Article(id=1153375940106249034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.269, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1630944000000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-07, revisedDate=1634659200000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-20, acceptedDate=1636300800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-11-08, onlineDate=1752915852810, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915852810, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915852810, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915852810, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=269, endPage=279, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375940601176908, articleId=1153375940106249034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Direct Control of Torque and Suspension Force of DC Excitation Bearingless Flux Switching Motor with Suspension Winding, columnId=1152281495567168372, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Electric Machine System and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A direct control strategy is proposed for a suspension winding DC excitation double-inding bearingless flux switching permanent magnet motor (BFSPMM) with 12/10 pole U-type stator core. First, the influence of rotor eccentricity on the mathematical model of the motor is analyzed, and a double-winding BFSPMM mathematical model under the condition of eccentricity is constructed. Then, a mathematical model of the torque of double-winding bearingless flux switching motor is derived according to the principle of electromechanical energy conversion, and the direct torque control based on space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is constructed. Finally, the virtual displacement method is used to obtain the mathematical model of suspension force, and the voltage vector synthesized by SVPWM is used to precisely control the flux of suspension winding, thus realizing the direct control of suspension force. Experimental results show that the rotor can be suspended stably, and the suspension force and torque can be controlled independently, indicating that the system has good dynamic and static characteristics.

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针对悬浮绕组直流励磁型双绕组 12/10 极U型定子铁芯无轴承磁通切换电机 BFSPMM(bearingless flux switching permanent magnet motor)提出 1 种直接控制策略。首先,分析转子偏心对电机数学模型的影响并构建偏心情况下的双绕组BFSPMM 数学模型;然后,根据机电能量转换原理推导双绕组无轴承磁通切换电机的转矩数学模型并构建基于空间矢量脉宽调制 SVPWM(space vector pulse width modulation)的直接转矩控制;最后,运用虚位移法得到悬浮力数学模型,通过SVPWM 合成的电压矢量对悬浮绕组磁链的进行精确控制,实现对悬浮力的直接控制。实验结果表明,转子可以稳定悬浮且悬浮力与转矩可以独立控制,说明系统具有良好的动静态特性。

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周祎豪(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 1325696742@qq.com。

周扬忠(1971-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:现代调速系统、新能源发电系统。E-mail:zhty_75313sina.com。

张竞(1994-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 1737176595@qq.com。

黄郑凯(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 553745108@qq.com。

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周祎豪(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 1325696742@qq.com。

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周祎豪(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 1325696742@qq.com。

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周扬忠(1971-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:现代调速系统、新能源发电系统。E-mail:zhty_75313sina.com。

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周扬忠(1971-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:现代调速系统、新能源发电系统。E-mail:zhty_75313sina.com。

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张竞(1994-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 1737176595@qq.com。

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张竞(1994-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 1737176595@qq.com。

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黄郑凯(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 553745108@qq.com。

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黄郑凯(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 553745108@qq.com。

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IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2020. 35(3): 1381-1393., articleTitle=An improved direct torque control for a single-winding bearingless switched reluctance motor, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032492223910882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375940106249034, awardId=2021J02023, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province under the grant 2021J02023(2021J02023), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032492295214051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375940106249034, awardId=2021J02023, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2021J02023), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032486377050948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375940106249034, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032486381245253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032491942892509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375940106249034, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Finite element simulation results of flux function coefficients, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{H}$ 0.01373 ${\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 0.06
${L}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{H}$ 0.03600 ${\psi }_{\text{fse }}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 33.00
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参数 数值 参数 数值
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{H}$ 0.01373 ${\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 0.06
${L}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{H}$ 0.03600 ${\psi }_{\text{fse }}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 33.00
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悬浮绕组直流励磁型无轴承磁通切换电机转矩与悬浮力直接控制
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周祎豪 , 周扬忠 , 张竞 , 黄郑凯
电源学报 | 电机系统与控制 2024,22(6): 269-279
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电源学报 | 电机系统与控制 2024, 22(6): 269-279
悬浮绕组直流励磁型无轴承磁通切换电机转矩与悬浮力直接控制
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周祎豪 , 周扬忠 , 张竞 , 黄郑凯
作者信息
  • 福建省新能源发电与电能变换重点实验室(福州大学) 福州 350116
  • 周祎豪(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 1325696742@qq.com。

    周扬忠(1971-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:现代调速系统、新能源发电系统。E-mail:zhty_75313sina.com。

    张竞(1994-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 1737176595@qq.com。

    黄郑凯(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力传动与变频调速系统。E-mail: 553745108@qq.com。

Direct Control of Torque and Suspension Force of DC Excitation Bearingless Flux Switching Motor with Suspension Winding
Yihao ZHOU , Yangzhong ZHOU , Jing ZHANG , Zhengkai HUANG
Affiliations
  • Fujian Key Laboratory of New Energy Generation and Power Conversion(Fuzhou University) Fuzhou 350116 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.269
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针对悬浮绕组直流励磁型双绕组 12/10 极U型定子铁芯无轴承磁通切换电机 BFSPMM(bearingless flux switching permanent magnet motor)提出 1 种直接控制策略。首先,分析转子偏心对电机数学模型的影响并构建偏心情况下的双绕组BFSPMM 数学模型;然后,根据机电能量转换原理推导双绕组无轴承磁通切换电机的转矩数学模型并构建基于空间矢量脉宽调制 SVPWM(space vector pulse width modulation)的直接转矩控制;最后,运用虚位移法得到悬浮力数学模型,通过SVPWM 合成的电压矢量对悬浮绕组磁链的进行精确控制,实现对悬浮力的直接控制。实验结果表明,转子可以稳定悬浮且悬浮力与转矩可以独立控制,说明系统具有良好的动静态特性。

无轴承磁通切换电机  /  悬浮绕组直流励磁  /  空间矢量脉宽调制  /  直接转矩控制  /  直接悬浮力控制

A direct control strategy is proposed for a suspension winding DC excitation double-inding bearingless flux switching permanent magnet motor (BFSPMM) with 12/10 pole U-type stator core. First, the influence of rotor eccentricity on the mathematical model of the motor is analyzed, and a double-winding BFSPMM mathematical model under the condition of eccentricity is constructed. Then, a mathematical model of the torque of double-winding bearingless flux switching motor is derived according to the principle of electromechanical energy conversion, and the direct torque control based on space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is constructed. Finally, the virtual displacement method is used to obtain the mathematical model of suspension force, and the voltage vector synthesized by SVPWM is used to precisely control the flux of suspension winding, thus realizing the direct control of suspension force. Experimental results show that the rotor can be suspended stably, and the suspension force and torque can be controlled independently, indicating that the system has good dynamic and static characteristics.

Bearingless flux switching motor  /  DC excitation of suspension winding  /  space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM)  /  direct torque control  /  direct suspension force control
周祎豪, 周扬忠, 张竞, 黄郑凯. 悬浮绕组直流励磁型无轴承磁通切换电机转矩与悬浮力直接控制. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 269 -279 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.269
Yihao ZHOU, Yangzhong ZHOU, Jing ZHANG, Zhengkai HUANG. Direct Control of Torque and Suspension Force of DC Excitation Bearingless Flux Switching Motor with Suspension Winding[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 269 -279 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.269
20 世纪 80 年代, 无轴承电机由于其无机械磨损、转速高、使用寿命长等优点, 在离心机、飞轮储能、密封泵、航天航空、生物医学及半导体工业等特殊电力传动领域取得了重要的科学研究和应用价值。在传统永磁同步电机转子上安装永磁体, 利用悬浮绕组对气隙磁场进行调制使其稳定悬浮便实现了永磁同步电机的无轴承化。然而为了防止无轴承永磁同步电机的转子永磁体在高速旋转时脱落, 往往在转子上增添加固措施, 但永磁体存在散热困难、温升退磁的风险。并且相较于其他定子永磁型电机, 将磁通切换电机永磁体安装在定子上, 可使其具有双极性永磁磁链、高正弦度反电动势的特点, 因此磁通切换电机的无轴承化则具有较高的研究价值。
现有无轴承磁通切换电机的研究主要集中在电机本体设计, 也有部分文献研究了其初步的控制策略。文献[1]设计了 1 种无轴承磁通切换直线电机, 并提出了无轴承永磁电机直线化的通用建模方法;文献[2]利用有限元分析了 1 种具有容错运行能力的单绕组无轴承磁通切换电机; 文献[3]利用对称绕组磁链差值实现了六相单绕组无轴承磁通切换电机的无径向位移传感器控制;文献[4]研究了 1 种堆叠结构无轴承磁通切换电机最优结构绕组;文献[5] 对比研究了 12/10 极 U 型铁芯和 12/14 极 E 型铁芯双绕组无轴承磁通切换电机;文献[6]分析及设计了共绕型双绕组无轴承磁通切换电机, 通过永磁体体积减半获得了更高的单位体积功率和更好的解耦性能; 在文献[6]基础上, 文献[7]针对双凸极引起的齿槽转矩过大问题, 提出了永磁体直角倒角方案并进行了实验验证; 文献[8]运用磁网络法推导了偏心情况下非共绕型双绕组无轴承磁通切换电机的悬浮力模型, 实现了电机参数的快速设计。
目前, 直接控制主要应用于无轴承永磁同步电机、无轴承异步电机和无轴承开关磁阻电机,鲜有应用于无轴承磁通切换电机。文献[9]借鉴传统永磁同步电机直接转矩的控制思想, 首次实现了无轴承永磁同步电机与交替极无轴承电机悬浮力的直接控制; 文献[10]针对无轴承永磁薄片电机直接控制中定子磁链观测精度低的问题, 提出 1 种锁相环与预测控制模块相结合的新型定子磁链观测器;文献[11] 将自抗扰控制 ADRC(active disturbance rejection control)技术引入了永磁薄片电机直接控制系统;文献[12]将预测控制应用于无轴承永磁同步电机直接控制; 文献[13]基于滑模变结构研究了无轴承异步电机转矩与悬浮力的直接控制; 文献[14]基于模型预测研究了无轴承异步电机直接悬浮力控制;文献[15]基于 ADRC 技术研究了无轴承感应电机直接转矩及悬浮力控制;文献[16]在双绕组无轴承开关磁阻电机上实现直接转矩与直接悬浮力控制; 文献[17]利用悬浮力的直接控制减小了单绕组无轴承开关磁阻电机转子径向位移; 文献[18]针对混合定子无轴承开关磁阻电机运用准连续三阶滑模直接悬浮力控制解决耦合与转子抖振问题; 文献[19]在单绕组开关磁阻电机直接控制中消除了磁链环, 提高了悬浮力跟踪性能。
综上分析, 本文针对悬浮绕组直流励磁型双绕组 BFSPMM 提出 1 种转矩及悬浮力的直接控制策略。首先通过有限元分析建立电机无偏心下数学模型, 然后分析了转子偏心对电机数学模型的影响并建立偏心下的电机数学模型。利用机电能量转换原理推导电机转矩数学模型, 通过计算 1 个控制周期内能同时精确补偿转矩及磁链误差的电压矢量, 构建基于 SVPWM 的直接转矩控制来减小电磁转矩和功率绕组磁链幅值脉动。运用虚位移法建立悬浮力模型。基于悬浮力模型及悬浮绕组磁链模型推导 1 个控制周期内的悬浮力变化与悬浮绕组磁链变化关系,从而构建基于 SVPWM 的悬浮力直接控制。
双绕组 BFSPMM 拓扑结构及绕组连接方式如图1所示。与传统 12/10 磁通切换电机相同, 定子上 12 块$\mathrm{U}$ 型导磁铁芯与 12 块交替切向充磁的永磁体相间分布;转子为十齿结构。每个定子齿由 2 个$\mathrm{U}$ 型铁芯和 1 个永磁体组成, 12 个功率绕组线圈分别绕制在 12 个定子齿上。根据互补性与一致性原理, 三相功率绕组每相均由空间机械角度互差${90}^{\circ }$ 的 4 个线圈串联组成。
每个悬浮绕组线圈横跨于 1 个$\mathrm{U}$ 型铁芯的两边, 共计 12 个线圈。将空间对称的 4 个悬浮绕组线圈组成一相悬浮绕组,如图1所示;利用各相悬浮绕组产生磁场实现对空间对称气隙中磁场向相反方向调制,从而产生满足转子悬浮的悬浮力[8]。 悬浮绕组共三相,在空间上互差${120}^{\circ }$ 分布。
图2$\mathrm{{mAmBmC}}$ 轴为功率绕组三相静止坐标系, 功率绕组电压、电流、磁链在该坐标轴上的分量即为三相实际分量。$\mathrm{m}\alpha \mathrm{m}\beta$ 轴为功率绕组静止两相坐标系,其中$\mathrm{m}\alpha$ 轴与$\mathrm{m}A$ 相绕组轴重合。$\mathrm{m}d\mathrm{m}q$ 为定向于功率绕组中耦合的永磁体磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}$ 的正交坐标系,$\mathrm{m}d$ 轴与$\mathrm{m}\alpha$ 轴之间的夹角为转子旋转电角度${\theta }_{\mathrm{r}}$$\mathrm{m}x\mathrm{m}y$ 为定向于功率绕组磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 正交坐标系,$\mathrm{m}x$ 轴与$\mathrm{m}d$ 轴之间的夹角为功角$\delta$,$\mathrm{m}x$ 轴与$\mathrm{m}\alpha$ 轴之间的夹角为功率绕组磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 的旋转电角度${\theta }_{\mathrm{{ms}}}$
图3中 sasbsc 轴为悬浮绕组静止三相坐标系, 悬浮绕组电压、电流、磁链以及悬浮力在该坐标轴上的分量即为三相实际分量。$\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta$ 轴为悬浮绕组静止两相坐标系,其中$\mathrm{s}\alpha$ 轴与$\mathrm{{sa}}$ 相绕组轴线重合。 sxsy轴为$\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta$ 轴顺时针旋转${30}^{\circ }$ 得到的静止两相坐标系,$\mathrm{{sx}}\mathrm{{sy}}$ 轴的物理意义是${xy}$ 径向位移传感器放置在$\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta$ 轴顺时针旋转${30}^{\circ }$ 处。 三相静止坐标系下双绕组 BFSPMM 磁链表达为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{m}}\\{\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathbf{L}}_{\mathrm{m}}& {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{ms}}}\\{\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{sm}}}& {\mathbf{L}}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{m}}\\{\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\\{\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{{fs}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
其中:
${\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{m}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{mA}}}& {\psi }_{\mathrm{{mB}}}& {\psi }_{\mathrm{{mC}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\\{\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{s}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{sa}}}& {\psi }_{\mathrm{{sb}}}& {\psi }_{\mathrm{{sc}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\\{\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{{fm}}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fmA}}}& {\psi }_{\mathrm{{fmB}}}& {\psi }_{\mathrm{{fmC}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fsa}}}& {\psi }_{\mathrm{{fsb}}}& {\psi }_{\mathrm{{fsc}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\\{\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{m}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{i}_{\mathrm{{mA}}}& {i}_{\mathrm{{mB}}}& {i}_{\mathrm{{mC}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{i}_{\mathrm{{sa}}}& {i}_{\mathrm{{sb}}}& {i}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\\{\mathbf{L}}_{\mathrm{m}}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{\mathrm{{mA}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mAmB}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mAmC}}}\\{M}_{\mathrm{{mBmA}}}& {L}_{\mathrm{{mB}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mBmC}}}\\{M}_{\mathrm{{mCmA}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mCmB}}}& {L}_{\mathrm{{mC}}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack ;\\{\mathbf{L}}_{\mathrm{s}}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{\mathrm{{sa}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{sasb}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{sasc}}}\\{M}_{\mathrm{{sbsa}}}& {L}_{\mathrm{{sb}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{sbsc}}}\\{M}_{\mathrm{{scsa}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{scsb}}}& {L}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack ;\\{\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{ms}}}= {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{ms}}}^{\mathrm{T}}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{M}_{\mathrm{{mAsa}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mAsb}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mAsc}}}\\{M}_{\mathrm{{mBsa}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mBsb}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mBsc}}}\\{M}_{\mathrm{{mCsa}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mCsb}}}& {M}_{\mathrm{{mCsc}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack。$
式中:${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为功率绕组磁链矢量;${\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为悬浮绕组磁链矢量;${\mathbf{L}}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为功率绕组电感矩阵;${\mathbf{L}}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为悬浮绕组电感矩阵;${\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{ms}}}$ 为悬浮绕组与功率绕组互感矩阵;${\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为功率绕组电流矢量;${\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为悬浮绕组电流矢量;${\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}$ 为功率绕组耦合的永磁体磁链矢量;${\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}}$ 为悬浮绕组耦合的永磁体磁链矢量。
双绕组 BFSPMM 永磁体产生的磁场空间对称, 无偏心情况下每相悬浮绕组中 1、2 线圈耦合的永磁体磁链与 3、4 线圈耦合的永磁体磁链大小相等、方向相反,使得每相悬浮绕组耦合的永磁体磁链为 0。同理功率绕组产生的磁场也是空间对称, 每相悬浮绕组耦合的功率绕组磁链也为 0。综上所述,悬浮绕组耦合的永磁体磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}}= 0$ 且功率绕组与悬浮绕组在结构上解耦即${\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{ms}}}= {\mathbf{M}}_{\mathrm{{ms}}}^{\mathrm{T}}= 0$。因此式(1)可以写为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{m}}\\{\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathbf{L}}_{\mathrm{m}}& \mathbf{0}\\\mathbf{0}& {\mathbf{L}}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{m}}\\{\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathbf{\psi }}_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\\\mathbf{0}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式(2)中对功率绕组磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 进行恒功率$\mathrm{{mAmBmC}}/\mathrm{m}\alpha \mathrm{m}\beta$ 变换后得到
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}& 0 \\ 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{m}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\\{i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\end{array}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\cos \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\\\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\sin \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中:${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\text{、}{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\beta }$${i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }$ 分别为功率绕组磁链与电流在$\mathrm{m}\alpha \text{、}\mathrm{m}\beta$ 轴上的分量;${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$$\mathrm{m}\alpha \mathrm{m}\beta$ 坐标系下的功率绕组电感;${P}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为极对数;${\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为转子机械位置角;${\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}$ 为功率绕组耦合的永磁体磁链幅值。
通过有限元分析对式(2)中悬浮绕组磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 进行恒功率 sasbsc/s$\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}0$ 变换,结果为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}\beta }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}0}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }& {M}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta }& {M}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}0}\\{M}_{\mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}\alpha }& {L}_{\mathrm{s}\beta }& {M}_{\mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}0}\\{M}_{\mathrm{s}0\mathrm{s}\alpha }& {M}_{\mathrm{s}0\mathrm{s}\beta }& {L}_{\mathrm{s}0}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}\beta }\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}0}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中:${\psi }_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }\text{、}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}\beta }\text{、}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}0}$${i}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{s}\beta }\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{s}0}$ 为悬浮绕组磁链与电流在$\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}0$ 坐标系上的分量;${L}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{s}\beta }\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{s}0}$${M}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta }$${M}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}0}$${M}_{\mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}\alpha }$${M}_{\mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}0}$${M}_{\mathrm{s}0\mathrm{s}\alpha }$${M}_{\mathrm{s}0\mathrm{s}\beta }$ 为变换到${\alpha s\beta s0}$ 坐标系的悬浮绕组电感。
电感变化有限元分析结果如图4所示, 可见,$\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}0$ 坐标系下悬浮绕组自电感随转子电角度变化较小,${L}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }$${L}_{\mathrm{s}\beta }$ 波动为$\pm {9.72}\%$,且$\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}0$ 坐标系下悬浮绕组互电感在 0 附近波动,令${L}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }= {L}_{\mathrm{s}\beta }= {L}_{\mathrm{s}}$,${M}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta }= {M}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}0}= {M}_{\mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}\alpha }= {M}_{\mathrm{s}\beta \mathrm{s}0}= {M}_{\mathrm{s}0\mathrm{s}\alpha }= {M}_{\mathrm{s}0\mathrm{s}\beta }= 0$。因此将式(4) 进一步简化表示为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}\beta }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}0}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{\mathrm{s}}& 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}0}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}\beta }\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}0}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
再将式(5)变换到 sxsys0 坐标系下,即
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}x}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}y}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}0}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{\mathrm{s}}& 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}0}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{s}x}\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}y}\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}0}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中,${\psi }_{\mathrm{s}x}\text{、}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}y}\text{、}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}0}$${i}_{\mathrm{s}x}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{s}y}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{s}0}$ 分别为悬浮绕组磁链与电流在 sxsys0 坐标系上的分量。
双绕组 BFSPMM 运行时由于无机械轴承支撑, 转子中心会偏离定子中心。如图5所示, 在不偏心时,电机气隙长度${g}_{0}$ 及转子沿角度$\varphi$ 偏移距离$e, x$ 方向偏移距离$x = e\cos \varphi, y$ 方向偏移距离$y =$ $e\sin \varphi$。气隙空间角度$\theta$ 处的气隙长度可以表示为${g}_{0}- e\cos \left({\varphi -\theta }\right)$。将每相功率绕组与悬浮绕组的 1 和 2 线圈分为 1 组, 3 和 4 线圈分为 1 组, 得到如图6所示偏心对电机参数影响的投影。
无轴承磁通切换电机转子偏心后电感、永磁磁链将在原有无偏心值基础上加上 1 个由偏心引起的偏心分量[3]。将功率绕组$\mathrm{{mA}}$ 相拆分为 2 个部分,${\mathrm{A}}_{1}{\mathrm{\;A}}_{2}$ 线圈和${\mathrm{A}}_{3}{\mathrm{\;A}}_{4}$ 线圈。结合图6,因此转子偏心时$\mathrm{{mA}}$ 相功率绕组 2 个部分的线圈自电感可以分别表示为
${L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}}= {L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}0}+ {L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{45}^{\circ }}\right)$
${L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}}= {L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}0}+ {L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{225}^{\circ }}\right)$
式中:${L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}}\text{、}{L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}}$ 分别为${\mathrm{A}}_{1}{\mathrm{\;A}}_{2}$ 组合线圈和${\mathrm{A}}_{3}{\mathrm{\;A}}_{4}$ 组合线圈的自电感;${L}_{\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{A}}_{12}0}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{A}}_{12}e}$ 分别为${\mathrm{A}}_{1}{\mathrm{\;A}}_{2}$ 组合线圈无偏心和偏心时的自感系数;${L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}0}\text{、}{L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}e}$ 分别为${\mathrm{A}}_{3}{\mathrm{\;A}}_{4}$ 组合线圈无偏心和偏心时的自感系数。
由于磁通切换电机的对称结构使得${L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}0}=$ ${L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}0}$${L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}e}= {L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}e}$,因此$\mathrm{{mA}}$ 相绕组自感可以表示为
${L}_{\mathrm{{mA}}}\approx {L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}}+ {L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}}= \\{L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}0}+ {L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{45}^{\circ }}\right)+ {L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}0}+ \\{L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{34}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{225}^{\circ }}\right)= 2{L}_{{\mathrm{{mA}}}_{12}0}$
偏心对$\mathrm{{mA}}$ 相绕组自感的影响由空间对称 2 个部分绕组产生相反偏心影响量而抵消。同理分析$\mathrm{{mB}}$ 相与$\mathrm{{mC}}$ 相自感、功率绕组互感、悬浮绕组自感和互感、功率绕组中耦合的永磁体磁链可以得到相同的结论, 即偏心对以上所提物理量均无影响。
以 sa 相为例, 将悬浮绕组 4 个线圈分为 2 组,${\mathrm{a}}_{1}$${\mathrm{a}}_{2}$ 线圈 1 组,${\mathrm{a}}_{3}$${\mathrm{a}}_{4}$ 线圈 1 组。悬浮绕组 2 个部分线圈中耦合的永磁体磁链可以分别表示为
${\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}}= {\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}0}+ {\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{30}^{\circ }}\right)$
${\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{34}}= {\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{34}0}+ {\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{34}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{210}^{\circ }}\right)$
式中:${\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}}\text{、}{\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{34}}$ 分别为${\mathrm{a}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{a}}_{2}$ 线圈和${\mathrm{a}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{a}}_{4}$ 线圈耦合的永磁体磁链;${\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}0}$${\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}e}$ 分别为${\mathrm{a}}_{1}$${\mathrm{a}}_{2}$ 组合线圈无偏心和偏心时的永磁磁链系数;${\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{34}0}$${\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{34}e}$ 分别为${\mathrm{a}}_{3}$${\mathrm{a}}_{4}$ 组合线圈无偏心和偏心时的永磁磁链系数。
由于磁通切换电机的对称结构以及空间对称悬浮绕组反向绕制方式使得${\psi }_{{\mathrm{{sa}}}_{12}0}= -{\psi }_{{\mathrm{{sa}}}_{34}0}\text{、}{\psi }_{{\mathrm{{sa}}}_{12}e}=$ $-{\psi }_{{\mathrm{{sa}}}_{34}e}= {\psi }_{\text{fse }}$,因此 sa 相绕组永磁体磁链可以表示为
${\psi }_{\text{fsa }}= {\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}}+ {\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{34}}= \\{\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}0}+ {\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{30}^{\circ }}\right)+ \\{\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{34}0}+ {\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{34}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{210}^{\circ }}\right)= \\ 2{\psi }_{{\mathrm{{fsa}}}_{12}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{30}^{\circ }}\right)= \\ 2{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{30}^{\circ }}\right)$
悬浮绕组 2 个部分绕组永磁磁链无偏心时的分量相抵消, 仅剩偏心分量。因此三相悬浮绕组永磁磁链表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fsa}}}= 2{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}e}e\cos \left({\varphi -{30}^{\circ }}\right)\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fsb}}}= 2{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fse}}}e\cos \left({\varphi -{150}^{\circ }}\right)\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fsc}}}= 2{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fse}}}e\cos \left({\varphi -{270}^{\circ }}\right)\end{array}\right.$
再将悬浮绕组永磁磁链变换到 sxsys0 坐标系下为
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}x}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}y}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}0}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}e}x \\\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}e}y \\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
结合式(3)、式(6)、式(14)电机偏心下的磁链模型可以写为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{sc}}}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{sv}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}& 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{m}}& 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\\{i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\\{i}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{{sv}}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{{sv}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\cos \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\\\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\sin \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\\\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}}x \\\sqrt{{\theta }_{\mathrm{{sv}}}}{x}^{2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
磁链函数系数的有限元仿真结果, 见表1
结合式(15), 根据机电能量转换原理, 磁共能对转子机械位置角求偏导得到电磁转矩为
${T}_{\mathrm{e}}= \frac{\partial {W}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\partial {\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}= \frac{1}{2}\left\lbrack {{i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\;{i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\;{i}_{\mathrm{s}x}\;{i}_{\mathrm{s}y}}\right\rbrack \frac{\partial }{\partial {\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}& 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{m}}& 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\\{i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}x}\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}y}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack {{i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\;{i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\;{i}_{\mathrm{s}x}\;{i}_{\mathrm{s}y}}\right\rbrack \frac{\partial }{\partial {\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\cos \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\\\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\sin \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\\\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}}x \\\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}}y \end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\\\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\left\lbrack {\cos \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right){i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }- \sin \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right){i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }}\right\rbrack ={P}_{\mathrm{r}}\left({{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }{i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }- {\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\beta }{i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }}\right)$
由式 (15) 前 2 行和式 (16), 进一步推导功率绕组磁链定向下的转矩表达式为
${T}_{\mathrm{e}}= \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\left|{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}\right|\sin \delta $
由式(17)可知,控制功率绕组磁链幅值$\left|{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}\right|$ 为恒定值,通过控制转矩角$\delta$ 即可控制电磁转矩。
由式(17)可以得到功角$\delta$ 的表达式,即
$\delta =\arcsin \left({\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\left|{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}\right|}}\right)$
在 1 个控制周期内, 结合式(18), 由转矩给定${T}_{\mathrm{e}}^{* }$ 和功率绕组磁链幅值给定${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}^{* }$ 计算出功角给定${\delta }^{* }$,由估计转矩${T}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 和估计功率绕组磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 计算出实际功角$\delta$。且由于系统控制周期远小于电机的机械时间常数,在 1 个控制周期${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 内认为电机电角速度${\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}$ 不变,功率绕组中耦合的永磁体磁链旋转${\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 电角度。如图7所示,功率绕组磁链在 1 个控制周期内电角度的变化值可以表示为
$\Delta {\theta }_{\mathrm{{ms}}}= {\delta }^{* }+ {T}_{\mathrm{s}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}- \delta =\arcsin \left({\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{e}}^{* }{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\left|{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}^{* }\right|}}\right)+ \\{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}- \arcsin \left({\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\left|{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}\right|}}\right)$
因此在 1 个控制周期内功率绕组磁链变化为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}\Delta {\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\\\Delta {\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}^{* }\cos \left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{{ms}}}+ \Delta {\theta }_{\mathrm{{ms}}}}\right)\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}^{* }\sin \left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{{ms}}}+ \Delta {\theta }_{\mathrm{{ms}}}}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack -\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\end{array}\right\rbrack $
进而计算转矩平面${m\alpha m\beta }$ 静止坐标系下功率绕组电压给定为
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{u}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }^{* }\\{u}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }^{* }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack ={R}_{\mathrm{m}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\\{i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +\frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }\\\Delta {\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\beta }\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
因此通过 SVPWM 生成所需要的电压矢量${u}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }^{* }+ \mathrm{j}{u}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }^{* }$,对功率绕组磁链进行精确控制,进而实现对转矩的直接控制。
结合式(15), 磁共能对转子偏心位移求偏导得到$g\left({x/y}\right)$ 方向悬浮力为
${F}_{\mathrm{g}}= \frac{\partial {W}_{\mathrm{m}}}{\partial g}= \frac{1}{2}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{i}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }& {i}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }& {i}_{\mathrm{s}x}& {i}_{\mathrm{s}y}\end{array}\right\rbrack .\\\frac{\partial }{\partial g}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}& 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{m}}& 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 &{L}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{i}_{\mathrm{{m\alpha }}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{{m\beta }}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{{sx}}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{{sy}}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{i}_{\mathrm{{m\alpha }}}& {i}_{\mathrm{{n\beta }}}& {i}_{\mathrm{{sx}}}& {i}_{\mathrm{{sy}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack \frac{\partial }{\partial g}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\cos \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\\\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\sin \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\\\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fm}}}\sin \left({{P}_{\mathrm{r}}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\\\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fse}}}x \\\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fse}}}y \end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\sqrt{\vartheta }{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fse}}}{i}_{\mathrm{{sg}}}\\\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{F}_{x}\\{F}_{y}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}e}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{s}x}\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}y}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
为验证式(23), 无偏心情况下电机有限元二维模型分析与理论结果对比如图8所示, 可以看到$x$ 方向悬浮电流${i}_{sx}$$x$ 方向悬浮力成正比,$y$ 方向悬浮电流${i}_{sy}$$y$ 方向悬浮力成正比。转矩电流对悬浮力的影响较小, 可以忽略。
将直接转矩的控制思想运用到悬浮力控制上, 建立悬浮力与磁链之间的关系。
由式 (15)后 2 行可以得到悬浮绕组电流表达式为
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{i}_{\mathrm{s}x}\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}y}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\frac{1}{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left({\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}x}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}y}\end{array}\right\rbrack -\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}x}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}y}\end{array}\right\rbrack }\right)$
将式(24)代入式(23)可得悬浮力的磁链表达式为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{F}_{x}\\{F}_{y}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\frac{\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}e}}{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left({\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}x}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}y}\end{array}\right\rbrack -\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}x}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}y}\end{array}\right\rbrack }\right)$
根据式(25),在 1 个控制周期内下一时刻的悬浮力表达式为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{F}_{x}^{* }\\{F}_{y}^{* }\end{array}\right\rbrack =\frac{\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}e}}{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left({\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}x}^{* }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}y}^{* }\end{array}\right\rbrack -\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}x}^{* }\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}y}^{* }\end{array}\right\rbrack }\right)$
偏心位移期望控制为 0,因此${\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}x}^{* }= {\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}y}^{* }= 0$。 式(26)减去式(25)可以得到 1 个控制周期内悬浮力变化量与悬浮绕组磁链变化量的关系, 即
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}\Delta {F}_{x}\\\Delta {F}_{y}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\frac{\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}e}}{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left({\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}\Delta {\psi }_{\mathrm{s}x}\\\Delta {\psi }_{\mathrm{s}y}\end{array}\right\rbrack +\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}x}\\{\psi }_{\mathrm{{fs}}y}\end{array}\right\rbrack }\right)$
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {\psi }_{\mathrm{s}x}\\\Delta {\psi }_{\mathrm{s}y}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\frac{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}{se}}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\Delta {F}_{x}\\\Delta {F}_{y}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack -\sqrt{6}{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}{se}}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} x \\ y \end{array}\right\rbrack $
进一步计算出悬浮平面静止 sxsy 坐标系下悬浮绕组电压为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{u}_{sx}^{* }\\{u}_{sy}^{* }\end{array}\right\rbrack ={\mathrm{R}}_{s}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{sx}\\{i}_{sy}\end{array}\right\rbrack +\frac{1}{{T}_{s}}\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}\Delta {\psi }_{sx}\\\Delta {\psi }_{sy}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
通过 SVPWM 生成所需要的电压矢量${u}_{sx}^{* }+$ $\mathrm{j}{u}_{sy}^{* }$,对悬浮绕组磁链进行精确控制,进而实现对悬浮力的直接控制。
根据上述 BFSPMM 转矩与悬浮力的直接控制算法, 提出本文控制策略框图如图10所示。
采用电流模型法估计功率绕组磁链。三相功率绕组电流${i}_{\mathrm{{mA}}}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{{mB}}}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{{mC}}}$,转子位置角${\theta }_{\mathrm{r}}$,得到功率绕组磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }$${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}\beta }$ 与功率绕组磁链幅值${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 与角度${\theta }_{\mathrm{{ms}}}$,进一步计算转矩${T}_{\mathrm{e}}$。转矩${T}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 磁链幅值${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 根据式(18)计算功角$\delta$。转矩给定${T}_{\mathrm{e}}^{* }$ 与磁链幅值给定${\psi }_{\mathrm{m}}^{* }$ 根据式(18)算功角给定${\delta }^{* }$。再依据变换图7计算得功率绕组磁链电角度${\theta }_{\mathrm{{ms}}}^{* }$。最后通过式(20)和式(21) 得到功率绕组电压给定${u}_{\mathrm{m}\alpha }^{* }$${u}_{\mathrm{m}\beta }^{* }$
将悬浮电流${i}_{\mathrm{s}x}$${i}_{\mathrm{s}y}$ 代入式(23)得到估计悬浮力${F}_{x}\text{、}{F}_{y}$。给定悬浮力${F}_{x}^{* }\text{、}{F}_{y}^{* }$ 与估计悬浮力${F}_{x}\text{、}{F}_{y}$ 作差后, 通过式(28)计算出悬浮绕组磁链变化量, 再利用式(29)进一步计算出悬浮绕组逆变器电压给定${u}_{\mathrm{s}x}^{* }\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{s}y}^{* }。{u}_{\mathrm{s}x}^{* }\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{s}y}^{* }$ 经过坐标变换得到$\mathrm{s}\alpha \mathrm{s}\beta$ 坐标系下电压给定${u}_{\mathrm{s}\alpha }^{* }\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{s}\beta }^{* }$
实验研究所使用的平台由 3 个部分组成: ①以高性能处理器 TMS320F28377D 为核心的控制板;②二极管整流和采用 IGBT 开关管的双三相逆变器组成的主电路; ③BFSPMM 机组。
双绕组 BFSPMM 电机 4 个电涡流传感器在电机一侧机械圆周相间${90}^{\circ }$ 排布,以差分方式测量转子$x$$y$ 方向的径向位移,量程为$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。电机尾部用调心轴承固定, 并安装 2500 线的增量式旋转编码器检测转子位置角。功率绕组三相电流及悬浮绕组三相电流通过霍尔传感器检测。BFSPMM 电机通过柱销式弹性联轴器与瞬时转矩传感器串联, 这样能保证转子沿径向自由偏移, 电机内部的辅助轴承限制了电机径向偏移极限为${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
为验证本文所提转矩与悬浮力的直接控制动静态特性, 进行空载与负载实验。
图12(a)为电机 0 速启动悬浮时${xy}$ 偏心位移的动态波形,启动悬浮前电机受到$x$ 负方向与$y$ 负方向的单偏磁拉力,使电机转子沿$x$$y$ 方向偏心均为负值。启动悬浮后, 直接悬浮力控制中悬浮力闭环使得可控悬浮力快速跟踪悬浮力给定, 电机快速启浮, 经过$2\mathrm{\;s}$ 稳定后电机偏心位移极小。图12(b)为电机转速从${300}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$${1000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 阶跃过程中${xy}$ 偏心位移的动态波形, 电机以最大转矩加速到给定转速, 然后转矩下降到空载转矩。图12(c)图12(b)的逆过程, 在这 2 个动态过程中, 电机转子偏心位移均能控制在$\pm {0.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 内,具有良好的动态响应特性。
图13${1000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 稳态悬浮时突加、突卸$4\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 负载时转子径向偏移${xy}$ 的动态波形。根据图8可知, 转矩电流会引起悬浮力脉动变大, 因此带载稳态径向位移略大于空载时径向位移。带载与空载情况下电机转子偏心位移均能控制在$\pm {0.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,具有良好的动态响应特性。
图14(a)与(b)分别为${1000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}\text{、}4\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 负载、 功率绕组磁链给定${0.12}\mathrm{\;T}$ 稳态悬浮时功率绕组电流、转矩、电压波形给定。由于采用基于空间矢量脉宽调制的直接转矩控制, 转矩脉动均较小。图14(c)与(d)分别为悬浮绕组电流与电压给定波形, 悬浮绕组电流、电压均为直流脉动量, 符合悬浮直流励磁的特点。
本文针对悬浮绕组直流励磁型双绕组 BFSPMM 提出 1 种转矩及悬浮力的直接控制方法。首先通过有限元分析了电机偏心下的磁链数学模型, 并在此基础上运用机电能量转换原理与虚位移法推导得到转矩与悬浮力数学模型; 针对此电机转矩与悬浮力的特性, 设计了转矩与悬浮力的直接控制系统。理论分析及实验研究结果表明:转子能够稳定悬浮且最大偏心位移小于$\pm {0.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,转矩脉动小, 动态响应更为快速, 抗干扰能力更强, 解耦性能更佳, 为双绕组 BFSPMM 高性能控制提供了新思路。
  • 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2021J02023)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.269
  • 接收时间:2021-09-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-07
  • 修回日期:2021-10-20
  • 录用日期:2021-11-08
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Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province under the grant 2021J02023(2021J02023)
福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2021J02023)
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    福建省新能源发电与电能变换重点实验室(福州大学) 福州 350116
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