Article(id=1146828036722262486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.160, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1641052800000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-02, revisedDate=1645977600000, revisedDateStr=2022-02-28, acceptedDate=1648051200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-24, onlineDate=1751354710989, onlineDateStr=2025-07-01, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751354710989, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073880039, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751354710989, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751354710989, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=160, endPage=172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844450794501116, articleId=1146828036722262486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Two-stage Optimization Scheduling Strategy for Distribution Network Considering EV and BESS, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the large-scale network entry of electric vehicles (EVs), their disorder charging further increases the load peak-valley gap, which has a negative impact on the stable operation of power system. A two-stage optimization scheduling strategy which takes into account the EV load and the energy storage system of batteries is proposed. First, an orderly charging scheduling model for EV is established, which aims at minimizing the absolute peak-valley gap between user charging cost and load. The improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve this model to avoid peak charging. Second, an optimal scheduling model of peak-shaving and valley-filling for the energy storage system is established with an objective of minimizing the variance of load and the combined cost of energy storage life, which is solved by the improved Harris Hawks optimization algorithm to reduce the peak-valley gap of load. In addition, the optimization results are evaluated and analyzed based on the evaluation index of peak-shaving and valley-filling. Finally, a simulation experiment is carried out with the measured load power of one power network as an example. Results show that under the proposed two-stage optimization scheduling strategy, the peak load decreases by about 147 kW, the valley load increases by about 223 kW, and the peak-valley gap deceases by 46.73%, indicating that this strategy can effectively improve the load curve, alleviate the pressure on power supply during the peak load period and ensure the safe and stable operation of power grid.

, correspAuthors=Yu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhongmin LIU, Yu WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146828040560051030, articleId=1146828036722262486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=计及EV和BESS的配电网削峰填谷两阶段优化调度策略研究, columnId=1149830042320109574, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电力系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着电动汽车的大规模入网,其无序充电使得负荷峰谷差距进一步激增,给电力系统的稳定运行带来了负面影响,因此提出1种计及电动汽车负荷和电池储能系统的削峰填谷两阶段优化调度策略。首先,以用户充电成本和负荷绝对峰谷差最小为目标建立电动汽车有序充电调度模型,利用改进粒子群优化算法对模型进行求解,促使电动汽车避峰充电;其次,以负荷方差和储能寿命综合成本最小为目标建立储能系统削峰填谷优化调度模型,采用改进哈里斯鹰优化HHO(Harris Hawks optimization)算法对模型进行求解,从而减小负荷峰谷差,并通过削峰填谷评价指标对优化结果进行评估和分析;最后,以某电网实测负荷功率为例进行仿真实验,结果表明,所提两阶段优化调度策略使得负荷峰值降低了约147 kW,负荷谷值上升了约223 kW,峰谷差降低了约46.73%,能够有效改善负荷曲线,缓解负荷高峰期电力供应紧张的压力,保证了电网的安全、稳定运行。

, correspAuthors=王瑜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王瑜(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电网优化控制与储能技术。E-mail:
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刘仲民(1978— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能电网、复杂系统的控制理论与技术。E-mail:

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刘仲民(1978— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能电网、复杂系统的控制理论与技术。E-mail:

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刘仲民(1978— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能电网、复杂系统的控制理论与技术。E-mail:

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Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2020, 45(12): 10949-10974., articleTitle=Modified Harris Hawks optimization algorithm for global optimization problems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205931307897516588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, awardId=52273118000Y, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company(52273118000Y), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205931308019151408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, awardId=52273118000Y, language=CN, fundingSource=国网甘肃省电力公司科技资助项目(52273118000Y), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205931300083527773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205931300104499294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931306664391112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Load curves before and after SA, PSO and HHO optimization, figureFileSmall=7e6qo0Qmzx5HkwmwSY+NJw==, figureFileBig=dTQmiKOd8o8aBqj0ZnPp5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931306773443024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, language=CN, label=图10, caption=SA、PSO和HHO优化前、后负荷曲线, figureFileSmall=7e6qo0Qmzx5HkwmwSY+NJw==, figureFileBig=dTQmiKOd8o8aBqj0ZnPp5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931306886689242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Time-of-use electricity price

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 电价/[元/(kW·h)]
08:00—13:00/17:00—23:00 1.143
13:00—17:00 0.781
23:00—08:00 0.412
), ArticleFig(id=1205931306987352549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分时电价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 电价/[元/(kW·h)]
08:00—13:00/17:00—23:00 1.143
13:00—17:00 0.781
23:00—08:00 0.412
), ArticleFig(id=1205931307113181678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of results before and after optimal scheduling of EV

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参数 原始负荷 无序充电 有序充电
最大功率负荷/kW 4 880.88 4 970.07 4 880.88
最小功率负荷/kW 4 178.26 4 178.26 4 367.64
峰谷差ΔP/kW 702.624 791.813 513.238
充电费用F/元 35 434 18 110
峰谷系数α 0.856 0 0.840 7 0.894 8
峰谷差率β/% 14.40 15.93 10.52
负荷率λ/% 94.35 93.69 95.35
), ArticleFig(id=1205931307213844981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

EV优化调度前、后结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 原始负荷 无序充电 有序充电
最大功率负荷/kW 4 880.88 4 970.07 4 880.88
最小功率负荷/kW 4 178.26 4 178.26 4 367.64
峰谷差ΔP/kW 702.624 791.813 513.238
充电费用F/元 35 434 18 110
峰谷系数α 0.856 0 0.840 7 0.894 8
峰谷差率β/% 14.40 15.93 10.52
负荷率λ/% 94.35 93.69 95.35
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Basic parameters of all vanadium redox flow battery

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参数 数值
单位容量成本/[元/(kW·h)] 1 500
单位功率成本/(元/kW) 2 000
运行维护成本/[元/(kW·h)] 0.05
效率/% 95
SOC的范围 0.1~0.9
寿命年限/a 20
贴现率/% 8
), ArticleFig(id=1205931307457114635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

全钒液流电池基本参数

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参数 数值
单位容量成本/[元/(kW·h)] 1 500
单位功率成本/(元/kW) 2 000
运行维护成本/[元/(kW·h)] 0.05
效率/% 95
SOC的范围 0.1~0.9
寿命年限/a 20
贴现率/% 8
), ArticleFig(id=1205931307566166548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comparison of optimization results

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参数 优化前 SA PSO HHO 改进HHO
最大功率负荷/kW 4 880.88 4 845.52 4 880.88 4 839.23 4 822.80
最小功率负荷/kW 4 367.64 4 385.69 4 397.70 4 392.42 4 400.98
峰谷差ΔP/kW 513.238 459.832 483.182 446.807 421.820
负荷方差f(P) 26 520.8 23 694.5 22 138.5 22 078.4 20 502.9
峰谷系数α 0.894 8 0.905 1 0.901 0 0.907 7 0.912 5
峰谷差率β/% 10.52 9.49 9.90 9.23 8.75
负荷率λ/% 95.35 96.02 95.39 96.16 96.51
), ArticleFig(id=1205931307683607067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1146828036722262486, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

优化结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 优化前 SA PSO HHO 改进HHO
最大功率负荷/kW 4 880.88 4 845.52 4 880.88 4 839.23 4 822.80
最小功率负荷/kW 4 367.64 4 385.69 4 397.70 4 392.42 4 400.98
峰谷差ΔP/kW 513.238 459.832 483.182 446.807 421.820
负荷方差f(P) 26 520.8 23 694.5 22 138.5 22 078.4 20 502.9
峰谷系数α 0.894 8 0.905 1 0.901 0 0.907 7 0.912 5
峰谷差率β/% 10.52 9.49 9.90 9.23 8.75
负荷率λ/% 95.35 96.02 95.39 96.16 96.51
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计及EV和BESS的配电网削峰填谷两阶段优化调度策略研究
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刘仲民 , 王瑜
电源学报 | 电力系统 2025,23(1): 160-172
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2025, 23(1): 160-172
计及EV和BESS的配电网削峰填谷两阶段优化调度策略研究
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刘仲民 , 王瑜
作者信息
  • 兰州理工大学电气工程与信息工程学院,兰州 730050
  • 刘仲民(1978— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能电网、复杂系统的控制理论与技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王瑜(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电网优化控制与储能技术。E-mail:
Research on Two-stage Optimization Scheduling Strategy for Distribution Network Considering EV and BESS
Zhongmin LIU , Yu WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.160
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随着电动汽车的大规模入网,其无序充电使得负荷峰谷差距进一步激增,给电力系统的稳定运行带来了负面影响,因此提出1种计及电动汽车负荷和电池储能系统的削峰填谷两阶段优化调度策略。首先,以用户充电成本和负荷绝对峰谷差最小为目标建立电动汽车有序充电调度模型,利用改进粒子群优化算法对模型进行求解,促使电动汽车避峰充电;其次,以负荷方差和储能寿命综合成本最小为目标建立储能系统削峰填谷优化调度模型,采用改进哈里斯鹰优化HHO(Harris Hawks optimization)算法对模型进行求解,从而减小负荷峰谷差,并通过削峰填谷评价指标对优化结果进行评估和分析;最后,以某电网实测负荷功率为例进行仿真实验,结果表明,所提两阶段优化调度策略使得负荷峰值降低了约147 kW,负荷谷值上升了约223 kW,峰谷差降低了约46.73%,能够有效改善负荷曲线,缓解负荷高峰期电力供应紧张的压力,保证了电网的安全、稳定运行。

削峰填谷  /  储能系统  /  调度策略  /  两阶段优化  /  哈里斯鹰优化

With the large-scale network entry of electric vehicles (EVs), their disorder charging further increases the load peak-valley gap, which has a negative impact on the stable operation of power system. A two-stage optimization scheduling strategy which takes into account the EV load and the energy storage system of batteries is proposed. First, an orderly charging scheduling model for EV is established, which aims at minimizing the absolute peak-valley gap between user charging cost and load. The improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve this model to avoid peak charging. Second, an optimal scheduling model of peak-shaving and valley-filling for the energy storage system is established with an objective of minimizing the variance of load and the combined cost of energy storage life, which is solved by the improved Harris Hawks optimization algorithm to reduce the peak-valley gap of load. In addition, the optimization results are evaluated and analyzed based on the evaluation index of peak-shaving and valley-filling. Finally, a simulation experiment is carried out with the measured load power of one power network as an example. Results show that under the proposed two-stage optimization scheduling strategy, the peak load decreases by about 147 kW, the valley load increases by about 223 kW, and the peak-valley gap deceases by 46.73%, indicating that this strategy can effectively improve the load curve, alleviate the pressure on power supply during the peak load period and ensure the safe and stable operation of power grid.

Peak-shaving and valley-filling  /  energy storage system  /  scheduling strategy  /  two-stage optimization  /  Harris Hawk optimization
刘仲民, 王瑜. 计及EV和BESS的配电网削峰填谷两阶段优化调度策略研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 160 -172 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.160
Zhongmin LIU, Yu WANG. Research on Two-stage Optimization Scheduling Strategy for Distribution Network Considering EV and BESS[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 160 -172 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.160
随着经济飞速发展,电力负荷的需求量不断攀升,使得负荷特性呈现用电集中和峰谷差大的特点,严重影响了电网的安全、平稳运行及用户用电的可靠性。此外,为应对全球能源危机和环境污染问题,电动汽车EV(electric vehicle)作为传统燃油汽车的替代品得到了大力推广及使用,入网的电动汽车数量显著上升。然而,大量EV随机接入电网进行无序充电,极易造成峰上加峰的现象,进而加剧电力系统的负荷峰谷差,给配电网的经济、稳定运行造成很大的影响[1-2]。因此,对配电网负荷曲线进行削峰填谷,减小峰谷差,保证配电网的安全、稳定运行,具有重要的现实意义。
目前,计及电动汽车负荷的电网削峰填谷优化策略研究主要集中在2个方面。
其一是EV具有灵活和集群的储能特性,能够实现车网双向互动V2G(vehicle-to-grid),对其进行有序充电调度,可以有效缓解无序充电给电网带来的冲击,并实现削峰填谷[3-4]。文献[5]提出1种包含功率限制的EV有序充、放电策略,以分时电价为背景对EV充电功率进行限制,并通过EV向电网馈电,使负荷曲线趋于平缓;文献[6]提出1种考虑多个充电聚合商利益的大规模EV实时调度动态非合作博弈模型,降低了充电成本,平滑了负荷曲线;文献[7]建立了基于分时电价和电动汽车入网调度策略的动态非合作博弈主从博弈模型,以极小化负荷均方差和车主成本为目标进行求解,验证了所提模型良好的经济效益和调峰效果;文献[8]从能量平衡角度出发,考虑电价的影响,以EV充、放电费用最小为目标进行充、放电时段优化,达到了平抑负荷曲线的目的。但上述通过对电动汽车负荷进行调度来实现削峰填谷的研究需同时考虑EV的充、放电特性,使其在负荷高峰时段向电网馈电,而负荷高峰时段与EV的正常使用阶段相重叠,会严重影响用户的使用效率,因而导致削峰能力不佳。
其二是储能系统ESS(energy storage system) 具有独特的能量存储和吞吐特性,因此将其安装到电网当中对负荷进行削峰填谷优化,可以有效减小负荷峰谷差距,从而提高电网的运行效率[9-11]。文献[12]提出1种多电池储能系统削峰填谷多目标优化分步求解方法,以系统负荷标准差和总费用最小为目标,保证了系统运行的经济性;文献[13]提出1种综合考虑削峰填谷可靠性与经济性的双层优化调度方法,上层以等效负荷标准差最小为目标,下层以网损最小为目标,确定出移动式储能的最优调度策略;文献[14]基于负荷标准差和分时电价构建了配电网削峰填谷多目标优化模型,并提出基于拥挤距离排序的改进多目标粒子群优化算法对其进行求解,验证了所提模型的实用性。但基于储能系统的削峰填谷优化方法在对含EV的负荷曲线进行优化时,因无序充电加剧了负荷峰值的增长,则需配置更大容量的储能装置,故导致其经济性较差且调峰效果不足。
针对上述问题,本文从用户成本、储能费用及调峰等多方面考虑,提出1种计及EV和电池储能系统BESS(battery energy storage system)的电网削峰填谷两阶段优化调度策略。首先,针对EV随机充电导致的峰上加峰问题,以分时电价为引导、峰谷差和充电费用最小为目标,对电动汽车进行有序充电调度,促使EV错峰充电,从而缓解电网的供电压力;然后,以储能系统寿命周期成本和负荷方差最小为目标,确定储能系统的调度容量,并对其充、放电时段进行规划,实现负荷的时空转移,进而减小峰谷差;最后,以改进粒子群和哈里斯鹰优化HHO(Harris Hawks optimization)算法对两阶段策略进行优化,并以某电网实测负荷功率数据为例,验证本文所提方法的优越性。
电动汽车在未接受任何调控手段的有效引导时,受日常生活习惯的影响,其行驶规律与传统燃油汽车基本相同,初始充电时间与传统燃料汽车当天行程的结束时刻基本一致。因此,根据美国交通部对全美私家车的调查统计数据,通过极大似然估计可得,电动汽车日行驶距离和初始充电时间近似服从正态分布[15],其概率密度函数可表示为
日行驶距离
${f}_{\text{D}}(x)=\frac{1}{x{\sigma }_{\text{D}}\sqrt{2\text{π}}}\mathrm{exp}\left[-\frac{{(\mathrm{ln}x-{\mu }_{\text{D}})}^{2}}{2{\sigma }_{\text{D}}^{2}}\right]$
式中:x为日行驶距离;σD为概率密度函数的标准差,取值为3.2;μD为平均行驶距离,取值为0.88。通过MATLAB软件可得概率分布,如图1所示。
初始充电时间
${f}_{\text{S}}(h)=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{{\sigma }_{\text{S}}\sqrt{2\text{π}}}\mathrm{exp}\left[-\frac{{(h-{\mu }_{\text{S}})}^{2}}{2{\sigma }_{\text{S}}^{2}}\right]\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\\ {\mu }_{\text{S}}-12\le h\le 24\\ \frac{1}{{\sigma }_{\text{S}}\sqrt{2\text{π}}}\mathrm{exp}\left[-\frac{{(h+24-{\mu }_{\text{S}})}^{2}}{2{\sigma }_{\text{S}}^{2}}\right]\text{ }\text{ }\\ 0\le h<{\mu }_{\text{S}}-12\end{array}\right.$
式中:h为当天行程结束时刻;σS为偏差,取值为3.4;μS为期望返回的时间,取值为17.6。通过MATLAB软件可得概率分布如图2所示。
电池储能形式多样,全钒液流电池在众多储能蓄电池当中综合性能最好,几乎无自放电现象,且寿命长、安全性能好,因此本文以全钒液流电池建立削峰填谷储能模型。
1)充、放电模型
为使储能系统接到调度指令后能够在负荷低谷时段充电、负荷高峰时段放电,进而降低负荷峰谷差,需建立储能系统充、放电模型,其充、放电过程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}E(t\text{+}1)=E(t)+{\eta }_{\text{c}}{P}_{\text{c}}(t)\Delta t\\ E(t\text{+}1)=E(t)-\frac{{P}_{\text{dis}}(t)\Delta t}{{\eta }_{\text{d}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:E(t+1)和E(t)分别为t+1时刻和t时刻储能系统的剩余电量;ηcηd分别为充、放电效率; Pc(t)和Pdis(t)分别为储能系统的充、放电功率;$\Delta t$为采样时间。
2)荷电状态
荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)表示储能在使用过程中电量的多少,通过剩余电量和额定容量的比值来衡量,可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\text{SOC}(t\text{+}1)=\text{SOC}(t)+\frac{{\eta }_{\text{c}}\Delta t{P}_{\text{c}}(t)}{{E}_{\text{ESS}}}\\ \text{SOC}(t\text{+}1)=\text{SOC}(t)+\frac{\Delta t{P}_{\text{dis}}(t)}{{E}_{\text{ESS}}{\eta }_{\text{d}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:SOC(t+1)和SOC(t)分别为t+1时刻和t时刻储能系统的荷电状态;EESS为储能系统的容量。
为保证储能系统的安全有效运行,需考虑相应的约束条件。
1)额定功率与额定容量约束
储能的功率和容量要在其额定值内,故需设置其约束,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\text{ESS_}\mathrm{min}}\le {P}_{\text{ESS}}(t)\le {P}_{\text{ESS_}\mathrm{max}}\\ {E}_{\text{ESS_}\mathrm{min}}\le {E}_{\text{ESS}}(t)\le {E}_{\text{ESS_}\mathrm{max}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:PESS(t)和EESS(t)分别为t时刻储能系统的功率和容量;PESS_maxPESS_min分别为储能系统额定功率的最大值和最小值;EESS_maxEESS_min分别为储能系统额定容量的最大值和最小值。
2)充、放电功率约束
储能的充、放电功率要在其所能承受的范围内,故需对其充、放电功率进行约束,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\text{c}}(t)\le {P}_{\text{c_}\mathrm{max}}\\ {P}_{\text{dis}}(t)\le {P}_{\text{dis_}\mathrm{max}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,Pc_maxPdis_max分别为储能系统最大充、放电功率。
3)荷电状态约束
荷电状态约束可表示为
${\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{min}}\le \text{SOC}(t)\le {\text{SOC}}_{\mathrm{max}}$
式中,SOCmin和SOCmax分别为电池荷电状态的最小值和最大值。
电动汽车充电负荷具有时空随机分布特性,在负荷高峰时段接入大量电动汽车充电,会增大电力系统负荷,进一步拉大电网负荷曲线的峰谷差。通过对电动汽车充电时段进行调度,可以有效减小系统的负荷峰谷差值,提升电网整体的运行效率。因此,从用户充电经济性和电网调峰两方面考虑,建立有序充电调度模型并进行求解,可有效降低EV充电对电网的冲击。
针对电动汽车入网后随机充电引起的负荷曲线峰上加峰问题,首先,通过分时电价进行有序引导,从而减小电网的峰谷差;其次,应在不影响用户使用的情况下尽可能降低充电费用。因此,以系统峰谷差和用户充电费用最小为目标函数建立电动汽车有序充电调度模型。
1)系统峰谷差
负荷峰谷差表征在一定时间尺度下负荷的最大值与最小值之间的差值,其值越小,表明负荷偏差越小,即
$\mathrm{min}\Delta P=P{(t)}_{\mathrm{max}}-P{(t)}_{\mathrm{min}}$
式中,P(t)maxP(t)min分别为EV有序调度后的负荷最大值和最小值。
2)用户充电成本
对电动汽车进行有序充电调度时,还要保证用户具有良好的经济性。因此,以充电费用最小建立目标函数,可以有效推进电动汽车有序充电的实施,即
$\mathrm{min}F={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{\displaystyle \sum _{i}^{N}{P}_{\text{ev_i}}(t)C(t)}}$
式中:T为时间总量;t为充电时间;N为EV数量;i为时间变化梯度;Pev_i(t)为EV的充电功率;C(t)为分时电价。
电动汽车充电时,需考虑以下约束条件。
1)功率平衡约束
电网的功率要满足平衡,故负荷消耗的功率和EV消耗的功率需满足平衡条件,即
${P}_{\text{grid}}={P}_{\text{l}}+{P}_{\text{ev_c}}$
式中:Pgrid为电网提供的功率;Pl为负荷功率;Pev_c为EV充电所消耗的功率。
2)EV充电功率约束
EV的充电功率要在其所能承受的范围内,故对其充电功率进行约束,即
${P}_{\text{ev}}{}_{\text{_min}}\le {P}_{\text{ev}}(t)\le {P}_{\text{ev_max}}$
式中,Pev_maxPev_min分别为电动汽车充电功率的最大值和最小值。
粒子群优化PSO(particle swarm optimization) 算法是1种基于群智能的随机优化算法,因其简单、易实现的优点被广泛应用于函数优化问题。本文所建电动汽车有序充电调度模型和函数较为简单,故采用粒子群优化算法进行求解。但粒子群优化算法和其他智能优化算法一样,存在一定缺陷,因此对其进行2个方面的改进。
首先,为了更加有效地控制粒子的飞行速度,使算法在全局检测和局部发展之间取得平衡,在速度更新公式中加入收缩因子,即
$\varphi \text{=}\frac{2}{\left|2-c-\sqrt{{c}^{2}-4c}\right|}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }c={c}_{1}+{c}_{2}$
式中,c1c2为学习因子。
其次,惯性权重ω为粒子群优化算法中用于平衡全局和局部搜索能力的参数,ω不随时间的变化而变化,而是应根据进化状态的改变而改变,因此,对惯性权重进行相应的改进,即
$\omega (f)=\frac{1}{1+1.5{\text{e}}^{-2.6f}}\in [0.4,0.9]\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\forall f\in [0,1]$
故改进后的速度更新公式为
${v}_{\text{id}}=\varphi [\omega (f){v}_{\text{id}}+{c}_{1}{r}_{1}({p}_{\text{id}}-{x}_{\text{id}})+{c}_{2}{r}_{2}({p}_{\text{gd}}-{x}_{\text{id}})]$
式中:vid为粒子当前速度;r1r2为[0,1]随机数;pid为个体极值;xid为粒子当前位置;pgd为全局极值。
改进后的粒子群优化算法更容易获得全局最优解,在求解优化类问题时具有更大的优势。因此,本文利用改进粒子群优化算法对电动汽车进行有序充电调度,具体流程如图3所示。
求解过程如下:
(1)输入电网实测负荷数据和电动汽车基本信息,设置算法基本参数,并初始化种群和速度;
(2)通过目标函数式(8)和式(9)计算适应度,即求解电动汽车充电费用和系统负荷峰谷差,获得充电时间段,并寻出个体极值和群体极值;
(3)通过改进后的速度更新公式(14)对速度和个体位置进行更新;
(4)根据目标函数重新计算适应度,并更新个体极值和群体极值,获得最优解;
(5)判断迭代次数是否满足终止条件,满足则输出结果,否则返回第(3)步继续求解。
电动汽车在进行有序充电调度时,计及EV用户的实际使用情况,仅考虑EV的充电负荷特性,使得原始电网负荷的谷值曲线得到提升,而负荷峰值并未有效降低。因此,需要配置储能装置来进行调峰填谷,使负荷曲线趋于平滑。
考虑储能系统的经济性和削峰填谷的实际效果,以负荷方差和储能装置寿命周期成本最小建立目标函数,以EV有序充电后的负荷曲线作为优化目标进行求解。通过对储能系统进行峰谷时段充、放电调度,可以有效降低峰谷差距,减少常规调峰机组的投入,从而节约大量的资源和成本。
1)负荷方差
负荷曲线的方差可以较好地表征削峰填谷的效果,方差越小,表明负荷曲线越平稳,即电网的负荷峰谷差距越小,即
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{min}f(P)=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\frac{1}{T}{{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}\left[({P}_{\text{l}}(t)-{P}_{\text{ESS}}(t))-\frac{1}{T}{\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{T}({P}_{\text{l}}(j)-{P}_{\text{ESS}}(j))}\right]}}^{2}\end{array}$
式中:Pl(t)为EV有序充电优化后的负荷;PESS(t)为储能装置的功率;Pl(j)为该时刻负荷消耗的功率;PESS(j)为该时刻储能提供的功率。
2)储能寿命周期成本
根据全钒液流电池的投资、运维、寿命、低储高发套利及政府补贴,建立全钒液流电池储能系统寿命周期成本函数,可表示为
$\mathrm{min}C={C}_{\text{inv}}+{C}_{\text{o&p}}\text{+}{C}_{\text{r}}-{E}_{1}-{E}_{2}$
式中:Cinv为储能系统的投资成本;Co&p为储能系统的运行维护成本;Cr为储能系统的寿命成本;E1为储能参与削峰填谷的低储高发套利收益;E2为储能系统参与电网削峰填谷的政府补贴。
式(16)中的Cinv、Co&p、Cr、E1E2可分别表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\text{inv}}={C}_{1}{P}_{\text{ESS}}+{C}_{2}{E}_{\text{ESS}}\\ {C}_{\text{o&p}}={\displaystyle \sum _{{t}_{\text{i}}=1}^{T}{C}_{3}{E}_{\text{ESS}}\frac{r{(1+r)}^{{t}_{\text{i}}}}{{(1+r)}^{{t}_{\text{i}}}-1}}\\ {C}_{\text{r}}={\eta }_{\text{D}}{C}_{\text{inv}}\left[\left({\displaystyle \sum _{{t}_{\text{i}}=1}^{T}\left|{P}_{\text{ESS}}\right|}{t}_{\text{i}}\right)/2S{E}_{\text{ESS}}\right]\text{ }\\ {E}_{1}={\displaystyle \sum _{{t}_{\text{i}}=1}^{T}{C}_{{t}_{\text{i}}}P({t}_{\text{i}})}\\ {E}_{2}={\displaystyle \sum _{{t}_{\text{i}}=1}^{T}{C}_{\text{g}}{P}_{\text{dis}}({t}_{\text{i}})}\\ {\eta }_{\text{D}}=\frac{r{(1+r)}^{{y}_{\text{ESS}}}}{365[{(1+r)}^{{y}_{\text{ESS}}}-1]}\end{array}\right.$
式中:C1C2分别为全钒液流电池的单位功率成本和单位容量成本;EESS为储能系统的额定容量;C3为储能系统单位功率运行和维护成本;r为贴现率;ti为储能系统运行时间;ηD为系数;S为充放电循环次数;Ct为储能系统削峰填谷电价,在本文中取分时电价;P为功率;Cg为储能系统单位放电政府补贴电价,根据国家相关政策,在本文中取值为550;Pdis为储能系统放电功率;yESS为储能系统寿命年限。
为使系统稳定运行,采用功率平衡约束和安全约束作为系统运行的约束条件。
1)系统功率平衡约束
任意时刻电网的功率应满足平衡,即
${P}_{\text{dis}}+{P}_{\text{grid}}={P}_{\text{l}}+{P}_{\text{c}}+{P}_{\text{ev_c}}$
2)系统安全约束
系统的电压不能越限,故设置系统安全约束为
${U}_{\mathrm{min}}\le U\le {U}_{\mathrm{max}}$
式中:U为节点电压;UminUmax分别为节点电压的最小值和最大值。
为确保削峰填谷效果的直观性和准确性,需构建评价指标来对各阶段调度后的削峰填谷效果进行量化评价。本文以峰谷系数、峰谷差率及负荷率3个相关运算作为评价依据,能够突出表征调度前、后负荷曲线的平缓特征。
1)峰谷系数
峰谷系数为在一定时间尺度下,负荷曲线的平缓情况,可表示为
$\alpha \text{=}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{min}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{max}}}$
式中:PmaxPmin分别为负荷曲线的最大值和最小值;α为一定时间尺度下负荷曲线的平缓情况,其值越大,说明负荷曲线越平缓。
2)峰谷差率
峰谷差率为在一定的时间尺度下,负荷曲线的波动情况,可表示为
$\beta \text{=}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{max}}-{P}_{\mathrm{min}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{max}}}\times 100\text{%}$
式中,β为一定的时间尺度下负荷曲线的波动情况,其值越小,说明负荷曲线波动越小。
3)负荷率
负荷率为在一定的时间尺度下负荷曲线的峰谷差距情况,可表示为
$\lambda \text{=}\frac{{P}_{\text{a}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{max}}}\times 100\%$
式中:Pa为负荷均值;λ为一定时间尺度下负荷曲线的峰谷差距情况,其值越大,说明各时段用电负荷越平均,峰谷差越小。
哈里斯鹰优化算法[16]是Heidari等于2019年提出的1种智能优化算法。该算法灵感来源于哈里斯鹰的捕食行为,相较于传统寻优算法,其全局搜索能力更强。因此,在储能系统削峰填谷优化调度求解时,使用改进HHO算法[17]对储能的调度容量和充放电时段进行求解,大致分为搜索和捕猎2个阶段。
哈里斯鹰根据不同的栖息策略对猎物进行搜索跟踪,并决定是否狩猎。
$\begin{array}{l} X(t+1)= \\ \quad\left\{\begin{array}{ll} X_{\text {rand }}(t)-r_{1}\left|X_{\text {rand }}(t)-2 r_{2} X(t)\right| & q \geqslant 0.5 \\ {\left[X_{\text {rabbit }}(t)-X_{\mathrm{m}}(t)\right]-r_{3}\left[\varepsilon_{1}+r_{4}\left(\varepsilon_{2}-\varepsilon_{1}\right)\right]} & q<0.5 \end{array}\right. \end{array}$
${X}_{\text{m}}(t)=\frac{1}{N}{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}{X}_{i}(t)}$
式中:X(t)为鹰的当前位置;X(t+1)为鹰下一次迭代的位置;Xrand(t)为鹰的随机位置;Xrabbit(t)为猎物的位置;r1r2r3r4q均为[0,1]随机数;Xm(t)为鹰的平均位置;ε1ε2分别为种群的上、下界;Xi(t)为第i个种群鹰的位置。
HHO算法的搜索和捕猎主要通过逃逸能量E来控制,可表示为
$E=2{E}_{0}\left(1-\frac{z}{Z}\right)$
式中:E0为(-1,1)随机数;z为当前迭代次数;Z为最大迭代次数。
在捕猎阶段,哈里斯鹰通过4种方式对猎物进行围捕:软围攻、硬围攻、渐进式快速俯冲软包围和渐进式快速俯冲硬包围。
方式1:软围攻
r≥0.5、|E|≥0.5时,猎物试图通过自身足够的能量进行逃逸,但最终无法逃脱,此时哈里斯鹰采用软围攻方式进行捕猎,即
$X(t+1)=\Delta X(t)-E\left|J{X}_{\text{rabbit}}(t)-X(t)\right|$
式中:ΔX(t)为鹰与猎物当前位置之差;J为[0,2]随机数,J=2(1-r5);r5为[0,1]随机数。
方式2:硬围攻
r≥0.5、|E|<0.5时,猎物因无足够的能量而无法逃逸,因此,哈里斯鹰采用硬围攻方式进行捕猎,即
$X(t+1)={X}_{\text{rabbit}}(t)-E\left|\Delta X(t)\right|$
方式3:渐进式快速俯冲软包围
r<0.5、|E|≥0.5时,猎物有足够的能量和机会逃逸,因此鹰会在围攻之前形成1个软包围圈,具体描述为
$X(t+1)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}Y f(Y)<f[X(t)]\\ Z f(Z)<f[X(t)]\end{array}\right.$
$Y={X}_{\text{rabbit}}(t)-E\left|J{X}_{\text{rabbit}}(t)-X(t)\right|$
$Z=Y+S\times LF(D)$
式中:SD维随机向量;LF为Levy飞行函数,用于模拟猎物逃逸和鹰快速俯冲时的欺骗性动作。
方式4:渐进式快速俯冲硬包围
r<0.5、|E|<0.5时,猎物虽有逃逸机会但能量不足,因此鹰会在突袭之前形成1个硬包围圈,缩小和猎物之间的距离,即
$X(t+1)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}Y f(Y)<f[X(t)]\\ Z f(Z)<f[X(t)]\end{array}\right.$
$Y={X}_{\text{rabbit}}(t)-E\left|J{X}_{\text{rabbit}}(t)-{X}_{\text{m}}(t)\right|$
$Z=Y+S\times LF(D)$
在HHO算法中,全局搜索到局部搜索的过渡是通过能量因子E来控制的,但E是以线性递减的方式更新的,因此在迭代的后期,算法仅进行局部搜索,从而易陷入局部最优。为了提高算法的全局搜索能力,对能量因子E进行改进,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{\text{e}}={\text{e}}^{-\frac{t}{T}}\\ E=2{E}_{0}\times {E}_{\text{e}}\end{array}\right.$
改进后的HHO算法在整个迭代过程中能够达到全局搜索和局部搜索的平衡,前期进行全局搜索,后期在局部搜索的前提下保留了全局搜索的可能。因此,使用改进后的HHO算法能够寻求出更为精确的储能充、放电时段,具体流程如图4所示。
求解步骤如下:
(1) 输入EV调度优化后的负荷数据和储能系统基本参数,并初始化种群;
(2) 通过目标函数式(15)和式(16)计算适应度,即分别求取储能最优调度容量和削峰填谷充、放电时段;
(3) 通过式(26)~式(33)对逃逸能量和位置进行更新,确定捕猎方式和策略;
(4) 重新计算适应度并更新最优解;
(5) 判断迭代次数是否达到最大,若达到最大迭代次数则输出最优调度结果,否则返回第(3)步继续迭代计算。
综合上述EV有序充电和电池储能系统削峰填谷两阶段优化调度策略模型,具体的求解步骤如图5所示。
两阶段的调度模型相互独立且为递进关系:首先,以EV有序充电模型对电网原始负荷进行优化;其次,以EV有序充电调度优化后的负荷作为第2阶段的待优化目标;最后,以BESS对其进行削峰填谷优化,得到最终的优化结果。
电动汽车的充电费用和储能削峰填谷套利均以分时电价为基础进行求解计算,该地区电网各时段电价见表1
表1可以看出,该电网的分时电价满足峰平谷时段电价差异,在用电高峰时段电价较高,而在用电低谷时段电价较低。不同用电时段电价的差异可以更加有效地推动调度策略的实施。
本文对国内某地区电网实测负荷数据进行求解验证,数据的选取以15 min为间隔,相比于以往以1 h为单位采集到的负荷数据,优化结果更具实时性,且效果更佳。某电网实测负荷功率如图6所示。
因该地区入网的电动汽车数量一直在增加,且车型种类繁多,充电功率和容量不一致,呈动态变化,难以进行精确计量。因此,根据现有的统计数据,假设该地区入网的电动汽车共有500辆,型号均为Tesla Model X,车载电池容量为75 kW·h,充电功率为10 kW。实际应用中可具体统计不同电动汽车的数量和电池容量,通过累加计算得出能够用于调度的电动汽车负荷总容量,进而实现对负荷的优化。用户对电动汽车的使用场景和使用时段与传统燃油汽车基本一致,因此,根据电动汽车负荷建模中的EV日行驶距离和初始充电时间概率分布可得到在无序充电情况下,电动汽车入网后随机充电前、后的负荷曲线。再通过所建EV有序充电目标函数和调度模型,结合改进后的粒子群优化算法进行求解,即可得到有序充电调度后的负荷曲线。计及EV无序充电和有序调度前、后的负荷曲线如图7所示。
图7可以看出,在未对电动汽车进行有序充电调度的情况下,入网的电动汽车随机无序充电,使得电网固有的峰谷差问题进一步加重,电网原始负荷最大值经无序充电后由4 880.88 kW升高至4 970.07 kW,导致负荷峰值激增,且负荷绝对峰谷差由702.624 kW上升至791.813 kW,负荷峰谷差距进一步增大,给电网安全稳定供电带来了不良影响。因此,需要对电动汽车进行有序充电调度,安排合理的充电时段进行充电,从而缓解其无序充电给电网造成的峰上加峰问题。经有序调度后,原本集中在用电高峰时段的充电负荷转移到了用电低谷时段,有效消除了随机充电堆积造成的负荷峰上加峰问题,使得负荷曲线峰值由4 970.07 kW降为4 880.88 kW,负荷曲线谷值由4 178.26 kW升高至4 367.64 kW,峰谷差由原来的702.264 kW降低至513.238 kW。同时,通过调度原来在电价较高的负荷高峰时段充电的电动汽车集中到电价较低的负荷低谷时段进行充电,为EV用户节省了大量充电费用,具有良好的经济性。EV优化调度前、后的结果对比见表2
通过优化调度前、后结果可知,相比于原始负荷和随机无序充电,有序充电调度下的负荷峰谷差分别减小了189.386 kW和278.575 kW,峰谷系数提高了0.038 8和0.054 1,峰谷差率减小了3.88%和5.41%,负荷率提高了1.00%和1.66%,充电费用较无序充电节省了17 324元。从而验证了本文所提EV调度模型可以有效缓解电动汽车随机无序充电导致的峰上加峰问题,且能够提升负荷谷值曲线,实现对电网负荷的削峰填谷。但此处考虑到电动汽车的工作时段和状态,不要求其在用电高峰时段向电网馈电,因此原始负荷中的负荷峰值并未得到削减,为解决原始负荷峰值较高的问题,给该地区电网配置一定容量的储能装置,并调度储能装置在负荷低谷时段存储电能,高峰时段释放电能,对EV有序充电调度后的负荷曲线进行削峰填谷,进而减少传统调峰机组的投入,提高电网运行效率。
全钒液流电池储能系统基本参数见表3
将第1阶段EV有序充电调度优化后的负荷曲线作为全钒液流电池储能系统削峰填谷的优化目标,采用改进后的HHO算法结合储能系统模型及削峰填谷优化调度目标函数进行求解,可得全钒液流电池储能系统的调度容量为505.49 kW·h、最大充放电功率为53 kW,对应的寿命周期成本为94.7万元,负荷曲线方差为20 502.9,同时可求得全钒液流BESS进行削峰填谷优化调度后的充、放电时段,如图8所示。
图8可以看出,经过调度后,储能系统在1 d调度周期内进行了2次充电和2次放电,保证了储能系统的充、放电循环。充放电时段分别为:23:00—06:00、13:00—16:00储能系统充电存储电能; 06:00—13:00、16:00—23:00储能系统释放电能。 同时,结合EV有序充电调度后的负荷曲线来看,曲线呈“两峰一平一谷”,储能系统的充、放电时段和负荷峰谷时段相适宜,且满足分时电价下储能系统低储高发套利需求,因此对储能系统的调度具有对负荷曲线进行削峰填谷的能力。
储能系统参与电网削峰填谷优化调度前、后的负荷曲线如图9所示。
图9可见,储能系统经过削峰填谷调度后,在用电低谷时段进行充电,在用电高峰时段进行放电,使负荷谷值曲线明显上移,负荷峰值曲线明显下移,进一步缩小了负荷峰谷差距。优化后的负荷曲线相较于待优化负荷曲线更加平滑,取得了良好的削峰填谷效果。且储能在充电时段电价较低,在放电时段电价较高,因此,通过储能系统进行削峰填谷具有良好的经济性。
为进一步验证本文所提求解方法的可靠性和优越性,在相同的模型及目标函数条件下分别使用模拟退火SA(simulated annealing)算法、PSO算法和HHO算法进行实验对比求解,实验结果如图10所示。
图10可见,使用SA、PSO和HHO算法对模型和目标函数进行求解,均可达到对负荷曲线削峰填谷的效果,但相较于本文所提改进后的HHO算法求解下的负荷曲线,其他算法的效果略有不足。用SA算法求解时,在负荷低谷时段表现尚不优越;用HHO算法求解时,储能在夜间负荷低谷时段出现了放电现象;用PSO算法求解时,在第1个负荷高峰时段,优化后的负荷曲线和待优化负荷曲线在尖峰时刻出现重叠,削峰效果明显不足。对本文所提改进HHO算法及SA、PSO、HHO算法求解结果进行对比,见表4。可见,本文所提改进HHO算法对储能系统削峰填谷优化调度求解后,负荷峰值由4 800.88 kW降低至4 822.80 kW,负荷谷值由4 367.64 kW提高至4 400.98 kW,使得峰谷差降低了91.418 kW。结合削峰填谷评价指标来看,峰谷系数提高了0.017 7,峰谷差率降低了1.77%,负荷率提高了1.16%。验证了本文所提调度策略可以有效降低峰谷差,实现对负荷的削峰填谷优化。通过对比可知,本文所提改进HHO算法相较于SA、PSO和HHO算法求解下的结果,负荷峰值更低,负荷谷值更高,因而峰谷差相对更低,负荷方差更小。结合削峰填谷评价指标进行对比,峰谷系数和负荷率均有明显提高,而峰谷差率也明显降低。因此,进一步验证了本文所提改进HHO算法在求解时具有更好的削峰填谷效果,且优化后的结果更能满足实际应用和需求。
电动汽车的大规模入网,进一步扩大了负荷峰谷差距,严重影响电网的供电可靠性。本文针对电动汽车负荷和电池储能系统提出两阶段优化调度策略。通过实验分析,得出以下结论。
(1)以削峰填谷效果和经济性最优为目标,建立EV和BESS两阶段优化调度模型及削峰填谷评价指标。同时,针对现有优化方法存在的局限性,对PSO算法和HHO算法进行改进,使用改进后的算法对优化调度模型进行求解,得到电动汽车和储能系统充、放电时段及储能系统的调度容量,为电动汽车入网和储能规划提供一定的指导。
(2)通过与SA、PSO和HHO算法求解结果进行对比,验证了本文所提改进算法的优越性和有效性。使用改进后的方法进行求解时,本文模型具有更好的削峰填谷效果,在很大程度上减少了传统调峰机组的规模和机组运行时产生的污染,进一步提升了电能的利用效率,节省了调峰的资金投入,具有良好的经济性,对电网持续安全、可靠运行具有重要的现实意义。
  • 国网甘肃省电力公司科技资助项目(52273118000Y)
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2025年第23卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.160
  • 接收时间:2022-01-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-01
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-02
  • 修回日期:2022-02-28
  • 录用日期:2022-03-24
基金
Science and Technology Project of State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company(52273118000Y)
国网甘肃省电力公司科技资助项目(52273118000Y)
作者信息
    兰州理工大学电气工程与信息工程学院,兰州 730050

通讯作者:

王瑜(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电网优化控制与储能技术。E-mail:
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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