Article(id=1149844395148669555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.1, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647187200000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-14, revisedDate=1654963200000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-12, acceptedDate=1655222400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-15, onlineDate=1752073866878, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752076372567, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1752073866878, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-09, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752073866878, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752073866878, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1146828028623066093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2025', volume='23', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751354709057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765499536223, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206155733847044493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1146828028623066093, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149844395668763254, articleId=1149844395148669555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Three-level Bidirectional Full-bridge Multi-resonant DC-DC Converter, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In an energy storage system, the voltage level on the DC bus side is usually higher, while the voltage level on the battery side is lower with a wide variation range. Under this background, a three-level bidirectional full-bridge multi-resonant DC-DC converter topology is proposed, in which a three-level structure is adopted on the high-voltage side to reduce the voltage stress of the switch. The resonant cavity is designed as an LLCLC multi-resonant structure with auxiliary inductance, so that the left and right sides of the equivalent circuit is symmetrical, thus realizing the peer-to-peer driving control of forward and reverse operations and the bidirectional transmission of power. An improved synchronous pulse-frequency-modulation control strategy is adopted, so that the full-range zero-voltage-switch can be realized for switches on the high- and low-voltage side regardless of the forward or reverse operation. Compared with the traditional LLC resonant topologies, the proposed topology can achieve a wider range of voltage gain in a narrower frequency range. Through the optimization design of resonant cavity parameters, the converter can transmit the current fundamental wave and third harmonic power at the same time, thereby improving the energy transmission efficiency. Finally, a 2 kW experimental prototype was built, and experimental results verified the theoretical analysis.

, correspAuthors=Zhizhong KAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chunjiang ZHANG, Xuming LI, Ming LIU, Zhongnan GUO, Zhizhong KAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149844477772263934, articleId=1149844395148669555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=三电平双向全桥多谐振DC-DC变换器研究, columnId=1149829799759339522, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=DC-DC变换器, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对储能系统中通常直流母线侧电压等级较高而电池侧电压较低且电压变化范围宽的情况,提出1种三电平双向全桥多谐振DC-DC变换器拓扑,其高压侧采用三电平结构,可减小开关管的电压应力。谐振腔设计为带有辅助电感的LLCLC多谐振结构,使其等效电路左右对称,可达成正、反向工作对等驱动控制,从而实现功率双向传输。采用改进的同步变频控制策略,使高、低压侧开关管正、反向工作时均可实现全范围零电压开通。与传统LLC谐振拓扑相比,所提拓扑能够在较窄的频率范围内实现更宽范围的电压增益。通过对谐振腔参数的优化设计可使变换器同时传输电流基波和3次谐波功率,在高频段提高能量的传输效率。最后搭建2 kW实验样机,实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性。

, correspAuthors=阚志忠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
阚志忠(1970— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源功率变换技术、电机运行控制。E-mail:
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张纯江(1961— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源分布式发电及控制、逆变电源及并联并网技术、电力电子功率变换及控制。E-mail:

李旭明(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能双向DC/DC变换器及功率流控制。E-mail:

刘明(1978— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:储能变流器及控制。E-mail:

郭忠南(1980— ),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:新能源发电及控制、PLC工业智能控制。E-mail:

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张纯江(1961— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源分布式发电及控制、逆变电源及并联并网技术、电力电子功率变换及控制。E-mail:

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张纯江(1961— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源分布式发电及控制、逆变电源及并联并网技术、电力电子功率变换及控制。E-mail:

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李旭明(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能双向DC/DC变换器及功率流控制。E-mail:

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李旭明(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能双向DC/DC变换器及功率流控制。E-mail:

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刘明(1978— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:储能变流器及控制。E-mail:

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刘明(1978— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:储能变流器及控制。E-mail:

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郭忠南(1980— ),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:新能源发电及控制、PLC工业智能控制。E-mail:

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郭忠南(1980— ),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:新能源发电及控制、PLC工业智能控制。E-mail:

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Technical indexes for forward and reverse operations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行
方向
高压侧电压Vin/V 低压侧电压Vout/V 最大输出功率Po/kW 最大输出电流Io/A
正向 400 160~320 2 6.4
反向 400 160~210 1 5.2
), ArticleFig(id=1205931308040126647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844395148669555, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正、反向运行技术指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行
方向
高压侧电压Vin/V 低压侧电压Vout/V 最大输出功率Po/kW 最大输出电流Io/A
正向 400 160~320 2 6.4
反向 400 160~210 1 5.2
), ArticleFig(id=1205931308153372863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844395148669555, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Main technical parameters of multi-resonant converter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
谐振电感Lr/μH 54.6
谐振电容Cr/nF 12.4
谐振电感Lp/μH 131.0
谐振电容Cp/nF 7.5
励磁电感及辅助电感Lm/μH 395.0
), ArticleFig(id=1205931308254036163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844395148669555, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多谐振变换器主要技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
谐振电感Lr/μH 54.6
谐振电容Cr/nF 12.4
谐振电感Lp/μH 131.0
谐振电容Cp/nF 7.5
励磁电感及辅助电感Lm/μH 395.0
), ArticleFig(id=1205931308342116552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844395148669555, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Main technical parameters of LLC converter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
开关频率f /kHz 72~138
谐振电感Lr/μH 147
谐振电容Cr/nF 17.2
励磁电感及辅助电感Lm/μH 432
一、二次侧匝比n1:n2 48:24
飞跨电容Cs /μF 22
), ArticleFig(id=1205931308463751372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1149844395148669555, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

LLC变换器主要技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
开关频率f /kHz 72~138
谐振电感Lr/μH 147
谐振电容Cr/nF 17.2
励磁电感及辅助电感Lm/μH 432
一、二次侧匝比n1:n2 48:24
飞跨电容Cs /μF 22
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三电平双向全桥多谐振DC-DC变换器研究
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张纯江 , 李旭明 , 刘明 , 郭忠南 , 阚志忠
电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025,23(1): 1-10
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电源学报 | DC-DC变换器 2025, 23(1): 1-10
三电平双向全桥多谐振DC-DC变换器研究
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张纯江 , 李旭明 , 刘明 , 郭忠南 , 阚志忠
作者信息
  • 燕山大学电气工程学院, 秦皇岛 066004
  • 张纯江(1961— ),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源分布式发电及控制、逆变电源及并联并网技术、电力电子功率变换及控制。E-mail:

    李旭明(1996— ),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能双向DC/DC变换器及功率流控制。E-mail:

    刘明(1978— ),男,博士研究生。研究方向:储能变流器及控制。E-mail:

    郭忠南(1980— ),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:新能源发电及控制、PLC工业智能控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

阚志忠(1970— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源功率变换技术、电机运行控制。E-mail:
Research on Three-level Bidirectional Full-bridge Multi-resonant DC-DC Converter
Chunjiang ZHANG , Xuming LI , Ming LIU , Zhongnan GUO , Zhizhong KAN
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.1
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针对储能系统中通常直流母线侧电压等级较高而电池侧电压较低且电压变化范围宽的情况,提出1种三电平双向全桥多谐振DC-DC变换器拓扑,其高压侧采用三电平结构,可减小开关管的电压应力。谐振腔设计为带有辅助电感的LLCLC多谐振结构,使其等效电路左右对称,可达成正、反向工作对等驱动控制,从而实现功率双向传输。采用改进的同步变频控制策略,使高、低压侧开关管正、反向工作时均可实现全范围零电压开通。与传统LLC谐振拓扑相比,所提拓扑能够在较窄的频率范围内实现更宽范围的电压增益。通过对谐振腔参数的优化设计可使变换器同时传输电流基波和3次谐波功率,在高频段提高能量的传输效率。最后搭建2 kW实验样机,实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性。

三电平  /  双向直流变换器  /  多谐振  /  软开关  /  高增益

In an energy storage system, the voltage level on the DC bus side is usually higher, while the voltage level on the battery side is lower with a wide variation range. Under this background, a three-level bidirectional full-bridge multi-resonant DC-DC converter topology is proposed, in which a three-level structure is adopted on the high-voltage side to reduce the voltage stress of the switch. The resonant cavity is designed as an LLCLC multi-resonant structure with auxiliary inductance, so that the left and right sides of the equivalent circuit is symmetrical, thus realizing the peer-to-peer driving control of forward and reverse operations and the bidirectional transmission of power. An improved synchronous pulse-frequency-modulation control strategy is adopted, so that the full-range zero-voltage-switch can be realized for switches on the high- and low-voltage side regardless of the forward or reverse operation. Compared with the traditional LLC resonant topologies, the proposed topology can achieve a wider range of voltage gain in a narrower frequency range. Through the optimization design of resonant cavity parameters, the converter can transmit the current fundamental wave and third harmonic power at the same time, thereby improving the energy transmission efficiency. Finally, a 2 kW experimental prototype was built, and experimental results verified the theoretical analysis.

Three-level  /  bidirectional DC converter  /  multi-resonance  /  soft switch  /  high gain
张纯江, 李旭明, 刘明, 郭忠南, 阚志忠. 三电平双向全桥多谐振DC-DC变换器研究. 电源学报, 2025 , 23 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.1
Chunjiang ZHANG, Xuming LI, Ming LIU, Zhongnan GUO, Zhizhong KAN. Research on Three-level Bidirectional Full-bridge Multi-resonant DC-DC Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2025 , 23 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.1
隔离型双向DC-DC变换器作为储能装置与直流母线的连接桥梁,在直流微电网、电动汽车V2G充电等储能领域被广泛应用[1-3]。在实际应用中根据实时工况需要,高压直流母线可通过双向DC-DC变换器对电池充电,电池也可反向对直流母线放电,从而缓解新能源发电的间歇性和波动性[4]。在电动汽车V2G充电领域,电池的能量可通过DC-AC变换器与电网互动,实现对电网电压的削峰填谷[5-6]。因此,研究1种能够进行高效率双向功率传输且电压等级较高的隔离型双向DC-DC变换器具有重要意义。
双向LLC谐振变换器可实现输入侧、输出侧开关管的零电压ZVS(zero voltage switch)开通及输出侧开关管的零电流ZCS(zero current switch)关断,使变换器在谐振频率处具有较高的传输效率。但是,传统双向LLC谐振变换器由于其高频区增益对频率的变化平缓,难以工作在低增益区,而大幅增加开关频率会使变换器开关损耗、变压器及电感铜损等增大,使二次侧开关管失去ZCS关断能力,从而使变换器传输效率大幅降低[7-8]。对此,文献[9-12]提出了多种多谐振拓扑,利用LC器件发生串联谐振与并联谐振的原理,通过合理地设计参数使变换器在较窄的频率范围内实现高增益特性,并可利用3次谐波进行功率传输,在高频段提高变换器效率;文献[13]将上述多谐振结构在一次侧引入辅助电感后应用到双向多谐振变换器中,但是由于拓扑为两电平全桥变换器,难以满足高直流母线电压的需求;文献[14]针对三电平混合钳位半桥结构,在二次侧添加1个LC谐振电路使谐振腔正、反向结构对称,三电平大大减小了变压器高压侧的开关管电压应力。
综上所述,本文提出1种三电平双向全桥多谐振DC-DC变换器拓扑。该拓扑具有以下优点:直流母线侧三电平混合钳位结构可实现高压侧内管与外管的电压自均衡;采用改进的同步变频控制策略配合附加电感,可实现所有开关管全范围ZVS开通。谐振腔多谐振结构可实现高增益,使电池侧具有较宽的电压调节范围,可利用电流基波与3次谐波同时进行功率传输,从而提高系统在高频段的传输效率。本文详细分析了该拓扑的工作原理,推导出增益表达式,讨论了关键参数对变换器性能的影响,并给出了设计原则。
图1为三电平双向全桥多谐振DC-DC变换器拓扑结构,其高压直流母线侧采用三电平全桥混合钳位结构;谐振腔在LLC结构的基础上添加辅助电感Lm2,并在谐振电容Cp两端并联1个LC谐振电路,构成新型谐振腔结构;低压电池侧采用两电平全桥结构。
当变换器正向工作时,根据其工作频率可分为f < fr1f > fr1这2种工作状态,其中f为开关频率,fr1为谐振腔元件LpCpLrCr发生串联谐振时的第1谐振频率。图2为变换器正向工作时2种工作状态的波形,其中${\text{Q}}_{1}{\text{~Q}}_{12}$图1中对应开关管的驱动波形,${V}_{AB}$A、B两点间电压,${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$为谐振腔电流,${i}_{{L}_{\text{m}1}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{m}2}}$分别为励磁电感${L}_{\text{m1}}$和辅助电感Lm2的电流,i2为低压侧经全桥整流后的电流。为方便分析,定义Q1、Q2、Q7、Q8、Q10、Q11为正半桥臂,Q3、Q4、Q5、Q6、Q9、Q12为负半桥臂,Q2、Q3、Q6、Q7为高压侧内管,Q1、Q4、Q5、Q8为高压侧外管。
改进的同步变频控制策略是指当f < fr1时,高、低压侧正半桥臂开关管Q1、Q2、Q7、Q8、Q10、Q11同时开通但不同时关断,高压侧Q1、Q8先于Q2、Q7 关断,这是为了实现高压侧桥臂内管与外管的电压自均衡,Q10、Q11导通时间固定且为LpCpLrCr谐振周期的1/2,在谐振结束时关断,这是为防止低压侧发生桥臂直通现象,负半桥臂开通和关断与正半桥臂相一致;当f > fr1时,高压侧开关管导通与关断时刻与f < fr1时一致,由于变换器工作周期小于谐振腔LpCpLrCr谐振周期,低压侧开关管与高压侧内管保持同时导通和关断即可。
图3f < fr1时变换器正向运行前1/2周期各模态等效电路,对其工作原理进行详细分析,后1/2周期工作情况与前1/2周期对称。具体分析如下。
模态1 [t0, t1]:t0时刻,高、低压侧正半桥臂开关管同时导通,变换器由正半桥臂从高压侧向低压侧传输功率,VAB在桥臂开通前上升至Vin,辅助电感电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{m}2}}$VAB作用下线性上升。由于励磁电感Lm1被二次侧钳位不参与谐振,因此谐振腔元件LpCpLrCr共同谐振使谐振腔电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$呈“馒头波”形状上升。
模态2 [t1, t2]:由于f < fr1,开关管开关周期大于谐振腔LpCpLrCr谐振周期,t1时刻谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$下降至与励磁电流${i}_{L}{}_{{}_{\text{m}1}}$相等,此后近似保持不变,低压侧电流i2下降至0,高压侧停止向低压侧传输功率,此时低压侧正半桥臂开关管ZCS关断,励磁电感脱离低压侧电压钳位,与谐振腔共同进行谐振。
模态3 [t2, t3]:t2时刻,关断高压侧正半桥臂外管Q1、Q8,高压侧电流${i}_{\text{p}}({i}_{\text{p}}={i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}+{i}_{{L}_{\text{m2}}})$对外管Q1、Q8的寄生电容进行充电,同时Q4、Q5的寄生电容通过飞跨电容Cs1Cs2放电。
模态4 [t3, t4]:t3时刻,高压侧外管寄生电容充、放电完成,VAB下降至0,但高压侧电流ip未下降至0,钳位二极管D1、D4提供续流路径。同时,励磁电感与谐振腔谐振结束后,由于${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$下降较快,${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}<{i}_{{L}_{\text{m1}}}$ 低压侧电流is过零变负,对低压侧Q10、Q11的寄生电容开始充电,Q9、Q12的寄生电容开始放电。
模态5 [t4, t5]:t4时刻,关断高压侧正半桥臂内管Q2、Q7,高压侧电流ip通过飞跨电容Cs1Cs2对内管Q2、Q7的寄生电容进行充电,对Q3、Q6的寄生电容放电。低压侧开关管Q10、Q11完成充电后,由Q9、Q12的寄生二极管提供流通路径,高压侧继续向低压侧传输功率,i2开始上升。
模态6 [t5, t6]:t5时刻,VAB下降至-Vin,高压侧电流ip通过Q3、Q4、Q5、Q6的寄生二极管续流,向低压侧传输功率,t6时刻高压侧与低压侧负半桥臂开关管实现ZVS开通。
图2(b)可以看出,当f > fr1时,由于开关周期小于谐振周期,低压侧开关管与高压侧内管同时关断,低压侧电流ist4~t5之间过零变负,从而低压侧可实现ZVS,但很明显低压侧开关管失去ZCS关断,其余工作模态与f < fr1时相似。变换器反向工作时与文献[13]中两电平结构类似,不再展开分析。
在变频控制方式下对三电平双向全桥多谐振拓扑工作特性,主要是在不同开关频率时的增益特性进行分析。三电平双向全桥多谐振变换器谐振腔简化模型如图4所示,其中Re为变换器低压侧等效到高压侧的负载。可见,由于辅助电感Lm2的加入,使得谐振腔等效电路左右对称,故仅需对其中1个方向进行分析。当陷波器LpCpCr发生并联谐振时,其阻抗为无穷大,可使变换器增益为0;当谐振腔LpLrCpCr发生串联谐振时,其阻抗为0,使变换器增益为1。据此可以得到陷波器频率frp与谐振频率fr1fr2的表达式分别为
${f}_{\text{rp}}=\sqrt{\frac{q+1}{kq}}{f}_{\text{r0}}$
${f}_{\text{r1}}=\sqrt{\frac{1+k+q-\sqrt{{(1+k+q)}^{2}-4kq}}{2kq}}{f}_{\text{r0}}$
${f}_{\text{r2}}=\sqrt{\frac{1+k+q+\sqrt{{(1+k+q)}^{2}-4kq}}{2kq}}{f}_{\text{r0}}$
式中:$k={L}_{\text{P}}\text{/}{L}_{\text{r}}$$q={C}_{\text{P}}\text{/}{C}_{\text{r}}$${f}_{\text{r0}}=1\text{/}2\text{π}\sqrt{{L}_{\text{r}}\text{/}{C}_{\text{r}}}$
可以看出,陷波器有2个串联谐振频率和1个并联谐振频率,而方波经傅里叶分解后含有逐次衰减的奇次谐波,故可设定fr2=3fr1,可使变换器同时利用基波电流与3次谐波电流进行功率传输。同时,为了使变换器在小频率范围内具有宽电压增益特性,可将陷波器频率frp设定在fr1fr2之间。
多谐振变换器谐振腔增益M
$M=\frac{{V}_{CD}}{{V}_{AB}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{{(1+{L}_{\text{n}}\lambda )}^{2}+{(g\text{ }{f}_{\text{n}}Q\lambda )}^{2}}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}Q=\text{ }\sqrt{{L}_{\text{r}}\text{/}{C}_{\text{r}}}/{R}_{\text{e}}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\\ {L}_{\text{n}}={L}_{\text{r}}\text{/}{L}_{\text{m1}}\text{ }\\ g={f}_{\text{r1}}\text{/}{f}_{\text{r0}}\\ {f}_{\text{n}}=f\text{/}{f}_{\text{r1}}\\ \lambda =1+\frac{k}{1+q-kq{g}^{2}{f}_{\text{n}}^{2}}-\frac{1}{{g}^{2}{f}_{\text{n}}^{2}}\cdot \frac{1}{1+q-kq{g}^{2}{f}_{\text{n}}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,fn为归一化频率。在MATLAB中绘制变换器增益随fn变化的曲线,如图5所示,其中fr1nfr2nfrpn分别为归一化的第1谐振频率、第2谐振频率与陷波器频率。在图5的虚线左侧区域Ⅰ内,变换器增益随频率的增大而增大,为容性区,此区域无法实现开关管的ZVS开通;虚线右侧区域Ⅱ为升压区域,区域Ⅲ为f >fr1降压区域,区域Ⅱ与区域Ⅲ为感性区域,是变换器的理想工作区域,可实现ZVS导通。由图5可以看出,随着负载的加重,Q将增大,变换器将更容易进入容性区。同时,由于设定fr2=3fr1,在3次谐波处也存在电压增益,能够传递3次谐波功率。
由变换器的归一化增益公式(4)可知,增益大小除了与开关频率有关,还与kqLnQ这4个参数有关,故变换器参数设计将从效率与增益需求2个角度考虑,主要对kqLnQ这4个参数进行设计。以2 kW实验样机为例,正、反向运行技术指标见表1
${Z}_{\text{N}}=\sqrt{{L}_{\text{r}}\text{/}{C}_{\text{r}}}$为标准阻抗,对变换器陷波器阻抗${Z}_{\text{rp}}^{*}$与谐振腔阻抗${Z}_{\text{r}}^{*}$进行归一化简化,可得
${Z}_{\text{rp}}^{*}=\text{j}\frac{-1+{f}_{\text{n}}^{2}{g}^{2}k}{{f}_{\text{n}}g(1+q-{f}_{\text{n}}^{2}{g}^{2}kq)}$
${Z}_{\text{r}}^{*}=\text{j}\frac{-1+{f}_{\text{n}}^{2}{g}^{2}k}{{f}_{\text{n}}g(1+q-{f}_{\text{n}}^{2}{g}^{2}kq)}+\text{j}{f}_{\text{n}}g$
kq会影响陷波器阻抗及谐振腔阻抗的大小,谐振频率与陷波器频率的位置与其取值有关,设定fr2=3fr1frp=2fr1,由式(1)~式(3)可求得k=2.4,q=0.6。
三电平双向全桥多谐振拓扑可实现高、低压侧所有开关管的ZVS开通,故对变换器进行损耗分析时仅考虑关断损耗及谐振腔环流损耗。这2项损耗除了与系统开关频率有关外,还与高压侧开关管关断损耗和高压侧电流ip(off)有关,与谐振腔环流损耗和电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$有关,损耗与电流大小成正比。由式(5)可知,QLn的取值分别与励磁电感和负载的取值有关,故二者在影响变换器增益的同时也必然影响变换器损耗。
${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$${i}_{{L}_{\text{m}1}}$在系统开关频率为第1谐振频率(f =fr1)处进行分析,此时谐振腔LpCpLrCr谐振频率等于系统开关频率,励磁电流与辅助电感电流在整个周期内线性变换,假设Lm1=Lm2=Lm,且高压侧开关管开通与关断时励磁电感电流$ i_{L_{\mathrm{m} 1}}$与谐振腔电流$ i_{L_{r}}$相等,则有
$\begin{array}{l}{i}_{\text{p(off)}}={i}_{{L}_{\text{m1}(\mathrm{max})}}\end{array}$
式中:ip(off)为外管Q1、Q8关断时变压器一次侧电流;$ i_{L_{\mathrm{ml}(\max )}}$为励磁电感的最大电流;$ i_{L_{\mathrm{m} 2}(\max )}$为辅助电感的最大电流;n为变压器变比;T为开关周期。
变换器工作时,谐振腔电流大小主要为电流基波与3次谐波分量叠加,可表示为
$\text{ }\text{ }{i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}(t)=\sqrt{2}{I}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}\mathrm{sin}({\omega }_{\text{r}}t-\phi )+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}{I}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}\mathrm{sin}(3{\omega }_{\text{r}}t-\phi )$
式中:${I}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$为谐振腔电流有效值;ωrfr1对应的角频率;$\phi $为高压侧电压超前电流的相角。由${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}(0)$=$-i_{L_{\mathrm{ml}(\max )}}$可得
$\frac{4\sqrt{2}}{3}{I}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}\mathrm{sin}\phi =\frac{n{V}_{\text{out}}T}{4{L}_{\text{m}}}$
1/2个周期内,谐振腔电流平均值等于励磁电感电流与变压器高压侧电流之和,即
$\frac{\int_{0}^{\frac{T}{2}} i_{L_{\mathrm{r}}}(t)-i_{L_{\mathrm{m} 1}}(t)}{T / 2}=n \frac{V_{\mathrm{out}}}{R_{\mathrm{e}}}$
故求得谐振腔电流有效值为
${I}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}=\frac{3n{V}_{\text{out}}}{4{R}_{\text{e}}}\sqrt{\frac{{R}_{\text{e}}^{2}{T}^{2}}{32{L}_{\text{m}}^{2}}+\frac{9{\text{π}}^{2}}{50}}$
以变压器高压侧电流${I}_{\text{n}}=n{V}_{\text{out}}\text{/}{R}_{\text{e}}$为基准,对电流Ip(off)${I}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$进行标幺化,可得
${I}_{\text{p(off})}^{\ast }=\frac{(M+1)\text{π}{L}_{\text{n}}}{2Q}$
${I}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}^{\ast }=\frac{3\text{π}}{4}\sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\text{n}}^{2}}{8{Q}^{2}}+\frac{9}{50}}$
故导通损耗和关断损耗均与Ln呈正相关,与Q呈负相关。变换器的参数设计在满足增益条件的同时,Ln应尽可能小,Q应尽可能大。
图5可见,在相同频率下,变压器的增益随负载的增大而减小,故在满载情况下有最低输出电压,在空载情况下有最高输出电压。要使设计的变换器满足增益调节范围,则在满载情况下开关频率最小处的输出电压应大于变换器的最大期望输出电压;在空载情况下,开关频率最大处的输出电压应小于变换器的最小期望输出电压。
综合考虑系统的功率、体积及损耗等因素,取高压侧电压为400 V,第1谐振频率fr1=100 kHz,第1谐振频率处低压侧输出电压为200 V,可设计变换器变比为2,故谐振腔最大增益Mmax=1.6,最小增益Mmin=0.5。
首先在空载(Q=0)情况下由Mmin确定变换器参数Ln图6为变换器增益随fnLn变化的三维曲面与Mmin<0.8在平面上的投影。在满足增益需求的前提下,为保证更窄的频率调节范围及更小的损耗,综合考虑后取Ln=0.14。Ln确定后,将其代入增益公式,以fnQ为变量绘制增益的三维曲面与Mmax>1.6在平面上的投影,如图7所示,根据设计需求,取Q=0.5。
谐振频率与谐振网络归一化参数kqLnQ确定后,谐振网络参数大小可由${f}_{\text{r}0}=1\text{/}2\text{π}\sqrt{{L}_{\text{r}}\text{/}{C}_{\text{r}}}$再结合式(4)和式(5)求得,此处不再展开。
为验证上述理论分析及参数设计的合理性,本文搭建2 kW实验平台,变换器关键参数见表2
图8为开关频率72 kHz(即f < fr1)、低压侧输出电压320 V、输出电流6.4 A时的关键波形。其中图8(a)为高压侧开关管Q1、Q2的驱动电压Vgs1Vgs2及漏源电压Vds1Vds2波形,由图中右侧虚线可以看出Q1先于Q2关断,由图中左侧虚线可以看出Q1、Q2在开通前,Q1漏源电压先于Q2漏源电压下降至0,这是由于负半桥臂开关管Q4、Q5先于Q3、Q6关断,Q1、Q2均实现了ZVS开通;由图8(b)可以看出,谐振电流由于基波与3次谐波的叠加而呈现“馒头波”形状上升,在谐振腔元件LpCpLrCr谐振结束后,变压器漏感与低压侧开关管寄生电容谐振产生电压振荡现象,振荡周期与变压器漏感及开关管寄生电容大小有关;由 图8(c)可以看出,Q10同样实现了ZVS开通,且在低压侧电流is下降至0后关断,实现了ZCS关断。
图9为开关频率125 kHz(即f > fr1)、低压侧输出电压160 V、输出电流6.4 A时的关键波形。由 图9(a)可见,Q1与Q2同样实现了ZVS开通;由 图9(b)可以看出,由于此时开关管开关周期小于谐振腔谐振周期,高压侧开关管在谐振周期结束前关断,低压侧电压VCD在谐振电流${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$降为0时,由正变负;由图9(c)可以看出,Q10实现了ZVS开通,但关断时低压侧电流is未下降至0,未实现ZCS关断。
图10为开关频率75 kHz(即f < fr1)、高压侧输出电压400 V、低压侧输入电压160 V时的关键波形。其中图10(a)为Q10与高压侧正半桥臂驱动及漏源电压波形,Q1与Q2驱动电压相同,漏源电压Vds(1+2)为Q1与Q2漏源电压之和,可以看出高、低压侧开关管均实现了ZVS开通,高压侧桥臂同样在谐振结束后存在振荡现象,与正向工作时低压侧桥臂情况相一致;图10(b)VABVCD${i}_{{L}_{\text{r}}}$is波形,与正向工作时相似,由于开关周期大于谐振周期,波形呈基波与3次谐波叠加形状变换。
图11为开关频率120 kHz(即f > fr1)、高压侧输出电压400 V、低压侧输入电压210 V时的关键波形。由图11(a)可以看出,高、低压侧桥臂同样可实现ZVS开通。
采用相同的参数设计方法,在相同指标要求下设计添加辅助电感的三电平双向LLC谐振变换器,主要参数见表3。本文设计变换器Q=0.57、Ln=0.34,与LLC变换器相比,Q相差不大,但Ln相差较大。该LLC变换器可在72~138 kHz频率范围内实现160~320 V的2倍电压增益,与多谐振变换器相比,工作频率范围更大。
图12为变换器正向运行低压侧以6.4 A恒流输出时,三电平双向全桥多谐振变换器与三电平双向全桥LLC变换器的效率对比曲线。可以看出:多谐振变换器在谐振频率点有1.28 kW输出,此时效率最高达到96.9%;峰值效率右侧f < fr1范围内效率高于左侧f > fr1范围内效率,这是因为在f > fr1范围内变换器低压侧失去ZCS关断,导致变换器损耗增大;多谐振变换器与传统LLC 变换器相比,在f < fr1时由于谐振元器件的增加,效率较小,但在f > fr1时由于陷波器的存在,相同增益时多谐振变换器开关频率更小,对应效率更高。
本文提出1种新型三电平双向全桥多谐振变换器拓扑,该拓扑采用改进的同步变频控制策略,在实现高压侧桥臂内、外管电压自均衡的同时具有更宽的电压调节范围。本文详细分析了所提拓扑的工作原理及增益特性,给出了关键参数的设计方法,最后通过2 kW系统平台实验得到如下结论。
(1)系统正、反向运行均可实现开关管的ZVS,同时可利用3次谐波进行功率传输减小功率损耗。
(2)变换器正向工作时,在72~125 kHz频率变化范围内即可实现低压侧160~320 V的2倍电压增益;反向工作时,当低压侧160~210 V输入时可在75~120 kHz频率变化范围内使高压侧输出400 V,即在较小的频率变化区间可以获得较大的增益范围。
(3)多谐振变换器正向峰值效率可达96.9%,与LLC变换器相比,在f < fr1范围内效率略低,而在f > fr1范围内效率有明显提升,表明所提多谐振变换器有益于提高变换器的整机效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52277203)
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2025年第23卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2025.1.1
  • 接收时间:2022-03-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-14
  • 修回日期:2022-06-12
  • 录用日期:2022-06-15
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52277203)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52277203)
作者信息
    燕山大学电气工程学院, 秦皇岛 066004

通讯作者:

阚志忠(1970— ),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源功率变换技术、电机运行控制。E-mail:
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