Article(id=1153375932757823878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.217, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1629216000000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-18, revisedDate=1634659200000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-20, acceptedDate=1635696000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-11-01, onlineDate=1752915851058, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915851058, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915851058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915851058, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=217, endPage=224, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375933152088456, articleId=1153375932757823878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=SOC Prediction of Li-ion Battery Pack Based on ISSA-KELM, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the difficulty in predicting the state-of-charge (SOC) of a Li-ion battery pack, an SOC prediction model based on kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) optimized by the improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) is proposed. First, Logistic chaotic mapping is introduced to improve the standard SSA and acquire the best population individuals. Second, the improved algorithm is used to optimize the kernel function parameter S and penalty coefficient C of KELM to create an ISSA-KELM prediction model. The simulation is carried out utilizing the historical data from an energystorage device, and the results predicted by ELM, KELM and ISSA-ISSA-KELM models were compared and analyzed. In addition, the robustness of the model was verified using data under other working conditions. Results show that the root mean square error and mean absolute error of predicted SOC decreased to 2.06% and 1.54%, respectively. The proposed model improved the prediction accuracy, and its convergence, generalization and robustness were also satisfying.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yingda ZHANG, Hongyan MA, Jiaming DOU, Shuai WANG, Shengyan LI, Lujin HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153376020674630183, articleId=1153375932757823878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=基于 ISSA-KELM 的锂离子电池组 SOC预测, columnId=1149830274575463188, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电池与储能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对锂离子电池组荷电状态 SOC(state-of-charge)难以预测的问题,提出改进麻雀搜索算法 ISSA(improved sparrow search algorithm)优化核极限学习机KELM(kernel extreme learning machine)的 SOC 预测模型。首先,引入 Logistic 混沌映射改进标准 SSA, 获取最优种群个体;其次,采用改进算法优化 KELM 的核函数参数S和惩罚系数 C,建立 ISSA-KELM预测模型;最后,利用某储能设备的历史数据进行仿真研究,对比分析ELM、KELM 和 ISSA-KELM模型的预测结果,并选用其他工况数据验证模型的鲁棒性。结果表明,SOC预测均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别减小至2.06%和1.54%,证明所提模型的预测精度提高,具有良好的收敛性、泛化性及鲁棒性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pniuXnppMcou03oFUVnsZw==, magXml=t+RARpyDTD8pVPE/OKei3w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5M6amn+mFyoZonGwFrXOug==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cOKTr7nm2BrejW5NnF8UTA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张英达(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池储能系统、智能算法。E-mail:1129754997@qq.com。

马鸿雁(1971- ),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、建筑设备节能控制、储能技术。E-mail: mahongyan@bucea.edu.cn

窦嘉铭(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力需求侧管理与电能质量控制。E-mail:djmmjddjmmjd@163.com。

王帅(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:建筑能耗预测及动力电池储能系统研究。E-mail: 565864152@qq.com。

李晟延(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:建筑节能及照明系统。E-mail:1170367423@qq.com。

胡璐锦(1987-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:城市大数据挖掘分析与应用。E-mail:hulujin@bucea.edu.cn。

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张英达(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池储能系统、智能算法。E-mail:1129754997@qq.com。

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张英达(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池储能系统、智能算法。E-mail:1129754997@qq.com。

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马鸿雁(1971- ),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、建筑设备节能控制、储能技术。E-mail: mahongyan@bucea.edu.cn

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马鸿雁(1971- ),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、建筑设备节能控制、储能技术。E-mail: mahongyan@bucea.edu.cn

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窦嘉铭(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力需求侧管理与电能质量控制。E-mail:djmmjddjmmjd@163.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

窦嘉铭(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力需求侧管理与电能质量控制。E-mail:djmmjddjmmjd@163.com。

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王帅(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:建筑能耗预测及动力电池储能系统研究。E-mail: 565864152@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王帅(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:建筑能耗预测及动力电池储能系统研究。E-mail: 565864152@qq.com。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032437043651221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032437047845526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, companyId=1154032437043651221, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Electrical and Information Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032438910116524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, companyId=1154032437043651221, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京建筑大学 电气与信息工程学院 北京 100044)])]), Author(id=1154032442743710435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1170367423@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1154032442823402213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, authorId=1154032442743710435, language=EN, stringName=Shengyan LI, firstName=Shengyan, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Electrical and Information Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1154032442890511078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, authorId=1154032442743710435, language=CN, stringName=李晟延, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 北京建筑大学 电气与信息工程学院 北京 100044, bio={"content":"

李晟延(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:建筑节能及照明系统。E-mail:1170367423@qq.com。

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李晟延(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:建筑节能及照明系统。E-mail:1170367423@qq.com。

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胡璐锦(1987-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:城市大数据挖掘分析与应用。E-mail:hulujin@bucea.edu.cn。

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胡璐锦(1987-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:城市大数据挖掘分析与应用。E-mail:hulujin@bucea.edu.cn。

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序号 参数 数值
1 标称容量/(A·h) 120
2 标称电压/V 3.2
3 电池内阻/mΩ <0.3
4 额定充电功率/W 200
5 工作电压/V 2.50~3.65
6 充电工作温度/℃ 0~50
), ArticleFig(id=1154032446719910684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, language=CN, label=表1, caption=单体电池参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 参数 数值
1 标称容量/(A·h) 120
2 标称电压/V 3.2
3 电池内阻/mΩ <0.3
4 额定充电功率/W 200
5 工作电压/V 2.50~3.65
6 充电工作温度/℃ 0~50
), ArticleFig(id=1154032446778630941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Partial sample data, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 电压/V 电流/A 温度/℃ SOC
1 705.3 -0.356 25.1 0.023
2 704.7 -0.361 25.1 0.024
$\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$
60377 760.3 -0.319 25.2 0.978
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序号 电压/V 电流/A 温度/℃ SOC
1 705.3 -0.356 25.1 0.023
2 704.7 -0.361 25.1 0.024
$\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$
60377 760.3 -0.319 25.2 0.978
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模型 RMSE/% MAE/% ${R}^{2}$
BP 10.64 10.74 0.9663
SSA-BP 9.59 7.94 0.9731
ELM 8.99 7.14 0.9785
KELM 6.84 5.00 0.9866
ISSA-KELM 2.06 1.54 0.9949
), ArticleFig(id=1154032446929625888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, language=CN, label=表3, caption=模型误差结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 RMSE/% MAE/% ${R}^{2}$
BP 10.64 10.74 0.9663
SSA-BP 9.59 7.94 0.9731
ELM 8.99 7.14 0.9785
KELM 6.84 5.00 0.9866
ISSA-KELM 2.06 1.54 0.9949
), ArticleFig(id=1154032446979957537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Prediction errors of models under DST working condition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 RMSE/% MAE/% ${R}^{2}$
ELM 5.71 4.63 0.9589
KELM 4.03 3.31 0.9796
ISSA-KELM 2.16 1.73 0.9944
), ArticleFig(id=1154032447017706274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375932757823878, language=CN, label=表4, caption=DST 工况下模型预测误差, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 RMSE/% MAE/% ${R}^{2}$
ELM 5.71 4.63 0.9589
KELM 4.03 3.31 0.9796
ISSA-KELM 2.16 1.73 0.9944
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基于 ISSA-KELM 的锂离子电池组 SOC预测
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张英达 1 , 马鸿雁 1, 2, 3 , 窦嘉铭 1 , 王帅 1 , 李晟延 1 , 胡璐锦 4
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(6): 217-224
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(6): 217-224
基于 ISSA-KELM 的锂离子电池组 SOC预测
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张英达1 , 马鸿雁1, 2, 3 , 窦嘉铭1 , 王帅1 , 李晟延1 , 胡璐锦4
作者信息
  • 1 北京建筑大学 电气与信息工程学院 北京 100044
  • 2 分布式储能安全大数据研究所 北京 100044
  • 3 建筑大数据智能处理方法研究北京市重点实验室 北京 100044
  • 4 北京建筑大学 测绘与城市空间信息学院 北京 100044
  • 张英达(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电池储能系统、智能算法。E-mail:1129754997@qq.com。

    马鸿雁(1971- ),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、建筑设备节能控制、储能技术。E-mail: mahongyan@bucea.edu.cn

    窦嘉铭(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力需求侧管理与电能质量控制。E-mail:djmmjddjmmjd@163.com。

    王帅(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:建筑能耗预测及动力电池储能系统研究。E-mail: 565864152@qq.com。

    李晟延(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:建筑节能及照明系统。E-mail:1170367423@qq.com。

    胡璐锦(1987-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:城市大数据挖掘分析与应用。E-mail:hulujin@bucea.edu.cn。

SOC Prediction of Li-ion Battery Pack Based on ISSA-KELM
Yingda ZHANG1 , Hongyan MA1, 2, 3 , Jiaming DOU1 , Shuai WANG1 , Shengyan LI1 , Lujin HU4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical and Information Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
  • 2 Institute of Distributed Energy Storage Safety Big Data Beijing 100044 China
  • 3 Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing for Building Big Data Beijing 100044 China
  • 4 School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.217
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针对锂离子电池组荷电状态 SOC(state-of-charge)难以预测的问题,提出改进麻雀搜索算法 ISSA(improved sparrow search algorithm)优化核极限学习机KELM(kernel extreme learning machine)的 SOC 预测模型。首先,引入 Logistic 混沌映射改进标准 SSA, 获取最优种群个体;其次,采用改进算法优化 KELM 的核函数参数S和惩罚系数 C,建立 ISSA-KELM预测模型;最后,利用某储能设备的历史数据进行仿真研究,对比分析ELM、KELM 和 ISSA-KELM模型的预测结果,并选用其他工况数据验证模型的鲁棒性。结果表明,SOC预测均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别减小至2.06%和1.54%,证明所提模型的预测精度提高,具有良好的收敛性、泛化性及鲁棒性。

锂电池组  /  荷电状态  /  核极限学习机  /  算法优化

To address the difficulty in predicting the state-of-charge (SOC) of a Li-ion battery pack, an SOC prediction model based on kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) optimized by the improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) is proposed. First, Logistic chaotic mapping is introduced to improve the standard SSA and acquire the best population individuals. Second, the improved algorithm is used to optimize the kernel function parameter S and penalty coefficient C of KELM to create an ISSA-KELM prediction model. The simulation is carried out utilizing the historical data from an energystorage device, and the results predicted by ELM, KELM and ISSA-ISSA-KELM models were compared and analyzed. In addition, the robustness of the model was verified using data under other working conditions. Results show that the root mean square error and mean absolute error of predicted SOC decreased to 2.06% and 1.54%, respectively. The proposed model improved the prediction accuracy, and its convergence, generalization and robustness were also satisfying.

Li-ion battery pack  /  state-of-charge (SOC)  /  kernel extreme learning machine (KELM)  /  algorithm optimization
张英达, 马鸿雁, 窦嘉铭, 王帅, 李晟延, 胡璐锦. 基于 ISSA-KELM 的锂离子电池组 SOC预测. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 217 -224 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.217
Yingda ZHANG, Hongyan MA, Jiaming DOU, Shuai WANG, Shengyan LI, Lujin HU. SOC Prediction of Li-ion Battery Pack Based on ISSA-KELM[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 217 -224 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.217
近年来, 环境污染与能源危机问题日益严重, 新能源汽车已经成为全球汽车产业转型发展的主要方向。锂离子电池具有寿命周期长、污染低、功率高、能量密度高等优点[1],其构成的电池组被广泛应用于电动汽车储能系统。然而, 电池组在循环充、放电过程中, 单体电池之间的不一致性显著增大, 具体表现在电池的容量、内阻和荷电状态 SOC(state-of-charge)等。其中, 电池 SOC 差异过大会降低电池组存储的总能量及储能系统的利用效率, 因此准确预测 SOC 是电池储能系统的重要环节。实现 SOC 的高精度预测可以有效避免过度充、 放电对电池造成的损害, 并为电池的高效利用、均衡控制提供依据, 达到延长储能系统电池组使用寿命的目的[2]。常用预测电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的方法主要包括传统预测方法、卡尔曼滤波法及数据驱动方法[3]。
传统预测 SOC 的方法主要包括安时积分法和开路电压法。安时积分法是目前工程中应用较多的方法, 但其预测过程是开环的, 不断累积误差, 因此需要进行参数修正[4];开路电压法是利用 SOC 与开路电压 OCV(open circuit voltage)之间的函数关系估算电池 SOC, 该方法的缺点是电池需要静置到稳定状态[5]。卡尔曼滤波法是离线预测 SOC 应用较多的方法,文献[6]通过建立二阶 RC 模型,采用增量误差的卡尔曼滤波算法预测电池 SOC, 预测精度提高, 但是该方法需要依靠精确的电池等效电路模型且研究对象大多数为单体电池, 对电池组的相关研究较少。
数据驱动方法摆脱了等效电路模型的限制, 把电池组作为 1 个黑箱模型, 利用机器学习算法建立外部测量参数之间的映射关系。其中, BP 神经网络和极限学习机 ELM(extremely learning machine)是具有代表性并成功应用于电池 SOC 预测的方法。文献[7]针对 BP 神经网络固有的局限性,采用粒子群算法对 BP 算法相关加权系数进行修正, 训练 BP 神经网络模型用于实验数据的预测, 证明了估计 SOC 的准确性。然而, BP 神经网络在初始化时需要设置合适的训练参数, 包括隐含层数及节点数, 这会导致在预测过程中出现局部最优解的问题。 ELM 解决了确定神经网络中隐含层数的难题, 且具有更快的学习速度和更好的泛化性能, 常用于电池 SOC 预测。文献[8]提出 1 种基于叠加去噪自动编码器结合 ELM 算法的方法, 建立了锂离子电池温度依赖性模型, 实现了对电池动态特性的高精度模拟, 但由于 ELM 通过随机映射输入权重矩阵, 因此预测结果不够稳定。为了克服 ELM 的局限性, Huang Guangbin 等 [9] 提出了 1 种核极限学习机 KELM(kernel extreme learning machine), 众多研究[10-12] 表明,通过引入核函数, KELM 预测精度更高,但该方法在电池参数预测领域应用较少。
麻雀搜索算法 SSA(sparrow search algorithm) 是 2020 年提出的 1 种新型启发式优化算法, 稳定性良好、全局搜索能力较强[13],是解决复杂问题优化的 1 种新方法。因此本文使用 Logistic 混沌映射改进标准 SSA, 构成改进麻雀搜索算法 ISSA(improved sparrow search algorithm)并引入 KELM, 建立 ISSA-KELM 模型, 预测锂离子电池组 SOC。选取高斯核函数 RBF(radial basis function)改进 ELM 模型, 并利用 ISSA 对正则化系数与核函数参数进行优化, 提高 KELM 的泛化能力, 以获得更加准确的电池组 SOC 预测模型。
KELM 是 ELM 与核函数相结合的改进模型。 典型的 ELM 由输入层、隐含层和输出层组成, 且是 1 种单隐含层前馈神经网络 SLFN(single-hidden layer feedforward neural network)[14],具有更快的学习速度及更好的泛化能力。当训练样本为$D =\left\{\left({x}_{n}\right.\right.$,$\left.{y}_{n}\right\}, n = 1,2,\cdots, N\}$ 时,定义回归函数为
$\widehat{\mathbf{y}}= \mathbf{f}\left( x\right)= \mathbf{h}\left( x\right)\mathbf{\beta }= \mathbf{H}\mathbf{\beta }$
式中:$x$ 为模型输入;$\widehat{\mathbf{y}}= f\left( x\right)$ 为模型输出;$\mathbf{h}\left( x\right)=$ $\mathbf{H}$ 为隐含层的随机特征映射矩阵;$\mathbf{\beta }$ 为权重。根据广义逆矩阵理论,$\mathbf{\beta }$ 可以表示为
$\mathbf{\beta }= {\mathbf{H}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\left(\mathbf{I}/C +\mathbf{H}{\mathbf{H}}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)}^{-1}\mathbf{y}$
式中:$\mathbf{I}$ 为对角矩阵;$C$ 为惩罚系数;$\mathbf{y}$ 为输出向量。
ELM 的随机映射导致预测结果具有不确定性, 因此引入核函数将 ELM 的随机映射替换为稳定核映射, 从而构成 KELM, 增强了模型的稳定性和泛化能力。
锂离子电池 SOC 难以直接测量, 但是与电池的电压、电流和温度存在非线性联系, 这些参量可以通过高精度的仪器进行测量。本文选取电池组的总电压$U$ 、总电流$I$ 及温度$T$ 作为输入,利用安时积分法在线得到真实的 SOC 作为输出, 基于 KELM 的 SOC 预测模型如图1所示。
KELM 核矩阵定义为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{{ELM}}}= \mathbf{H}{\mathbf{H}}^{\mathrm{T}}\\{\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{{ELM}}i, j}= h\left({x}_{i}\right) h\left({x}_{j}\right)= K\left({{x}_{i},{x}_{j}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
$ K\left({{x}_{i},{x}_{j}}\right)= \exp \left({-S{\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{i}- {x}_{j}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2}}\right)\;S > 0 $
式中:${\Omega }_{\mathrm{{ELM}}}$ 为核矩阵;$K\left({{x}_{i},{x}_{j}}\right)$ 为核函数,通常选取径向基核函数[15]$S$ 为核函数参数。引入核函数后输出变量函数为
$\widehat{\mathbf{y}}= \mathbf{f}\left( x\right)= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} K\left({x,{x}_{1}}\right)\\ K\left({x,{x}_{N}}\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}{\left(\mathbf{I}/C +{\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{{ELM}}}\right)}^{-1}\mathbf{y}$
通过核函数参数$S$ 确定映射到新特征空间的数据分布,影响单一训练样本,惩罚系数$C$ 是相对误差的公差。选择合适的$S$$C$,可以使预测结果更优,因此本文使用 ISSA 优化$S$$C$ 以获得更加精准的 SOC 预测模型。
麻雀搜索算法是受自然界中麻雀觅食行为的启发提出的 1 种新型优化算法。在构造数学模型时, 根据虚拟麻雀寻找食物的特点进行模拟。麻雀的位置可表示为
$\mathbf{X}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{x}_{1,1}& {x}_{1,2}& \ldots &{x}_{1, m}\\{x}_{2,1}& {x}_{2,2}& \ldots &{x}_{2, m}\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\{x}_{n,1}& {x}_{n,2}& \ldots &{x}_{n, m}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中:$n$ 为麻雀的数量;$m$ 为待优化变量的维数。
Logistic 映射通常用来解决将非线性空间映射到线性空间的问题, 能够使初始种群均匀分布在搜索空间,提高算法的寻优能力[16]。本文采用 Logistic 映射生成混沌序列, 初始化 SSA 算法的种群, 提高寻优能力。Logistic 映射的数学表达式为
${y}_{j + 1}^{i}= \mu {y}_{j}^{i}\left({1 -{y}_{j}^{i}}\right)\;{y}_{j}^{i}< {0.5}$
式中:$\mu$ 为混沌参数,$\mu \in \left\lbrack {0,4}\right\rbrack,\mu$ 越大,混沌性越好,本文取$\mu = 3;i$ 为种群,$i = 1,2,\cdots, n$;$j$ 为混沌变量序号,$j = 1,2,\cdots, m$
混沌映射之后, 所有麻雀的适应度值可表示为
${\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{X}}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} f\left(\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{x}_{1,1}& {x}_{1,2}& \ldots &{x}_{1, m}\end{array}\right\rbrack \right)\\ f\left(\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{x}_{2,1}& {x}_{2,2}& \ldots &{x}_{2, m}\end{array}\right\rbrack \right)\\\vdots \\ f\left(\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{x}_{n,1}& {x}_{n,2}& \ldots &{x}_{n, m}\end{array}\right\rbrack \right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
根据式(6)和式(8),每次迭代期间发现者位置更新为
${X}_{i, j}^{k + 1}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{X}_{i, j}^{k}\exp \left(\frac{-i}{\alpha \cdot {\text{ iter }}_{\max }}\right)& {R}_{2}< {ST}\\{X}_{i, j}^{k}+ {QL}& {R}_{2}\geq {ST}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$k$ 为迭代次数;${X}_{i, j}^{k}$ 为迭代$k$ 次时,第$i$ 只麻雀在第$j$ 维中的位置信息;${\text{iter}}_{\max }$ 为最大迭代次数;$\alpha$$Q$ 为随机数;${R}_{2}$${ST}$ 分别为报警值和安全阈值;$\mathbf{L}$$1 \times m$ 的矩阵。
加入者位置更新为
${X}_{i, j}^{k + 1}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} Q\exp \left(\frac{{X}_{\mathrm{w}}^{k}- {x}_{i, j}^{k}}{{i}^{2}}\right)& i > n/2 \\{X}_{\mathrm{p}}^{k + 1}+ \left|{{X}_{i, j}^{k}- {X}_{\mathrm{p}}^{k + 1}}\right|{\mathbf{A}}^{+ }\mathbf{L}& \text{ 其他 }\end{array}\right.$
(10)式中:${X}_{\mathrm{p}}$${X}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 分别为发现者最佳位置和最差位置;$\mathbf{A}$$1 \times m$ 的矩阵,且${\mathbf{A}}^{+ }= {\mathbf{A}}^{T}{\left(\mathbf{A}{\mathbf{A}}^{T}\right)}^{-1}$
对于加入者,需要执行式(9)和式(10)。
将意识到危险的麻雀称为警戒者, 假设其占总数的 10%~20%,根据式(10),警戒者位置更新为
${X}_{i, j}^{k + 1}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{X}_{\mathrm{b}}^{k}+ {\beta }_{1}\left|{{X}_{i, j}^{k}- {X}_{\mathrm{b}}^{k}}\right|& {f}_{i}> {f}_{\mathrm{g}}\\{X}_{i, j}^{k}+ \lambda \left\lbrack \frac{\left|{X}_{i, j}^{k}- {X}_{\mathrm{w}}^{k}\right|}{\left({{f}_{i}- {f}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right)+ \varepsilon }\right\rbrack &{f}_{i}= {f}_{\mathrm{g}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${X}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为警戒者最优位置;${\beta }_{1}$ 为步长控制参数;$\lambda$ 为随机数;${f}_{i}$ 为麻雀个体的适应度;${f}_{\mathrm{g}}$${f}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 分别为最佳和最差适应度;$\varepsilon$ 为避免零除常数。
由上述分析可知,$\mathrm{{KELM}}$ 中核函数参数$S$ 和惩罚系数$C$ 的选取对于模型预测的准确性至关重要。 因此本文将改进启发式智能算法 ISSA 引入 KELM,参数$S$$C$ 对应于算法中麻雀位置的 2 个维度, 通过不断迭代优化, 可以得到最优模型参数值, 具体流程如图2所示。ISSA-KELM 模型预测 SOC 实现步骤如下。
(1)根据采集的锂离子电池组的实验数据确定 KELM 的网络拓扑结构, 以总电压、总电流和温度作为输入, 实际 SOC 作为输出, 对数据进行预处理, 划分训练集和测试集。
(2)初始化 ISSA-KELM 模型因子,包括待优化参数$S$$C$,以及智能优化算法中的初始种群大小、迭代次数等。
(3)利用 Logistic 混沌映射初始化种群位置, 以 KELM 模型训练误差作为适应度, 计算每只麻雀个体的适应度值, 得出当前最优麻雀个体位置。根据麻雀反捕食行为再次更新种群位置并计算适应度值, 依次迭代,直到满足条件。
(4)KELM 模型仿真预测, 输出结果。不断执行步骤(3)获得最优$S$$C$,输入到 KELM,进行电池组 SOC 预测。
实验数据集为某储能公司现场采集的锂离子电池组的数据。该电池组采用${120}\mathrm{\;A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 磷酸铁锂电芯, 1 个电池单元为 2P16S, 即 2 个电芯并联形成 1 个单体电池 (电池参数见表1), 再将 16 个单体电池串联构成 1 个电池单元。每个电池单元的额定电压为${51.2}\mathrm{\;V}$,容量为${240}\mathrm{\;A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$。最终的电池组由 14 个串联的电池单元, 总计 224 个单体电池构成, 额定电压${716.8}\mathrm{\;V}$,容量为${240}\mathrm{\;A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$
为更加精准地预测电池组在充电过程中 SOC 的变化, 选用 2020 年 8 月 14 日至 2020 年 8 月 21 日的所有充电状态数据。采集的数据中, 电流、电压的采集时间间隔是$3\mathrm{\;s}$,温度的采集时间间隔是${10}\mathrm{\;s}$,数据集的步长不一致,因此首先利用插补法对数据步长进行统一,即以$3\mathrm{\;s}$ 数据为基础将间隔${10}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的温度数据插入,使模型输入、输出数据长度相同。
经过数据清洗, 舍弃异常数据, 最终共有 60377 组数据, 如表2所示。储能系统电池组充电过程中监测的外部参数曲线如图3所示, 呈现了各参数的变化趋势。其中, 以电池组的总电压、总电流、温度作为输入变量,真实的 SOC 值作为输出变量,建立 KELM 神经网络模型, 实现 SOC 的精确预测。
本文使用某储能公司现场采集的锂离子电池组数据, 包括电池组的总电压、总电流、温度等外部可测参量。建立 ELM、KELM、ISSA-KELM 模型,对锂离子电池组的$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 进行预测,从多个角度对预测结果误差进行对比分析。
合理的参数设定对获得精确的 SOC 预测模型至关重要。本文选取麻雀个体数为 20, 迭代次数为 100。由于本实验数据集规模庞大, 因此拓宽待优化核函数参数$S$ 的范围至 [10],以获取更加精准的预测模型。此外, 电池组的总电压、总电流和温度与 SOC 呈非线性函数关系, 因此在基础 KELM 模型的隐含层中, 选用 sig 函数为激活函数, 增加模型的非线性因素, 可以更为准确地反映电池外部监测参数与 SOC 之间的映射关系。
为避免 KELM 在预测时输入、输出数据的量级差别过大, 对数据进行归一化处理。预测数据和训练数据经过数据预处理后的值在$0 \sim 1$ 之间,将预测结果进行反归一化处理, 提高预测精度。归一化的公式为
${X}_{n}= \frac{{x}_{n}- {x}_{\min }}{{x}_{\max }- {x}_{\min }}$
式中:${X}_{n}$ 为归一化后的数据;${x}_{n}$ 为原始数据;${x}_{\min }$${x}_{\max }$ 分别为原始数据的最小值和最大值。
本文主要采用 3 个误差评价标准分析各模型的可行性和有效性, 即均方根误差 RMSE( root mean square error)、平均绝对误差 MAE(mean absolute error)和决定系数${R}^{2}$。可分别表示为
$\text{ RMSE }= \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left({P}_{\mathrm{M}i}- {P}_{\mathrm{P}i}\right)}^{2}}$
$\mathrm{{MAE}}= \frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left|{{P}_{\mathrm{M}i}- {P}_{\mathrm{P}i}}\right|$
${R}^{2}= 1 -\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left({P}_{\mathrm{M}i}- {P}_{\mathrm{P}i}\right)}^{2}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left({P}_{\mathrm{M}i}- {\bar{P}}_{\mathrm{M}i}\right)}^{2}}$
式中:$n$ 为预测样本个数;${P}_{\mathrm{M}i}$${\bar{P}}_{\mathrm{M}i}$ 分别为$i$ 时刻的实际$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 和实际$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的平均值;${P}_{\mathrm{P}i}$$i$ 时刻网络的输出 SOC 预测值。决定系数${R}^{2}$ 评价模型的拟合优度,${R}^{2}$ 越接近 1,拟合效果越好。
数据集划分过程中,选定实际 SOC 为 0~1 的 1 段完整充电数据作为测试集, 以验证所提模型的预测效果。图4为 SOC 预测结果与真实值的对比, 其中,图4(a)为数据驱动$\mathrm{{BP}}$$\mathrm{{SSA}}- \mathrm{{BP}}$ 模型的预测结果, 可见, 函数回归曲线的拟合效果较差, 此外, 在仿真研究过程中发现, 随着仿真次数增加, SSA-BP 模型每次仿真结果均相同, 经分析, 此时 SSA-BP 陷入了局部最优解, 由此选择以 ELM 为基础的改进模型进行预测研究。图4(b)为数据驱动 ELM、KELM 和 ISSA-KELM 这 3 种模型的预测结果, 可见, 基于 ELM 的 3 种模型的预测结果更逼近真实曲线, ISSA-KELM 模型预测值与真实值趋于吻合, 拟合效果最优, 说明以 ELM 为基础的改进模型更适用于锂电池组 SOC 预测。
图5为 5 种模型预测 SOC 的实际误差。可见, BP与SSA-BP模型的预测偏差过大,而选用以 ELM 为基础的 3 种模型的实际误差优于上述 2 种模型, 且本文所提模型的实际误差接近 0,最大实际误差不超过 0.05。证明了数据驱动 ISSA-KELM 模型预测锂电池组充电状态 SOC 的可行性。
为更加直观地分析各种模型的预测效果, 将预测结果进行统计, 如表3所示。数据显示, SSA-BP 模型的 RMSE 和 MAE 优于 BP 神经网络, 但与 ELM 模型相比效果仍然较差。引入核函数后的 KELM 模型, 误差指标 RMSE 与 MAE 由最初 ELM 的 8.99% 和 7.14%分别降至 6.84%和 5.00%;而 ISSA-KELM 模型的对应误差远小于 ELM 和 KELM 模型, RMSE 和 MAE 分别降至${2.06}\%$${1.54}\%$,且决定系数${R}^{2}$ 相比最大,达到 0.9949。表明所提模型在进行锂电池组 SOC 预测时, 通过在标准 SSA 算法中引入 Logistic 回归映射方法, 优化初始种群, 提高了算法的寻优能力, 能够获得 KELM 中更加准确的模型参数。此外, 以 ELM 为基础的网络模型无需设定隐含层层数, 避免了BP 网络的限制,使模型摆脱了陷入局部最优解的问题,具有更高的精度及良好的非线性拟合能力。
为了获得更加精准的模型, 在 ELM 算法中引入核函数、增加智能算法并设置较大的迭代次数 (100 次)进行参数寻优, 导致算法本身的计算量增大, 时间支出较多。其中, 单一 ELM 模型的运算时间为${0.023}\mathrm{\;s}$,引入核函数的 KELM 算法训练时间为${23.813}\mathrm{\;s}$,预测时间为${0.094}\mathrm{\;s}$,效果较好。然而, 增加智能算法寻优后, 整体运行时间大幅延长, 寻优时间为${745.680}\mathrm{\;s}$,模型训练时间为${25.8}\mathrm{\;s}$,预测时间为${0.289}\mathrm{\;s}$,可见,总支出时间远超其他模型。 因此, 后续将在模型的运算速率角度进行研究, 期望在保证精度的前提下提高运算速率。
基于 ISSA-KELM 的 SOC 预测模型是利用储能电池组的总电压、总电流及温度等数据进行驱动实现, 未考虑其他单体电池及运行工况等条件。为了验证所提预测模型的鲁棒性, 本文选取美国公交车动态应力测试 DST(dynamic stress test)工况下测得的单体电池放电公开数据集, 抽取 7944 组数据进行验证, 其中 100 组作为测试集, 其余作为训练集, 对所提模型进行验证, 预测结果和误差如图6所示。表4记录了 ISSA-KELM 预测模型在 DST 放电实验工况下的预测误差。
图6表4可知, ISSA-KELM 模型的 RMSE 和 MAE 最小, 分别达到 2.16%和 1.73%, 且决定系数最高, 说明该模型仍保持良好的拟合能力。这表明所建立的 SOC 预测模型不仅在储能系统锂电池组充电条件下具有良好的预测效果, 还可以应用于不同环境条件下的公交 DST 工况单体电池放电状态 SOC 预测, 模型鲁棒性较强。
为准确预测锂离子电池组$\mathrm{{SOC}}$,提出了改进麻雀搜索算法优化 KELM 模型(ISSA-KELM)的预测方法, 避免了电池内部复杂的非线性关系计算。通过仿真研究,得出如下结论。
(1)以现场实际测得的电池组总电压、总电流、 温度作为输入, 实际的 SOC 值作为输出, 构建 ISSA-KELM 模型,能够准确反映电池组 SOC 与其他外部参数的相关性, 克服了电池等效模型的限制, 证明了基于数据驱动的方法预测储能系统电池组 SOC 的有效性。
(2)仿真研究了 ELM、KELM 和 ISSA-KELM 等多个预测模型的性能,并将 ELM 与 BP 及二者改进模型的预测性能进行对比分析。在麻雀搜索算法中引入 Logistic 混沌映射使初始化的种群均匀分布,优化 KELM 中的参数$S$$C$,模型的 RMSE 和MAE 分别降低至 2.06%和 1.54%,对比基础 ELM 模型, RMSE 降低了 6.92%, MAE 降低了 5.60%, 与$\mathrm{{BP}}$ 模型相比,优化效果更加显著。引入改进的智能优化算法, 提高了 KELM 模型的泛化能力。
(3)利用 DST 工况数据对模型进行验证。结果显示, 所提 ISSA-KELM 模型相比其他模型误差明显降低, RMSE 降低至 2.16%, MAE 降低至 1.73%,验证了所提模型在电池组 SOC 预测方面具有较强的追踪性及鲁棒性, 并适用于变工况的电池 SOC 估计。
本文所提算法改进策略在一定程度上提高了 SOC 预测精度, 但是由于计算量庞大, 模型的运行效率提升效果不明显,时间支出较大,后续将进一步深入研究算法, 在保证精度的前提下, 提高计算效率,减少时间支出。
  • 北京建筑大学博士基金资助项目(ZF15054)
  • 北京建筑大学 2021年度研究生创新资助项目(PG2021056)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.217
  • 接收时间:2021-08-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-18
  • 修回日期:2021-10-20
  • 录用日期:2021-11-01
基金
Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture(ZF15054)
北京建筑大学博士基金资助项目(ZF15054)
The Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2021 Post Graduate Innovation Project(PG2021056)
北京建筑大学 2021年度研究生创新资助项目(PG2021056)
作者信息
    1 北京建筑大学 电气与信息工程学院 北京 100044
    2 分布式储能安全大数据研究所 北京 100044
    3 建筑大数据智能处理方法研究北京市重点实验室 北京 100044
    4 北京建筑大学 测绘与城市空间信息学院 北京 100044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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