Article(id=1153375938407555909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.130, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1627488000000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-29, revisedDate=1647878400000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-22, acceptedDate=1648137600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-25, onlineDate=1752915852404, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1732896000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752915852404, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752915852404, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752915852404, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153375932170621317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752915850917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780959263, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004459600597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153375932170621317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153375939103810375, articleId=1153375938407555909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=PI Parallel VPI Control for Harmonic Suppression of VSC-HVDC System, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th and other low-order harmonics which account for a large proportion in a voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) AC system, on the basis of proportional integral (PI) control, a selective harmonic current control strategy based on a vector proportional integral (VPI) regulator in dq coordinate system is proposed, in which PI is used to control the DC component of current error while VPI is used to suppress the frequency doubling fluctuation of current error. Different from the proportional integral resonance (PIR) regulator, VPI contains a second-order numerator, which can achieve an ideal 0° phase delay of the closed-loop transfer function of the control system at the resonance frequency point. As a result, its control accuracy of harmonic current is better than that of PIR. A two-terminal VSC-HVDC system is established by using the Simulink software, and the AC current on two sides of VSC in three control modes of traditional PI, PIR and PI parallel VPI is simulated. Through a comparison of harmonic content, the superior harmonic suppression performance of VPI is verified.

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针对电压源型换流器高压直流输电 VSC-HVDC(voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current)交流系统中占比较大的 5、7、11、13 等低次谐波,在比例积分 PI(proportional integral)控制的基础上,提出1种dq 坐标系下基于矢量比例积分 VPI(vector proportional integral)调节器的选择性谐波电流控制策略。其中, PI 用于控制电流误差直流分量,而 VPI 用于抑制电流误差的倍频波动。与比例积分谐振PIR(proportional integral resonance)调节器不同, VPI含有二阶分子,可在所设谐振频率点处实现控制系统闭环传递函数的理想0°相位延迟,因此其对谐波电流的控制精度优于PIR。利用Simulink 软件建立1个2端VSC-HVDC系统,分别对传统PI、PIR及PI并联VPI这3种控制方式下VSC的2侧交流电流进行仿真,通过对比谐波含量,验证 VPI 谐波抑制性能的优越性。

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吴嘉琪(1995-),女,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电系统谐波抑制策略。E-mail: 289684224@qq.com。

罗念华(1985-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统继电保护。E-mail: luonh@nrec.com.

朱劲磊(1991-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: 57271659@qq.com。

陈文睿(1990-),男,硕士。研究方向:高压直流输电技术。E-mail: 1620416569@qq.com。

吴彬兵(1993-),男,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电系统稳定性。E-mail: Wubinbing1998@163.com。

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吴嘉琪(1995-),女,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电系统谐波抑制策略。E-mail: 289684224@qq.com。

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吴嘉琪(1995-),女,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电系统谐波抑制策略。E-mail: 289684224@qq.com。

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罗念华(1985-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统继电保护。E-mail: luonh@nrec.com.

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罗念华(1985-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统继电保护。E-mail: luonh@nrec.com.

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朱劲磊(1991-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: 57271659@qq.com。

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朱劲磊(1991-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: 57271659@qq.com。

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陈文睿(1990-),男,硕士。研究方向:高压直流输电技术。E-mail: 1620416569@qq.com。

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陈文睿(1990-),男,硕士。研究方向:高压直流输电技术。E-mail: 1620416569@qq.com。

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吴彬兵(1993-),男,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电系统稳定性。E-mail: Wubinbing1998@163.com。

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吴彬兵(1993-),男,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电系统稳定性。E-mail: Wubinbing1998@163.com。

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tableContent=
参数 数值
额定输送容量/MVA 200
交流额定电压/kV 230
直流额定电压/kV $\pm {100}$
额定直流电流/kA 1
换流电抗器电感/mH 5
损耗的等效电阻/$\Omega$ 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1154032470333841668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375938407555909, language=CN, label=表1, caption=VSC-HVDC 系统参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定输送容量/MVA 200
交流额定电压/kV 230
直流额定电压/kV $\pm {100}$
额定直流电流/kA 1
换流电抗器电感/mH 5
损耗的等效电阻/$\Omega$ 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1154032470388367621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375938407555909, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Analysis results of FFT, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制方式 分析结果
总 THDi/% 5 次谐波电流/% 7 次谐波电流/% 11 次谐波电流/% 13 次谐波电流/%
GB/T14549—1993 标准 5.000 4.000 4.000 2.000 2.000
PI 控制 13.080 10.880 5.726 4.035 1.633
PIR 控制 8.580 6.731 4.257 2.826 1.317
PI 并联 VPI 控制 4.980 3.702 2.827 1.258 0.721
), ArticleFig(id=1154032470455476486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153375938407555909, language=CN, label=表2, caption=FFT 分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制方式 分析结果
总 THDi/% 5 次谐波电流/% 7 次谐波电流/% 11 次谐波电流/% 13 次谐波电流/%
GB/T14549—1993 标准 5.000 4.000 4.000 2.000 2.000
PI 控制 13.080 10.880 5.726 4.035 1.633
PIR 控制 8.580 6.731 4.257 2.826 1.317
PI 并联 VPI 控制 4.980 3.702 2.827 1.258 0.721
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用于 VSC-HVDC 系统谐波抑制的 PI 与VPI 并联控制
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吴嘉琪 1 , 罗念华 2 , 朱劲磊 1 , 陈文睿 1 , 吴彬兵 3
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(6): 130-138
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(6): 130-138
用于 VSC-HVDC 系统谐波抑制的 PI 与VPI 并联控制
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吴嘉琪1 , 罗念华2 , 朱劲磊1 , 陈文睿1 , 吴彬兵3
作者信息
  • 1 广东电网有限责任公司 广州供电局 广州 510630
  • 2 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 南京 211102
  • 3 南京工程学院 电力工程学院 南京 211167
  • 吴嘉琪(1995-),女,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电系统谐波抑制策略。E-mail: 289684224@qq.com。

    罗念华(1985-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力系统继电保护。E-mail: luonh@nrec.com.

    朱劲磊(1991-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: 57271659@qq.com。

    陈文睿(1990-),男,硕士。研究方向:高压直流输电技术。E-mail: 1620416569@qq.com。

    吴彬兵(1993-),男,硕士。研究方向:柔性直流输电系统稳定性。E-mail: Wubinbing1998@163.com。

PI Parallel VPI Control for Harmonic Suppression of VSC-HVDC System
Jiaqi WU1 , Nianhua LUO2 , Jinlei ZHU1 , Wenrui CHEN1 , Binbing WU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd. Guangzhou 510630 China
  • 2 Nanjing Nanrui Jibao Electric Co., Ltd. Nanjing 211102 China
  • 3 School of Electrical Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 China
出版时间: 2024-11-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.130
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针对电压源型换流器高压直流输电 VSC-HVDC(voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current)交流系统中占比较大的 5、7、11、13 等低次谐波,在比例积分 PI(proportional integral)控制的基础上,提出1种dq 坐标系下基于矢量比例积分 VPI(vector proportional integral)调节器的选择性谐波电流控制策略。其中, PI 用于控制电流误差直流分量,而 VPI 用于抑制电流误差的倍频波动。与比例积分谐振PIR(proportional integral resonance)调节器不同, VPI含有二阶分子,可在所设谐振频率点处实现控制系统闭环传递函数的理想0°相位延迟,因此其对谐波电流的控制精度优于PIR。利用Simulink 软件建立1个2端VSC-HVDC系统,分别对传统PI、PIR及PI并联VPI这3种控制方式下VSC的2侧交流电流进行仿真,通过对比谐波含量,验证 VPI 谐波抑制性能的优越性。

高压直流输电  /  电压源型换流器  /  谐波  /  矢量比例积分控制器

Aimed at the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th and other low-order harmonics which account for a large proportion in a voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) AC system, on the basis of proportional integral (PI) control, a selective harmonic current control strategy based on a vector proportional integral (VPI) regulator in dq coordinate system is proposed, in which PI is used to control the DC component of current error while VPI is used to suppress the frequency doubling fluctuation of current error. Different from the proportional integral resonance (PIR) regulator, VPI contains a second-order numerator, which can achieve an ideal 0° phase delay of the closed-loop transfer function of the control system at the resonance frequency point. As a result, its control accuracy of harmonic current is better than that of PIR. A two-terminal VSC-HVDC system is established by using the Simulink software, and the AC current on two sides of VSC in three control modes of traditional PI, PIR and PI parallel VPI is simulated. Through a comparison of harmonic content, the superior harmonic suppression performance of VPI is verified.

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission  /  voltage source converter (VSC)  /  harmonic  /  vector proportional integral (VPI) controller
吴嘉琪, 罗念华, 朱劲磊, 陈文睿, 吴彬兵. 用于 VSC-HVDC 系统谐波抑制的 PI 与VPI 并联控制. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (6) : 130 -138 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.130
Jiaqi WU, Nianhua LUO, Jinlei ZHU, Wenrui CHEN, Binbing WU. PI Parallel VPI Control for Harmonic Suppression of VSC-HVDC System[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (6) : 130 -138 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.130
高压直流输电 HVDC(high-voltage direct current) 能够实现交流系统的异步联接, 其在长距离输送同等功率时, 线路损耗比交流输电更小, 因此适用于跨区域、远距离的输电场合[1]。电压源型换流器 VSC(voltage source converter)使用了全控 IGBT 及 PWM 控制技术[2],给 VSC- HVDC 系统增添了如下优点: 可对系统频率进行调节, 换流站可吸收或发出无功功率, 可向无源网络供电及对直流滤波器要求低等[3-5]。随着电力电子器件在电力系统中的广泛使用, 在改善电量控制处理方式、提高效益的同时,也引入了谐波问题。高压直流输电中的换流器就是典型的非线性电子装置, 其在电能传输过程中会在其交流侧产生以 5、7、11、13 次为主的低次谐波。大量谐波将在系统中产生谐波电压、电流分布,使元件产生附加损耗,降低系统的电能质量[6-7], 影响电气设备正常工作, 导致电容器、电缆等设备过热、绝缘老化、使用寿命缩短, 严重时还可能引发继电保护装置误动作, 造成不必要的生产损失, 降低系统运行稳定性, 因此进行有效的谐波抑制研究至关重要。
目前可应用于柔性高压直流输电系统中的低频谐波抑制策略主要有:①滤波器技术;②三电平换流器技术; ③重复控制技术; ④PR、PIR 控制技术。文献[8-9]在换流站的交流侧使用可靠的无源滤波器 PF(passive filter)来滤除 VSC 逆变侧输出的谐波,设计简单,但其滤波效果受系统阻抗特性影响, 对电网参数、滤波电容老化及非线性负荷变换等十分敏感,且仅能抑制高次谐波,对低次谐波并无明显的抑制效果; 文献[10-12]采用并联有源滤波器 APF(active power filter)对交流侧谐波进行治理, 其控制方式复杂, 同时引入的电子器件增加了系统成本, 且 APF 容量有限, HVDC 系统本身的高压、大容量特点制约了其发展。此外,还有一些 PF 与 APF 结合使用的混合滤波器[13-14]。为从根源上减少谐波产生, 文献[15]采用了三电平换流器, 相对于传统两电平结构, 其传输容量更大, 谐波污染更小, 但电容之间存在中点电压平衡问题, 且半导体器件的增多导致器件损耗和结温不同, 对散热系统要求更高;文献[16]在 PI 调节基础上添加重复控制器,提出 1 种 VSC-HVDC 谐波抑制的重复控制方式, 可对控制频率及其整数倍的谐波进行抑制, 对 5、7 等低次谐波取得了一定的抑制效果, 但控制系统稳态误差较大;比例谐振 PR(proportional resonance) 调节器能够对谐振频率处的信号进行调节, 文献[17] 利用$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 结合$\mathrm{{PR}}$ 的方案抑制交流侧谐波电流,但$\mathrm{{PR}}$ 调节谐波电流次数单一, 对于多个谐波电流, 需要一系列 PR 并联使用, 结构复杂; 为减少谐振控制器使用数量, 简化系统结构, 文献[18-19]提出了比例、 积分与谐振复合使用的比例积分谐振PIR(proportional integral resonance)控制器, 该方法可以较好地抑制谐波电流,但不同谐波分量之间在${dq}$ 坐标系下会产生交叉干扰, 致使 PIR 稳定性较差。上述 2 种谐波抑制策略中所采用的 PR、PIR 控制器的谐振器均由二阶分母与一阶分子组成, 在谐振频率点处闭环传递函数无法实现${0}^{\circ }$ 相位响应,因此降低了控制器的控制精度, 进而影响谐波抑制效果。
本文提出 1 种 PI 并联 VPI 的谐波抑制方案, 在${dq}$ 坐标系下对指定次谐波电流设置对应的 VPI 控制器,用以抑制变流器交流侧$5\text{、}7\text{、}{11}\text{、}{13}$ 等含量较高的低次谐波电流。首先,给出了 VPI 控制器的设计方法, 对其参数选定及频率特性进行了研究。然后, 利用 Simulink 平台搭建 1 个 2 端 VSC-HVDC 系统, 分别对$\mathrm{{PI}}\text{、}\mathrm{{PIR}}\text{、}\mathrm{{PI}}$ 并联$\mathrm{{VPI}}$ 控制方式下的系统模型进行仿真。最后,通过对比 3 种控制策略下的电流曲线正弦性及其谐波含量,发现所提策略可满足国标 THDi<5% 的要求,验证了其在谐波抑制方面的优越性。
图1为 1 个 2 端 VSC-HVDC 系统,图中:${u}_{\mathrm{s}n}(n =\mathrm{a}$, b, c)为电网相电压;${u}_{\mathrm{c}n}\left({n =\mathrm{a},\mathrm{b},\mathrm{c}}\right)$ 为逆变器侧相电压;${i}_{n}$ 为交流相电流;${P}_{\mathrm{s}}\text{、}{Q}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为电网与 VSC 之间传输功率;$L$ 为换流电抗;$R$ 为功率损耗等效电阻;${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}1}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$ 分别为 1、2 侧直流电压;${C}_{1}$ 为直流侧电容;${R}_{1}$ 为直流输电线电阻。
图1可知, VSC-HVDC 系统中 2 端换流站结构具有对称性, 采用普通 PWM 控制方式, 取图中所示变量参考方向为正方向, 推导出交流侧三相电路的动态微分方程为
${u}_{\mathrm{s}n}= L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{n}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ R{i}_{n}+ {u}_{\mathrm{c}n}$
对式(1)进行 Clark、Park 变换,在${dq}$ 坐标系下可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{s}d}= L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ R{i}_{d}- {\omega L}{i}_{q}+ {u}_{\mathrm{c}d}\\{u}_{\mathrm{s}q}= L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ R{i}_{q}+ {\omega L}{i}_{d}+ {u}_{\mathrm{c}q}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${u}_{\mathrm{s}d}$${u}_{\mathrm{s}q}$ 分别为电网电压的$d$$q$ 轴分量;$\omega$ 为同步旋转角频率;${i}_{d}$${i}_{q}$ 分别为交流电流的$d\text{、}q$ 轴分量;${u}_{\mathrm{c}d}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{c}q}$ 分别为 VSC 交流输出端电压的$d$$q$ 轴分量。
根据式(2)得到 VSC-HVDC 系统的电流环控制原理,如图2所示。
图2可得${u}_{\mathrm{c}d}$${u}_{\mathrm{c}q}$ 的表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{c}d}= {u}_{\mathrm{s}d}+ {\omega L}{i}_{q}- {u}_{1d}\\{u}_{\mathrm{c}q}= {u}_{\mathrm{s}q}- {\omega L}{i}_{d}- {u}_{1q}\end{array}\right.$
联立式(2)和式(3)得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{1d}= L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ R{i}_{d}\\{u}_{1q}= L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ R{i}_{q}\end{array}\right.$
由式(4)可知,通过控制${u}_{1d}\text{、}{u}_{1q}$,可实现对${i}_{d}$${i}_{q}$ 的独立控制,对图2进行解耦处理,得到图3所示的电流调节器控制框图。
在无谐波的理想条件下,采用传统$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制可实现对电流信号的无差控制, 但实际系统中由于变流器等非线性装置的引入, 使交流侧除基波外, 还存在以 5、7、11、13 次为主的低次谐波。PI 控制器仅能在$0\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 频率处产生增益,可对基波分量起到较好的调节作用, 但不能在其他频率处产生明显增益, 无法对谐波交流分量进行稳态无差调节。谐波的存在除影响系统可靠性外, 还会降低系统电能质量,因此需要有效的谐波抑制策略。
自然坐标系下的负序 5 次与正序 7 次谐波变换至${dq}$ 坐标系下角频率分别为$- 6{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}$$6{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}},{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为基波电压角频率,由于$\cos \left({-{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}h}t}\right)= \cos \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}h}t}\right),{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}h}$ 为谐波电压角频率,故原有 5、7 次谐波叠加合成了新的 6 倍基波角频率波动的信号。11、13 次谐波情况相同,转换到${dq}$ 坐标系下合成了 12 倍基波角频率波动的信号。因此,可采用 2 个谐振角频率分别为$6{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}$${12}{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 的 VPI 控制器,在${dq}$ 坐标系下实现对${6m}\left({m = 1,2}\right)$ 次谐波电流的跟踪调节与无差控制,即实现 abc 坐标系下网侧${6m}\pm 1$ 次谐波的抑制。VPI 传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{{VPI}}}\left( s\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{h = 6,{12},{18}\cdots }}\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{p}h}{s}^{2}+ {K}_{\mathrm{i}h}s}{{s}^{2}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\left( h{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}\right)}^{2}}$
式中:$h$ 为谐波次数;${K}_{\mathrm{p}h}\text{、}{K}_{\mathrm{i}h}$ 分别为比例、谐振系数;${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为谐振频率处带宽,取${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}= {10}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$
将 PI 并联 VPI 的电流控制策略代入图3, 基于${dq}$ 坐标系,分别采用 PI、VPI 对基波、谐波电流进行控制,如图4所示,${G}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right)$$\mathrm{{PWM}}$ 环节传递函数,${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为采样周期。
PI 控制参数${K}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{、}{K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 的取值大小,与负载$R$ 呈正相关性,由公式${K}_{\mathrm{p}}= {K}_{\mathrm{i}}\frac{L}{R}$ 可知,${K}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 的取值与$R$$L$ 均相关。VPI 控制器的开环传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{O}- \mathrm{{VPI}}}\left( s\right)= {G}_{\mathrm{{VPI}}}\left( s\right) G\left( s\right)= \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{h = 6,{12}}}\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{p}h}{s}^{2}+ {K}_{\mathrm{i}h}s}{{s}^{2}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\left( h{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}\right)}^{2}}\cdot \frac{1}{R +{Ls}}= \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{h = 6,{12}}}\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{p}h}s/L}{{s}^{2}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\left( h{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}\right)}^{2}}$
式中,${K}_{\mathrm{p}h}\text{、}{K}_{\mathrm{i}h}$$R\text{、}L$ 满足${K}_{\mathrm{i}h}= {K}_{\mathrm{p}h}R/L$,可以消除传递函数的极点。
VPI 开环传递函数对应伯德图见图5, 观察 VPI 的幅频曲线发现, 其在各个谐振频率点处拥有极大的增益, 因此能对指定次谐波电流进行无差跟踪。对于 5、7 次谐波,谐振频率点为$6 \times {50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}= {300}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$; 对于 11、13 次谐波,谐振频率点为${12}\times {50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}= {600}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$。 分析图5相频曲线可见,在${300}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$${600}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 谐振频率处, VPI 调节器的相位响应约为${90}^{\circ }$。考虑到 VSC 系统连接电网时需要引入 LCL 滤波器, 会造成较大的相位延迟,此外,数字控制过程中的 PWM 调制也存在一定延迟。前者产生的相位延迟约为$-{85}^{\circ }$[20],再加上后者 PWM 调制过程延迟, VPI 在谐振频率处的相位超前基本上可补偿这两者所导致的相位延迟, 有助于对谐波电流的精准控制。
VSC 控制系统框图如图6所示。图中虚线框内为 PI 并联 VPI 控制器,$\theta$ 为相位角,将检测到的电流信号${i}_{\mathrm{g}d}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{g}q}$ 与给定值${i}_{\mathrm{g}d}^{* }\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{g}q}^{* }$ 进行对比,所得分量由 VPI 控制器调节。对输出的电压信号${u}_{d\text{ref }}$${u}_{q\text{ref }}$ 进行坐标变换,转换至${\alpha \beta }$ 坐标系下的${u}_{\alpha \text{ref }}$${u}_{\beta \mathrm{{ref}}}$,作为 SPWM 的控制信号,进而调节系统 PWM 脉冲波, 实现对谐波电流的抑制。
图4可得, VPI 控制器的闭环传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{C}- \mathrm{{VPI}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{G}_{\mathrm{{VPI}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right) G\left( s\right)}{1 +{G}_{\mathrm{{VPI}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right) G\left( s\right)} =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{h = 6,{12}}}\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{p}h}s/L}{\left\lbrack {{s}^{2}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\left( h{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack \left({{1.5}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}s + 1}\right)+ {K}_{\mathrm{p}h}s/L}$
式中,${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 的值较小,因此对式 (7) 进行整理时可忽略展开式中$s$ 的 3 次方项。
此时 VPI 的闭环传递函数为一个二阶系统, 表达式为
${G}_{\mathrm{C}\text{-VPI }}\left( s\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{h = 6,{12}}}\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{p}h}s/L}{\left({{1.5}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ 1}\right){s}^{2}+ \left\lbrack {{1.5}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}{\left( h{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}\right)}^{2}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}+ {K}_{\mathrm{p}h}/L}\right\rbrack s +{\left( h{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}\right)}^{2}}$
$h = 6$ 、12、18、24、30,式(7)所示函数的频率特性曲线如图7(a)所示。由图可知, VPI 可为${dq}$ 坐标系下谐振频率点的交流信号(即自然坐标系下的 5、7、11、13 等次谐波)提供单位增益,而在其他频率处均呈显著衰减特性, 对直流信号的增益为 0,可完全滤除基波信号,且其相频特性在谐振频率点处具有${0}^{\circ }$ 相位偏移,验证了 VPI 在谐振频率处的${90}^{\circ }$ 相位超前可补偿 VSC 系统连接电网时引入 LCL 滤波器所造成的相位延迟, 以及数字控制过程中 PWM 调制导致的延迟, 因此 VPI 调节器对指定次谐波电流具有较好的跟踪控制性能。
观察式(7)可知, 改变 VPI 的控制性能仅需调节${K}_{\mathrm{p}h}$ 即可,给定$h = 6$,分别对${K}_{\mathrm{p}6}= 1,2$ 时的 VPI 频率特性进行仿真,结果如图7(b)所示。可见,${K}_{\mathrm{p}h}$ 无论取何值, VPI调节器对谐振频率点(300Hz)处的交流信号均表现为单位增益及理想的${0}^{\circ }$ 相位偏移。${K}_{\mathrm{p}h}$ 取值大小同时影响着 VPI 的选频特性和稳态性能,${K}_{\mathrm{p}h}$ 越小,其选频特性越好,稳定性越高。 谐波抑制场合中, 以上 2 点特性是评价控制器性能好坏的关键指标,因此应尽可能地使${K}_{\mathrm{p}h}$ 取值小,但过小的${K}_{\mathrm{p}h}$ 会降低系统的动态响应性能,故应合理选取${K}_{\mathrm{p}h}$ 的值。采用最佳阻尼比设计法对 VPI 控制器参数进行设计,本文取${K}_{\mathrm{p}6}= {1.28},{K}_{\mathrm{i}6}= {51.20},{K}_{\mathrm{p}{12}}=$ ${2.56},{K}_{\mathrm{i}{12}}= {102.40}$
在 Simulink 平台构建 1 个 2 端 VSC-HVDC 系统,采用传统双闭环控制方案。VSC 的 1 侧电流环采取定直流电压、定交流电压控制, 2 侧采取定有功功率、定交流电压控制,系统主要参数见表1
首先, 采用 PI 控制器进行仿真, VSC-HVDC 系统换流站 2 的网侧 A 相交流电流如图8(a)所示。 此时电流波形正弦性较差, 产生畸变, 波形不够平滑,在波峰、波谷处尤为严重。图8(b)为电流快速傅里叶变换 FFT(fast Fourier transform)分析结果, 电流总谐波畸变率$\mathrm{{THD}}$ (total harmonic distortion) 达 13.08%,不满足 GB/T14549-1993《电能质量 公用电网谐波》中$\mathrm{{THDi}}< 5\%$ 的要求[21],其中 5、7、 11、13 次谐波占比较大。
然后, 以 PIR 控制器代替 PI, 设置理论谐振频率分别为$6{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}\text{、}{12}{\omega }_{\mathrm{g}}$,仿真结果如图9所示。此时 THD 降至 8.50%,5、7、11、13 次谐波含量明显下降,取得了一定的谐波抑制效果, 电流波形恢复了较好的正弦性,但仍未达到国标 THDi<5%的要求。
最后, 对 PI 并联 VPI 控制下的 VSC-HVDC 系统模型进行仿真, 对比发现,图10(a)中的输出电流波形正弦性更好,整体相对平滑。由图10(b)的 FFT 分析结果可知, 5、7、11、13 次谐波的占比进一步降低,13 次谐波不足 1%, THD 降至 4.98%,已满足国标 THDi<5%的要求。
分别对 PI 控制、PI 并联 VPI 控制策略下的输出电压${u}_{d}^{\prime }$ 进行阶跃响应测试,阶跃响应曲线如图11所示。可见: 2 种控制方式下的输出电压均在 1 个工频周期内达到稳定;PI 与 VPI 并联控制下的动态响应速度更快,此方式下的系统响应时间为${10}^{-2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 级, 约 14 ms。
PI、PIR、PI 并联 VPI 这 3 种控制方式下的 A 相电流 FFT 分析结果见表2
PI 控制策略下的 VSC- HVDC 系统变流器网侧交流电流混有含量较高的谐波成分, 电流波形产生畸变, 以 5、7、11、13 次谐波为主, 其占比分别达 10.880%、5.726%、4.035%、1.633%,这些谐波将降低系统电能质量。
采用 PIR 控制器虽可取得一定的谐波抑制效果,此时$5\text{、}7\text{、}{11}\text{、}{13}$ 次谐波含量分别降至${6.731}\%$ 、 4.257%、2.826%、1.317%,但由于其在谐振频率处达不到理想的${0}^{\circ }$ 相位延迟,并不能实现对各次谐波电流的精准跟踪及控制。为保证更好的电能质量,使其谐波含量达到国标$\mathrm{{THDi}}< 5\%$ 的要求,有进一步研究的必要。
改用所提 PI 并联 VPI 控制策略, 5、7、11、 13 次谐波含量分别进一步降至 3.702%、2.827%、 1.258%、0.721%,对比 3 种情况下的 A 相电流波形可知, 该方式下的电流波形正弦性最好, 谐波电流含量也已达到国标要求, 验证了 VPI 对谐波电流控制的优越性。
针对 VSC-HVDC 系统变流器交流侧占比较高的 5、7、11、13 次谐波,本文提出了 1 种 PI 与 VPI 并联的控制器, 对指定次谐波进行抑制, 结论如下。
(1)基于 PR、PIR 等控制器在谐振频率点相位延迟会导致控制精度不高、谐波抑制效果不好的问题, 对 VPI 的频率特性进行仿真分析, 发现其具有极大的开环增益,且在谐振频率点处具有单位增益及${0}^{\circ }$ 相位延迟, 验证了其在控制精度方面的优越性。
(2)通过对比 3 种控制方式下换流站 2 的网侧 A 相电流波形及谐波分析结果, 验证了 PI 与 VPI 并联策略下的电流波形更加平滑、正弦度最高, 对指定次谐波的抑制效果更胜一筹, 可保证系统更高的电能质量。
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.6.130
  • 接收时间:2021-07-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2024-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-29
  • 修回日期:2022-03-22
  • 录用日期:2022-03-25
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    1 广东电网有限责任公司 广州供电局 广州 510630
    2 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 南京 211102
    3 南京工程学院 电力工程学院 南京 211167
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