Article(id=1153375939686818633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.207, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1640448000000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-26, revisedDate=1646496000000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-06, acceptedDate=1646755200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-09, onlineDate=1752915852709, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915852709, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915852709, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915852709, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=207, endPage=216, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375940294992715, articleId=1153375939686818633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Hysteresis Modeling and SOC Estimation for LiFePO4 Batteries under Charging and Discharging Conditions, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the flat hysteresis characteristics of open circuit voltage(OCV) and state of charge(SOC) of LiFePO4 batteries, the OCV estimated by using the traditional equivalent circuit model has the problem of low accuracy under the charge-discharge switching conditions, so the hysteresis modeling of battery is proposed. To highlight the necessity of considering the hysteretic characteristics of LiFePO4 batteries, three battery models are compared to comprehensively evaluate their complexity, accuracy and applicability. Results show that the first-order RC model is only suitable for pure charge or pure discharge conditions without considering the influence of hysteresis. The first-order RC hysteresis model adds a hysteresis on the basis of the first-order RC model. Although the influence of hysteresis characteristics is considered, the hysteresis is greatly affected by parameter identification and the OCV estimation fluctuates. The Preisach model has a good accuracy under the charge-discharge switching conditions, but the corresponding training data and time cost are high. Under the new European driving cycle(NEDC) charging and discharging conditions, SOC estimation is carried out for different models combined with algorithms, and the estimation errors are all within 5%, among which the Preisach error is within 3%.

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针对磷酸铁锂电池(LiFePO4)平坦的开路电压 OCV(open circuit voltage)与荷电状态 SOC(state of charge)滞回特性在充、放电切换工况下传统等效电路模型估计 OCV存在精度较低的问题,提出电池迟滞建模。为了突出LiFePO4 电池考虑滞回特性的必要性,对3种电池模型的复杂性、准确性和适用性进行综合评价和对比分析。结果表明,一阶RC 模型不考虑滞回的影响,仅适用纯充电或纯放电的工况;一阶RC滞回模型在一阶RC 模型的基础上增加1个滞回量,虽考虑了滞回特性的影响,但滞回量受参数辨识影响较大, OCV 估计存在波动;Preisach 模型对存在充、放电切换工况的估算精度较好,但训练数据时间成本较高。NEDC(new European driving cycle)充、放电工况下对不同模型结合算法估计 SOC,估计误差均在5%以内,其中Preisach 误差在3%以内。

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梁莹(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源动力电池管理系统。E-mail: 1626728567@qq.com。

孙涛(1974-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电池寿命与析锂管理、能量预测。E-mail: tao_sun531@usst.edu.cn。

郑岳久(1986-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源动力电池管理系统的集成、优化与控制。E-mail: yuejiu_zheng@163.com。

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梁莹(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源动力电池管理系统。E-mail: 1626728567@qq.com。

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梁莹(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源动力电池管理系统。E-mail: 1626728567@qq.com。

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孙涛(1974-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电池寿命与析锂管理、能量预测。E-mail: tao_sun531@usst.edu.cn。

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孙涛(1974-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电池寿命与析锂管理、能量预测。E-mail: tao_sun531@usst.edu.cn。

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郑岳久(1986-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源动力电池管理系统的集成、优化与控制。E-mail: yuejiu_zheng@163.com。

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郑岳久(1986-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源动力电池管理系统的集成、优化与控制。E-mail: yuejiu_zheng@163.com。

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参数 数值
标称容量/(A·h) 11
标称电压/V 3
充电截止电压/V 3.6
放电截止电压/V 2.5
推荐充、放电电流/C 1/3
温度/℃ 25
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参数 数值
标称容量/(A·h) 11
标称电压/V 3
充电截止电压/V 3.6
放电截止电压/V 2.5
推荐充、放电电流/C 1/3
温度/℃ 25
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面向充放电工况的LiFePO4电池迟滞性建模及 SOC 估计
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梁莹 , 孙涛 , 郑岳久
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(6): 207-216
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(6): 207-216
面向充放电工况的LiFePO4电池迟滞性建模及 SOC 估计
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梁莹 , 孙涛 , 郑岳久
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学 机械工程学院 上海 200093
  • 梁莹(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源动力电池管理系统。E-mail: 1626728567@qq.com。

    孙涛(1974-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电池寿命与析锂管理、能量预测。E-mail: tao_sun531@usst.edu.cn。

    郑岳久(1986-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源动力电池管理系统的集成、优化与控制。E-mail: yuejiu_zheng@163.com。

Hysteresis Modeling and SOC Estimation for LiFePO4 Batteries under Charging and Discharging Conditions
Ying LIANG , Tao SUN , Yuejiu ZHENG
Affiliations
  • College of Mechanical Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.207
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针对磷酸铁锂电池(LiFePO4)平坦的开路电压 OCV(open circuit voltage)与荷电状态 SOC(state of charge)滞回特性在充、放电切换工况下传统等效电路模型估计 OCV存在精度较低的问题,提出电池迟滞建模。为了突出LiFePO4 电池考虑滞回特性的必要性,对3种电池模型的复杂性、准确性和适用性进行综合评价和对比分析。结果表明,一阶RC 模型不考虑滞回的影响,仅适用纯充电或纯放电的工况;一阶RC滞回模型在一阶RC 模型的基础上增加1个滞回量,虽考虑了滞回特性的影响,但滞回量受参数辨识影响较大, OCV 估计存在波动;Preisach 模型对存在充、放电切换工况的估算精度较好,但训练数据时间成本较高。NEDC(new European driving cycle)充、放电工况下对不同模型结合算法估计 SOC,估计误差均在5%以内,其中Preisach 误差在3%以内。

LiFePO4电池  /  OCV-SOC迟滞特性  /  等效电路模型  /  Preisach 模型  /  SOC估计

In view of the flat hysteresis characteristics of open circuit voltage(OCV) and state of charge(SOC) of LiFePO4 batteries, the OCV estimated by using the traditional equivalent circuit model has the problem of low accuracy under the charge-discharge switching conditions, so the hysteresis modeling of battery is proposed. To highlight the necessity of considering the hysteretic characteristics of LiFePO4 batteries, three battery models are compared to comprehensively evaluate their complexity, accuracy and applicability. Results show that the first-order RC model is only suitable for pure charge or pure discharge conditions without considering the influence of hysteresis. The first-order RC hysteresis model adds a hysteresis on the basis of the first-order RC model. Although the influence of hysteresis characteristics is considered, the hysteresis is greatly affected by parameter identification and the OCV estimation fluctuates. The Preisach model has a good accuracy under the charge-discharge switching conditions, but the corresponding training data and time cost are high. Under the new European driving cycle(NEDC) charging and discharging conditions, SOC estimation is carried out for different models combined with algorithms, and the estimation errors are all within 5%, among which the Preisach error is within 3%.

LiFePO4 battery  /  hysteresis characteristics of open circuit voltage-state of charge(OCV-SOC)  /  equivalent circuit model  /  Preisach model  /  SOC estimation
梁莹, 孙涛, 郑岳久. 面向充放电工况的LiFePO4电池迟滞性建模及 SOC 估计. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 207 -216 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.207
Ying LIANG, Tao SUN, Yuejiu ZHENG. Hysteresis Modeling and SOC Estimation for LiFePO4 Batteries under Charging and Discharging Conditions[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 207 -216 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.207
动力电池作为电动汽车的动力来源,是电动汽车实现一切功能的基础。锂电池具有能量密度大、 使用寿命长及材料环保无污染等优势, 在电动汽车上得到了广泛运用[1-2]。由于电池状态不能直接测量, 通常基于模型的估计算法推断出来。开路电压 OCV(open circuit voltage)与荷电状态 SOC(state of charge)之间的关系对建立准确的电池模型和精准的荷电状态估计等技术至关重要[3]${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池 OCV-SOC 曲线并非一对一映射且呈现滞回效应, 阻碍了建模或状态估计。滞回主要是由热力学特性、熵效应、机械应力和微观畸变等产生的[4]${\mathrm{{LiCoO}}}_{2}$${\mathrm{{LiMn}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$[5] 电池类型的上述现象并不显著, 这是因为其 OCV-SOC 曲线斜率较大, 而锂离子电池充、放电曲线之间的滞后间隙较小导致的。 然而,${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 却表现出平坦的滞后性,电压迟滞性的影响不可忽视[6]
在电池 OCV-SOC 建模中, 简单的方法是对主回路进行平均[7],这种近似在 SOC 估计中会产生较大误差。Windarko 等[8] 在镍氢电池和${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 的迟滞建模中均采用了考虑温度效应的 Takacs 模型, 但该模型不适用于小迟滞回线;Chayratsami 等[9] 采用离散 Preisach 模型线性最小二乘法得到了 1 个 Li-Si 半电池估计迟滞电压; Zhu Letao 等[10] 基于 Preisach算子提出 1 种在线自适应离散 Preisach 模型 ADPM(adaptive discrete Preisach model)及其变形算法,以解决${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 输出$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 由于不对称迟滞引起的退化问题; Hu Xiaosong 等[11] 系统地比较了锂离子电池 12 种等效电路模型的实用性。这些文献均未考虑频繁充、放电切换工况下滞回特性的影响, 现有动态工况均为纯放电或较少切换充、放电。 由于滞回特性对模型精度的影响主要体现在工况切换的情况下, 故本文突出研究滞回特性的必要性, 采取纯放电工况和频繁切换工况开展对比研究。 Plett[12] 对卡尔曼滤波做了一系列研究,利用 EKF(extended Kalman filter)估计 SOC 及优化; Anton 等[13] 基于支持向量回归 SVR(support vector regression)估算${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 的 SOC; Charkhgard$\mathrm{M}$[14] 提出神经网络与 EKF 联合估算电池的 SOC。为了兼顾模型复杂性和准确性,本文选取一阶 RC 等效电路模型、一阶 RC 滞后模型、Preisach 模型进行对比研究。其中,一阶 RC 等效电路模型不考虑滞回特性,用来验证${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 考虑滞回特性的必要性; 一阶 RC 滞回模型虽考虑了滞回特性, 但参数辨识存在较大的误差波动, 因此准确性相对较依赖参数辨识的工况; Preisach 模型虽需实验数据训练, 相对较复杂, 但估算精度得到了提高。
等效电路模型 ECM(equivalent circuit mode)通过并联 RC 描述电池的动态特性, 被广泛应用于电池管理系统 BMS(battery management system)。其中,一阶 RC 模型更常用, 其结构如图1所示, OCV 为电池的开路电压,${R}_{0}$ 为欧姆内阻,${R}_{1}$${C}_{1}$ 分别为极化内阻和电容,${U}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为端电压。模型的方程可表示为
${U}_{1}= I{R}_{1}\left\lbrack {1 -\exp \left({-t/{\tau }_{1}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
${U}_{\mathrm{t}}= \mathrm{{OCV}}\left(\mathrm{{SOC}}\right)- I{R}_{0}- {U}_{1}$
式中:${U}_{1}$ 为极化内阻的电压;$I$ 为电流,放电为正;$t$ 为时间;${\tau }_{1}$ 为时间常数,${\tau }_{1}= {R}_{1}{C}_{1}$
针对一阶 RC 模型所能反映的电池特性较少, 并且忽略了电池迟滞特性的缺点, Plett$\mathrm{{GL}}$[12] 在此基础上增加了滞后模块, 以便能够更好地模拟电池的迟滞特性。一阶 RC 滞后电池模型如图2所示, 模型的离散方程为
${h}_{k + 1}= \exp \left({-\left|{\kappa {i}_{k}}\right|{\Delta t}}\right){h}_{k}+ \left\lbrack {1 -\exp \left({-\left|{\kappa {i}_{k}}\right|{\Delta t}}\right)}\right\rbrack H $
${U}_{1, k}= \exp \left({-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{1}}\right){U}_{1, k}+ \\{R}_{1}\left\lbrack {1 -\exp \left({-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{1}}\right)}\right\rbrack {I}_{k}\\{U}_{\mathrm{t}}= \mathrm{{OCV}}\left(\mathrm{{SOC}}\right)- I{R}_{0}- {U}_{1}+ {h}_{k}$
式中:$\kappa$ 为衰减因子;${i}_{k}$$k$ 时刻滞回模块的电流;${\Delta t}$ 为采样时间间隔;${h}_{k}$ 为滞后电压;$H$ 为最大滞后电压;${I}_{k}$$k$ 时刻极化内阻和电容的电流。
Preisach 模型使用最简单的运算符表示迟滞现象, 如图3所示。该模型应用到电池模型的数学表达式为
$\operatorname{OCV}\left( t\right)= {\iint }_{\alpha \geq \beta }\mu \left({\alpha,\beta }\right){\gamma }_{\alpha \beta }\left\lbrack {\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}\alpha \mathrm{d}\beta $
式中:$\operatorname{OCV}\left( t\right)$$\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right)$ 分别为$t$ 时刻的开路电压和荷电状态;$\mu \left({\alpha,\beta }\right)$ 为权重函数,$\alpha$ 为横坐标,$\beta$ 为纵坐标;${\gamma }_{\alpha \beta }$ 为迟滞因子输出值。当$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 发生变化时,在$\alpha \geq \beta$ 平面上,${\gamma }_{\alpha \beta }$$\left\lbrack {-1,1}\right\rbrack$ 变化。
根据式 (6)Preisach 模型$(\alpha \geq \beta,0 \leq \beta <$ $\alpha \leq 1)$ 的定义,在图${4\alpha }= \beta$ 线上方建立 1 个等腰直角三角形。电池完全放电时, 平面上与每对$\left({\alpha,\beta }\right)$ 相关联的${\gamma }_{\alpha \beta }$ 均为-1,如图4(a)所示; 电池从${\beta }_{0}= 0$ 充电至${\alpha }_{1}$ 后,$\alpha ={\alpha }_{1}$ 以下平面的${\gamma }_{\alpha \beta }$ 均变为 1,如图4(b)所示; 电池从${\alpha }_{1}$ 放电至${\beta }_{1}$ 时面积减小,$\beta ={\beta }_{1}$ 线右侧平面上的${\gamma }_{\alpha \beta }$ 均变为 -1,如图4(c)所示。Preisach 模型具有记忆性, 可以记录输入的历史变化, 如图5(a)所示, 其中 Preisach 三角形内的阶梯记忆曲线如图5(b)所示。Preisach 模型在应用时需要确定平面上每个点的权函数, 由于 Preisach 三角形中连续分布着无数个迟滞因子, 因此对应的权函数较难得到。一般将 Preisach 三角形分割成若干个正方形, 对模型进行数值实现, 如图6所示。
Preisach 平面通过将每个轴均匀划分为$n$ 部分来划分子区域,则平面上的网格数$N$ 可表示为$N = n\left({n + 1}\right)/2$图6给出了$n = 5$ 时离散 Preisach 平面分布的示例。令$i = 1,2,\cdots, n$${\alpha }_{i}< {\alpha }_{i + 1},{\alpha }_{1}=$ ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$,${\alpha }_{n + 1}= {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$;令$j = 1,2,\cdots, n$${\beta }_{j}< {\beta }_{j + 1}$,${\beta }_{1}= {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$,${\beta }_{n + 1}= {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$,则 Preisach 平面的每个方块${S}_{k}\left({k = 1,2,\cdots, n}\right)$ 可表示为
$\frac{{S}_{i\left({i - 1}\right)}}{2}+ j =\\\left\{{\left({\alpha,\beta }\right)\mid {\beta }_{j}\leq \beta <{\beta }_{j + 1},{\alpha }_{i}\leq \alpha <{\alpha }_{i + 1}}\right\}$
因此, 式(6)中 Preisach 模型定义可以重写, 将积分符号代入求和可得
$\operatorname{OCV}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{i}{\mu }_{\frac{i\left({i - 1}\right)}{2}+ j}{\gamma }_{\frac{i\left({i - 1}\right)}{2}+ j}\left\lbrack {\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack .\\\left({{\beta }_{j + 1}- {\beta }_{j}}\right)\left({{\alpha }_{i + 1}- {\alpha }_{i}}\right)\\{\gamma }_{\frac{i\left({i - 1}\right)}{2}+ j}\left\lbrack {\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack =\\\frac{1}{\left({{\beta }_{j + 1}- {\beta }_{j}}\right)\left({{\alpha }_{i + 1}- {\alpha }_{i}}\right)}{\iint }_{\frac{i\left({i - 1}\right)}{2}+ j}{\gamma }_{\alpha \beta }\left\lbrack {\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}\alpha \mathrm{d}\beta $
将 Preisach 三角形两边等分, 则对任意的$i = 1,2,\cdots, n$$j = 1,2,\cdots, n$${\beta }_{j + 1}- {\beta }_{j}$${\alpha }_{i + 1}- {\alpha }_{i}$ 的值是恒定的, 即
${\beta }_{j + 1}- {\beta }_{j}= \frac{{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }- {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }}{n}$
${\alpha }_{i + 1}- {\alpha }_{i}= \frac{{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }- {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }}{n}$
此时, 引入 1 个新的变量迟滞状态, 其表达式为
${\omega }_{k}\left( t\right)= {\iint }_{\frac{i\left({i - 1}\right)}{2}+ j}{\gamma }_{\alpha \beta }\left\lbrack {\operatorname{SOC}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}\beta \mathrm{d}\alpha $
综上, 离散的 Preisach 模型可表示为
$\operatorname{OCV}\left( t\right)= {\omega }^{\mathrm{T}}\left( t\right)\mu $
其中,$\omega \left( t\right)$ 可以由输入$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 来确定,$\mathrm{{OCV}}\left( t\right)$ 为滞回曲线上同一点的输出, 而权函数则由计算机离线求解函数得到。在确定权重向量后, 可以用 Preisach 模型来描述迟滞曲线,即当 SOC 在$t$ 时刻发生变化时, 记忆曲线对 Preisach 三角形中正方形的影响形成新的迟滞状态向量,将 2 个向量$\omega \left( t\right)$$\mu$ 相乘得到输出 OCV。如果实验输出与模型输出的误差较大,则改变模型划分数量$n$,直到输出的精度满足预期。这一过程被称为模型训练过程, 本文电池模型选择的$n ={20}$
本次实验选用力神公司生产的${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池作为研究对象,其标准容量为${11}\mathrm{\;A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$,电池基本性能参数如表1所示。
实验设备采用 NEWARE BTS-4000 动力电池检测系统和防爆箱, 记录电池在实验过程中的状态和参数。基于标准容量测试及 HPPC(hybrid pulse power characteristic)测试[15] 获得电池的基本性能参数。在${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下对电池开展$\mathrm{{OCV}}$ 迟滞特性实验, 主要包括主回路和次回路[10],还有 DST(daylight saving time)动态工况及 NEDC(new European driving cycle) 充、放电循环动态工况。其中 NEDC 工况是将 NEDC 循环 4 次再取电流的负值循环 2 次构成 NEDC 充、放电的工况, 形成存在工况切换的动态工况。实验数据如图7所示。
为了对一阶 RC 等效电路模型和一阶 RC 滞后模型进行参数辨识, 本文选择了粒子群优化 PSO (particle swarm optimization)分区间辨识算法。在电池模型输入电流、电压, 将得到的模型电压与实测电压对比来获得电池模型误差, PSO 算法根据该误差不断迭代找到局部最优解。辨识过程进行分区间多次优化, 取最优结果作为模型的最优参数。
对于一阶 RC 模型,目标辨识参数为
$\theta =\left\lbrack {{R}_{0\mathrm{{cha}}},{R}_{0\mathrm{{dsc}}},{R}_{1},{\tau }_{1}}\right\rbrack $
对于一阶 RC 滞后模型,目标辨识参数为
$\theta =\left\lbrack {{R}_{0\mathrm{{cha}}},{R}_{0\mathrm{{dsc}}},{R}_{1},{\tau }_{1}, H,\kappa }\right\rbrack $
本文参数辨识采用的动态工况是 DST 工况和 NEDC 充、放电工况。在 DST 工况辨识过程中, 将 SOC 分为 10 个区间, 优化 10 次; 在 NEDC 充、 放电工况辨识过程中, 将 SOC 分为 20 个区间, 优化 10 次。因为 NEDC 充、放电工况主要是为了辨识充、放电工况切换时 OCV 的变化, 如果区间间隔过大, 则会导致同一区间同时存在充电工况和放电工况。
通常认为模型电压与实测电压的误差越小, 模型精度越高。因此, 选取两者的均方根误差 RMSE 来评价模型精度, 即
$\text{ RMSE }= \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}{\left({U}_{\text{test }}- {U}_{\text{model }}\right)}^{2}}$
为了验证 Preisach 电池模型在训练集之外工况下的性能好坏, 使用滞回实验的 3 个迟滞次回路 (10%50%SOC、30% 70%SOC、50%~90%SOC) 进行验证。以每个迟滞次回路的 SOC 作为输入, 得到模型估计的 OCV, 如图8所示, 即使在训练数据集之外, Preisach 电池模型输出的 OCV 也能在较宽的区域内与实测 OCV 保持良好的一致性。 可见: 在 30%~70%SOC 范围和 50%~90%SOC 范围 OCV 的误差基本上在$5\mathrm{{mV}}$ 以内; 当 SOC 较小时, 误差相对较大, 这是因为电池通常不会在较低的 SOC 范围内工作, 所以该模型的 OCV 误差可以接受。
为了验证是否需要考虑${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 迟滞特性,本文选择 DST、NEDC 充、放电 2 种不同的动态工况进行不同模型估算精度的验证。图9为 DST 工况在一阶 RC 电池模型下 OCV 的估计结果。可见: 对于 DST 循环工况, OCV 的变化基本在放电 OCV-SOC 曲线上, 因为 DST 工况总体是纯放电的工况, 所以此类工况在建立电池模型时无需考虑滞回特性。但由于电动汽车使用时通常会约束 SOC 不低于下限阈值, 因此本文的 RMSE 计算不考虑低于 10%SOC 的部分,此时模型的 RMSE 为${0.0085}\mathrm{\;V}$, 即部分纯放电或者纯充电工况未考虑滞回特性 OCV 依然可以估计准确的原因, 工况对电池的滞回特性有较大的影响。
对于 NEDC 工况, 由于存在充、放电工况切换的情况, 电池的 OCV 会在充、放电之间变化, 因此在建立电池模型时需要考虑滞回特性。图10为 NEDC 充、放电工况在一阶 RC 模型、一阶 RC 滞回模型和 Preisach 模型下 OCV 的估计结果。计算得到一阶 RC 模型的 RMSE 为${0.0102}\mathrm{\;V}$, 一阶 RC 滞回模型的 RMSE 为${0.0095}\mathrm{\;V}$, Preisach 电池模型的 RMSE 为${0.0092}\mathrm{\;V}$。可以看出:当工况存在充、放电切换时, 考虑滞回特性建立的电池模型精度更高, 估计的结果也更准确。在实际应用中, 可视工况情况决定是否有必要考虑电池滞回特性, 从而建立不同的电池模型。
目前最常用的 SOC 估计方法是基于模型的现代控制理论法, 其将电池模型和各种算法相结合来估计电池 SOC, 其中 EKF 算法因为其精度高、 鲁棒性好等优点被广泛使用[16]。Preisach 模型用来 SOC 估计时, 将电池模型估计的 OCV 作为输入, SOC 作为输出。由于 OCV-SOC 滞回曲线的平坦性, 在电池建模中输出 OCV 随输入 SOC 的不准确变化幅度不大,而在 SOC 估计中输出 SOC 随输入 OCV 的误差波动较大。针对离散 Preisach 模型在 SOC 估计中性能下降的问题, 本文采用在线 ADPM 的 SOC 估计方法, 其主要思想是权值向量不再是固定不变的, 而是 1 个时变量, 并且采用了电流对估计的 SOC 进行修正。首先计算出滞后状态量, 然后根据滞后状态量和权重的乘积得到 SOC 的先验值, 再根据先验值反向计算出电流的值, 从而得到计算电流和测量电流的误差, 接着用该误差更新权重向量使得每个时刻的权重向量均为最新修正, 避免 SOC 的估计结果受累加误差导致过大, 以达到修正 SOC 的效果。在训练数据时,由于${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池$\mathrm{{OCV}}$ 差别不大,因此本文取$n ={100}\text{、}\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 估计流程如图11所示,其中$C$ 为电池的标准容量;${L}_{k}$ 为卡尔曼增益;${e}_{k}$ 为估计电压与测量电压的差值;${P}_{k}$ 为误差协方差;${\mathbf{A}}_{k}$${\mathbf{C}}_{k}$ 为状态转移矩阵;$\sum w$$\sum v$ 分别为系统噪声和观测噪声;$\mathrm{{SOC}}\left({t}_{k}\right)$${t}_{k}$ 时刻模型的输出$\mathrm{{SOC}};\omega \left({t}_{k}\right)$ 为迟滞状态矩阵向量;$\mathbf{\mu }\left({t}_{k}\right)$ 为时变的权重向量;$\lambda$ 为步长变化量。
图12为 SOC 估计结果及估计误差。因为 EKF 算法受噪声影响较大, 所以 SOC 估计结果未体现出电池模型精度的优势。但可以明显看出 Preisach 模型估计的结果仍为最好, 这是因为 Preisach 模型对历史工况的记录使得描述的 OCV-SOC 曲线关系更准确, 从而估计得到的 SOC 也就更准确。估计结果表明, 在存在频繁充、放电切换的工况下, 3 种模型估计 SOC 的误差均不超过 5%,其中 Preisach 模型估计 SOC 的误差不超过 3%。而目前大多数文献估计${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 在不存在充、放电切换的工况下仅约为 4%。因此,本文模型算法在精度上有一定的提高, 且工况符合实际应用中有充、放电切换的情况。
在电池全寿命周期中, 准确的 SOC 估计依赖精准的 OCV-SOC 关系, 因此建立电池模型精准描述 OCV-SOC 关系尤为重要。本文对不同工况下${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池迟滞性建模和 SOC 估计进行了比较研究, 在不同工况下进行了模型验证和精度的对比, 验证了模型数据集中的准确性。结果表明, 综合考虑复杂度和估计精度,纯充电或纯放电工况下,一阶 RC 模型是最佳选择,而存在充、放电切换的工况下,${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池必须考虑滞回特性, Preisach 电池模型和一阶 RC 滞回模型的估算精度相近, 前者需要大量的训练数据, 后者参数辨识时波动较大, 可视情况综合选择。 最后,本文比较分析了不同模型对${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 估计的精度, Preisach 模型最低误差为 3%。
在本文研究基础上, 接下来拟通过实验研究 OCV-SOC 在不同温度、不同充放电倍率下的滞回特性,从而建立更准确的${\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}$ 电池模型。
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.207
  • 接收时间:2021-12-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-26
  • 修回日期:2022-03-06
  • 录用日期:2022-03-09
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    上海理工大学 机械工程学院 上海 200093
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