Article(id=1153375937535136152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1635609600000, receivedDateStr=2021-10-31, revisedDate=1640448000000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-26, acceptedDate=1642780800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-01-22, onlineDate=1752915852197, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915852197, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915852197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915852197, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=253, endPage=259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375937975538074, articleId=1153375937535136152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Thermal Runaway of Lithium-ion Battery in Aviation Transportation Environment, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the thermal runaway accident of lithium-ion batteries in the process of civil aviation transportation, through the simulation of a low-temperature and low-pressure environment during the civil aircraft flight, the thermal runaway of a lithium-ion battery is triggered by contact heating of an external heat source, and the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion battery in a variable pressure and variable temperature environment are explored. Results show that the thermal runaway time of lithium-ion battery advances with an increase in the flight altitude. Within a certain temperature range, temperature has a greater impact on the thermal runaway time than air pressure. When the ambient temperature decreases to a certain extent, it will no longer affect the peak temperature of thermal runaway. The CO concentration increases with an increase in the flight altitude. The solid particles produced by thermal runaway are different at a limit of 0 °C. When the flight altitude is 8 km (80 kPa, 10 °C), the combustion of thermal runaway products is stronger.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Minghao LI, Guishu LI, Song XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153376071664783926, articleId=1153375937535136152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=航空运输环境中锂离子电池热失控研究, columnId=1149830274575463188, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电池与储能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对民用航空运输过程中的锂离子电池热失控事故,通过模拟民机飞行过程中的低温低压环境,使用外部热源接触加热的方式触发锂离子电池热失控,探究变压变温环境下锂离子电池热失控特性。实验结果表明:锂离子电池热失控时间随飞行高度的升高而提前;在一定温度区间内,温度对热失控时间的影响大于气压;当环境温度降低到一定程度时,不会再对热失控峰值溫度产生影响; CO 体积分数随飞行高度的升高而增加; 热失控产生的固体颗粒物以0℃为界限存在差异,飞行高度为8km (80 kPa、10 ℃)时热失控产物燃烧性更强。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Kut4RF0bjap4P3y8nCnq8A==, magXml=r012i9WsLEBbR5Fi4lUzkA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=a26GFcrD8zZflq0cNSsahQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=A+oiQ/QO8Kx39Yo3NtZeHA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=李明浩, 黎桂树, 谢松)}, authors=[Author(id=1154032438960444252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1154032439010775901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, authorId=1154032438960444252, language=EN, stringName=Minghao LI, firstName=Minghao, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1154032439052718942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, authorId=1154032438960444252, language=CN, stringName=李明浩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=null), Author(id=1154032439119827808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1154032439182742369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, authorId=1154032439119827808, language=EN, stringName=Guishu LI, firstName=Guishu, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1154032439241462626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, authorId=1154032439119827808, language=CN, stringName=黎桂树, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=null), Author(id=1154032439308571492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1154032439782527855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, authorId=1154032439308571492, language=EN, stringName=Song XIE, firstName=Song, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1154032439832859506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, authorId=1154032439308571492, language=CN, stringName=谢松, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=null)], keywords=[Keyword(id=1154032440436839287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Lithium-ion battery), Keyword(id=1154032440508142456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=thermal runaway), Keyword(id=1154032440566862713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=product of combustion), Keyword(id=1154032440642360186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=low temperature), Keyword(id=1154032440717857659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=low air pressure), Keyword(id=1154032440772383612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=锂离子电池), Keyword(id=1154032440818520957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=热失控), Keyword(id=1154032440868852606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=燃烧产物), Keyword(id=1154032440935961471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=低温), Keyword(id=1154032441003070336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=低气压)], refs=[Reference(id=1154032444467565498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=9, issue=9, pageStart=30, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=杨敏, journalName=航空维修与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨敏. 锂电池在航空领域的应用再现曙光[J]. 航空维修与工程, 2017. 9(9): 30-32., articleTitle=锂电池在航空领域的应用再现曙光, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032444513702844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=9, issue=9, pageStart=30, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Yang Min, journalName=Aviation Maintenance & Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Min. Lithium battery began to return commercial aircraft[J]. Aviation Maintenance & Engineering, 2017. 9(9): 30-32 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Lithium battery began to return commercial aircraft, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032444576617406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=30, issue=11, pageStart=30, pageEnd=35, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=穆作栋, 程文渊, 宋刚, journalName=航空科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=穆作栋, 程文渊, 宋刚. 电推进技术在航空业的应用[J]. 航空科学技术, 2019. 30(11): 30-35., articleTitle=电推进技术在航空业的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032444652114879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=30, issue=11, pageStart=30, pageEnd=35, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Mu Zuodong, Cheng Wenyuan, Song Gang, journalName=Aeronautical Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mu Zuodong, Cheng Wenyuan, Song Gang. Application of electric propulsion technology in aviation industry[J]. Aeronautical Science & Technology, 2019. 30(11): 30-35 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Application of electric propulsion technology in aviation industry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032444710835138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=3, issue=1, pageStart=42, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=方谋, 赵骁, 陈敬波, journalName=储能科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=方谋, 赵骁, 陈敬波, 等. 从波音787 电池事故分析大型动力电池组的安全性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2014. 3(1): 42-46., articleTitle=从波音787 电池事故分析大型动力电池组的安全性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032444803109827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=3, issue=1, pageStart=42, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Fang Mou, Zhao Xiao, Chen Jingbo, journalName=Energy Storage Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fang Mou, Zhao Xiao, Chen Jingbo, et al. A case study of Japan airlines B-787 battery fire[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2014. 3(1): 42-46 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=A case study of Japan airlines B-787 battery fire, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032444866024388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=30, issue=11, pageStart=18, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=范振伟, 杨凤田, 项松, journalName=航空科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=范振伟, 杨凤田, 项松, 等. 我国电动飞机发展现状及建议[J]. 航空科学技术, 2019. 30(11): 18-21., articleTitle=我国电动飞机发展现状及建议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032444920550341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=30, issue=11, pageStart=18, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Fan Zhenwei, Yang Fengtian, Xiang Song, journalName=Aeronautical Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan Zhenwei, Yang Fengtian, Xiang Song, et al. Present situation and advice of electric aircraft development in China[J]. Aeronautical Science & Technology, 2019. 30(11): 18-21 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Present situation and advice of electric aircraft development in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032444991853510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=30, issue=11, pageStart=1, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=孙侠生, 程文渊, 穆作栋, journalName=航空科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙侠生, 程文渊, 穆作栋, 等. 电动飞机发展白皮书[J]. 航空科学技术, 2019. 30(11): 1-7., articleTitle=电动飞机发展白皮书, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445054768072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=30, issue=11, pageStart=1, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Sun Xiansheng, Cheng Wenyuan, Mu Zuodong, journalName=Aeronautical Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun Xiansheng, Cheng Wenyuan, Mu Zuodong, et al. White paper on the development of electric aircraft[J]. Aeronautical Science & Technology, 2019. 30(11): 1-7 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=White paper on the development of electric aircraft, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445117682634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=12, issue=6, pageStart=212, pageEnd=215, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=杜珺, 梁晓瑜, journalName=安全与环境学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杜珺, 梁晓瑜. 锂电池航空运输安全风险管理研究[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2012. 12(6): 212-215., articleTitle=锂电池航空运输安全风险管理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445168014284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=12, issue=6, pageStart=212, pageEnd=215, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Du Jun, Liang Xiaoyu, journalName=Journal of Safety and Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Du Jun, Liang Xiaoyu. On the security risk management of the lithium batteries in air transportation[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2012. 12(6): 212-215 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=On the security risk management of the lithium batteries in air transportation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445230928846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=51, issue=6, pageStart=558, pageEnd=562, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=陈现涛, 张旭, 赵一帆, journalName=电池, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈现涛, 张旭, 赵一帆, 等. 低气压及加热方式对锂离子电池热特性的影响[J]. 电池, 2021. 51(6): 558-562., articleTitle=低气压及加热方式对锂离子电池热特性的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445289649104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=51, issue=6, pageStart=558, pageEnd=562, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Chen Xiantao, Zhang Xu, Zhao Yifan, journalName=Battery Bimonthly, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Xiantao, Zhang Xu, Zhao Yifan, et al. Effect of low pressure and heating method on thermal characteristics of Li-ion battery[J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2021. 51(6): 558-562 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Effect of low pressure and heating method on thermal characteristics of Li-ion battery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445394506707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=407, pageEnd=411, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=崔潇丹, 丛晓民, 赵林双, journalName=电池, refType=null, unstructuredReference=崔潇丹, 丛晓民, 赵林双. 锂离子电池热失控气体及燃爆危险性研究进展[J]. 电池, 2021. 51(4): 407-411., articleTitle=锂离子电池热失控气体及燃爆危险性研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445457421269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=407, pageEnd=411, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Cui Xiaodan, Cong Xiaomin, Zhao Linshuang, journalName=Battery Bimonthly, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cui Xiaodan, Cong Xiaomin, Zhao Linshuang. Research progress in thermal runaway gases and explosion hazards of Li-ion battery[J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2021. 51(4): 407-411 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Research progress in thermal runaway gases and explosion hazards of Li-ion battery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445562278871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=16, authorNames=陈明毅, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈明毅. 常压和低压下锂原电池、锂离子电池火灾行为研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2017., articleTitle=常压和低压下锂原电池、锂离子电池火灾行为研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445620999130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Chen Mingyi, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Mingyi. Study on fire behaviors of primary lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries under normal and low pressures[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2017. (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Study on fire behaviors of primary lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries under normal and low pressures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445683913692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=125, issue=null, pageStart=1061, pageEnd=1074, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Chen Mingyi, Liu Jiahao, He Yaping, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Mingyi, Liu Jiahao, He Yaping, et al. Study of the fire hazards of lithium-ion batteries at different pressures[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017. 125: 1061-1074., articleTitle=Study of the fire hazards of lithium-ion batteries at different pressures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445734245343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=124, issue=2, pageStart=865, pageEnd=870, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Chen Mingyi, Liu Jiahao, Lin Xiao, journalName=Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Mingyi, Liu Jiahao, Lin Xiao, et al. Combustion characteristics of primary lithium battery at two altitudes[J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2016. 124(2): 865-870., articleTitle=Combustion characteristics of primary lithium battery at two altitudes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445826520034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=付阳阳, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=付阳阳. 典型锂离子电池和电解液燃烧特性及航空运输环境对其影响机制研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2017., articleTitle=典型锂离子电池和电解液燃烧特性及航空运输环境对其影响机制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445881045987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Fu Yangyang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fu Yangyang. Studies on combustion characteristics of typical lithium ion battery and its electrolyte as well as influence mechanism of air transport environment on them[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2017. (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Studies on combustion characteristics of typical lithium ion battery and its electrolyte as well as influence mechanism of air transport environment on them, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032445960737765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=161, issue=null, pageStart=38, pageEnd=45, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Fu Yangyang, Lu Song, Shi Long, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fu Yangyang, Lu Song, Shi Long, et al. Ignition and combustion characteristics of lithium ion batteries under low atmospheric pressure[J]. Energy, 2018. 161: 38-45., articleTitle=Ignition and combustion characteristics of lithium ion batteries under low atmospheric pressure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446040429542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=6, pageStart=110, pageEnd=115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=23, authorNames=沈俊杰, 王海斌, 贺元骅, journalName=中国安全生产科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=沈俊杰, 王海斌, 贺元骅, 等. 低压环境下不同三元圆柱锂电池热失控危险特性对比研究[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2020. 16(6): 110-115., articleTitle=低压环境下不同三元圆柱锂电池热失控危险特性对比研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446103344105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=6, pageStart=110, pageEnd=115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Shen Junjie, Wang Haibin, He Yuanhua, journalName=Journal of Safety Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shen Junjie, Wang Haibin, He Yuanhua, et al. Comparative study on thermal runaway hazardous characteristics of different ternary cylindrical lithium battery under low-pressure environment[J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2020. 16(6): 110-115 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Comparative study on thermal runaway hazardous characteristics of different ternary cylindrical lithium battery under low-pressure environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446174647273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=370, issue=null, pageStart=61, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Sheikh M, Elmarakbi A, Elkady M, journalName=Journal of Power Sources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sheikh M, Elmarakbi A, Elkady M. Thermal runaway detection of cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion battery under quasi-static loading conditions[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017. 370: 61-70., articleTitle=Thermal runaway detection of cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion battery under quasi-static loading conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446229173227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=43, issue=9, pageStart=1445, pageEnd=1447, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=26, authorNames=姚雷, 侯俊剑, 翟洪飞, journalName=电源技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姚雷, 侯俊剑, 翟洪飞, 等. 不同温度下锂离子动力电池特性研究[J]. 电源技术, 2019. 43(9): 1445-1447, 1452., articleTitle=不同温度下锂离子动力电池特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446304670700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=43, issue=9, pageStart=1445, pageEnd=1447, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Yao Lei, Hou Junjian, Zhai Hongfei, journalName=Chinese Journal of Power Sources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao Lei, Hou Junjian, Zhai Hongfei, et al. Study on the characteristics of lithium-ion battery under different ambient temperatures[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019. 43(9): 1445-1447, 1452 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Study on the characteristics of lithium-ion battery under different ambient temperatures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446367585261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=28, authorNames=张青松, 白伟, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张青松, 白伟. 冷链航空运输中锂锰电池安全性的影响因素[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2018, 37(6): 813-816., articleTitle=冷链航空运输中锂锰电池安全性的影响因素, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446422111214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=37, issue=6, pageStart=813, pageEnd=816, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Zhang Lei, Bai Wei, journalName=Fire Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Lei, Bai Wei. Factors affecting the safety of lithium manganese batteries in air transport of cold-chain cargo[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2018. 37(6): 813-816 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Factors affecting the safety of lithium manganese batteries in air transport of cold-chain cargo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446472442863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈婕, 孙均利, 赵敏. 锂离子电池火灾实验及残留物热重分析[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2015, 34(11): 1542-1544., articleTitle=锂离子电池火灾实验及残留物热重分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446539551728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=Fire Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Jie, Sun Junli, Zhao Min. Fire test of lithium-ion battery and residue TG analysis[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2015, 34(11): 1542-1544 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Fire test of lithium-ion battery and residue TG analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446594077681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=Dangerous Goods Regulations, (IATA-Resolution 618 Attachment” A ”), 58th Editon, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dangerous Goods Regulations, (IATA-Resolution 618 Attachment” A ”), 58th Editon[S]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446673769458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Power Sources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shin J S, Han C H, Jung U H, et al. Effect of Li2CO3 additive on gas generation in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 109(1): 47-52., articleTitle=Effect of Li2CO3 additive on gas generation in lithium-ion batteries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446728295411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of the Electrochemical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pasquier A D, Disma F, Bowmer T, et al. Differential scanning calorimetry study of the reactivity of carbon anodes in plastic Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1998, 145(2): 472-477., articleTitle=Differential scanning calorimetry study of the reactivity of carbon anodes in plastic Li-ion batteries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154032446795404276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Power Sources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aurbach D, Zaban A, Gofer Y, et al. Recent studies of the lithium-liquid electrolyte interface Electrochemical, morphological and spectral studies of a few important systems[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 1995, 54(1): 76-84., articleTitle=Recent studies of the lithium-liquid electrolyte interface Electrochemical, morphological and spectral studies of a few important systems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032443863585703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, awardId=2018YFC0809500, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC0809500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032443964249000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, awardId=2018YFC0809500, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YFC0809500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032444027163561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, awardId=2021YFSY0001, language=EN, fundingSource=Sichuan Province Science and Technology Program(2021YFSY0001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032444081689515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, awardId=2021YFSY0001, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技计划资助项目(2021YFSY0001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032444140409775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, awardId=MZ2022JB02, language=EN, fundingSource=Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(MZ2022JB02), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032444203324338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, awardId=MZ2022JB02, language=CN, fundingSource=民机火灾科学与安全工程四川省重点实验室自主资助项目(MZ2022JB02), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032444274627507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, awardId=J2021-098, language=EN, fundingSource=Civil Aviation Flight University of China(J2021-098), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032444333347766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, awardId=J2021-098, language=CN, fundingSource=中国民用航空飞行学院面上资助项目(J2021-098), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032438813643608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032438817837913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, companyId=1154032438813643608, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032438905918298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, companyId=1154032438813643608, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民用航空飞行学院 民航安全工程学院 广汉 618307)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154032442747900810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Test equipment, figureFileSmall=esS6nkQxNrYIbxEiEmu5DQ==, figureFileBig=akII6vm7byKG3jBUnp7/Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032442815009676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, label=图1, caption=测试设备, figureFileSmall=esS6nkQxNrYIbxEiEmu5DQ==, figureFileBig=akII6vm7byKG3jBUnp7/Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032442869535631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Thermal runaway temperature curve of lithium-ion battery in an environment with $0{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ and variable pressure, figureFileSmall=qm8ELdcmYqSGdss2Gc5veg==, figureFileBig=5hWTB1f2lAl+KOpSaCoa8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032442936644496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, label=图2, caption=${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、变压环境下锂离子电池热失控温度曲线, figureFileSmall=qm8ELdcmYqSGdss2Gc5veg==, figureFileBig=5hWTB1f2lAl+KOpSaCoa8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032442995364753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Thermal runaway temperature curve of lithium-ion battery in an environment with ${20}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ and variable temperature, figureFileSmall=5OoU2Liyb5m25TpnKv0Z3A==, figureFileBig=haCb4D7Jiv9GJuFIV9rkIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032443062473618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, label=图3, caption=${20}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 、变温环境下锂离子电池热失控温度曲线, figureFileSmall=5OoU2Liyb5m25TpnKv0Z3A==, figureFileBig=haCb4D7Jiv9GJuFIV9rkIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032443116999571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Thermal runaway temperature curves of lithium-ion battery in an environment with variable temperature and variable pressure, figureFileSmall=6OtyeLSBzje2/pX8VnwwTA==, figureFileBig=/wn2FglLw3YVdYScsRlrCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032443167331220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, label=图4, caption=变温变压环境下锂离子电池热失控温度曲线, figureFileSmall=6OtyeLSBzje2/pX8VnwwTA==, figureFileBig=/wn2FglLw3YVdYScsRlrCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032443213468565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparison of CO concentration at different flight altitudes, figureFileSmall=ol/eTX1uA/BEBsZA/LshGw==, figureFileBig=jmzmRp1c4MovhLtjjfcwmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032443263800214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同飞行高度下 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 体积分数对比, figureFileSmall=ol/eTX1uA/BEBsZA/LshGw==, figureFileBig=jmzmRp1c4MovhLtjjfcwmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032443318326167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Thermogravimetric analysis of thermal runaway solid particles, figureFileSmall=bwy46SntjlNTPWIPxFmLAw==, figureFileBig=3wymszBPiQGIAP0E3FKVzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032443398017948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, label=图6, caption=热失控固体颗粒物热重分析, figureFileSmall=bwy46SntjlNTPWIPxFmLAw==, figureFileBig=3wymszBPiQGIAP0E3FKVzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032443477709726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameters of lithium-ion battery used in experiment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值及条件
标称容量/(mA·h) 2600(0.2C 放电)
充电电压/V ${4.20}\pm {0.03}$
标称电压/V 3.65
最大充电电流/mA ${260}(0{}^{}T ^{}$0.1C)</td></tr><tr><td>780(5 °C < T ≤15 °C0.3C)</td></tr><tr><td>1300(15°C<$ T$°C0.5C)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="3">最大放电电流/mA</td><td>$ {2600}(- {20}{}^{}T {}$1.0C)</td></tr><tr><td>7800(5 °C < T ≤45 °C3.0C)</td></tr><tr><td>$ {3900}({45}{} {}< T ^{}$1.5C)</td></tr><tr><td>标准 放电</td><td>恒流放电电 流/mA</td><td>520(0.2C)</td></tr><tr><td>方式</td><td>终止电压/V</td><td>2.75</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">平均质量/g</td><td>$ {44}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032443549012897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, label=表1, caption=实验用锂离子电池参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值及条件
标称容量/(mA·h) 2600(0.2C 放电)
充电电压/V ${4.20}\pm {0.03}$
标称电压/V 3.65
最大充电电流/mA ${260}(0{}^{}T ^{}$0.1C)</td></tr><tr><td>780(5 °C < T ≤15 °C0.3C)</td></tr><tr><td>1300(15°C<$ T$°C0.5C)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="3">最大放电电流/mA</td><td>$ {2600}(- {20}{}^{}T {}$1.0C)</td></tr><tr><td>7800(5 °C < T ≤45 °C3.0C)</td></tr><tr><td>$ {3900}({45}{} {}< T ^{}$1.5C)</td></tr><tr><td>标准 放电</td><td>恒流放电电 流/mA</td><td>520(0.2C)</td></tr><tr><td>方式</td><td>终止电压/V</td><td>2.75</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">平均质量/g</td><td>$ {44}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032443624510372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Setting of working condition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
飞行高度/km 温度/℃ 气压/kPa
0 25 96
2 10 80
6 0 60
8 -20 40
11 -50 20
), ArticleFig(id=1154032443691619238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375937535136152, language=CN, label=表2, caption=工况设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
飞行高度/km 温度/℃ 气压/kPa
0 25 96
2 10 80
6 0 60
8 -20 40
11 -50 20
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1046111678587809797, delFlag=0, nameCn=电源学报, nameEn=Journal of Power Supply, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2095-2805, eissn=, cn=12-1420/TM, coden=null, periodic=bio-monthly, language=CN, oaType=是, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=Mx+A2dn+ULnPHuEAI1LruQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=J Power Supp, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1759802942253, createdBy=null, updatedBy=18614031015, firstLetterCn=J, firstLetterEn=J, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=工程, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=Mx+A2dn+ULnPHuEAI1LruQ==, picEn=yHt2vwjzkDgqh+JDCfJKoQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1162453073839375337, language=CN, name=电源学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.jops.cn/EN/home, createdTime=1755080010137, updatedTime=1755080010137, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.jops.cn/CN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionReviewUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1162453073902289898, language=EN, name=Journal of Power Supply, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.jops.cn/CN/home, createdTime=1755080010152, updatedTime=1755080010152, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.jops.cn/EN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionReviewUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/jops, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146031654075715584, websiteList=[Website(id=1146832214672683008, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031654075715584, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1751355707101, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753435268747, updateBy=18614031015, name=电源学报-英文站点, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=电源学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155559379819679852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753436425404, updateTime=1753436425404, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155559379798708329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753436425399, updateTime=1753436425399, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155559379781931112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=efYTu4aDDzS8GgTA1MjEKw==, createTime=1753436425396, updateTime=1753436425396, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155559379811291243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753436425402, updateTime=1753436425402, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155559379802902634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146832214672683008, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753436425400, updateTime=1753436425400, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1148243202240405915, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031654075715584, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751692112741, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753435242839, updateBy=18614031015, name=电源学报-中文站点, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=电源学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148618015060553758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751781475081, updateTime=1751781475081, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618015035387931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751781475075, updateTime=1751781475075, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618015022805018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=efYTu4aDDzS8GgTA1MjEKw==, createTime=1751781475072, updateTime=1751781475072, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618015052165149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751781475079, updateTime=1751781475079, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618015043776540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202240405915, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751781475077, updateTime=1751781475077, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=电源学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://www.jops.cn/CN/home, iacademicId=null, status=0, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Power Supply, journalPhotoCn=Mx+A2dn+ULnPHuEAI1LruQ==, journalPhotoEn=yHt2vwjzkDgqh+JDCfJKoQ==, journalFirstLetter=J, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=null, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/EN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/PDF/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/EN/PDF/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
航空运输环境中锂离子电池热失控研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
李明浩 , 黎桂树 , 谢松
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(6): 253-259
收起
收藏切换
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(6): 253-259
航空运输环境中锂离子电池热失控研究
全屏
李明浩, 黎桂树, 谢松
作者信息
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院 民航安全工程学院 广汉 618307
Research on Thermal Runaway of Lithium-ion Battery in Aviation Transportation Environment
Minghao LI, Guishu LI, Song XIE
Affiliations
  • College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253
文章导航
收藏切换

针对民用航空运输过程中的锂离子电池热失控事故,通过模拟民机飞行过程中的低温低压环境,使用外部热源接触加热的方式触发锂离子电池热失控,探究变压变温环境下锂离子电池热失控特性。实验结果表明:锂离子电池热失控时间随飞行高度的升高而提前;在一定温度区间内,温度对热失控时间的影响大于气压;当环境温度降低到一定程度时,不会再对热失控峰值溫度产生影响; CO 体积分数随飞行高度的升高而增加; 热失控产生的固体颗粒物以0℃为界限存在差异,飞行高度为8km (80 kPa、10 ℃)时热失控产物燃烧性更强。

锂离子电池  /  热失控  /  燃烧产物  /  低温  /  低气压

Aimed at the thermal runaway accident of lithium-ion batteries in the process of civil aviation transportation, through the simulation of a low-temperature and low-pressure environment during the civil aircraft flight, the thermal runaway of a lithium-ion battery is triggered by contact heating of an external heat source, and the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion battery in a variable pressure and variable temperature environment are explored. Results show that the thermal runaway time of lithium-ion battery advances with an increase in the flight altitude. Within a certain temperature range, temperature has a greater impact on the thermal runaway time than air pressure. When the ambient temperature decreases to a certain extent, it will no longer affect the peak temperature of thermal runaway. The CO concentration increases with an increase in the flight altitude. The solid particles produced by thermal runaway are different at a limit of 0 °C. When the flight altitude is 8 km (80 kPa, 10 °C), the combustion of thermal runaway products is stronger.

Lithium-ion battery  /  thermal runaway  /  product of combustion  /  low temperature  /  low air pressure
李明浩, 黎桂树, 谢松. 航空运输环境中锂离子电池热失控研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 253 -259 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253
Minghao LI, Guishu LI, Song XIE. Research on Thermal Runaway of Lithium-ion Battery in Aviation Transportation Environment[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 253 -259 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253
随着绿色环保思想不断被各国科技制造业所接受, 新能源技术有了较大的发展, 其中锂离子电池作为主要产品在航空制造上得到了广泛应用[1],使得航空制造能够朝着 “电推进技术” 的方向不断发展[2]。这其中就包括美国波音公司在 2013 年推出了采用锂离子电池的波音 787 多电飞机,我国于 2019 年推出了以锂离子电池为飞机动力的锐翔全电飞机[3-5]。在满足自身能源需求外,航空飞机也是锂离子电池的运输主体, 航空运输量逐年增长[6],但是近年来不断发生的锂离子电池不安全事故严重影响了锂离子电池在航空业的未来发展。
针对航空运输锂离子电池, 诸多学者进行了相关实验研究[7-8]。在低压方面,陈明毅[9] 和 Chen Mingyi 等[10-11]${64.3}\mathrm{{kPa}}$${101.8}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 这 2 个压力环境下采用 18650 型锂离子电池开展热失控研究, 发现低压环境下锂离子电池安全阀更容易破裂,气体释放时间也更早,荷电状态 SOC(state of charge) 越高,则燃烧热量越高;付阳阳[12] 和 Fu Yangyang 等[13]${30}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 环境下测得的放气时间是${101}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 环境下测得放气时间的 1.4 倍,压力对气体体积分数梯度的影响要大于扩散系数, 气体扩散通量随压力降低而减少;沈俊杰等[14]${30}\mathrm{{kPa}}$${101}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 环境下测得 21700 锂离子电池的热失控峰值温度分别为${750}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${800}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,测得 18650 锂离子电池的热失控峰值温度分别为${600}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${650}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,证明电池容量越高, 热失控峰值温度越高, 但随着气压的降低,热失控峰值温度均会有所降低。在低温方面, Sheikh M 等[15] 对 18650 锂离子电池进行与荷电状态相关的机械故障分析, 结果表明电池可以短暂的在极端环境下工作, 但是被破坏的过程仍在进行, 最终会导致热失控发生;姚雷等[16] 在不同环境温度下对锰酸锂和磷酸铁锂电池进行分析, 结果证明随温度的降低, 2 种电池的欧姆阻抗和极化阻抗均迅速上升, 温度应力变化会导致内部相变过程的差异;张青松等[17] 在常温常压和机舱模拟环境下对扣式锂锰电池进行了热失控研究, 发现在环境温度为 7.8 C时的热失控时间相比${20}\mathrm{C}$ 时约缩短了$5\mathrm{\;s}$, 且最高温度比常压高了${130.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。在锂离子电池热失控泄漏毒物方面,陈捷等[18] 对常用 18650 型三元锂离子电池过充、外短路、针刺等进行实验, 证明不同的破坏原因会导致锂离子电池正极材料残留物呈现不同的特征值, 其中过充对正极材料破坏最明显,外短路和针刺后正极材料有效成分留存较多。
综上所述, 虽然针对锂离子电池热失控已经开展了大量研究, 但是上述研究均是从单一环境变量角度研究锂离子电池的热灾害, 而在以气压为变量的工况中忽略了温度的影响, 并且在以温度为变量的工况中忽略了气压的影响。在实际飞行环境中, 气压和温度是同时存在且不断发生变化的, 将 2 种变量结合开展对锂离子电池热失控的研究显然会更加科学,更加遵循客观规律。
2018 年 5 月 4 日,四川航空 3U8633 航班机组执行航班任务时, 在万米高空突遇驾驶舱挡风玻璃爆裂脱落和座舱释压的情况, 机舱内瞬间处于低温低压的极端环境, 且随着迫降高度的下降, 温度和气压也在不断发生变化,如果在这种环境中由于短路或者撞击引发锂离子电池热失控事故, 那么热失控规律会如何变化, 高空火灾防护及救援又应如何开展。针对这一问题, 上述研究中也尚未涉及, 不能完全涵盖锂离子电池热失控的影响因素, 相关的实验研究有待进一步补充和完善。因此, 本文通过气压组和温度组相结合的形式对变温变压环境下的锂离子电池热危险性进行研究, 以期对锂离子电池的安全使用和运输提供参考。
本次实验使用的平台为中国民用航空飞行学院民机防火救援技术重点实验室的 FRC350 高低压变温实验舱(定制),如图1(a)所示。舱体分为外舱和小球内舱, 其中小球内舱可调节变温范围为$-{60}\sim -{50}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,可调节气压范围为$0 \sim {200}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,可以设置任何飞行高度对应的气压和温度且通过人机交互界面进行温度控制;小球内舱还配置了压力与温度传感器, 可以实时显示舱内压力和温度曲线变化, 满足实验要求。锂离子电池热失控触发装置位于小球舱内部,如图1(b)所示,通过接口连接舱体外部测试装置; 使用直流稳压电源(东莞产)给加热棒供电,加热棒(泰州产)稳定功率为${200}\mathrm{\;W}$,最高加热温度为${400}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$; 使用点状焊接的高灵敏度铠装$\mathrm{K}$ 型热电偶(泰州产)测量电池池体温度,热电偶连接无纸记录仪(杭州产)以 1 次/s 的频率采集温度数据;烟气通过排气孔被收集在特定的气体密封袋中(20 L)并使用 MRU OPTIMA7 烟气分析仪(德国产)对气体进行分析, 该烟气分析仪可以测量多种气体$\left({\mathrm{{CO}}\text{、}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}}\right.$ 等) 成分,测量精度为$\pm {0.2}\%$
实验所用的锂离子电池为国产力神(苏州产)品牌量产型 18650 锂离子电池,正极为${\mathrm{{LiNi}}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{{Co}}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{{Mn}}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, 负极材料为石墨,容量为${2600}\mathrm{\;{mA}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$。此款 18650 锂离子电池为市场主流产品, 具有一定的研究代表性。根据 DGR58 版[19] 执行 P1965 锂电池荷电量 SOC 不得超过 30%的规定, 实验中锂离子电池容量设置为 30%SOC,具体参数如表1所示。实验将加热棒和锂离子电池固定在加热架底部, 并紧紧贴合,锂离子电池摆放位置为正极朝上,负极朝下。 根据飞行高度设置的工况如表2所示。热电偶测温尖端位于锂离子电池正极侧水平位置。实验重复 3 次以上, 确保数据的真实性和有效性, 实验选择数据波动范围$\pm 3{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
民机飞行是一个动态变化的过程, 不同飞行高度对应着不同的气压和温度, 本文通过将动态问题静态化处理, 揭示气压、温度 2 种因素影响下的锂离子电池热失控规律。首先,通过分析${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、不同气压环境下的锂离子电池热失控规律, 得出单一因素气压的影响;接着,通过分析${20}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 、不同环境温度下锂离子电池的热失控规律, 得出单一因素温度的影响;最后,通过结合 2 个单一变量气压和温度进而分析变温变压环境下的锂离子电池热失控规律。
${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、变压环境下锂离子电池热失控温度曲线如图2所示。可见: 在${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、不同气压环境下,整个热失控峰值温度曲线总体呈现$\mathrm{U}$ 型排列;${20}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 气压环境下的热失控峰值温度最高,达到了${650}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,而${60}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 气压环境下的热失控峰值温度最低,为${550}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,最大温差值达到了${100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$; 热失控时间则随着气压的不断升高而延长,${20}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 气压环境下锂离子电池发生热失控时间为${497}\mathrm{\;s}$,而${96}\mathrm{\;{kPa}}$ 气压环境下锂离子电池发生热失控时间为${902}\mathrm{\;s}$, 最长相差${405}\mathrm{\;s}$。锂离子电池的安全阀破裂临界压力是 1 个常数[9],当气压比较低时,需要的压力更低, 因此在低气压环境下锂离子电池更容易发生热失控。
${20}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 、变温环境下锂离子电池热失控温度曲线如图3所示。可见: 在低压变温环境下, 整体锂离子电池热失控峰值温度曲线呈现倒$\mathrm{U}$ 型;锂离子电池热失控最高温度为${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 环境下的${653}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,最低温度为${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 环境下的${582}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,温差值为${71}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$; 从热失控时间来看, 环境温度越高的工况, 热失控时间越短, 整体规律为随着环境温度降低, 热失控时间逐渐增长,最长为$-{50}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 环境下的${603}\mathrm{\;s}$,最短为${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时的${398}\mathrm{\;s}$,时间间隔为${205}\mathrm{\;s}$
结合实验布置环境分析,在特定低压(20kPa) 环境下, 氧气体积分数、加热功率等定量均保持不变, 唯一变量为环境温度; 当加热棒工作时, 产生的热量可分为 2 个部分:一是加热棒与电池直接接触部分, 直接提供热量; 二是与锂电池不接触部分, 这部分热量随加热棒距离电池的位置远近做功不同。近处的热量, 通过热辐射加速锂电池热失控进程; 远处的热量, 向空气中散失造成热损失, 且环境温度越低,热损失越高,热失控所需时间越长。
在低温、低压环境下, 随着温度降低, 电解液黏性增大, 甚至部分凝固, 锂离子电池的欧姆阻抗和极化阻抗均会变大[16],导致锂离子电池稳定性变差, 耐热性变差, 导致热失控温度升高, 这一规律与张青松等[17] 的研究结果一致,但该结果存在一定局限性。由图3中曲线可以看到,在${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 变化的过程中,热失控温度逐步升高,但在${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 之后的$-{20}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$$-{50}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 环境下热失控峰值温度持平, 这说明环境温度的影响有一定区间限制。原因有二: 其一是$-{20}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$$-{50}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 环境下,电池和加热棒不接触部分的热量全部散失, 无法对锂离子电池热失控进程形成影响, 锂离子电池热失控所需的热量相同;其二是当环境温度降低到一定程度时,电池内部电解液不再发生变化, 当接受到相同热量的外源刺激时, 反应同步进行。
变温变压环境下锂离子电池热失控温度曲线如图4所示。可见在变温变压环境下, 热失控温度峰值曲线整体较为平滑,$-{20}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${40}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 环境下的热失控峰值最高温度为${635}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},0{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${60}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 环境下的热失控峰值最低温度为${583}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,温差大小为${52}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。结合单一气压因素导致的锂离子电池热失控$\mathrm{U}$ 型曲线和单一温度因素导致的锂离子电池热失控倒 U 型曲线,说明气压和温度的综合影响能够降低热失控峰值温度的温差值大小。热失控时间则随着飞行高度的增高而延长, 热失控时间最短的是${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${96}\mathrm{{kPa}}$${402}\mathrm{\;s}$,热失控时间最长的是$-{50}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${20}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 下的${698}\mathrm{\;s}$,相差${296}\mathrm{\;s}$
结合图3图4可以看到, 当温度梯度保持一定而气压梯度不断变化时, 并未导致不同工况热失控时间次序发生变化, 这说明在气压和温度的综合影响中温度的影响要大于气压。结合图2图4可以看到, 在气压梯度不变的情况下, 环境温度梯度的改变明显改变了锂离子电池热失控时间的次序, 进一步验证了以上结论。
不同工况对应着不同的飞行高度, 通过对比可以看到,${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\text{、}{60}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 时锂离子电池热失控最低温度为${543}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,此时飞行高度约为$6\mathrm{\;{km}}$。当处于$6\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 飞行高度时, 热失控热灾害相对更小, 有利于高空货舱火灾救援, 可为民航飞机的应急救援提供重要参考, 有利于民机航空运输锂离子电池相关测试标准的修订和防护标准的制定。
有机烃材料不完全燃烧会产生大量有毒气体和可燃气体, 这些气体会明显增加火灾危险性。有毒气体的积累所造成的厌氧环境会使人感到不舒服,可燃气体与${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ (氧气)的混合体积分数达到着火和爆炸的极限可能会引起二次火灾。在热失控实验结束后,本文利用 MRU OPTIMA7 烟气分析仪对收集到的烟气进行实时测定并记录, 这里以体积分数变化最明显的$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 进行分析,不同飞行高度下 CO 体积分数对比如图5所示。
随着飞行高度的增加, 气压和温度不断发生变化,$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 体积分数逐渐增大,最高与最低体积分数相差 9 倍。$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 作为不充分燃烧的代表性气体,其生成的整体体积分数差异反映了电池内部化学反应进行的剧烈程度。$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 主要来源于 2 个部分: 当 SEI 膜分解之后,缺少隔断层保护,${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 和负极嵌$\mathrm{{Li}}$ 接触并发生还原反应,$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 产生; 同时,电解液的不完全氧化也产生了CO[20-22]。在${20}\mathrm{{kPa}}\text{、}- {50}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 环境中,$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 体积分数最高,这是因为浮力减小导致对流减弱[12-13],氧气供给不足,抑制了燃烧反应的进行; 同时, 极端的低温环境造成加热棒更大的热损失,促进燃烧反应的热辐射减少,使$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 等易燃有毒气体不能二次反应, 2 种因素结合导致大量的 CO 积聚。过高的可燃性气体体积分数会导致复燃的可能性加大, 同时过量的有毒有害气体也会造成机上人员窒息或中毒。
多次重复实验, 收集热失控结束后的固体颗粒物。固体颗粒物整体分为 2 类: 环境温度高于${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的,呈固态颗粒状; 环境温度低于 0 ℃ 的,有黏性。 按照飞行高度由高至低, 锂离子电池热失控残余质量分别为${37.77}\text{、}{37.69}\text{、}{37.50}\text{、}{37.48}\text{、}{37.05}\mathrm{\;g}$。 通过和未进行热失控的锂离子电池质量(${43.85}\mathrm{\;g}$ ) 对比可以看到, 质量损失了约 14%, 残留物质更多, 二次引燃条件下有潜在危险性。图6为热失控条件下对固体颗粒物进行的热重分析。
图6可以看到在不同飞行高度情况下 18650 锂离子电池热失控产物空气气氛下的$T - G$ 曲线。实验中,吹扫空气流量为${20}\mathrm{\;{mL}}/\mathrm{{min}}$,实验温度为${50}\sim$ ${900}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,升温速率为${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$。对比图6中的曲线可以看到不同飞行高度下的热重及对应的热解反应不同: 在环境温度高于$0{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,曲线$\mathrm{a}$ 和曲线$\mathrm{b}$ 均在${170}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 开始第 1 次失重,在${600}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时的反应逐渐结束,在这个过程中失重率分别为 39%和 66%, 接着在 700 ℃时第 2 次失重,在 900 ℃结束,失重率分别为$7\%$$8\%$,表明当温度达到${700}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时剩余式样再次反应导致质量降低;在环境温度高于${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,曲线$\mathrm{c}$ 、曲线$\mathrm{d}$ 、曲线$\mathrm{e}$ 也在${170}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 开始失重, 170~500°C的失重率分别为 82%、76%、74%,${500}\sim {650}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的失重率分别为$9\%$${9.8}\%$${10}\%$,各峰之间无明显界限, 可能与物质成分的析出燃烧温度不同有关。综上对比可以看出,曲线$\mathrm{a}$ 和曲线$\mathrm{b}$ 约在${900}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 基本燃尽,曲线$\mathrm{c}$ 、曲线$\mathrm{d}$ 、曲线$\mathrm{e}$ 则约在${650}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 基本燃尽。曲线$\mathrm{b}$ 总失重质量最大,说明在飞行高度为$8\mathrm{\;{km}}\left({{80}\mathrm{{kPa}}\text{、}{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 时热失控产物燃烧性更强。以环境温度${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 为界限,锂离子电池热失控固体颗粒物种类存在差异,这些研究将为民机火灾防控, 适航审定等提供参考。
本文通过模拟民机飞行高度的变化, 设置 5 个典型飞行高度所对应的气压和温度值研究单一变量气压和单一变量温度对锂离子电池热失控的影响, 然后结合 2 种变量综合分析了锂离子电池热失控温度参数, 并进一步对热失控产物(烟气和固体颗粒物)进行了深度分析。主要结论如下。
(1)在${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 、不同气压环境下,热失控时间随着气压的降低不断提前,低压环境下更容易发生热失控。
(2)在${20}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 、不同温度环境下,热失控曲线呈倒 U 型; 热失控时间随着环境温度的降低不断延长; 在 0 ℃ 以前, 热失控峰值温度随环境温度的下降不断升高;在$0{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以后,当环境温度降低到一定程度时, 热失控峰值温度略有下降并不再发生变化。
(3)在不同飞行高度环境下,热失控曲线整体较为平滑; 热失控时间随着飞行高度的升高不断延长; 温度对热失控时间的影响超过了气压;$0{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${60}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 环境对应的$6\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 更有利于救援。
(4)CO 气体体积分数随飞行高度的增加不断增加, 电池内部化学反应和热失控反应强度随飞行高度的增加而降低。
(5)锂离子电池热失控以$0{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 为界限生成种类不同的固体颗粒物,飞行高度为$8\mathrm{\;{km}}\left({{80}\mathrm{{kPa}}}\right.$ 、 10°C)时热失控产物燃烧性更强。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YFC0809500)
  • 四川省科技计划资助项目(2021YFSY0001)
  • 民机火灾科学与安全工程四川省重点实验室自主资助项目(MZ2022JB02)
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院面上资助项目(J2021-098)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
杨敏. 锂电池在航空领域的应用再现曙光[J]. 航空维修与工程, 2017. 9(9): 30-32.
Yang Min. Lithium battery began to return commercial aircraft[J]. Aviation Maintenance & Engineering, 2017. 9(9): 30-32 (in Chinese).
[2]
穆作栋, 程文渊, 宋刚. 电推进技术在航空业的应用[J]. 航空科学技术, 2019. 30(11): 30-35.
Mu Zuodong, Cheng Wenyuan, Song Gang. Application of electric propulsion technology in aviation industry[J]. Aeronautical Science & Technology, 2019. 30(11): 30-35 (in Chinese).
[3]
方谋, 赵骁, 陈敬波, 等. 从波音787 电池事故分析大型动力电池组的安全性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2014. 3(1): 42-46.
Fang Mou, Zhao Xiao, Chen Jingbo, et al. A case study of Japan airlines B-787 battery fire[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2014. 3(1): 42-46 (in Chinese).
[4]
范振伟, 杨凤田, 项松, 等. 我国电动飞机发展现状及建议[J]. 航空科学技术, 2019. 30(11): 18-21.
Fan Zhenwei, Yang Fengtian, Xiang Song, et al. Present situation and advice of electric aircraft development in China[J]. Aeronautical Science & Technology, 2019. 30(11): 18-21 (in Chinese).
[5]
孙侠生, 程文渊, 穆作栋, 等. 电动飞机发展白皮书[J]. 航空科学技术, 2019. 30(11): 1-7.
Sun Xiansheng, Cheng Wenyuan, Mu Zuodong, et al. White paper on the development of electric aircraft[J]. Aeronautical Science & Technology, 2019. 30(11): 1-7 (in Chinese).
[6]
杜珺, 梁晓瑜. 锂电池航空运输安全风险管理研究[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2012. 12(6): 212-215.
Du Jun, Liang Xiaoyu. On the security risk management of the lithium batteries in air transportation[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2012. 12(6): 212-215 (in Chinese).
[7]
陈现涛, 张旭, 赵一帆, 等. 低气压及加热方式对锂离子电池热特性的影响[J]. 电池, 2021. 51(6): 558-562.
Chen Xiantao, Zhang Xu, Zhao Yifan, et al. Effect of low pressure and heating method on thermal characteristics of Li-ion battery[J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2021. 51(6): 558-562 (in Chinese).
[8]
崔潇丹, 丛晓民, 赵林双. 锂离子电池热失控气体及燃爆危险性研究进展[J]. 电池, 2021. 51(4): 407-411.
Cui Xiaodan, Cong Xiaomin, Zhao Linshuang. Research progress in thermal runaway gases and explosion hazards of Li-ion battery[J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2021. 51(4): 407-411 (in Chinese).
[9]
陈明毅. 常压和低压下锂原电池、锂离子电池火灾行为研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2017.
Chen Mingyi. Study on fire behaviors of primary lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries under normal and low pressures[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2017. (in Chinese).
[10]
Chen Mingyi, Liu Jiahao, He Yaping, et al. Study of the fire hazards of lithium-ion batteries at different pressures[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017. 125: 1061-1074.
[11]
Chen Mingyi, Liu Jiahao, Lin Xiao, et al. Combustion characteristics of primary lithium battery at two altitudes[J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2016. 124(2): 865-870.
[12]
付阳阳. 典型锂离子电池和电解液燃烧特性及航空运输环境对其影响机制研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2017.
Fu Yangyang. Studies on combustion characteristics of typical lithium ion battery and its electrolyte as well as influence mechanism of air transport environment on them[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2017. (in Chinese).
[13]
Fu Yangyang, Lu Song, Shi Long, et al. Ignition and combustion characteristics of lithium ion batteries under low atmospheric pressure[J]. Energy, 2018. 161: 38-45.
[14]
沈俊杰, 王海斌, 贺元骅, 等. 低压环境下不同三元圆柱锂电池热失控危险特性对比研究[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2020. 16(6): 110-115.
Shen Junjie, Wang Haibin, He Yuanhua, et al. Comparative study on thermal runaway hazardous characteristics of different ternary cylindrical lithium battery under low-pressure environment[J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2020. 16(6): 110-115 (in Chinese).
[15]
Sheikh M, Elmarakbi A, Elkady M. Thermal runaway detection of cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion battery under quasi-static loading conditions[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017. 370: 61-70.
[16]
姚雷, 侯俊剑, 翟洪飞, 等. 不同温度下锂离子动力电池特性研究[J]. 电源技术, 2019. 43(9): 1445-1447, 1452.
Yao Lei, Hou Junjian, Zhai Hongfei, et al. Study on the characteristics of lithium-ion battery under different ambient temperatures[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019. 43(9): 1445-1447, 1452 (in Chinese).
[17]
张青松, 白伟. 冷链航空运输中锂锰电池安全性的影响因素[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2018, 37(6): 813-816.
Zhang Lei, Bai Wei. Factors affecting the safety of lithium manganese batteries in air transport of cold-chain cargo[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2018. 37(6): 813-816 (in Chinese).
[18]
陈婕, 孙均利, 赵敏. 锂离子电池火灾实验及残留物热重分析[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2015, 34(11): 1542-1544.
Chen Jie, Sun Junli, Zhao Min. Fire test of lithium-ion battery and residue TG analysis[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2015, 34(11): 1542-1544 (in Chinese).
[19]
Dangerous Goods Regulations, (IATA-Resolution 618 Attachment” A ”), 58th Editon[S].
[20]
Shin J S, Han C H, Jung U H, et al. Effect of Li2CO3 additive on gas generation in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 109(1): 47-52.
[21]
Pasquier A D, Disma F, Bowmer T, et al. Differential scanning calorimetry study of the reactivity of carbon anodes in plastic Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1998, 145(2): 472-477.
[22]
Aurbach D, Zaban A, Gofer Y, et al. Recent studies of the lithium-liquid electrolyte interface Electrochemical, morphological and spectral studies of a few important systems[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 1995, 54(1): 76-84.
2024年第22卷第6期
PDF下载
493
208
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253
  • 接收时间:2021-10-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2021-10-31
  • 修回日期:2021-12-26
  • 录用日期:2022-01-22
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC0809500)
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YFC0809500)
Sichuan Province Science and Technology Program(2021YFSY0001)
四川省科技计划资助项目(2021YFSY0001)
Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(MZ2022JB02)
民机火灾科学与安全工程四川省重点实验室自主资助项目(MZ2022JB02)
Civil Aviation Flight University of China(J2021-098)
中国民用航空飞行学院面上资助项目(J2021-098)
作者信息
    中国民用航空飞行学院 民航安全工程学院 广汉 618307
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.253
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏