Article(id=1153375940743778717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.199, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1638288000000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-01, revisedDate=1642003200000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-13, acceptedDate=1642780800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-01-22, onlineDate=1752915852961, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915852961, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915852961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915852961, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=199, endPage=206, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375941431644575, articleId=1153375940743778717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Study on SOC Estimation Method for LiFePO4 Battery at Variable Temperature, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the actual operation of a battery, its temperature will vary with the ambient temperature, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty in estimating its state-of-charge (SOC). To address this problem, the relationship of temperature with the charge and discharge capacities, internal resistance and open circuit voltage of the battery is studied, and an equivalent circuit model considering temperature is established accordingly. The battery SOC is estimated based on this model by combining the extended Kalman filter algorithm, which can update the temperature-dependent variables in real time and adapt to the temperature change of the battery. In addition, this method is validated at variable temperatures. Results show that the proposed method can quickly and accurately estimate the battery SOC with an estimation error within 2%.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhanlong XIAO, Yuejiu ZHENG, Xiangjun LI, Wentao JIN, Xiangjin WANG, Yuhan MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153376128904450881, articleId=1153375940743778717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=CN, title=变温下磷酸铁锂电池的SOC估计方法研究, columnId=1149830274575463188, journalTitle=电源学报, columnName=电池与储能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电池实际运行中,电池温度会随着环境温度的变化而变化,这无疑增加了电池荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)估计的难度。针对此问题,研究了温度与电池充放电容量、电池内阻及电池的开路电压之间的关系,并以此建立了考虑温度的等效电路模型。在该模型的基础上结合扩展卡尔曼滤波算法估计电池的SOC,可以实时更新与温度相关的变量,适应电池的温度变化,在变化的温度下进行验证。结果表明,所提方法可以快速并准确地估计出电池的SOC,其估计误差在2%以内。

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肖占龙(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂离子电池状态估计。E-mail: 1542491192@qq.com。

郑岳久(1986-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:锂电池管理系统。E-mail: yuejiu.zheng@usst.edu.cn。

李相俊(1979-),男,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:大规模储能技术。E-mail: li_xiangjun@126.com。

靳文涛(1987- ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能系统应用及控制技术。E-mail:jinwentao123@163.com。

汪湘晋(1980-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:储能系统管理。E-mail: wangxiangjun@163.com。

马瑜涵(1984-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能系统管理。E-mail: mayuhan@126.com。

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肖占龙(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂离子电池状态估计。E-mail: 1542491192@qq.com。

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肖占龙(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂离子电池状态估计。E-mail: 1542491192@qq.com。

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郑岳久(1986-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:锂电池管理系统。E-mail: yuejiu.zheng@usst.edu.cn。

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郑岳久(1986-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:锂电池管理系统。E-mail: yuejiu.zheng@usst.edu.cn。

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李相俊(1979-),男,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:大规模储能技术。E-mail: li_xiangjun@126.com。

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李相俊(1979-),男,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:大规模储能技术。E-mail: li_xiangjun@126.com。

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靳文涛(1987- ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能系统应用及控制技术。E-mail:jinwentao123@163.com。

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靳文涛(1987- ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能系统应用及控制技术。E-mail:jinwentao123@163.com。

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汪湘晋(1980-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:储能系统管理。E-mail: wangxiangjun@163.com。

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汪湘晋(1980-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:储能系统管理。E-mail: wangxiangjun@163.com。

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马瑜涵(1984-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能系统管理。E-mail: mayuhan@126.com。

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马瑜涵(1984-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能系统管理。E-mail: mayuhan@126.com。

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参数 数值
标称容量/($\mathrm{A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ) 20
充电截止电压/V ${3.65}\pm {0.05}$
放电终止电压/V 2.0
充电工作温度/℃ 0~45
放电工作温度/℃ $-{20}\sim {60}$
循环寿命/次 $\geq {1500}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032463958499405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375940743778717, language=CN, label=表1, caption=电池基本性能参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
标称容量/($\mathrm{A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ) 20
充电截止电压/V ${3.65}\pm {0.05}$
放电终止电压/V 2.0
充电工作温度/℃ 0~45
放电工作温度/℃ $-{20}\sim {60}$
循环寿命/次 $\geq {1500}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032464017219664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375940743778717, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Chargeable and dischargeable capacities of battery at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 可充电容量/($\mathrm{A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ) 可放电容量/($\mathrm{A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ )
45 21.00 20.92
25 20.97 20.53
5 19.64 19.21
-15 12.57 11.94
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温度/℃ 可充电容量/($\mathrm{A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ ) 可放电容量/($\mathrm{A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ )
45 21.00 20.92
25 20.97 20.53
5 19.64 19.21
-15 12.57 11.94
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变温下磷酸铁锂电池的SOC估计方法研究
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肖占龙 1 , 郑岳久 1 , 李相俊 2 , 靳文涛 2 , 汪湘晋 3 , 马瑜涵 3
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(6): 199-206
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(6): 199-206
变温下磷酸铁锂电池的SOC估计方法研究
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肖占龙1 , 郑岳久1 , 李相俊2 , 靳文涛2 , 汪湘晋3 , 马瑜涵3
作者信息
  • 1 上海理工大学 机械工程学院 上海 200093
  • 2 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 北京 100192
  • 3 国网浙江省电力有限公司 电力科学研究院 杭州 310014
  • 肖占龙(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂离子电池状态估计。E-mail: 1542491192@qq.com。

    郑岳久(1986-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:锂电池管理系统。E-mail: yuejiu.zheng@usst.edu.cn。

    李相俊(1979-),男,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:大规模储能技术。E-mail: li_xiangjun@126.com。

    靳文涛(1987- ),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能系统应用及控制技术。E-mail:jinwentao123@163.com。

    汪湘晋(1980-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:储能系统管理。E-mail: wangxiangjun@163.com。

    马瑜涵(1984-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:储能系统管理。E-mail: mayuhan@126.com。

Study on SOC Estimation Method for LiFePO4 Battery at Variable Temperature
Zhanlong XIAO1 , Yuejiu ZHENG1 , Xiangjun LI2 , Wentao JIN2 , Xiangjin WANG3 , Yuhan MA3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
  • 2 China Electric Power Research Institute Beijing 100192 China
  • 3 Electric Power Research Institute State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd Hangzhou 310014 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.199
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电池实际运行中,电池温度会随着环境温度的变化而变化,这无疑增加了电池荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)估计的难度。针对此问题,研究了温度与电池充放电容量、电池内阻及电池的开路电压之间的关系,并以此建立了考虑温度的等效电路模型。在该模型的基础上结合扩展卡尔曼滤波算法估计电池的SOC,可以实时更新与温度相关的变量,适应电池的温度变化,在变化的温度下进行验证。结果表明,所提方法可以快速并准确地估计出电池的SOC,其估计误差在2%以内。

环境温度  /  磷酸铁锂电池  /  荷电状态估计  /  扩展卡尔曼滤波

In the actual operation of a battery, its temperature will vary with the ambient temperature, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty in estimating its state-of-charge (SOC). To address this problem, the relationship of temperature with the charge and discharge capacities, internal resistance and open circuit voltage of the battery is studied, and an equivalent circuit model considering temperature is established accordingly. The battery SOC is estimated based on this model by combining the extended Kalman filter algorithm, which can update the temperature-dependent variables in real time and adapt to the temperature change of the battery. In addition, this method is validated at variable temperatures. Results show that the proposed method can quickly and accurately estimate the battery SOC with an estimation error within 2%.

Ambient temperature  /  LiFePO4 battery  /  state-of-charge (SOC) estimation  /  extended Kalman filter
肖占龙, 郑岳久, 李相俊, 靳文涛, 汪湘晋, 马瑜涵. 变温下磷酸铁锂电池的SOC估计方法研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 199 -206 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.199
Zhanlong XIAO, Yuejiu ZHENG, Xiangjun LI, Wentao JIN, Xiangjin WANG, Yuhan MA. Study on SOC Estimation Method for LiFePO4 Battery at Variable Temperature[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 199 -206 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.199
随着不可再生能源的减少和全球能源形势严峻,发展绿色能源已成为全球关注的重点[1-2]。由于磷酸铁锂$\left({\mathrm{{LiFePO}}}_{4}\right)$ 电池的安全性较好,其已成为非常重要的储能电池。准确估计荷电状态 SOC ( state-of-charge )是保障电池安全运行的重要前提,然而 SOC 受环境温度、充放电率、传感器精度等诸多因素影响,估算难度较大[3]。且磷酸铁锂电池的主要缺点之一是低温性能差, 使得在较宽温度范围内准确估计 SOC 具有挑战性[4]
目前,对 SOC 估计的研究较多, 主要集中于电池模型和估计方法[5-6]。电池模型越简单,越有利于实际应用。卡尔曼滤波是基于模型的应用最广泛的方法, 并衍生出一系列扩展算法, 包括扩展卡尔曼滤波 EKF(extended Kalman filter)、无迹卡尔曼滤波等[7]。文献[8]使用 EKF 根据二阶 RC 模型估计电池的 SOC, 但其忽略了不同温度下的电池参数变化; 文献[9]提出了考虑温度的 Thevenin 模型, 但忽略了温度对开路电压 OCV(open circuit voltage)的影响; 文献[10]提出了 OCV-SOC 的温度模型来研究温度对开路电压的影响, 采用修正系数改进了模型, 但没有考虑温度对内阻及模型参数的影响; 文献 [11]同样建立了温度修正模型, 并提出了基于库伦计数方法与自适应粒子滤波的组合估计方法。虽然上述考虑温度的模型给出了较准确的结果, 但是其实验通常是在恒定温度的动态电流或者动态温度的恒定电流下完成的, 因此还需要研究温度与电流同步变化的 SOC 估计方法。
综上所述, 为解决上述问题, 本文提出 1 种磷酸铁锂电池的 SOC 估计方法, 该方法不仅考虑到温度的影响, 同时要在温度和电流同步变化的动态条件下保持精度。本文研究了温度对电池容量、内阻及开路电压的影响, 并基于二阶 RC 等效电路模型, 使用粒子群优化 PSO(particle swarm optimization)算法辨识得到不同温度下的模型参数, 进一步利用实验验证模型的准确性。利用 EKF 算法在温度变化的条件下验证算法的准确性和可靠性,使得 SOC 估计误差在 2%以内。
以 1 款力神磷酸铁锂电池为研究对象, 将电池与新威台架连接好之后, 放置在东莞贝尔温箱中进行实验, 在每种温度下搁置足够长的时间, 使电池内外温度与温箱温度保持一致,再进行后续实验。 通过标准容量测试、混合功率脉冲特性 HPPC (hybrid pulse power characteristic)测试研究不同温度下的电池容量特性、开路电压特性及电池的内阻特性。电池的基本性能参数如表1所示。
电池容量是影响 SOC 估算精度的关键因素, 在实际使用中, 温度对电池容量影响较大。因此, 为了提高 SOC 估算的准确性, 有必要在不同温度下测试电池的充、放电容量, 研究电池的温度-容量特性[12]。通过在不同温度下进行容量测试,得到各个温度下的充、放电容量。各温度下的充、放电电压曲线如图1所示, 可见, 电池充、放电过程的电压曲线总体趋势相同, 但随着温度降低, 电池充、放电时到达充、放电截止电压的时间越来越早, 在$-{15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,电池仅靠恒压阶段来充电,低温环境下的电池电压对温度更敏感。
电池在不同温度下的可充、放电容量如表2所示, 可以看出, 温度对电池的实际可充、放容量有较大影响,特别是低温下,充、放电容量均减少至常温下的约 60%。
一般情况下, 电池的开路电压与电池的 SOC 均有比较稳定的对应关系, 且开路电压对电池模型的模拟输出电压有较大影响。但对于磷酸铁锂电池, 其开路电压有 2 段比较明显的平台期,随 SOC 的变化具有较强的非线性[13]。
分别在-15、5、25、45°C的温度下进行 HPPC 实验。通过$1/3\mathrm{C}$ 恒流放电至不同的$\mathrm{{SOC}}$,然后搁置不同的时间来获得该温度下不同 SOC 处的开路电压$(- {15}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 搁置$5\mathrm{\;h},5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 搁置$4\mathrm{\;h},{25}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 搁置$3\mathrm{\;h}$,${45}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 搁置$3\mathrm{\;h}$ ),其中 2 个脉冲电流来激发电池特性, 各温度下的开路电压曲线如图2所示。
变化温度下的开路电压实验方法忽略了不同温度下$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的不确定性,统一使用${25}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下的$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 来获取其他温度下的开路电压。具体实验流程: 在 25°C将电池恒流、恒压充电至截止电流;然后将温箱的温度分别调至45、25、5、-15°C,并搁置相应的时间;搁置完成后在${25}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 放电至下一个百分比的 SOC,重复以上步骤,所得开路电压如图3所示。
由于均在${25}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的温度下对电池放电来调整电池的 SOC, 此时电池的 SOC 是固定的。因此该方案更能真实地表现出不同温度下电池的开路电压随 SOC 变化的趋势。
温度与电池的充、放电内阻有较强的关联性, 尤其在低温环境下, 电池的内阻会迅速上升。研究不同温度下电池的充、放电内阻对电池模型建立及电池 SOC 估计的影响具有非常重要的意义。为了得到不同温度下,磷酸铁锂电池的充、放电内阻特性,分别在$-{15}\text{、}5\text{、}{25}\text{、}{45}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 进行内阻实验,实验步骤为 HPPC 测试。电池的充、放电内阻及充放电内阻与 SOC 和温度的关系如图4所示。在不同的温度下及不同的 SOC 处, 电池的充、放电内阻均有较大差异。首先在温度方面, 温度越低, 充、 放电内阻越大;其次在同一温度下,不同 SOC 处的充、放电内阻也有所不同。
在利用卡尔曼滤波算法的有关融合算法来估计锂电池的 SOC 时, 需要先选取 1 种电池模型。 等效电路模型具有复杂度低、精准度高的特点, RC 模型是最普遍的等效电路模型, 广泛应用于电池领域。RC 模型又细分为一阶 RC 和二阶 RC, 其中 RC 并联元件个数越多,模型精度越高[14]。电池等效电路模型如图5所示,二阶 RC 模型虽然比一阶$\mathrm{{RC}}$ 模型复杂,但其具有更高的精准度,因此本文选用二阶 RC 模型模拟磷酸铁锂电池的特性。
在二阶$\mathrm{{RC}}$ 模型中,$I$ 为流过电池的电流;${U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}$ 为电池的开路电压,与电池的 SOC 直接相关;$U$ 为负载电压;${R}_{0}$ 为欧姆内阻;${R}_{1}$ 为电化学极化电阻;${R}_{2}$ 为浓差极化电阻;${C}_{1}$ 为电化学极化电容;${C}_{2}$ 为浓差极化电容。${R}_{1}$${R}_{2}$ 分别与${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 并联构成$\mathrm{{RC}}$ 回路,${U}_{1}$${U}_{2}$ 分别为 2 个$\mathrm{{RC}}$ 回路的电压,用于模拟电池在极化过程中所表现出的动态特性。
二阶 RC 模型的连续方程为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}{U}_{1}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= I\left( t\right)\frac{1}{{C}_{1}}- \frac{1}{{R}_{1}{C}_{1}}{U}_{1}\left( t\right)$
$\frac{\mathrm{d}{U}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= I\left( t\right)\frac{1}{{C}_{2}}- \frac{1}{{R}_{2}{C}_{2}}{U}_{2}\left( t\right)$
$ U\left( t\right)= {U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}\left( t\right)+ I\left( t\right){R}_{0}+ {U}_{1}\left( t\right)+ {U}_{2}\left( t\right)$
二阶 RC 模型经离散化后得到迭代公式为
${U}_{1}\left( k\right)= {U}_{1}\left({k - 1}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{1}}+ I\left( k\right){R}_{1}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{1}}}\right)$
${U}_{2}\left( k\right)= {U}_{2}\left({k - 1}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{2}}+ I\left( k\right){R}_{2}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{2}}}\right)$
$ U\left( k\right)= {U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}\left( k\right)+ I\left( k\right){R}_{0}+ {U}_{1}\left( k\right)+ {U}_{2}\left( k\right)$
式中:$k$ 为迭代次数;${\tau }_{1}$${\tau }_{2}$ 为放电时间常数,${\tau }_{1}=$ ${R}_{1}{C}_{1},{\tau }_{2}= {R}_{2}{C}_{2}$
在确定了磷酸铁锂电池的等效模型之后, 需要根据电池的实际性能对模型中的未知参数进行辨识。粒子群优化算法作为一种进化算法, 由于其计算速度快、调用参数少、编程简单、具有记忆性等优点, 近年来得到了广泛研究和应用。由于所选用的电池模型是二阶 RC 模型,故目标变量有$\theta =\left\lbrack {R}_{\mathrm{C}}\right.$,$\left.{{R}_{\mathrm{D}},{R}_{1},{\tau }_{1},{R}_{2},{\tau }_{2}}\right\rbrack$。其中,${R}_{\mathrm{C}}$${R}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 分别为充电欧姆内阻和放电欧姆内阻。目标函数为
$\min : f\left(\widehat{\theta }\right)= \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{\left({U}_{j}- {U}_{\mathrm{{est}}, j}\right)}^{2}}$
式中:$\theta$ 为目标变量;$n$ 为在所选优化区间采集到的所有数据点的个数;${U}_{j}$${U}_{\mathrm{{est}}, j}$ 分别为在$j$ 时刻电压传感器采集到的电压和电池模型估计的电压。
在脉冲充、放电过程中, 充、放电开始和充、 放电结束时电压有 1 个瞬间的直线变化过程, 这是由电池的欧姆内阻${R}_{0}$ 引起的。利用此特性计算电池的欧姆内阻, 即
${R}_{0}= \frac{{U}_{\text{start }}- {U}_{\text{end }}}{I}$
式中:${U}_{\text{start }}$${U}_{\text{end }}$ 分别为充、放电开始和充、放电结束的电压。
在放电的${30}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内,对极化电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 充电, 可视为零状态响应,定义放电时间常数${\tau }_{1}= {R}_{1}{C}_{1}$${\tau }_{2}= {R}_{2}{C}_{2}$,极化电容${R}_{1}\text{、}{R}_{2}$ 两端的电压分别为
${U}_{1}= I{R}_{1}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-t/{\tau }_{1}}}\right)$
${U}_{2}= I{R}_{2}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-t/{\tau }_{2}}}\right)$
在撤离电流脉冲激励静置的时间内, 极化电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 放电,${R}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{1}$${R}_{2}\text{、}{C}_{2}$ 回路分别形成零输入响应, 电压缓慢上升, 最后趋于稳定。极化电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 两端的电压分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{1}= {U}_{1}\left( 0\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-t/{\tau }_{1}}\\{U}_{2}= {U}_{2}\left( 0\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-t/{\tau }_{2}}\end{array}\right.$
为找到该模型接近全区间的最优解, 对每个区间段 (每 10%SOC) 均进行 10 次优化, 并取 10 次优化结果中的最优结果作为模型参数以获得最优模型参数, 得到最准确的电池模型。
电池在工作过程中状态的变化是复杂的, 其等效电路模型参数会随着自身因素和外部状态的变化而变化, 尤其是温度的变化。为了获得等效电路模型在不同温度下的精确参数, 使用 HPPC 实验的数据, 采用粒子群优化算法辨识得到不同温度下的电池模型参数, 辨识结果如图6所示。
根据辨识结果, 在后续计算过程中, 采用二维插值法得到其他条件下的各个电池模型参数, 以满足所有温度和 SOC 的条件。通过多循环 NEDC (new European driving cycle)工况实验可以验证电池模型的准确性。以$5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的温度为例,模型电压与实测电压以及两者的误差如图7所示, 可见: 考虑温度的等效电路模型可以很好地模拟出电池的端电压;在$5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,模型端电压的平均误差为${0.005}\mathrm{\;V}$, 相对误差为${0.152}\%$,电压最大误差为${0.063}\mathrm{\;V}$,最大相对误差为 1.90%。该模型可以很好地模拟出电池在低温下的端电压, 为下文采用卡尔曼滤波估计电池 SOC 提供了较好的模型端电压精度。
${75}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下的模型电压与实测电压曲线和误差
卡尔曼滤波算法是 1 种基于最小方差估计的最优估计方法, 但是, 电池的实际使用过程中具有较强的非线性特性。扩展卡尔曼滤波作为卡尔曼滤波的 1 种改进形式, 其核心思想是利用泰勒公式对系统进行线性化, 可以较好地解决这一问题, 并且在 SOC 的估计中有着广泛应用[15]
对于动态的非线性系统, 一般用状态空间模型进行表达, 即
${x}_{k + 1}= f\left({{x}_{k},{u}_{k}}\right)+ {\omega }_{k}$
${y}_{k}= g\left({{x}_{k},{u}_{k}}\right)+ {v}_{k}$
式中,${u}_{k}$ 为电池的开路电压;${\omega }_{k}$${v}_{k}$ 分别为系统噪声与测量噪声。
基于二阶 RC 等效电路模型, 结合安时积分法计算$\mathrm{{SOC}}$,以${\mathbf{x}}_{k}= {\left\lbrack \mathrm{{SOC}},{U}_{1},{U}_{2}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$ 为状态变量, 充、放电电流作为输入, 电池的端电压为输出变量, 可得电池 SOC 估计系统的离散空间状态表达式为
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k + 1}\\{U}_{1, k + 1}\\{U}_{2, k + 1}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{1}}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{2}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k}\\{U}_{1, k}\\{U}_{2, k}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack +\\\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- {\eta \Delta t}/C \\{R}_{1}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{1}}}\right)\\{R}_{2}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{2}}}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack {I}_{k}+ {\omega }_{k}\\{U}_{t, k}= {U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}- {U}_{1, k}- {U}_{2, k}- {I}_{k}{R}_{0}+ {U}_{k}$
式中:${\Delta t}$ 为采样时间;$\eta$ 为库伦效率,一般近似为 1。${R}_{0}$ 的大小取决于电流的正负,当电流为正时 (充电),${R}_{0}= -{R}_{\mathrm{C}}$; 电流为负时 (放电),${R}_{0}= -{R}_{\mathrm{D}},{R}_{\mathrm{C}}\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 均可由当前 SOC 查表得到。
EKF 算法估计电池 SOC 的步骤如下。
(1)初始化:$K = 0$,初始状态向量${\mathbf{x}}_{0}^{+ }= E\left\lbrack {x}_{0}\right\rbrack$, 初始偏差${\mathbf{P}}_{0}^{+ }= E\left\lbrack {\left({\mathbf{x}- {\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{0}^{+ }}\right){\left(\mathbf{x}- {\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{0}^{+ }\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}}\right\rbrack$
(2)估计过程:$K = 1,2,3,\cdots$
状态矩阵为
${\widehat{A}}_{k}= {\left.\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right|}_{{x}_{k}= {\widehat{x}}_{k}^{+ }}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{1}}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\Delta t}/{\tau }_{2}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
测量矩阵为
${\widehat{\mathbf{C}}}_{k}= {\left.\frac{\partial g}{\partial x}\right|}_{{x}_{k}= {\widehat{x}}_{k}^{- }}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{\left.\frac{\mathrm{d}{U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}\left(\mathrm{{SOC}}\right)}{\mathrm{{dSOC}}}\right|}_{\mathrm{{SOC}}= {\mathrm{{soC}}}_{k}^{- }}& - 1 &- 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中,${\widehat{\mathbf{A}}}_{k}\text{、}{\widehat{\mathbf{C}}}_{k}$ 分别为状态方程与输出方程的一阶泰勒展开系数矩阵。
第 1 步, 时间更新, 状态先验估计为
${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{k}^{- }= f\left({{\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{k - 1}^{+ },{u}_{k - 1}}\right)$
误差协方差矩阵更新为
${\mathbf{P}}_{k}^{- }= {\widehat{\mathbf{A}}}_{k - 1}{\mathbf{P}}_{k - 1}^{+ }{\widehat{\mathbf{A}}}_{k - 1}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {\mathbf{\sum }}_{\omega }$
第 2 步, 量测更新, 计算卡尔曼增益为
${L}_{k}= {\mathbf{P}}_{k}^{- }{\widehat{\mathbf{C}}}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}{\left\lbrack {\widehat{\mathbf{C}}}_{k}{\mathbf{P}}_{k}^{- }{\widehat{\mathbf{C}}}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {\mathbf{\sum }}_{v}\right\rbrack }^{-1}$
式中:${\mathbf{\sum }}_{\omega }\text{、}{\mathbf{\sum }}_{v}$ 分别为${\omega }_{k}\text{、}{v}_{k}$ 的协方差矩阵;${\mathbf{P}}_{k}$ 为状态估计误差的协方差矩阵。
状态向量测量更新为
${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{k}^{+ }= {\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{k}^{- }+ {L}_{k}\left\lbrack {{y}_{k}- g\left({{\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{k}^{- },{u}_{k}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
误差协方差矩阵测量更新为
${\mathbf{P}}_{k}^{+ }= \left({I -{L}_{k}{\widehat{\mathbf{C}}}_{k}}\right){\mathbf{P}}_{k}^{- }$
第 3 步, 返回第 1 步进行下一周期的更新。
对磷酸铁锂电池进行变化温度下的实验, 放电工况采用 NEDC 工况, 对记录的电流用安时积分法得到电池的 SOC 作为参考值。将充满电的电池搁置在温箱中, 对温箱进行程序设置, 电池所处温度由$-{18}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 开始以${0.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的速度逐渐上升至${45}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,然后逐渐下降至${35}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,如图8所示。
在 2.2 节中得到了各温度下模型的参数, 因此在使用 EKF 算法估计 SOC 时, 可利用二维 map 图插值得到等效电路模型中各温度下的参数, 而且可以通过 map 图插值得到各温度下的开路电压。估计结果如图9所示, 可见, 初始 SOC 存在 5%的误差,并且在低温时,算法可以通过二维插值 map 的方法实时更新模型中受温度影响的参数, 使得 SOC 估计值快速收敛至真实 SOC 附近, 最终的估计结果保持在 2%以内。
本文分析了温度与电池的充放电容量、充放电内阻及开路电压之间的关系, 建立了 1 种考虑温度的等效电路模型, 并基于粒子群优化算法辨识得到模型在不同 SOC 和温度下的参数。在此模型的基础上, 结合 EKF 算法对电池进行 SOC 估计。通过温度和电流同步变化的实验, 验证了该方法的估计精度, 其估计误差在 2%以内。本文对等效电路模型中受温度影响的参数进行实时更新,在电池所处环境的温度不断变化时, 可以更准确地估计电池的 SOC。此外, 电池的老化是影响电池模型参数的另一因素, 实际应用中还应该考虑老化对电池模型参数的影响。
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.199
  • 接收时间:2021-12-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-01
  • 修回日期:2022-01-13
  • 录用日期:2022-01-22
基金
Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(5400-201955488A)
国家电网公司科技资助项目(5400-201955488A)
作者信息
    1 上海理工大学 机械工程学院 上海 200093
    2 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 北京 100192
    3 国网浙江省电力有限公司 电力科学研究院 杭州 310014
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.199
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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