安全产生一定威胁,因此有必要对IMD-WPT系统的电磁辐射制定相应的限制和标准。目前常用比吸收率SAR(specific absorption rate)作为组织安全性的重要衡量标准,SAR表示当生物组织暴露于电磁辐射时,在6 min内吸收的电磁辐射能量。根据国际非电离辐射防护委员会的规定,在10 GHz频率范围内,人体全身平均SAR值不得超过0.08 W/kg,头部和躯干局部SAR值不得超过2 W/kg,肢体局部SAR值不得超过4 W/kg[4]。除了SAR限值之外,IMD-WPT系统的设计还需要满足相应的产品EMC标准,部分IMD的EMC标准见表5
目前在临床上应用比较广泛的IMD主要有人工耳蜗CI(cochlear implant)、视网膜假体、植入式脊髓刺激器、心脏起搏器等,本文分别介绍磁谐振式WPT技术在上述几种设备中的应用情况及面临的主要挑战。
人工耳蜗是1种绕过受损的耳蜗毛细胞,直接刺激听觉神经的仿生装置,广泛用于重度、极重度及全聋患者。如图8所示,CI-WPT系统在传输能量的同时还需要传输音频信息,因此CI-WPT系统的设计需要兼顾高传输效率和高数据传输速率,然而在单一耦合路径同时实现数据和能量传输是困难的,给CI-WPT系统的设计带来了一定挑战,因此近年来CI-WPT系统的研究主要集中于提高传输功率的同时增大数据传输速率。文献[37]利用CI-WPT系统中的频率分裂现象,使用分频特性曲线中平坦区的2个频率作为载波频率,实现了传输功率115 mW的同时数据传输速率达到2.5 Mb/s,但传输距离仅有5 mm,尚不能满足CI-WPT系统的实际需求;文献[38]将幅移键控调制技术与E类逆变器相结合,能够在2种调制状态下满足E类逆变器的软开关条件,在10 mm的传输距离下,传输功率达到35 mW,同时数据传输速率达到2 Mb/s,但是没有考虑负载和线圈偏移对E类逆变器软开关条件的影响;此外,由于CI位于人体头部,所带来的电磁辐射问题也是近年来研究的重点,文献[39]在发射侧增加了1个屏蔽线圈以减少电磁泄漏,但同时也影响了发射线圈和接收线圈之间的耦合系数,造成传输效率的下降。
Argus II视网膜假体WPT系统[40]图9所示,视网膜假体能够将外界接收到的光信号转化为电信号,通过刺激视觉系统中完整的神经细胞来帮助视网膜色素变性和老年性黄斑变性患者产生视觉感。由于视网膜假体WPT系统的传输距离较远,且眼球的运动使得耦合系数变化大,负载的大小也会随着系统工作状态的不同而发生改变,因此现有的视网膜假体WPT系统的传输效率和功率均比较低。目前视网膜假体的WPT技术主要研究如何提高系统的抗偏移能力。文献[41]设计了1种四线圈结构的视网膜假体WPT系统,具有良好的抗线圈偏移特性,能够在线圈偏移角60°以内保持50%以上的传输效率,但植入线圈过大且忽略了负载变化的影响;文献[13]对传统E类逆变器进行了改进,使其软开关条件对负载和耦合系数变化的敏感度低,且不需要额外的DC-DC变换器来调节输出功率,非常适合用于视网膜假体WPT系统;文献[42]提出了1种3D正交线圈结构,降低了耦合系数对线圈的空间位置变化的敏感度,在纵向偏移90°时,传输效率变化仅为18%,在横向偏移15 mm时,传输效率变化为23.4%,但是该线圈为立体线圈,需要占用较大体积。
图10所示,脊髓刺激器SCS(spinal cord stimulator)通过刺激电极阵列向患处输出一定的电压或电流脉冲,能够激活脊髓中病患处的神经,广泛用于治疗躯干和四肢的慢性疼痛。SCS-WPT系统的传输距离远、耦合系数随着人体运动变化大,且需要根据不同的工作模式输出10~100 mW的功率。此外,为了避免刺激电极的电压波动造成的脊髓损伤,SCS-WPT系统需要在负载和耦合系数变化时保持输出电压稳定,因此近年来SCS-WPT系统的研究热点主要集中在提升系统的输出稳定性。文献[27]设计了1种基于S-SP复合补偿网络的SCS-WPT系统,能够在耦合系数变化时输出稳定的电压,但没有考虑负载变化的影响;文献[43]设计了1种基于PT对称的SCS-WPT系统,该系统能够在耦合系数变化及负载宽范围变化下实现2 V的恒压输出,并且传输效率达到了86.4%,但是当耦合系数小于0.03时输出电压将急剧升高,仍有一定的安全风险。
心脏起搏器是1种植入人体内用于治疗心跳不规则、心动过缓等心脏病的小型电子医疗设备。由于WPT系统会给心脏起搏器的运行带来电磁干扰,强烈的电磁干扰可能会导致心脏起搏器误操作,危及患者生命,因此心脏起搏器WPT系统的EMC问题是近年来的研究重点。文献[44]提出了1种预测WPT系统工作时起搏器导线上可能产生的感应电压、电流的方法,能够有效评估WPT系统对起搏器的EMI效应,但是该方法仅针对单极型起搏器,对双极型起搏器的EMI效应还需要进一步研究;文献[45]考虑了心脏起搏器接收线圈发生故障时的情况,设计了1种具有冗余并联接收线圈的WPT系统,能够在接收线圈发生故障时正常工作,同时也减少了漏磁,降低了WPT系统的电磁辐射,但是该结构在接收端并联了另一个线圈,增大了植入物的体积,容易造成人体组织损伤。1种新的胶囊型无引线起搏器如图11(a)所示,其外形与传统起搏器相比有了较大改变,因此需要进一步研究新型无引线起搏器的WPT系统。文献[10]针对新型无引线起搏器设计了1种三线圈WPT系统,其结构如图11(b)所示,该系统的谐振频率为13.56 MHz,传输距离达到了50 mm,但是输出功率仅有0.7 mW,不足以为心脏起搏器供电。
从以上分析可以看出,目前IMD-WPT技术仍然面临着诸多问题,如传输效率低、对负载和耦合系数变化敏感、植入部分体积大及数据传输速率低等,大多数文献仅针对其中一方面或几方面进行优化设计,却忽略了其他方面的影响。为了加快IMD-WPT技术的实际应用,IMD-WPT系统未来的研究方向可以集中在以下几个方面。
(1)输出稳定性。现有的IMD-WPT系统对于耦合线圈的空间位置变化仍然比较敏感,在耦合线圈的位置变化时对系统输出的影响比较大,因此可以从多维线圈设计、频率跟踪及反馈控制等方面改进系统的抗耦合偏移特性,提高IMD-WPT系统的灵活性。
(2)电磁环境安全。随着电子产品的不断普及,IMD-WPT系统面临的磁场环境将越加复杂,一方面,由于WPT系统会对人体组织产生电磁辐射,因此需要不断优化完善现有的人体组织SAR评估模型,以准确评估WPT所发出的电磁辐射对人体各部位组织的影响,与此同时,需要通过对WPT系统的耦合线圈进行优化设计、增加屏蔽线圈等方法减少漏磁,从根源上降低WPT系统的电磁辐射。另一方面,由于大部分IMD的外壳采用钛合金制成,在面对高频磁场时会起到电磁屏蔽的效果,影响WPT系统的功率传输,因此对于如何降低电磁屏蔽效应对WPT功率传输的影响也是未来值得研究的一部分。
(3)信息交互功能。信息交互是IMD的重要功能之一,为了缩小IMD的体积,IMD系统往往需要将能量传输和数据传输相结合,而如何在同一电路上实现数据传输与功率传输的相互独立是未来值得研究的重点。
实现安全便捷、高效可靠的电能供给是目前植入式医疗设备急需解决的关键问题之一,而WPT技术的提出为该问题的解决提供了合适的方案。本文详细介绍了磁谐振式IMD-WPT系统的关键技术,分析了磁谐振式WPT技术在典型IMD中的应用情况和存在问题,并指出了未来的研究方向。尽管目前WPT技术在IMD中的应用仍面临着诸多挑战,但随着WPT技术的发展和成熟,小型化、灵活化及功能多样化的IMD-WPT系统将会成为一种趋势,为患者带来更好的植入体验。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51677074)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.188
  • 接收时间:2022-01-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-19
  • 修回日期:2022-04-07
  • 录用日期:2022-04-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51677074)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51677074)
作者信息
    华南理工大学电力学院,广州 510641

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丘东元(1972— ),女,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子装置与系统。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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