Article(id=1153375937094734230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1635696000000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-01, revisedDate=1640534400000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-27, acceptedDate=1641916800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-01-12, onlineDate=1752915852092, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915852092, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915852092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915852092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=179, endPage=187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375937447055767, articleId=1153375937094734230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Self-heating Strategy for Automotive Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Traction Motor and Inverter Reconfiguration, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the problem of performance degradation in automotive lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, a self-heating method based on electric vehicle traction motor and inverter reconfiguration was developed, in which the traction motor windings were utilized as energy storage units to realize AC heating of batteries at low temperatures without additional hardware. First, a detailed mathematical description of AC heating topology was given, and the analytical relationship among the battery voltage, current and heating control parameters was obtained. Then, an adaptive fuzzy PI controller was designed to regulate both the heating current and the charge/discharge voltages of batteries dynamically, so that the heating rate can be guaranteed while avoiding the aging of batteries. In addition, in order to relieve the mechanical vibration and noise from the traction motor during internal heating, a torque ripple canceling scheme based on the clamped rotor position was also proposed, thus ensuring the passenger comfort and the motor durability. Experimental results demonstrate that under the proposed strategy, the tested batteries warmed up from-20 °C to above 0 °C within 403 s without permanently damaging the battery life.

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为解决车用锂离子动力电池低温性能衰退问题,提出1种基于电动汽车电驱逆变器重构的自加热方法,利用驱动电机绕组作为储能元件,无需额外设备即可对电池进行低温交流加热。首先,建立交流加热拓扑的详细数学描述,得到电池电压、电流与加热控制参数间的解析关系。随后,设计自适应模糊PI控制器对加热过程中的电池电压和电流进行动态调节,在保证加热速率的同时可有效防止电池老化。针对电池加热过程中电机易产生噪声和振动的问题,提出1种基于转子位置钳位的转矩脉动抑制方案,有效保障乘员舒适性和电机耐久性。实验结果表明,所提自加热策略在403s內即可将电池从-20℃加热到0℃以上,且不会对电池寿命造成永久性损伤。

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韩京伯(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂离子电池低温自加热。E-mail: hanjingbo@sjtu.edu.cn。

朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail:chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

李佳(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子功率变换器建模及控制。E-mail:18852647159@sjtu.edu.cn。

鲁岩松(1991-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电机控制和热管理。E-mail: yansong.lu@sjtu.edu.cn。

张希(1980-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail:braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

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韩京伯(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂离子电池低温自加热。E-mail: hanjingbo@sjtu.edu.cn。

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韩京伯(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂离子电池低温自加热。E-mail: hanjingbo@sjtu.edu.cn。

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朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail:chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

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朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail:chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

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李佳(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子功率变换器建模及控制。E-mail:18852647159@sjtu.edu.cn。

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李佳(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子功率变换器建模及控制。E-mail:18852647159@sjtu.edu.cn。

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鲁岩松(1991-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电机控制和热管理。E-mail: yansong.lu@sjtu.edu.cn。

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鲁岩松(1991-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电机控制和热管理。E-mail: yansong.lu@sjtu.edu.cn。

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张希(1980-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail:braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张希(1980-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail:braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

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参数 数值
$d$ 轴电感${L}_{d}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.153
$q$ 轴电感${L}_{q}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.243
电容${C}_{\mathrm{F}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 2040
永磁体磁${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 0.029
极对数${p}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 4
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参数 数值
$d$ 轴电感${L}_{d}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.153
$q$ 轴电感${L}_{q}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.243
电容${C}_{\mathrm{F}}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 2040
永磁体磁${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 0.029
极对数${p}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 4
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基于电驱逆变器重构的车用动力锂电池自加热策略
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韩京伯 1 , 朱翀 1 , 李佳 1 , 鲁岩松 1 , 张希 1
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(6): 179-187
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(6): 179-187
基于电驱逆变器重构的车用动力锂电池自加热策略
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韩京伯1 , 朱翀1 , 李佳1 , 鲁岩松1 , 张希1
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
  • 韩京伯(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂离子电池低温自加热。E-mail: hanjingbo@sjtu.edu.cn。

    朱翀(1989-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,助理教授。研究方向:动力电池低温热管理、电动汽车无线充电、电力电子变换器建模及控制。E-mail:chong.zhu@sjtu.edu.cn。

    李佳(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子功率变换器建模及控制。E-mail:18852647159@sjtu.edu.cn。

    鲁岩松(1991-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电机控制和热管理。E-mail: yansong.lu@sjtu.edu.cn。

    张希(1980-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:新能源汽车电驱动及电力电子技术、新能源汽车智能电池管理与无线充电技术、智能网联汽车环境感知与智能决策技术。E-mail:braver1980@sjtu.edu.cn。

Self-heating Strategy for Automotive Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Traction Motor and Inverter Reconfiguration
Jingbo HAN1 , Chong ZHU1 , Jia LI1 , Yansong LU1 , Xi ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.179
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为解决车用锂离子动力电池低温性能衰退问题,提出1种基于电动汽车电驱逆变器重构的自加热方法,利用驱动电机绕组作为储能元件,无需额外设备即可对电池进行低温交流加热。首先,建立交流加热拓扑的详细数学描述,得到电池电压、电流与加热控制参数间的解析关系。随后,设计自适应模糊PI控制器对加热过程中的电池电压和电流进行动态调节,在保证加热速率的同时可有效防止电池老化。针对电池加热过程中电机易产生噪声和振动的问题,提出1种基于转子位置钳位的转矩脉动抑制方案,有效保障乘员舒适性和电机耐久性。实验结果表明,所提自加热策略在403s內即可将电池从-20℃加热到0℃以上,且不会对电池寿命造成永久性损伤。

电动汽车  /  锂离子电池  /  交流自加热  /  驱动电机

To solve the problem of performance degradation in automotive lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, a self-heating method based on electric vehicle traction motor and inverter reconfiguration was developed, in which the traction motor windings were utilized as energy storage units to realize AC heating of batteries at low temperatures without additional hardware. First, a detailed mathematical description of AC heating topology was given, and the analytical relationship among the battery voltage, current and heating control parameters was obtained. Then, an adaptive fuzzy PI controller was designed to regulate both the heating current and the charge/discharge voltages of batteries dynamically, so that the heating rate can be guaranteed while avoiding the aging of batteries. In addition, in order to relieve the mechanical vibration and noise from the traction motor during internal heating, a torque ripple canceling scheme based on the clamped rotor position was also proposed, thus ensuring the passenger comfort and the motor durability. Experimental results demonstrate that under the proposed strategy, the tested batteries warmed up from-20 °C to above 0 °C within 403 s without permanently damaging the battery life.

Electric vehicle  /  lithium-ion battery  /  AC self-heating  /  traction motor
韩京伯, 朱翀, 李佳, 鲁岩松, 张希. 基于电驱逆变器重构的车用动力锂电池自加热策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 179 -187 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.179
Jingbo HAN, Chong ZHU, Jia LI, Yansong LU, Xi ZHANG. Self-heating Strategy for Automotive Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Traction Motor and Inverter Reconfiguration[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 179 -187 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.179
锂离子电池具有高能量密度、高功率密度及低成本等优点, 已成为电动汽车的主要动力来源[14] 然而, 锂离子电池在低温环境下的可用能量和功率会严重衰减,导致电动汽车的行驶里程大幅降低[3-4],限制了电动汽车在高寒地区和冬季使用的推广, 因此采取有效的加热措施来改善锂离子电池的低温性能尤为重要。
综合能量消耗、加热效率及安全性考虑, 基于交流电流进行电池内部加热的方法近年来受到广泛关注。根据电化学阻抗谱可知,锂离子电池阻抗的实部和虚部均会随充、放电电流频率的升高而降低[5],因此在低频加热时可以产生更高的热量。Zhang Jianbo 等[6] 建立了 1 种低频下的频域模型,在${0.1}\sim {10.0}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频率下进行了$1\mathrm{C}$$2\mathrm{C}$ 的交流电流加热实验, 结果表明增大电流幅值和降低频率均可提升加热速率。此外, 过低的频率或者过高的电流幅值可能对电池造成永久性损伤。Zhu Jiangong 等[7] 分别使用正弦和方波电流对锂离子电池进行内部预热,$1\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的电流频率会对电池造成不可逆转的损伤,而当电流频率超过${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 时, 容量和阻抗几乎未衰减[8],实验结果表明极低频率的加热电流可以使电池迅速升温, 然而过低的频率会使电池极化阻抗急剧增加, 使锂离子电池产生高过电势,导致锂离子电池析锂[9]。一般来说, 兼顾加热速度和电池寿命对于电池内部加热至关重要。为此, Ruan Haijun 等[10] 探究了 NCM18650 型锂离子电池固定频率加热时的最佳频率区间$\left({{100}\sim {3000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}}\right)$。然而,现有文献大多利用电池测试设备产生不同频率和振幅的交流电流来展开交流加热机理研究, 而针对交流加热的车载应用实现方法较少被提及。
为了实验自加热方法的车载应用, Shang Yunlong 等[11-12] 提出 1 种高频的自加热方案。在该方案中, 电池本身提供内部加热的能量而不再需要外部电源, 且自加热器的尺寸和质量符合车载应用的要求。然而, 相较于最佳加热频率而言, 高频时电池阻抗实部要小得多, 因此高频加热电流幅值通常高达$3\mathrm{C}$ 或者$4\mathrm{C}$,对功率变换器容量有较高的要求。为解决上述问题, 本文提出 1 种基于电动汽车电驱逆变器重构的锂离子电池自加热策略, 充分利用电机绕组和电容器的储能和滤波能力, 同时利用逆变器进行能量交换, 无需额外车载硬件即可实现锂离子电池充、放电。此外, 本文针对电池加热过程中电机易产生噪声和振动的问题, 提出 1 种基于转子位置钳位的转矩脉动抑制方案, 旨在有效保障乘员舒适性和电机耐久性。
本文所提基于电驱逆变器重构的自加热拓扑, 如图1所示。所提拓扑仅需在标准电动汽车的电池包和电机单相(图1$\mathrm{A}$ 相)之间增加继电器${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$。继电器${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 负责行车模式和自加热模式的切换。 在行车模式下,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 闭合、${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 断开,逆变器正常工作以驱动电机。当切换到自加热模式时,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 断开、${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 闭合。电池包的正极与$\mathrm{A}$ 相定子绕组直接相连, 使逆变器和电机绕组重构为两相交错并联 Boost DC-DC 变换器。
在自加热模式下, IGBT 的 A+和 A-始终处于断开状态。图2为自加热拓扑工作原理, 在 1 个周期内可分为 4 个状态。状态$\mathrm{I}$ 和状态$\mathrm{{II}}$ 实现电池放电,状态III和状态IV实现电池充电。在状态$\mathrm{I}$ 中,$\mathrm{B}$ -和$\mathrm{C}$ -闭合,此时电流流经定子绕组,定子绕组从电池中储存能量; 在状态 II 中, B-和 C-断开, 电流将通过位于$\mathrm{B}+$$\mathrm{C}+$ 处的 2 个二极管从电池流向电容器; 在状态III中, B+和 C+接通, 电流从电容器流向电池;在状态IV中, B+和C+将被关闭, 电流将继续通过位于$\mathrm{B}$ -和$\mathrm{C}$ -处的 2 个二极管流动。电流在电池和电容器之间反复充、放电, 直接加热电池。采用适当的控制策略, 无需外部电源即可产生特定幅值和频率的交流加热电流。
在本文研究中, 电池组可以简化为与频率和温度相关的电阻${R}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 串联的电压源${V}_{\mathrm{{OC}}}$, ABC 三相绕组可以简化为等效电感${L}_{\mathrm{P}}$。最终的简化拓扑如图3所示。
为了使${C}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 获得 1 个稳定的直流电压,$\mathrm{B}+$$\mathrm{C}+$ 功率开关中存在 1 个直流占空比分量${D}_{\mathrm{Z}}$。此外, 需额外增加交流占空比分量${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 以产生交流加热电流,因此功率开关的总占空比${D}_{\mathrm{S}}$
${D}_{\mathrm{S}}= {D}_{\mathrm{Z}}+ {D}_{\mathrm{A}}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)$
式中,$\omega$ 为加热电流角频率且$\omega ={2\pi f}, f$ 为加热电流频率。
由于电机绕组电阻远小于电池内阻, 简化拓扑的平均状态空间方程可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\mathrm{P}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{P}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {V}_{\mathrm{{OC}}}- {R}_{\mathrm{P}}{I}_{\mathrm{P}}- {D}_{\mathrm{S}}{V}_{C}\\{C}_{\mathrm{F}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{V}_{C}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {D}_{\mathrm{S}}{I}_{\mathrm{P}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${L}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为电机绕组等效电感;${I}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为加热电流;${V}_{\mathrm{{OC}}}$ 为电池开路电压;${R}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为电池内阻;${V}_{C}$ 为电容${C}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 电压;${C}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 为滤波电容。将式(1)代入式(2)可得
${L}_{\mathrm{P}}{C}_{\mathrm{F}}{D}_{\mathrm{S}}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{V}_{C}}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{2}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{F}}\left\lbrack {{R}_{\mathrm{P}}{D}_{\mathrm{S}}+ \omega {L}_{\mathrm{P}}{D}_{\mathrm{A}}\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right\rbrack \frac{\mathrm{d}{V}_{C}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ \\{D}_{\mathrm{S}}^{3}{V}_{C}= {D}_{\mathrm{S}}^{2}{V}_{\mathrm{{OC}}}$
显然, 式(3)为 1 个无法得到解析解的超越微分方程,这里可以使用${V}_{C}$ 的近似解,即
${V}_{C}= {V}_{0}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{K = 1}}^{N}{V}_{K}\cos \left({{K\omega t}+ {\alpha }_{K}}\right)$
式中:${V}_{0}$ 为直流分量;${V}_{K}$${\alpha }_{K}$ 分别为各电压谐波的幅值和相位。将式(4)代入式(3),微分方程的形式可表示为
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{K = 1}}^{N}{A}_{K}\sin \left({K\omega t}\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{K = 1}}^{N}{B}_{K}\cos \left({K\omega t}\right)+ {B}_{0}= 0 $
式(5)左侧可以看作右侧 “ 0 ” 项的傅里叶级数展开,由于电容${C}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 会将高阶电压谐波过滤,因此取$N = 1$,忽略式(5)中的高阶项,可得
$\begin{cases}{A}_{1}= {X}_{11}{V}_{1}+ {X}_{12}{V}_{0}- {Y}_{1}& = 0 \\{B}_{0}= \omega {R}_{\mathrm{P}}{C}_{\mathrm{F}}\cos {\alpha }_{1}- \left({{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{P}}{C}_{\mathrm{F}}- 3{D}_{\mathrm{A}}^{2}/4 -{D}_{Z}^{2}}\right)\cdot &\\\sin {\alpha }_{1}& = 0 \\{B}_{1}= {X}_{21}{V}_{1}+ {X}_{22}{V}_{0}- {Y}_{2}& = 0 \end{cases}$
式中
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{X}_{11}= \left({{D}_{c}^{3}+ 9{D}_{c}{D}_{\Delta }^{2}/4 -{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{P}}{C}_{\mathrm{F}}{D}_{\mathrm{Z}}}\right)\cos {\alpha }_{1}- \\\omega {R}_{\mathrm{P}}{C}_{\mathrm{F}}{D}_{c}\sin {\alpha }_{1}\\{X}_{12}= 3{D}_{\Delta }\left({{D}_{\Delta }^{2}/4 +{D}_{\sum }^{2}}\right)\\{X}_{21}= \left({3{D}_{\Delta }^{3}/8 + 3{D}_{\Delta }{D}_{2}^{2}/2 -{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{P}}{C}_{\mathrm{F}}{D}_{\Delta }}\right)\cos {\alpha }_{1}- \\ 2{m}_{P}{C}_{\mathrm{F}}{D}_{\Delta }\sin {\alpha }_{1}/2 \\{X}_{22}= {D}_{\Delta }\left({3{D}_{\Delta }^{2}/2 +{D}_{Z}^{2}}\right)\\{Y}_{1}= 2{D}_{\Delta }{D}_{\Delta }{V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}\\{Y}_{2}= -\left({{D}_{\Delta }^{2}/2 -{D}_{\Delta }^{2}}\right){V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}\\{X}_{12}= 2{D}_{\Delta }{D}_{\Delta }{V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}\\{X}_{13}= 2{D}_{\Delta }{D}_{\Delta }{V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}{D}_{\Delta }{V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}\end{array}\right.$
通过求解式(6),可得${V}_{C}$
${V}_{C}= \frac{{X}_{21}{Y}_{1}- {X}_{11}{Y}_{2}}{{X}_{12}{X}_{21}- {X}_{11}{X}_{22}}+ \frac{{X}_{12}{Y}_{2}- {X}_{22}{Y}_{1}}{{X}_{12}{X}_{21}- {X}_{11}{X}_{22}}.\\\cos \left({{\omega t}+ {\alpha }_{1}}\right)$
整理式( 2 )$\sim$ 式( 8 )可得加热电流${I}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 和电池端电压${V}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{\mathrm{P}}= \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{F}}}{{D}_{\mathrm{Z}}}\cdot \frac{\mathrm{d}{V}_{\mathrm{C}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= \frac{\omega {C}_{\mathrm{F}}}{{D}_{\mathrm{Z}}+ {D}_{\mathrm{A}}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)}.\\\frac{{X}_{22}{Y}_{1}- {X}_{12}{Y}_{2}}{{X}_{12}{X}_{21}- {X}_{11}{X}_{22}}\sin \left({{\omega t}+ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)\\{V}_{\mathrm{P}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{OC}}}- {I}_{\mathrm{P}}{R}_{\mathrm{P}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{OC}}}- \frac{\omega {C}_{\mathrm{F}}{R}_{\mathrm{P}}}{{D}_{\mathrm{Z}}+ {D}_{\mathrm{A}}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)}.\\\frac{{X}_{22}{Y}_{1}- {X}_{22}{Y}_{2}}{{X}_{12}{X}_{22}- {X}_{12}{X}_{22}}\sin \left({{\omega t}+ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
为获得相对较高的产热率, 加热电流频率通常选择在最佳加热频率区间$\left({{100}\sim {3000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}}\right)$,选取$f ={170}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,即$\omega ={340\pi }\mathrm{{rad}}/{\mathrm{s}}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$。为有效降低电容器${C}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 的电压应力,保证${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 具有宽松的调节范围,选取${D}_{\mathrm{Z}}= {0.6}$。为了探究交流占空比${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 对加热性能的影响,根据式(8)和式(9)可以直接得到${I}_{\mathrm{P}}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{P}}$${V}_{C}$ 的稳态波形, 如图4所示。由图4(a)和(b)可以看出,较大的${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 会产生较大的加热电流${I}_{\mathrm{P}}$,从而提高加热速度,缩短加热时间。然而,过大的${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 会产生较高的过电势, 从而导致析锂。另外, 由图4(c)可见,${V}_{C}$ 的峰值和均值随着${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 的升高而降低, 不会增加电容${C}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 的电压应力。这主要是由于${I}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 的增加会使端电压${V}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 降低,从而使电容电压${V}_{C}$ 降低。 基于此特性,可以通过控制器调整${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 来满足加热性能。
在自加热过程中, 为避免对锂离子电池造成不可逆的影响,${V}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 必须保持在充、放电截止电压范围内。由 1.1 节分析可知, 如图4(a)所示, 通过调整${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 可以改变加热电流${I}_{\mathrm{P}}$。此外,电池端电压$\left({{V}_{\mathrm{P}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{OC}}}- {R}_{\mathrm{P}}{I}_{\mathrm{P}}}\right)$ 也可以通过适当控制加热电流的峰值来确定。因此,可以采用${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 作为单控制变量, 同时调节加热电流峰值和电池端电压峰值。考虑到${I}_{\mathrm{P}}$${V}_{\mathrm{P}}$${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 之间高度的非线性时变关系,本文建立了自适应模糊 PI 控制器, 对电流和电压峰值进行精准控制。
图5为自适应模糊 PI 控制器在自加热中控制逻辑,其中${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 由充、放电边界值${I}_{\mathrm{H}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{H}}$${V}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 共同调节。首先, 利用 2 个周期性峰值检测模块提取${I}_{\mathrm{P}}$${V}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 在每个周期的峰值${I}_{\mathrm{{PMAX}}}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{{PMIN}}}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{PMAX}}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{PMIN}}}$,分别与边界值进行比较。然后,识别出最小的差值为需要减小的误差信号$e$。输入误差$e$ 和误差变化率${ec}$ 经过模糊化、模糊推理及精准化处理后得出合理的修正值$\mathrm{d}{K}_{\mathrm{P}}$$\mathrm{d}{K}_{\mathrm{I}}$,与原有值相加从而得到修正后的$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 参数${K}_{\mathrm{P}}$${K}_{\mathrm{I}}$,最后相加得到所需交流占空比${D}_{\mathrm{A}}$,可以精准控制加热过程中的电池端电压和电流。综合考虑控制精度及计算量,最终$e\text{、}{ec}\text{、}\mathrm{\;d}{K}_{\mathrm{P}}\text{、}\mathrm{\;d}{K}_{\mathrm{I}}$ 选取 5 个模糊子集。
在加热过程中, 加热电流流经定子绕组会使电机产生电磁转矩, 电磁转矩随着交流激励的幅值变化而出现脉动,容易引起电机振动与噪音的问题。 为解决该问题, 本文提出 1 种内部加热时的电机转矩脉动抑制方案, 可实现仅在载波频率附近有微小的高频转矩脉动, 确保不会影响乘员舒适性和电机耐久性。
永磁同步电机电磁转矩的计算公式为
${T}_{\mathrm{e}}= \frac{3}{2}{p}_{\mathrm{n}}{i}_{q}\left\lbrack {{i}_{d}\left({{L}_{d}- {L}_{q}}\right)+ {\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}}\right\rbrack $
式中:${p}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为电机极对数;${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为永磁体磁链;${L}_{d}$${L}_{q}$ 为定子$d - q$ 轴的电感;${i}_{d}$${i}_{q}$ 为定子$d - q$ 轴电流, 可以由$\mathrm{{ABC}}$ 三相电流经 Park 变换得到,即
${i}_{dq0}= \\\frac{2}{3}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos \beta &\cos \left({\beta -{120}^{\circ }}\right)& \cos \left({\beta +{120}^{\circ }}\right)\\- \sin \beta &- \sin \left({\beta -{120}^{\circ }}\right)& -\sin \left({\beta +{120}^{\circ }}\right)\\\frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{A}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{B}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{C}}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中,$\beta$ 为永磁体磁场与电枢磁场的初始夹角。
$\mathrm{A}$ 相定子绕组直接与电池组正极相连时,$\beta$ 为转子与$\mathrm{A}$ 相之间的电角度,且始终有${i}_{\mathrm{A}}= - 2{i}_{\mathrm{B}}=$ $2{i}_{\mathrm{C}}$,令${i}_{\mathrm{A}}= I$,经过计算可得
${i}_{dq}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos \beta \\- \sin \beta \end{matrix}\right\rbrack I $
将式(12)代入式(10)中, 则电磁转矩公式可以转化为
${T}_{\mathrm{e}}= -\frac{3}{2}{p}_{\mathrm{n}}I\sin \beta \left\lbrack {\left({{L}_{d}- {L}_{q}}\right) I\cos \beta +{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}}\right\rbrack $
易知,当$\beta = n \times {180}^{\circ }\left({n = 0,1,2\cdots }\right)$ 时,电磁转矩${T}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 始终保持为 0。基于此,取$\beta ={0}^{\circ }$,即仅需要控制电机转子对准 A 相定子绕组就可以较大程度上减小实验过程中的电磁转矩脉动。为将转子拖动到对准 A 相的位置 (图6),一种简单的方法是在驻车模式下交替利用空间矢量 100 和 000 状态,产生直流电流并通过定子绕组产生适当的转矩。
为验证低温环境下本文所提策略对动力电池的实际加热效果,搭建了自加热测试平台,如图7所示。 采用恒温、恒湿环境仓模拟严寒环境, 利用 Cree CCS050M12CM2 功率模块模拟电驱逆变器, 通过${2.8}\mathrm{{kW}}/{60}\mathrm{\;V}$ 表贴式永磁同步电机模拟驱动电机。为简单起见,将 6 个 LG 3.2Ah 18650 LiMn${\mathrm{{CoO}}}_{2}$ 电池串联连接以模拟电动汽车电池组。利用负温度系数热敏电阻测量电池表面温度, 利用 Speedgoat 实时目标机产生脉宽调制驱动信号,并记录自加热过程中电池电压、电流及表面温度, 具体参数如表1所示。
不同电角度和电流峰值下的电磁转矩结果, 如图8所示。由图8(d)可以看出:转子与 A 相对准时的电磁转矩峰值最小;随着电流峰值的增加,转子与$\mathrm{A}$ 相对准$\left({\beta ={0}^{\circ }}\right)$ 时的电磁转矩峰值基本保持在${0.4}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$; 而当转子与$\mathrm{B}$$\left({\beta ={120}^{\circ }}\right)$ 或者$\mathrm{C}$$\left({\beta ={240}^{\circ }}\right)$ 对准时,电磁转矩峰值随之增加,分别从${1.272}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$${1.244}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 增加到${2.262}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$${2.185}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$。实验结果表明,本文所提转矩脉动抑制策略能够有效降低电磁转矩峰值, 从而削弱自加热过程中的电机噪音和振动。
为了验证所提自适应模糊 PI 控制策略, 本文进行了从-20℃到0℃的温升实验。实验开始前, 采用所提转矩脉动抑制策略,使转子位置与$\mathrm{A}$ 相绕组对准,所有电池均被预充电至${3.718}\mathrm{\;V}$ (荷电量 SOC=50%),并且在-20℃恒温、恒湿环境仓中放置$2\mathrm{\;h}$。每个电池的充、放电截止电压设定为${4.2}\mathrm{\;V}$${2.7}\mathrm{\;V}$,即电池组的充、放电截止电压为${25.2}\mathrm{\;V}$${16.2}\mathrm{\;V}$,充、放电峰值电流分别设定为$\pm 6\mathrm{\;A}$$\pm 9\mathrm{\;A}$$\pm {12}\mathrm{\;A}$,不同电流峰值实验结果如图9,不同电流峰值下电池表面温度、加热电流和电池电压的对比结果如图10所示。通过所提控制策略, 在整个加热过程中充、放电截止电压均被较好地限制在设定范围内。
图10(a)可知,在$\pm 6\text{、}\pm 9\text{、}\pm {12}\mathrm{\;A}$ 电流峰值下, 从 -20 ℃加热到 0 ℃所需时间分别为 912.4、${402.5}\text{、}{349.2}\mathrm{\;s}$,实验结果表明增加交流电流的幅值可以提升加热速率。然而,如图10(b)和(c)所示, 在加热初始阶段, 由于低温下电池内阻较大, 过电势较高, 充、放电截止电压抑制了加热电流的增加, 3 条曲线基本重合, 温升速率相同。随着加热时间的增加, 电池温度上升, 内阻减小, 加热电流峰值逐渐增加,达到预设允许的最大边界值。
为探究自加热过程中能量消耗及对电池寿命的影响,将被测电池分为 3 组,分别在$\pm 6\text{、}\pm 9\text{、}\pm {12}\mathrm{\;A}$ 电流峰值下加热 60 次, 每连续 5 次加热计算平均消耗 SOC,每加热 20 次进行 1 次容量标定。如图11(a)所示, 在不同电流峰值下, 单次加热所需 SOC 为 7.9%、4.4%和 4.3%,实验结果表明较高的电流峰值可以减少 SOC 消耗, 这主要是由于较短的加热时间可以减少对寒冷环境的散热。此外, 从图11(b)自加热前、后的电池容量对比可以看出, 电流峰值为$\pm 6\mathrm{\;A}$$\pm 9\mathrm{\;A}$ 的测试电池未出现容量衰减,而在电流峰值为$\pm {12}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的电流下自加热 60 次后容量从${3.182}\mathrm{\;A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 衰减至${3.047}\mathrm{\;A}\cdot \mathrm{h}$。而且从图11(c)电流峰值为$\pm {12}\mathrm{\;A}$ 不同加热次数$\left({{20}\text{、}{40}\text{、}{60}}\right.$ 次)下的测试容量可以看出,电流峰值为±12 A 的容量衰减随着加热次数的增加而加速下降, 原因可能是由于析锂[13]。可见,即使电池电压被限制在充、放电截止电压范围内,高幅值的加热电流也可能引起不良的副反应, 对电池造成不可逆转的损伤。因此, 为了兼顾加热速度和电池寿命, 应仔细选择加热电流边界。
本文针对锂离子动力电池低温环境适应性差的难题, 提出 1 种基于电驱逆变器重构的自加热策略,无需额外的车载硬件即可实现动力电池自加热;基于建立的交流加热拓扑详细数学描述, 设计了自适应模糊 PI 控制器, 可使电池电压和电流保持在安全范围内;开展了系统的转矩脉动抑制和温升实验, 分析了不同加热电流峰值对加热效果和电池寿命的影响, 结果表明所提方法能够有效抑制转矩脉动,可以在${403}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内将电池从$-{20}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 加热到${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$, 且单次加热仅消耗 4.4%荷电量。得到的结论:①通过调整$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$$\mathrm{C}$ 相 IGBT 占空比,使转子与$\mathrm{A}$ 相对准, 可以有效抑制转矩脉动; ②温升效果与电流幅值成正相关, 即增加电流幅值可以提高温升速率;③初步分析加热电流幅值(±12A)过高,会使电池析锂,寿命衰减。
后续工作将围绕面向迅速性和安全性约束的加热策略开展相关研究, 以电化学为基础建立交流加热的频域模型, 精确计算各个温度点下的加热效率最高频率及不引起析锂的最高过电势, 从而优化动力电池系统的交流加热策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金(青年)资助项目(52007119)
  • 上海市浦江人才计划资助项目(20PJ1407200)
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2024年第22卷第6期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.179
  • 接收时间:2021-11-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-01
  • 修回日期:2021-12-27
  • 录用日期:2022-01-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52007119)
国家自然科学基金(青年)资助项目(52007119)
Shanghai Pujiang Program(20PJ1407200)
上海市浦江人才计划资助项目(20PJ1407200)
作者信息
    上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
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