Article(id=1149844396583158274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647792000000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-21, revisedDate=1650038400000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-16, acceptedDate=1650556800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-22, onlineDate=1752073867221, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752076373017, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073867221, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752073867221, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752073867221, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844397099057669, articleId=1149844396583158274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Control Strategy of Energy Storage Frequency Regulation Based on Frequency Regulation Signal Optimization, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the large-scale integration of wind power and other renewable energy sources, the frequency regulation capacity and effect of traditional frequency regulation power sources are difficult to meet the requirements of power grid. To solve this problem, a comprehensive control strategy based on the frequency regulation signal optimization of a battery energy storage system which assists the thermal power unit to participate in secondary frequency regulation is proposed. First, a simulation model of energy storage that meets the power grid’s frequency regulation requirements is established. Based on this model, the allocation mode of area control error signal and area frequency regulation requirement signal is analyzed in the complex frequency domain, and the switching criterion for frequency regulation signal is determined by combining the advantages of the two control signals. Then, considering the economy and efficiency of energy storage frequency regulation, the allocation coefficient is optimized by a decomposed multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to reduce the frequency offset and optimize the cost of frequency regulation. Finally, the effectiveness of frequency regulation signal switching criterion and multi-objective evolutionary algorithm in optimizing the energy storage allocation coefficient is verified by step disturbance simulation. The comprehensive control strategy is verified by continuous disturbance simulation, and results show that it can not only reduce the system frequency offset effectively, but also lower the operating cost of energy storage.

, correspAuthors=Yongsheng SHUAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huiqun YU, Yongsheng SHUAI, Donghui JIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149844482893545868, articleId=1149844396583158274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=基于调频信号优化的储能调频控制策略, columnId=1149829992055595012, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=新能源系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着风电等可再生能源的大规模并网,传统调频电源的调频容量和调频效果等难以满足电网需求。为此,提出1种基于调频信号优化的电池储能系统辅助火电机组参与二次调频的综合控制策略。首先,建立符合电网调频需求的储能仿真模型,基于此模型对区域控制误差信号和区域调频需求信号的分配模式进行复频域分析,结合这2种控制信号的优势确定调频信号的切换判据;然后,考虑储能调频过程中的经济性和调频效果,以减小频率偏移和调频成本优化为目标,通过基于分解的多目标进化算法优化其分配系数;最后,通过阶跃扰动分别仿真验证调频信号切换判据和多目标进化算法优化储能分配系数的有效性,通过连续扰动对综合控制策略进行仿真验证,结果表明该策略不仅可以有效减小系统频率偏差,还降低了储能的运行成本。

, correspAuthors=帅永生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
帅永生(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能辅助电网调频技术。E-mail:
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于会群(1978— ),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:微电网控制技术。E-mail:

靳东辉(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能辅助电网调频技术。E-mail:

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靳东辉(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能辅助电网调频技术。E-mail:

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Energy, 2016, 111: 322-340., articleTitle=Multi-objective operation optimization and evaluation model for CCHP and renewable energy based hybrid energy system driven by distributed energy resources in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205931311622062375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, awardId=92067105, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Research Program Incubation Project(92067105), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205931311747891499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, awardId=92067105, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重大研究计划培育资助项目(92067105), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1205931311873720627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, awardId=20020500500, language=EN, fundingSource=Shanghai “Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan” Special Project 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language=CN, label=图13, caption=连续扰动下的系统频率偏差曲线, figureFileSmall=Pf3qI0erwlgE2kiubLepnQ==, figureFileBig=YlIDwyvXQ2wBvl7r3swVgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310418297078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Energy storage output curves under continuous disturbance, figureFileSmall=pkCoT5O0x0bS4nGxC6V8AA==, figureFileBig=xf4FNbFhFxZ/LNpP1b1KAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310523154682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=CN, label=图14, caption=连续扰动下的储能出力曲线, figureFileSmall=pkCoT5O0x0bS4nGxC6V8AA==, figureFileBig=xf4FNbFhFxZ/LNpP1b1KAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205931310619623678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Parameters of simulation model

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参数 数值 参数 数值
M 8 Smax 0.9
D 1 Smin 0.1
B 21 Sl 0.3
KG 20 Sh 0.7
K1 0.18 Sl+ 0.375
β 0.75 Sh- 0.625
γ 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1205931310728675586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
M 8 Smax 0.9
D 1 Smin 0.1
B 21 Sl 0.3
KG 20 Sh 0.7
K1 0.18 Sl+ 0.375
β 0.75 Sh- 0.625
γ 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1205931310829338887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Frequency regulation effects of three signal allocation strategies under step response

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 最大频率偏差/Hz 频率偏差均方根/Hz 频率偏差峰值时间/s 频率恢复稳态时间/s
本文策略 -1.349×10-2 4.507×10-3 1.141 20.000
ACE信号分配策略 -1.349×10-2 6.146×10-3 1.141 32.399
ARR信号分配策略 -1.735×10-2 5.182×10-3 1.263 18.801
), ArticleFig(id=1205931310976139533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

阶跃响应下3种信号分配策略的调频效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 最大频率偏差/Hz 频率偏差均方根/Hz 频率偏差峰值时间/s 频率恢复稳态时间/s
本文策略 -1.349×10-2 4.507×10-3 1.141 20.000
ACE信号分配策略 -1.349×10-2 6.146×10-3 1.141 32.399
ARR信号分配策略 -1.735×10-2 5.182×10-3 1.263 18.801
), ArticleFig(id=1205931311076802836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison between two optimization strategies for energy storage allocation coefficient under step response

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 最大频率
偏差/Hz
频率偏差
均方根/Hz
频率恢复
稳态时间/s
MOEA/D
优化策略
-9.854×10-3 3.379×10-3 17.890
传统比例
分配策略
-1.283×10-2 6.146×10-3 26.586
), ArticleFig(id=1205931311156494616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

阶跃响应下2种储能分配系数优化策略对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 最大频率
偏差/Hz
频率偏差
均方根/Hz
频率恢复
稳态时间/s
MOEA/D
优化策略
-9.854×10-3 3.379×10-3 17.890
传统比例
分配策略
-1.283×10-2 6.146×10-3 26.586
), ArticleFig(id=1205931311273935129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Frequency regulation effects of three signal allocation strategies under continuous disturbance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 最大频率
偏差/Hz
频率偏差
均方根/Hz
储能系统
调频成本
本文策略 -1.061×10-2 3.692×10-3 0.138
无储能策略 -1.817×10-2 6.869×10-3 0
传统比例
分配策略
-1.421×10-2 5.251×10-3 0.152
), ArticleFig(id=1205931311370404126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844396583158274, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

连续扰动下3种信号分配策略的调频效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 最大频率
偏差/Hz
频率偏差
均方根/Hz
储能系统
调频成本
本文策略 -1.061×10-2 3.692×10-3 0.138
无储能策略 -1.817×10-2 6.869×10-3 0
传统比例
分配策略
-1.421×10-2 5.251×10-3 0.152
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基于调频信号优化的储能调频控制策略
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于会群 , 帅永生 , 靳东辉
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025,23(1): 101-110
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2025, 23(1): 101-110
基于调频信号优化的储能调频控制策略
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于会群 , 帅永生 , 靳东辉
作者信息
  • 上海电力大学自动化工程学院,上海 200090
  • 于会群(1978— ),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:微电网控制技术。E-mail:

    靳东辉(1997— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能辅助电网调频技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

帅永生(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能辅助电网调频技术。E-mail:
Control Strategy of Energy Storage Frequency Regulation Based on Frequency Regulation Signal Optimization
Huiqun YU , Yongsheng SHUAI , Donghui JIN
Affiliations
  • School of Automation Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.101
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随着风电等可再生能源的大规模并网,传统调频电源的调频容量和调频效果等难以满足电网需求。为此,提出1种基于调频信号优化的电池储能系统辅助火电机组参与二次调频的综合控制策略。首先,建立符合电网调频需求的储能仿真模型,基于此模型对区域控制误差信号和区域调频需求信号的分配模式进行复频域分析,结合这2种控制信号的优势确定调频信号的切换判据;然后,考虑储能调频过程中的经济性和调频效果,以减小频率偏移和调频成本优化为目标,通过基于分解的多目标进化算法优化其分配系数;最后,通过阶跃扰动分别仿真验证调频信号切换判据和多目标进化算法优化储能分配系数的有效性,通过连续扰动对综合控制策略进行仿真验证,结果表明该策略不仅可以有效减小系统频率偏差,还降低了储能的运行成本。

电池储能  /  二次调频  /  分配信号优化  /  成本优化  /  多目标进化算法

With the large-scale integration of wind power and other renewable energy sources, the frequency regulation capacity and effect of traditional frequency regulation power sources are difficult to meet the requirements of power grid. To solve this problem, a comprehensive control strategy based on the frequency regulation signal optimization of a battery energy storage system which assists the thermal power unit to participate in secondary frequency regulation is proposed. First, a simulation model of energy storage that meets the power grid’s frequency regulation requirements is established. Based on this model, the allocation mode of area control error signal and area frequency regulation requirement signal is analyzed in the complex frequency domain, and the switching criterion for frequency regulation signal is determined by combining the advantages of the two control signals. Then, considering the economy and efficiency of energy storage frequency regulation, the allocation coefficient is optimized by a decomposed multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to reduce the frequency offset and optimize the cost of frequency regulation. Finally, the effectiveness of frequency regulation signal switching criterion and multi-objective evolutionary algorithm in optimizing the energy storage allocation coefficient is verified by step disturbance simulation. The comprehensive control strategy is verified by continuous disturbance simulation, and results show that it can not only reduce the system frequency offset effectively, but also lower the operating cost of energy storage.

Battery energy storage  /  secondary frequency regulation  /  allocation signal optimization  /  cost optimization  /  multi-objective evolutionary algorithm
于会群, 帅永生, 靳东辉. 基于调频信号优化的储能调频控制策略. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 101 -110 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.101
Huiqun YU, Yongsheng SHUAI, Donghui JIN. Control Strategy of Energy Storage Frequency Regulation Based on Frequency Regulation Signal Optimization[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 101 -110 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.101
随着风、光等新能源的大量渗透,传统发电机组的比例逐渐减少,这意味着电网面临调频电源占比降低、调频效果不理想和频率稳定性下降等问题[1-6],寻求新的调频电源来辅助传统机组调频已成为研究热点。相较于传统调频电源,电池储能系统BESS(battery energy storage system)具有响应速度快、跟踪精度高等优势,可以辅助传统调频机组维持电网频率稳定[7-10]。目前,储能调频项目已在世界范围内被广泛应用,国内外也出台了相关政策鼓励BESS参与电网调频,如国家能源局印发的《完善电力辅助服务补偿(市场)机制工作方案》中明确指出,鼓励储能设备参与电力辅助服务补偿并实现全覆盖;国家能源局颁布的《电力并网运行管理规定》和《电力辅助服务管理办法》(新版“两个细则”)也重点规范了新型储能的管理条例,并对其辅助服务方面做出了一些修正[11]
在BESS参与电网调频的过程中,自动发电控制AGC(automatic generation control)是维持电网有功平衡和频率稳定的关键措施,但传统AGC策略已无法应对当前的挑战[12-14]。其调频信号分配模式目前主要分为基于区域控制误差ACE(area control error)的信号分配模式[15-16]和基于区域调节需求ARR(area regulation requirement)的信号分配模式[17-19]2种。文献[20]同时对这2种信号分配模式进行仿真分析,结果表明两者在调频时段中的不同阶段各有优势;文献[21]通过复频域分析2种信号分配模式的频率响应,并以两者的时域响应曲线交点作为其信号的切换判据。对于调频信号的责任分配问题,有不少学者进行了研究。文献[22]采用基于集合经验模态分解的方法来对调频信号进行分解,通过其所选取的阶数将信号分成2个部分,其中频率较高的部分由储能承担,频率较低的部分由机组承担;文献[23]采用变分模态分解的方法将调频指令进行初级分配,同时也考虑了机组爬坡率和储能荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)限制等因素;文献[20]提出了电池储能系统动态可用AGC的概念,其本质是结合优先级和比例对AGC信号进行分配,但未考虑调频电源的容量和爬坡率等因素导致其无法进行满分配;文献[18]考虑调频效果和储能损耗来建立目标函数,通过多目标网格自适应算法进行优化求解,从而得到最优的比例分配系数。
基于上述研究,本文提出1种基于信号模式切换和基于分解的多目标进化算法MOEA/D(decomposed multi-objective evolutionary algorithm)的优化控制策略。首先建立了满足二次调频需求的BESS仿真模型,通过复频域分析ACE和ARR这2种信号分配模式的优势并建立切换判据;然后考虑经济性和调频效果,通过MOEA/D对BESS分配系数进行优化求解;最后通过仿真验证了本文策略的有效性。
在对储能参与调频研究的仿真分析时,需构建含储能电池的区域电网调频模型。目前,常用于电网调频的储能电池模型有一阶惯性模型和戴维南等效电路模型。前者结构简单且便于仿真计算,但其无法精确描述储能电池工作时的内部参数变化和自身动态性能;后者虽能模拟储能电池的动态性能,但不能满足二次调频研究中的时间尺度需求[24]。因此本文提出1种适用于电网调频的储能电池模型,该模型由功率转换系统PCS(power conversion system)环节、响应延时-时间转换环节和判断输出环节构成,其模型结构如图1所示。
图1中:Pref为储能出力给定值,其值为正时表示储能放电,其值为负时表示储能充电;Preq为经过PCS环节和响应延时-时间转换环节后的功率需求;Pout为储能实际输出功率;Tpcs为储能变流器时间常数;Tdb为延时环节的时间常数;Ts为时间转换系数。该模型中的判断输出环节主要以SOC阈值为判断依据来输出功率,同时可以缓解储能过充、过放的问题,其最大充、放电功率分别为
${P}_{\text{c},\mathrm{max}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{P}_{\text{b}}\hfill & S\le {S}_{\text{h}-}\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{b}}{({\text{e}}^{\frac{{S}_{\text{h}}-S}{{S}_{\text{h}-}-{S}_{\text{h}}}\lambda }+1)}^{-1}\hfill & {S}_{\text{h}-}<\text{ }S\le {S}_{\text{h}}\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{b}}{({\text{e}}^{\frac{S-{S}_{\text{h}}}{{S}_{\mathrm{max}}-{S}_{\text{h}}}\lambda }+1)}^{-1}\hfill & {S}_{\text{h}}<\text{ }S\le {S}_{\mathrm{max}}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & S\text{ }>{S}_{\mathrm{max}}\hfill \end{array}\right.$
${P}_{\text{d},\mathrm{max}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0\hfill & S\le {S}_{\mathrm{min}}\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{b}}{({\text{e}}^{\frac{S-{S}_{\text{l}}}{{S}_{\mathrm{min}}-{S}_{\text{l}}}\lambda }+1)}^{-1}\hfill & {S}_{\mathrm{min}}<\text{ }S\le {S}_{\text{l}}\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{b}}{({\text{e}}^{\frac{{S}_{\text{l}}-S}{{S}_{\text{l}+}-{S}_{\text{l}}}\lambda }+1)}^{-1}\hfill & {S}_{\text{l}}<\text{ }S\le {S}_{\text{l}+}\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{b}}\hfill & S\text{ }>S{}_{\text{l}+}\hfill \end{array}\right.$
式中:Pc,maxPd,max分别为考虑SOC修正后的最大充、放电功率;Pb为储能的额定充、放电功率;S为储能电池荷电状态实时值;SminSmaxShSlSh-Sl+分别为储能电池荷电状态的最小值、最大值、高值、低值、较高值和较低值;λ为自适应因子。
则储能最终出力Pout的表达式为
${P}_{\text{out}}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{min}({P}_{\text{req}},{P}_{\text{d,max}})\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{cc}& \end{array}& {P}_{\text{req}}\text{ }\ge \text{ }0\end{array}\\ -\mathrm{min}(-{P}_{\text{req}},{P}_{\text{c,max}})\begin{array}{cc}& {P}_{\text{req}}\text{ }<\text{ }0\end{array}\end{array}\right.$
该环节中k时刻储能的荷电状态Sk可表示为
${S}_{k}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}{S}_{k-1}-\frac{{\eta }_{\text{b}}\Delta tP{}_{\text{out},k}}{{S}_{\text{b}}}\begin{array}{cc}& {P}_{\text{out},k}\text{ }\le \text{ }0\end{array}\\ {S}_{k-1}-\frac{\Delta tP{}_{\text{out},k}}{{\eta }_{\text{b}}{S}_{\text{b}}}\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{cc}& \end{array}& {P}_{\text{out},k}\text{ }>\text{ }0\end{array}\end{array}\right.$
式中:Sk-1k-1时刻储能的荷电状态;Pout,kk时刻储能的最终出力;ηb为储能的充、放电效率;∆t为采样时间间隔;Sb为储能的额定容量。
基于上述符合电网调频需求的储能电池仿真模型,本文对储能参与电网调频的2种调频信号模式进行建模,并引入频率偏差对储能分配系数的灵敏度(无量纲)加以分析和讨论,确定切换时机判据。
本文以单区域电网调频模型为研究对象,其中调频电源由1台火电机组和1个电池储能系统构成[21]。基于ACE信号分配模式的储能电池参与区域电网调频的频率响应仿真模型如图2所示。
图2中:∆P1(s)、∆P2(s)和∆PBESS(s)分别为机组的一次调频出力、二次调频出力和储能电池出力;∆PL(s)和∆F(s)分别为负荷扰动和区域电网的频率偏差;1/(Ms+D)为机网接口模型;M为机组转动惯量;D为系统负荷阻尼常数;B为区域电网的频率偏差系数;KG为机组一次调频调差系数;K1为积分控制器系数;α为储能指令分配系数;Gg(s)和Gb(s)分别为机组和储能的传递函数模型,其中Gg(s)可表示为
${G}_{\text{g}}(s)=\frac{1+{F}_{\text{HP}}{T}_{\text{RH}}s}{(1+{T}_{\text{G}}s)(1+{T}_{\text{CH}}s)(1+{T}_{\text{RH}}s)}$
式中:FHP为再热器增益;TRHTGTCH分别为再热器、调速器和汽轮机的时间常数,其数值选取参考文献[25]。
图2可得
$\Delta F(s)=\frac{\Delta {P}_{1}(s)+\Delta {P}_{2}(s)+\Delta {P}_{\text{BESS}}(s)-\Delta {P}_{\text{L}}(s)}{Ms+D}$
$\Delta {P}_{1}(s)=-{K}_{\text{G}}{G}_{\text{g}}(s)\Delta F(s)$
$\Delta {P}_{2}(s)=-B(1-\alpha )\frac{{K}_{1}}{s}{G}_{\text{g}}(s)\Delta F(s)$
$\Delta {P}_{\text{BESS}}(s)=-B\alpha {G}_{\text{b}}(s)\Delta F(s)$
将式(7)~式(9)代入式(6)可得
$\begin{array}{l}\Delta F(s)=-\Delta {P}_{\text{L}}(s)/\left\{Ms+D+\frac{}{}\right.\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\left.\left[{K}_{\text{G}}+\frac{B(1-\alpha ){K}_{1}}{s}\right]{G}_{\text{g}}(s)+B\alpha {G}_{\text{b}}(s)\right\}\end{array}$
设在ACE信号分配模式下∆F(s)对α的灵敏度为${S}_{\alpha,\text{ACE}}^{\Delta F}$,其表达式为
${S}_{\alpha,\text{ACE}}^{\Delta F}=\frac{\partial \Delta F(s)/\partial \alpha }{\Delta F(s)/\alpha }$
由式(10)可得∆F(s)对α的偏导数为
$\frac{\partial F(s)}{\partial \alpha }=\frac{\Delta {F}^{}}{}$
将式(12)代入式(11)可得
${S}_{\alpha,\text{ACE}}^{\Delta F}=\frac{\Delta F(s)}{\Delta {P}_{\text{L}}(s)}\alpha B\left[{G}_{\text{b}}(s)-\frac{{K}_{1}}{s}{G}_{\text{g}}(s)\right]$
化简式(13)后可知,灵敏度${S}_{\alpha,\text{ACE}}^{\Delta F}$的表达式与负荷扰动∆PL(s)无关,且式中∆F(s)与∆PL(s)的比值恒为负,则当${S}_{\alpha,\text{ACE}}^{\Delta F}$为负时有利于频率恢复,${S}_{\alpha,\text{ACE}}^{\Delta F}$为正时抑制频率恢复。
由式(13)可得ACE信号分配模式下∆F(s)对α的灵敏度曲线,如图3所示。可见,在ACE信号分配模式下,初期${S}_{\alpha,\text{ACE}}^{\Delta F}$<0,然后其幅值先增大后减小,直到过零点后逐渐达到稳态,即在调频时段初期有利于频率偏差的恢复,随后对其抑制效果逐渐增强,且随着储能出力比重的逐渐增加对频率的恢复效果和抑制效果都显著增强。
基于ARR信号分配模式的储能电池参与区域电网调频的频率响应仿真模型如图4所示。
与1.2.1节ACE信号的分析方法同理,由图4可得
${S}_{\alpha,\text{ARR}}^{\Delta F}=\frac{\Delta F(s)}{\Delta {P}_{\text{L}}(s)}\alpha B\frac{{K}_{1}}{s}[{G}_{\text{b}}(s)-{G}_{\text{g}}(s)]$
由式(14)可得基于ARR信号分配模式∆F(s)对α的灵敏度曲线,如图5所示。可见,在ARR信号模式下,不论储能出力比重为多少,${S}_{\alpha,\text{ARR}}^{\Delta F}$始终小于0,其幅值先增后减,最后达到稳态,即在调频全时段都有利于频率偏差恢复,且随着储能出力比重的增加,其对频率的恢复效果也显著增强。
基于1.2.1节和1.2.2节对2种信号分配模式模型的分析可以看出:当储能电池采用ACE信号分配模式时,频率偏差信号不需通过PI环节而直接进行分配,故在调频时段初期储能可以充分发挥其快速出力的优势,根据式(6)~式(9),在负荷扰动∆PL(s)确定时∆P1(s)、∆P2(s)、∆PBESS(s)的稳态值分别为0、∆pL、0,即在稳态时储能逐渐停止出力,机组开始承担全部负荷扰动;当储能电池采用ARR信号分配模式时,频率偏差信号需通过PI环节进行分配,在负荷扰动∆PL(s)确定时∆P1(s)、∆P2(s)、∆PBESS(s)的稳态值分别为0、(1-α)∆pL、0,即稳态时储能和机组按分配比例联合出力,共同承担系统负荷扰动。
综上所述,结合2种调频信号的优势,本文采用ACE模式下灵敏度${S}_{\alpha,\text{ACE}}^{\Delta F}$的过零时刻作为调频信号分配模式的切换时机判据。其切换控制策略为在调频时段的初始时刻投入ACE信号分配模式,同时系统计算该模式下的灵敏度${S}_{\alpha,\text{ACE}}^{\Delta F}$并实时监测其过零时刻,若未过零则继续采用原分配模式,否则切换为ARR信号分配模式。
储能电池辅助火电机组参与电网调频时,需对调频信号进行合理分配。为使系统频率偏差快速恢复,同时减少储能损耗,本文提出基于MOEA/D的优化分配策略。该策略可在每个调频时段内计算出最优分配比例,使得储能与机组之间协调配合,快速减小系统频率偏差。
储能参与电网调频时,由于负荷扰动频繁且随机性较强,导致系统出力和负荷波动很难时刻精准匹配,因此要求电网频率总是维持在计划值上是不现实和不必要的,系统发电与负荷扰动保持长期动态匹配即可。基于此,本文采用某调频时段内频率偏差的均方根小于目标值作为其目标函数,表达式为
${C}_{1}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \sum _{t={t}_{0}}^{T}\Delta {f}^{{2}^{}}(t)/T}}\le \epsilon $
式中:C1为调频时段内频率偏差的均方根;T为调频时段;tt0分别为当前时刻和当前调频时段的初始时刻;∆f为该区域电网的频率偏差;ε为频率控制目标。
储能电池损耗的主要因素有3个:电池的充放电功率、SOC和温度(当温度过高于或过低于标称温度时通常会增加老化)。目前多数储能应用中,温度由空调系统调节,并保持储能电池温度在合适的范围内,因此本文主要考虑前2个因素,选取这2个因素作为储能调频成本的目标函数,其表达式为
$\mathrm{min}{C}_{2}=\beta \sqrt{{\displaystyle \sum _{t={t}_{0}}^{T}{P}_{\text{out}}^{2}(t)}/T}+\gamma \sqrt{{\displaystyle \sum _{t={t}_{0}}^{T}{({S}_{t}-{S}_{0})}^{2}}/T}$
式中:C2为调频时段内储能的调频成本;Pout为储能实际输出功率;StS0分别为储能的当前时刻荷电状态和储能的基准荷电状态;βγ 分别为储能电池由于高功率和SOC偏移过大而增加调频成本的权重系数,二者的选取采用熵权法进行赋权[26]。其中对于储能出力深度和SOC的约束已在上述储能模型中确立。
MOEA/D本质上是1种优化算法,其优势是可以将多目标问题分解为若干个单目标问题,故对于多目标优化问题来说该算法的速度有较大优势。本文在MOEA/D中的分解方法采用权重切比雪夫聚合法,其原始公式为
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{min}{g}^{\text{te}}(x\left|\rho,{z}^{*}\right.)=\\ \text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{max}}_{1\le i\le m}\left\{{\rho }_{i}\left|{f}_{i}(x)-{z}_{i}^{*}\right|\right\}\begin{array}{cc}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{s.t.}\text{ }x\in \Omega & \end{array}\end{array}$
式中:gte为目标函数;ρ为权重向量;m为权重数量;${z}^{*}$为参考点坐标,${z}^{*}={[{z}_{1}^{*}\text{ }{z}_{2}^{*}\text{ }\cdots \text{ }{z}_{i}^{*}]}^{\text{T}}$,对于每个目标分量i,均有${z}_{i}^{*}=\mathrm{min}\left\{{f}_{i}\left.(x)\right|x\in \Omega \right\}$$\Omega $为决策空间,即由每个目标分量最小值组成的坐标。由于该方法在处理连续多目标问题时会导致聚合曲线不平滑,因此本文对其进行改进,即在原始公式中添加参数φ来与权重求和方法相组合,通过调整φ 控制2种聚合方法的比例,则有
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{min}{g}^{\text{AT}}(x\left|\rho,{z}^{*}\right.)=\\ \text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{max}}_{1\le i\le m}\left\{{\rho }_{i}\left|{f}_{i}(x)-{z}_{i}^{*}\right|\right\}\text{+}\phi {\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{m}\left|{f}_{j}(x)-{z}_{j}^{*}\right|}\end{array}$
算法流程如下。
步骤1 输入初始参数。双目标函数、约束条件和算法的终止条件。
步骤2 初始化。计算权重向量之间的欧式距离,然后随机生成初始种群x1, x2,$\cdots $, xN;初始化参考点z*,即每个目标分量上的最小值;再创建1个外部种群EP(external population)用于存储优秀个体。
步骤3 种群更新。对每个权重向量进行更新,从邻集B(i)中随机取出个体xkxl,利用基因重组遗传算子使其产生新解y;对y修复和改进启发产生符合当前约束的解y';更新z*,判断y'是否替换原有极值;更新邻域解B(i),对于邻域中每个权值向量λj,如果得到优化则更新i;最后更新EP,从EP中移除所有被F(y')支配的解,如果该解不存在,则将F(y')加入到EP中。
步骤4 条件终止。根据输入初始参数中的停止条件判断循环是否停止,若停止,则输出EP;否则,重复步骤3,最后在EP解集中选出最优的储能分配系数。
其综合控制策略流程如图6所示。
在MATLAB/Simulink平台建立如图2图4的含储能电池的区域电网频率响应模型。设置火电机组额定功率为1 000 MW,机组爬坡率为30 MW/min;模型参数选取为:FHP=0.50,TRH=10.00,TG=0.08,TCH=0.30;设置BESS的额定功率和容量分别为10 MW和10 MW·h,充、放电效率为0.9,基准荷电状态S0=0.5,模型参数选取为:Tpcs=0.01,Tdb=0.01;功率基准值和频率基准值分别为1 000 MW和50 Hz,其他参数见表1
基于3.1节对调频信号模式的建模分析,为验证在不同信号分配模式下系统频率的恢复效果,对模型施加标幺值为0.2的阶跃扰动以模拟负荷波动。将基于单ACE调频信号的控制策略、基于单ARR调频信号的控制策略及本文分配信号切换的控制策略进行仿真对比。仿真结果分别如图7~图9所示,调频评价指标对比见表2
图7~图9表2可以看出,本文控制策略在整个调频过程中均能有效恢复频率偏差。相较于基于单ACE调频信号控制策略,本文控制策略的频率恢复稳态时间减少了38.3%,频率偏差的均方根减少了26.7%,最大频率偏差和频率偏差峰值时间与其相同,即本文策略在快速恢复频率的同时也能保证系统稳态频率偏差不会过大;相较于基于单ARR调频信号控制策略,本文控制策略的最大频率偏差减少了22.2%,频率偏差的均方根减少了13.0%,在系统频率的暂态稳定性方面优势较大,而频率恢复稳态时间仅增加了6.4%,说明本文策略在减少频率偏差的同时也能保证系统稳态恢复时间不会过长。
3.2节已对本文调频信号的切换策略进行了仿真验证,本节将对MOEA/D优化储能分配系数的有效性进行验证。对模型施加标幺值为0.2的阶跃扰动以模拟负荷波动,并将2.2节切换判据用于MOEA/D优化储能分配系数的控制策略及基于传统比例分配储能系数的控制策略的仿真对比。仿真结果分别如图10~图12所示,调频评价指标对比见表3
图10~图12表3可以看出,通过MOEA/D对储能分配系数进行优化后,系统的频率稳定性更好。相较于基于传统比例分配控制策略,本文控制策略的最大频率偏差减少了23.2%,频率偏差的均方根减少了45.0%,频率恢复稳态时间减少了 32.7%。结果表明,通过MOEA/D优化储能分配系数的策略对系统频率的暂、稳态均有较大提升。
对本文模型施加连续负荷扰动,将如下3种控制策略进行仿真对比:一是本文的综合控制策略,以切换判据优化调频信号,以MOEA/D优化储能分配系数;二是无储能策略;三是传统电厂的ARR单信号分配模式和按比例分配系数的控制策略,仿真结果分别如图13图14所示,调频评价指标对比见表4
图13图14表4可以看出,本文控制策略在减小频率偏差和控制调频成本方面均具有较好的效果;在最大频率偏差方面,比无储能策略减小了41.6%,比传统比例分配策略减小了25.3%;在频率偏差均方根方面,比无储能策略减小了46.3%,比传统比例分配策略减小了29.7%;在储能系统调频成本方面,比传统比例分配策略减小了9.2%。综上,本文综合控制策略不仅可以减小系统频率偏差,还能控制储能在参与调频过程中的成本。
为解决传统电源调频容量不足和调频性能不理想等问题,本文提出基于调频信号切换和MOEA/D优化的综合控制策略,并进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,本文策略在改善系统暂、稳态频率质量方面效果显著,也能兼顾储能系统的调频成本并维持其SOC在较为理想的区间,同时提升了电池储能系统在辅助传统机组调频过程中的经济性。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大研究计划培育资助项目(92067105)
  • 上海市“科技创新行动计划”地方院校建设资助项目(20020500500)
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2025年第23卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.101
  • 接收时间:2022-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-21
  • 修回日期:2022-04-16
  • 录用日期:2022-04-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China Major Research Program Incubation Project(92067105)
国家自然科学基金重大研究计划培育资助项目(92067105)
Shanghai “Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan” Special Project for Capacity Building of Local Institutions(20020500500)
上海市“科技创新行动计划”地方院校建设资助项目(20020500500)
作者信息
    上海电力大学自动化工程学院,上海 200090

通讯作者:

帅永生(1996— ),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能辅助电网调频技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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