Article(id=1153375938826986310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1636041600000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-05, revisedDate=1646582400000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-07, acceptedDate=1647360000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-16, onlineDate=1752915852505, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915852505, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915852505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915852505, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=311, endPage=317, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375939309331272, articleId=1153375938826986310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Electromagnetic Radiation Simulation of Switching Power Supply Combined with Near-field Scanning, columnId=1152281499626778753, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=EMI/EMC, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problem that the simulation of electromagnetic radiation interference of a switching power supply module is not combined with its actual working conditions, a method combined with near-field scanning was proposed. First, a simulation model of the switching power supply was built by software Cadence Allegro, and the software Cadence Sigrity was used to obtain the near-field radiation image and data by performing eletromagnetic radiation simulations of the switching power supply module. Then, a near-field scanning system of electromagnetic radiation was built to test the electromagnetic radiation interference of the switching power supply module, and its near-field electromagnetic radiation cloud map and electric field distribution data were obtained. Finally, by comparing the electromagnetic radiation distribution data obtained from near-field scanning and simulations, the simulation results were verified, and the MOSFET switch tube device and the surrounding circuit in the switching module were determined to be the source of electromagnetic radiation with the highest intensity.

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针对开关电源模块工作过程中电磁辐射干扰仿真缺少与实际模块工作情况相结合的问题,提出结合近场扫描的解决方案。首先利用 Cadence Allegro 软件建立开关电源仿真模型,使用 Cadence Sigrity 软件对开关电源模块进行电磁辐射仿真,得到近场辐射图像和数据。然后搭建电磁辐射近场扫描系统,用于测试开关电源模块电磁辐射干扰,得到开关电源模块在实验室环境下近场电磁辐射云图与电场分布数据。最后,对比近场扫描与仿真得出的电磁辐射分布数据,验证了仿真结果的正确性,精准地定位判定开关模块中的MOSFET 开关管器件及周边电路是强度最高的电磁辐射产生源。

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高成(1972-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:电子元器件可靠性评价、大规模集成电路测试。E-mail: gaocheng@buaa.edu.cn。

张宇亮(1997-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电子元器件可靠性分析。E-mail: BUAA_ZYL@buaa.edu.cn。

岳阳(1980-),男,硕士。研究方向:可靠性工程。E-mail: ericyueyang@163.com。

黄姣英(1977-),女,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail: huangjy@buaa.edu.cn。

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高成(1972-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:电子元器件可靠性评价、大规模集成电路测试。E-mail: gaocheng@buaa.edu.cn。

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高成(1972-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:电子元器件可靠性评价、大规模集成电路测试。E-mail: gaocheng@buaa.edu.cn。

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张宇亮(1997-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电子元器件可靠性分析。E-mail: BUAA_ZYL@buaa.edu.cn。

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张宇亮(1997-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电子元器件可靠性分析。E-mail: BUAA_ZYL@buaa.edu.cn。

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岳阳(1980-),男,硕士。研究方向:可靠性工程。E-mail: ericyueyang@163.com。

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岳阳(1980-),男,硕士。研究方向:可靠性工程。E-mail: ericyueyang@163.com。

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黄姣英(1977-),女,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail: huangjy@buaa.edu.cn。

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黄姣英(1977-),女,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail: huangjy@buaa.edu.cn。

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观察 频点/kHz 仿真电场强度/($\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ) 实测电场强度/($\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ )
60 110.31 108.39
120 105.79 105.65
180 102.32 104.36
240 101.54 104.48
300 100.63 103.94
360 100.10 102.99
420 99.38 101.81
480 98.76 101.53
540 97.99 100.62
600 96.33 99.31
1200 90.48 91.04
2400 74.57 72.34
6000 68.97 -
), ArticleFig(id=1154032486804869971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375938826986310, language=CN, label=表1, caption=开关电源模块电场辐射结果统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观察 频点/kHz 仿真电场强度/($\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ) 实测电场强度/($\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ )
60 110.31 108.39
120 105.79 105.65
180 102.32 104.36
240 101.54 104.48
300 100.63 103.94
360 100.10 102.99
420 99.38 101.81
480 98.76 101.53
540 97.99 100.62
600 96.33 99.31
1200 90.48 91.04
2400 74.57 72.34
6000 68.97 -
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结合近场扫描的开关电源电磁辐射仿真研究
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高成 1 , 张宇亮 1 , 岳阳 2 , 黄姣英 1
电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2024,22(6): 311-317
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电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2024, 22(6): 311-317
结合近场扫描的开关电源电磁辐射仿真研究
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高成1 , 张宇亮1 , 岳阳2 , 黄姣英1
作者信息
  • 1 北京航空航天大学 可靠性与系统工程学院 北京 100191
  • 2 北京遥感设备研究所 北京 100854
  • 高成(1972-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:电子元器件可靠性评价、大规模集成电路测试。E-mail: gaocheng@buaa.edu.cn。

    张宇亮(1997-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电子元器件可靠性分析。E-mail: BUAA_ZYL@buaa.edu.cn。

    岳阳(1980-),男,硕士。研究方向:可靠性工程。E-mail: ericyueyang@163.com。

    黄姣英(1977-),女,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:元器件可靠性评价。E-mail: huangjy@buaa.edu.cn。

Research on Electromagnetic Radiation Simulation of Switching Power Supply Combined with Near-field Scanning
Cheng GAO1 , Yuliang ZHANG1 , Yang YUE2 , Jiaoying HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Reliability and System Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China
  • 2 Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Equipment Beijing 100854 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.311
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针对开关电源模块工作过程中电磁辐射干扰仿真缺少与实际模块工作情况相结合的问题,提出结合近场扫描的解决方案。首先利用 Cadence Allegro 软件建立开关电源仿真模型,使用 Cadence Sigrity 软件对开关电源模块进行电磁辐射仿真,得到近场辐射图像和数据。然后搭建电磁辐射近场扫描系统,用于测试开关电源模块电磁辐射干扰,得到开关电源模块在实验室环境下近场电磁辐射云图与电场分布数据。最后,对比近场扫描与仿真得出的电磁辐射分布数据,验证了仿真结果的正确性,精准地定位判定开关模块中的MOSFET 开关管器件及周边电路是强度最高的电磁辐射产生源。

开关电源模块  /  电磁辐射仿真  /  近场扫描  /  Cadence Sigrity 软件  /  Cadence Allegro 软件

Aimed at the problem that the simulation of electromagnetic radiation interference of a switching power supply module is not combined with its actual working conditions, a method combined with near-field scanning was proposed. First, a simulation model of the switching power supply was built by software Cadence Allegro, and the software Cadence Sigrity was used to obtain the near-field radiation image and data by performing eletromagnetic radiation simulations of the switching power supply module. Then, a near-field scanning system of electromagnetic radiation was built to test the electromagnetic radiation interference of the switching power supply module, and its near-field electromagnetic radiation cloud map and electric field distribution data were obtained. Finally, by comparing the electromagnetic radiation distribution data obtained from near-field scanning and simulations, the simulation results were verified, and the MOSFET switch tube device and the surrounding circuit in the switching module were determined to be the source of electromagnetic radiation with the highest intensity.

Switching power supply module  /  electromagnetic radiation simulation  /  near-field scanning  /  Cadence Sigrity software  /  Cadence Allegro software
高成, 张宇亮, 岳阳, 黄姣英. 结合近场扫描的开关电源电磁辐射仿真研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 311 -317 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.311
Cheng GAO, Yuliang ZHANG, Yang YUE, Jiaoying HUANG. Research on Electromagnetic Radiation Simulation of Switching Power Supply Combined with Near-field Scanning[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 311 -317 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.311
开关电源作为广泛应用于电子设备的供电模块, 将输入的交流电整流滤波电流转换为直流电输入功能电路[1]。在电流变换的过程中不可避免地会产生电磁辐射[2-3],会对其他电子设备间通信产生影响甚至导致严重后果[4-5],因此对开关电源电磁辐射进行评估是一项必要的工作。
使用 Cadence Allegro 软件建立开关电源的近场电磁辐射仿真模型, 并在此仿真模型的基础上进一步使用 Cadence Sigrity 软件进行开关电源模块电磁辐射仿真[6],得到开关电源模块近场电磁辐射分布数据,可以初步定位电磁辐射干扰源[7]。利用仿真的方法分析电磁辐射效应是常用方法; 汪志成[8] 提出了较为全面的开关电源模块仿真方法, 崔旭升等 [9]利用仿真的方法对开关电源电磁干扰进行了建模分析; Mirtalaei SMM 等[10] 提出 PCB 上开关电源模块近场电磁辐射干扰的仿真模型, 但缺少与实际产品工作状态的关联, 仿真准确度无法保证。
近场扫描是使用电场探头或磁场探头机械地扫过集成电路表面, 记录每次的频率、发射值和探头的空间位置, 通过软件进行后期处理, 各频点场强的分布图可用有色图谱形象地展示出来[11]。Schmidt M 等[12] 提出可以试验近场扫描的方法,准确、直观地反映出电子系统的近场电磁辐射强度分布;Weng Haixiao 等[13] 提出利用近场扫描确定高频电流的方法, 在这些基础上可以将近场扫描用于对仿真模型准确性的分析。
综上所述, 本文针对开关模块工作过程中产生的电磁辐射干扰问题, 使用 Cadence Allegro 软件建立仿真模型, 并使用 Cadence Sigrity 软件进行电磁仿真, 同时搭建开关电源电磁辐射近场扫描系统进行近场扫描, 并结合电磁仿真结果与近场扫描结果判定开关模块中的 MOSFET 开关管器件及周边电路是强度最高的电磁辐射产生源。
结合近场扫描的开关电源电磁辐射仿真流程如图1所示。首先, 通过实物测量、原理图分析及 PCB 绘制建立被测开关电源的仿真模型并进行电磁辐射仿真; 然后, 搭建开关电源电磁辐射近场扫描平台, 根据被测模块的物理参数设定扫描参数并进行近场扫描; 最后, 结合电磁辐射仿真结果与近场扫描测试结果进行分析, 定位主要电磁辐射干扰源, 并对电磁辐射仿真结果准确性进行验证, 分析误差大小与产生原因。
研究对象选取典型国产开关电源控制芯片 OB2269 配置的 AC/DC 反激式开关电源模块,其外观如图2所示, 正面为高频变压器、电阻、电容等器件,反面为开关电源模块控制芯片、光耦等器件;输出电压规格为${12}\mathrm{\;V}/5\mathrm{\;A}$,该模块广泛应用于摄像头、打印机、扫描仪等电子设备的供电;输入电压为${220}\mathrm{\;V}$ 市电,输入电压频率为${47}\sim {64}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,该开关电源模块转换效率约为 85%。
在 Cadence 软件中绘制图2开关电源模块的电路原理图, 如图3所示。再根据开关电源模块的电路原理,参考模块实物器件布局与布线在 Cadence Allegro 软件中绘制印刷电路板 PCB(printed circuit board), 如图4所示。
选用 Cadence Sigrity 作为开关电源模块电磁辐射仿真的工具, 采用频域有限元法进行电磁辐射的仿真, 经过仿真可以直接得到频域的电磁场分析结果, 电磁辐射仿真流程如图5所示。
依据数据手册 OB2269 进行激励源的设置, 设置频率为${60}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 、上升速率为${120}\mathrm{{ns}}$ 、下降速率为${50}\mathrm{{ns}}$ 的脉冲信号作为激励源,且激励信号的幅值为流经开关管回路的最高电压(310V)。设置仿真频率为$1\mathrm{\;{Hz}}\sim$ ${100}\mathrm{{MHz}}$,可以涵盖该开关电源产生的电磁辐射的频率范围[14]。设置观察频点为${60}\mathrm{{kHz}}$$1 \sim {10}$ 倍频,可以覆盖开关电源模块产生的电磁辐射频率范围。
针对开关电源模块中的电磁辐射,结合《军用设备和分系统电磁发射和敏感度要求与测量》(GJB场扫描的电磁辐射测试系统。测试系统主要由 EMI 接收机、 前置放大器、近场探头、近场表面扫描仪及计算机等部件构成,各部分互连关系如图6(a)所示。其中, EMI 接收机主要功能是对测量探头接收到的信号进行读取和分析, 同时能够将测试结果实时传输至上位机软件中显示, 便于对测试结果进行分析; 近场探头组主要功能是对特定频段的电场或磁场进行检测, 并将检测到的电场或磁场信号转化为电压信号; 前置放大器用于将测量探头检测到的信号进行放大, 便于测量接收机对小信号的读取; 近场扫描仪具有四轴定位系统, 可以固定近场探头, 并控制近场探头在待测器件的上方沿 3 个轴方向运动, 且控制探头自动旋转, 可确定磁场或电场的准确方向, 通过计算机控制软件可以控制扫描器的移动、 读取输出测量数据。搭建完成后的测试系统实物如图6(b)所示。
电磁辐射信号在测试系统中的传输路径如图7所示, 使用计算机控制软件设定试验测试参数如图8所示。
参数设置根据国际电工委员会 IEC(International Electrical Commission)《集成电路-电磁辐射测量: 第 3 部分:辐射发射测量-表面扫描法》(IEC TS 61967-3: 2014)近场扫描标准,自动移动扫描并记录${35}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times$${80}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$平面上的电场辐射数值,分辨率为$5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,探头置于开关电源模块上方$5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$处位置。开关电源模块控制芯片$\mathrm{{IC}}$的工作频率为${60}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,因此初步进行扫描频率范围设定为${50}\mathrm{{kHz}} \sim 2\mathrm{{MHz}}$,系统会自动设置扫描分辨率等参数, 根据选用的近场探头和前置放大器在扫描设置中将近场探头和前置放大器的修正数值使能, 以求能够得到准确的实际数值。
对开关电源模块进行电磁辐射仿真, 最终获得仿真结果如图9所示。根据仿真结果对比开关电源实物结构可知: 开关电源模块的最大电磁辐射产生源为 MOSFET 开关管器件及其走线构成的回路;根据开关电源功能, 该回路在开关管高频断开和闭合的情况下,会产生几万赫兹的脉冲高压,脉冲电压本身具有丰富的高次谐波, 由电磁辐射的产生机理可知,此处产生严重的电磁辐射是合理的[15]
由于开关管正常工作时,将${220}\mathrm{\;V}$ 交流市电转换为${60}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 幅值${310}\mathrm{\;V}$ 方波电压,因此方波产生的电场辐射在${60}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 基频的频点产生电磁辐射最大。 同时方波具有丰富的高次谐波成分并随着频率升高逐步衰减,故从基准频率${60}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 开始逐步提高观察频点, 并读取该频点下最高的仿真电场强度。
对开关电源模块进行近场扫描, 首先扫描不工作状态下的开关电源模块, 得出环境条件下的电磁辐射干扰, 作为工作状态下的对照组。截取上位机软件中不工作状态下的开关电源模块电场辐射结果, 如图10所示。可见, 环境中的电磁辐射干扰数值主要分布在${43.5}\sim {68.7}\mathrm{\;{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{mm}}$
完成对环境电磁辐射干扰的采集之后, 使开关电源处于正常工作状态, 并重新运行扫描程序, 截取开关电源模块近场的电场辐射分布图像。开关电源模块的近场电场辐射对照如图11所示。
图11(a)为截取${60}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 附近频点下的扫描结果, 其中不同颜色代表不同的电场辐射强度, 根据右侧的电场辐射强度标尺读取数值可以得到不同位置下的电场辐射强度。蓝色代表电场辐射较低的位置,数值分布在${43.8}\mathrm{\;{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 附近;绿色代表电场强度较高的位置,数值分布在${73.2}\mathrm{\;{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 附近;红色代表电场辐射场强最强的部分,数值分布在${103}\mathrm{\;{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 附近。与环境电场结果对比可知, 此辐射区域即为开关电源模块工作产生的最大辐射区域。
图11(b)为扫描平面对应的开关电源模块实物, 可以看到: 辐射最强的红色区域部分对应开关电源模块 MOSFET 开关管器件及其走线构成的回路, 这与仿真结果相吻合; 电场辐射较强的绿色部分无高频方波信号经过。对比开关电源模块结构(图1)可知, 这一区域的背面布置高频变压器等电子元器件, 是开关电源模块产生电磁辐射的另一主要来源。综上测试结果可知, 开关电源模块近场电磁辐射测试系统能够准确定位开关电源模块电磁辐射产生的位置, 并且能够验证开关电源模块电磁辐射仿真模型的分析。
仿真结果与实测结果如表1所示, 表中数据即相应频点下电场的最大值。根据表1数据对近场测试结果与仿真结果进行对比,结果如图12所示。
表1图12发现, 在 10 倍频以内仿真结果和实测结果存在一定误差: ①仿真模型中的走线宽度和实际走线宽度存在差别, 导致最终仿真的电磁辐射强度出现误差;②电场强度探头本身存在一定误差, 电场强度在射频线路中传送时可能存在泄漏误差; ③EMI 接收机的频率分辨率设置不同,会导致结果出现一定误差, FLS106 近场扫描仪扫描移动分辨率不同,也会引起一定误差。仿真相对实测误差最大的频点为${300}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 频点,误差计算式为
$\frac{\left|{103.94}- {100.63}\right|}{103.94}\times {100}\%= {3.18}\%$
误差范围在可以接受的范围内, 由此可以验证开关电源模块的电磁辐射仿真方法的有效性和准确性。
针对开关模块工作过程中产生的电磁辐射干扰问题, 使用 Cadence Allegro 软件建立仿真模型, 并使用 Cadence Sigrity 软件进行电磁仿真, 并搭建开关电源电磁辐射近场扫描系统进行近场电磁辐射扫描。根据仿真结果与近场扫描结果, 判定开关模块中的 MOSFET 开关管器件及其走线构成的回路是强度最高的电磁辐射产生源。此外, 对仿真结果的准确性进行验证与误差分析, 判定仿真结果误差在可接受范围内,仿真结果准确可靠。
在本文基础上, 未来的研究可以利用仿真的手段对开关模块的设计进行优化, 不必担心与实际工作状况不符的问题。
  • 技术基础科研项目(JSZL2017601B011)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.311
  • 接收时间:2021-11-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-05
  • 修回日期:2022-03-07
  • 录用日期:2022-03-16
基金
Basic Technology Research Program(JSZL2017601B011)
技术基础科研项目(JSZL2017601B011)
作者信息
    1 北京航空航天大学 可靠性与系统工程学院 北京 100191
    2 北京遥感设备研究所 北京 100854
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