Article(id=1153695646465905107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.52, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711900800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-01, revisedDate=1725552000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-06, acceptedDate=1726070400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-12, onlineDate=1752992076746, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992076746, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992076746, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992076746, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695646990193111, articleId=1153695646465905107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Radiated EMI Modeling of Cables Considering Mutual-coupling Effect, columnId=1153695644242923977, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Special Issue on Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Electronic Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cables of switching power supply which are connected in parallel is an important radiated electromag-netic interference(EMI) source for the switching power supply. Aimed at the problem of inaccurate prediction of radiated EMI of cables connected in parallel due to an unclear mutual-coupling effect, a radiated EMI model of cables of switch-ing power supply is proposed by taking into account the mutual-coupling effect between cables. Through the modeling of mutual-impedance which describes the mutual-coupling effect between cables, the radiated EMI input impedance model de-scribing the radiation characteristics of cables of switching power supply is obtained. Then, the radiated EMI model of cables of switching power supply is obtained considering the mutual-coupling effect. Finally, an experimental platform for measuring the radiated EMI was built, and experimental results show that the proposed radiated EMI model which takes the mutual-cou-pling effect into account can predict the radiated EMI of cables of switching power supply more accurately.

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并行布线结构的开关电源线缆是开关电源辐射电磁干扰EMI(electromagnetic interference)的重要干扰源。针对并行线缆间辐射场互耦效应机理不明晰使得辐射电磁干扰预测不准确的问题,提出1种虑及线缆间互耦效应开关电源线缆的辐射电磁干扰模型。通过对描述线缆互耦效应的互阻抗建模,得到描述开关电源线缆辐射特性的辐射 EMI 输入阻抗模型,进而得到虑及互耦效应开关电源线缆的辐射 EMI 模型;搭建辐射 EMI 测试实验平台进行测试。实验结果表明,所提虑及互耦效应的辐射电磁干扰模型能够更为准确地预测开关电源线缆的辐射电磁干扰。

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姬军鹏(1979-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子系统的电磁兼容。E-mail: jijunpeng@xaut.edu.cn。

张宁(2001-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:开关功率变换器控制性能分析。E-mail:1966532012@qq.com。

林珊(1971-),女,本科。研究方向:电气化车辆驱动系统可靠性。E-mail:linshan@gmdi.cn。

李臻(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:开关功率变换器的电磁干扰建模。E-mail:837286249@qq.com。

骆鹏(1979-),男,硕士。研究方向:变频器控制及应用。E-mail:luopeng@veichi.com。

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姬军鹏(1979-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子系统的电磁兼容。E-mail: jijunpeng@xaut.edu.cn。

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姬军鹏(1979-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子系统的电磁兼容。E-mail: jijunpeng@xaut.edu.cn。

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张宁(2001-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:开关功率变换器控制性能分析。E-mail:1966532012@qq.com。

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张宁(2001-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:开关功率变换器控制性能分析。E-mail:1966532012@qq.com。

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林珊(1971-),女,本科。研究方向:电气化车辆驱动系统可靠性。E-mail:linshan@gmdi.cn。

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林珊(1971-),女,本科。研究方向:电气化车辆驱动系统可靠性。E-mail:linshan@gmdi.cn。

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李臻(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:开关功率变换器的电磁干扰建模。E-mail:837286249@qq.com。

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李臻(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:开关功率变换器的电磁干扰建模。E-mail:837286249@qq.com。

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骆鹏(1979-),男,硕士。研究方向:变频器控制及应用。E-mail:luopeng@veichi.com。

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骆鹏(1979-),男,硕士。研究方向:变频器控制及应用。E-mail:luopeng@veichi.com。

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虑及互耦效应的线缆辐射 EMI 建模
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姬军鹏 1 , 张宁 1 , 林珊 2 , 李臻 1 , 骆鹏 3
电源学报 | 电力电子系统中的电磁兼容专辑 2024,22(5): 52-59
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电源学报 | 电力电子系统中的电磁兼容专辑 2024, 22(5): 52-59
虑及互耦效应的线缆辐射 EMI 建模
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姬军鹏1 , 张宁1 , 林珊2 , 李臻1 , 骆鹏3
作者信息
  • 1 西安理工大学 电气工程学院 西安 710048
  • 2 广州地铁设计研究院股份有限公司 广州 510000
  • 3 苏州伟创电气科技股份有限公司 苏州 215124
  • 姬军鹏(1979-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子系统的电磁兼容。E-mail: jijunpeng@xaut.edu.cn。

    张宁(2001-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:开关功率变换器控制性能分析。E-mail:1966532012@qq.com。

    林珊(1971-),女,本科。研究方向:电气化车辆驱动系统可靠性。E-mail:linshan@gmdi.cn。

    李臻(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士。研究方向:开关功率变换器的电磁干扰建模。E-mail:837286249@qq.com。

    骆鹏(1979-),男,硕士。研究方向:变频器控制及应用。E-mail:luopeng@veichi.com。

Radiated EMI Modeling of Cables Considering Mutual-coupling Effect
Junpeng JI1 , Ning ZHANG1 , Shan LIN2 , Zhen LI1 , Peng LUO3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an 710048 China
  • 2 Guangzhou Metro Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd Guangzhou 510000 China
  • 3 Suzhou VEICHI Electric Co., Ltd Suzhou 215124 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.52
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并行布线结构的开关电源线缆是开关电源辐射电磁干扰EMI(electromagnetic interference)的重要干扰源。针对并行线缆间辐射场互耦效应机理不明晰使得辐射电磁干扰预测不准确的问题,提出1种虑及线缆间互耦效应开关电源线缆的辐射电磁干扰模型。通过对描述线缆互耦效应的互阻抗建模,得到描述开关电源线缆辐射特性的辐射 EMI 输入阻抗模型,进而得到虑及互耦效应开关电源线缆的辐射 EMI 模型;搭建辐射 EMI 测试实验平台进行测试。实验结果表明,所提虑及互耦效应的辐射电磁干扰模型能够更为准确地预测开关电源线缆的辐射电磁干扰。

辐射电磁干扰  /  开关电源  /  线缆  /  互耦

The cables of switching power supply which are connected in parallel is an important radiated electromag-netic interference(EMI) source for the switching power supply. Aimed at the problem of inaccurate prediction of radiated EMI of cables connected in parallel due to an unclear mutual-coupling effect, a radiated EMI model of cables of switch-ing power supply is proposed by taking into account the mutual-coupling effect between cables. Through the modeling of mutual-impedance which describes the mutual-coupling effect between cables, the radiated EMI input impedance model de-scribing the radiation characteristics of cables of switching power supply is obtained. Then, the radiated EMI model of cables of switching power supply is obtained considering the mutual-coupling effect. Finally, an experimental platform for measuring the radiated EMI was built, and experimental results show that the proposed radiated EMI model which takes the mutual-cou-pling effect into account can predict the radiated EMI of cables of switching power supply more accurately.

Radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI)  /  switching power supply  /  cable  /  mutual-coupling
姬军鹏, 张宁, 林珊, 李臻, 骆鹏. 虑及互耦效应的线缆辐射 EMI 建模. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 52 -59 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.52
Junpeng JI, Ning ZHANG, Shan LIN, Zhen LI, Peng LUO. Radiated EMI Modeling of Cables Considering Mutual-coupling Effect[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 52 -59 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.52
随着开关电源高频控制化、高功率密度化的发展,其辐射电磁干扰 EMI(electromagnetic interference) 问题日益严重, 产生的辐射 EMI 会影响开关电源自身及周围设备的正常工作[1-7]。开关电源与长输入、输出线缆相连, 其产生的高频干扰信号流经线缆, 使具有并行布线结构的开关电源线缆成为辐射 EMI 的载体,是开关电源的主要辐射源[8-12]。明晰开关电源线缆的辐射 EMI 发射机理并建立辐射 EMI 模型对预测开关电源辐射 EMI 发射至关重要。
对于开关电源线缆辐射 EMI 模型的建立, Ala G 等[13] 通过实际测试建立了线缆高频电流的分布模型, 并基于电偶极子辐射机理预测了线缆的辐射 EMI; Zhang Boyi 等[14] 基于天线理论提出将开关电源线缆等效为偶极天线模型来预测其辐射 EMI, 可以较为准确地预测开关电源的辐射${\mathrm{{EMI}}}_{\circ }$ 但是,上述开关电源线缆的辐射 EMI 建模方法均未考虑线缆的实际布线结构,将线缆均视为 1 条理想的平直线缆,并未考虑到实际布线情况下多线缆间的互耦作用。
对于开关电源中多线并行的线缆, 线缆间的互耦效应也得到研究。Matasushima T 等[15] 采用缩小模型对其辐射特性进行了研究并分析了线缆间影响, 发现线缆间存在影响其辐射发射的互耦效应, 当线缆中分布同相电流时会产生抵消效应, 揭示了线缆间互耦效应对辐射 EMI 的影响作用, 但这仅能定性地说明线缆间存在互耦效应, 无法定量预测虑及互耦效应的线缆辐射 EMI。
对于虑及多线缆间互耦效应对辐射 EMI 特性影响的分析, Cheldavi A 等[16] 分析了多传输线布局下线间的感应电压和感应电流, 并利用微元法计算其辐射 EMI; Wei Siqi 等[17] 建立了虑及两线缆邻近效应的多传输线模型, 讨论了线缆截面电流分布对辐射 EMI 的影响,并基于电偶极子理论推导其辐射 EMI,该方法可以预测多线结构的辐射 EMI,但仅讨论了线缆截面电流分布对辐射 EMI 的影响,并未考虑沿线缆方向的电流分布对辐射 EMI 的影响。
综上所述, 文献[1-17]并未虑及线缆间互耦效应对线缆辐射 EMI 发射的影响, 因此本文提出 1 种虑及互耦效应开关电源并行线缆的辐射 EMI 模型,旨在揭示并行线缆间的互耦机理并准确预测其辐射 EMI 发射。
图1为开关电源线缆结构, 其中开关电源连接长输入、输出线缆, 以单相开关电源为例, 2 根输入线缆连接开关电源与电网, 2 根输出线缆连接开关电源与负载, 线缆上会流过高频共模干扰信号${I}_{0}$ 当高频干扰信号流过线缆时,产生环绕着线缆的电磁场, 该电磁场通过空间向外辐射, 使线缆形成无意识的辐射天线[18-19],因此将开关电源作为辐射 EMI 干扰源,输入、输出线缆作为具有不同长度的辐射 EMI 发射源。开关电源的辐射 EMI 发射模型,如图2所示。
对于开关电源线缆, 其输入、输出线缆长度不同, 可将其等效为具有不同长度的 2 组辐射发射源。同时每条线缆均可等效为如图3所示的线缆等效输入阻抗模型, 每条线缆的输入阻抗由辐射电阻${R}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 、损耗电阻${R}_{1}$ 和电抗${X}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 构成,其中辐射电阻和损耗电阻共同构成线缆的总电阻${R}_{\mathrm{a}}^{\left\lbrack {20}- {21}\right\rbrack }$
在给定干扰源的情况下, 通过研究干扰电流在线缆上的分布可以得到线缆各处的矢量磁位, 进而确定线缆在空间各位置上产生的磁感应强度, 然后通过麦克斯韦方程组(Maxwell’s equations)得到线缆在空间产生的辐射电场。对线缆在空间产生的辐射电场进行积分, 可以得到在线缆馈电源端口产生的感应电压。基于欧姆定律(Ohm’s law)可知,感应电压和干扰电流的比值即为线缆的输入阻抗。
线缆的远场辐射能力可以用线缆的辐射电阻表示,即
${R}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{\eta }{4\pi }\left\{{C +\ln \left({2kl}\right)- {C}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)+ \frac{1}{2}\sin \left({2kl}\right)\times }\right.\\\left\lbrack {{S}_{i}\left({4kl}\right)- 2{S}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)}\right\rbrack +\frac{1}{2}\cos \left({2kl}\right)\times \lbrack C +\ln \left({kl}\right)+ \\\left.{{C}_{i}\left({4kl}\right)- 2{C}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)}\right\}$
式中:$\eta$ 为空气波阻抗,一般取$\eta ={120\Omega };C$ 为欧拉常数,$C ={0.57721};k$ 为波数;$l$ 为线缆长度;${C}_{i}\left( x\right)$ 为余弦积分;${S}_{i}\left( x\right)$ 为正弦积分。
波数$k$ 可表示为
$ k =\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }$
余弦积分${C}_{i}\left( x\right)$ 可表示为
${C}_{i}\left( x\right)= {\int }_{\infty }^{x}\frac{\cos y}{y}\mathrm{\;d}y $
正弦积分${S}_{i}\left( x\right)$ 可表示为
${S}_{i}\left( x\right)= {\int }_{0}^{x}\frac{\sin y}{y}\mathrm{\;d}y $
表征线缆热损耗的损耗电阻计算式为
${R}_{l}= \frac{\eta }{4\pi }\{ C +\ln \left({2kl}\right)- {C}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)+ \frac{1}{2}\sin \left({2kl}\right)\times \\\left\lbrack {{S}_{i}\left({4kl}\right)- 2{S}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)}\right\rbrack +\frac{1}{2}\cos \left({2kl}\right)\times \\\left\lbrack {C +\ln \left({kl}\right)+ {C}_{i}\left({4kl}\right)- 2{C}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)}\right\rbrack \}\left({\frac{1}{{\sin }^{2}\left({kl}\right)} - 1}\right)$
线缆的电抗表示线缆的近场辐射能力,其计算式为
${X}_{\mathrm{A}}= \eta \left\{{2{S}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)+ \cos \left({2kl}\right)\left\lbrack {2{S}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)- {S}_{i}\left({4kl}\right)}\right\rbrack -}\right.\\\sin \left({2kl}\right)\left\lbrack {2{C}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)- {C}_{i}\left({4kl}\right)- {C}_{i}\left(\frac{k{a}_{i}^{2}}{l}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{8\pi }{\sin }^{2}\left({kl}\right)$
式中,${a}_{i}$ 为线缆的半径。
由式 (1)、式 (5) 与式 (6) 可得开关电源线缆的输入阻抗,即
${Z}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= {R}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{l}}+ \mathrm{j}{X}_{\mathrm{A}}$
在开关电源中, 线缆通常为多线结构, 常见的有两线、三线和四线。以 2 条平行线缆为例, 其互耦模型如图4所示。当高频电流流过线缆时, 线缆发射的辐射电场会影响周围线缆, 形成线缆与线缆间的辐射电场耦合效应:线缆 1 发射的辐射电场会影响线缆 2, 线缆 2 发射的辐射电场会影响线缆 1。这种互耦效应通过 1 个互阻抗表示, 因此虑及互耦效应的线缆输入阻抗由线缆自阻抗和线缆间的互阻抗共同构成。建立如图5所示两线缆间的坐标系并结合图4分析线缆间的辐射电场耦合效应。
假设线缆 1 的激励源为${I}_{1}$,则在激励源${I}_{1}$ 的驱动下邻近 2 条线缆间会产生互耦作用,辐射电场会在 2 条线缆间传播, 该电场平行于线缆 2 的分量会被线缆 2 接收,即线缆 2 上形成感应电压${V}_{21}$
当线缆 1 向外辐射,线缆 2 感应到的电压${V}_{21}$ 可表示为
${V}_{21}= -\frac{1}{{I}_{2}}{\int }_{-l/2}^{l/2}{E}_{{z}_{21}}\left( z\right){I}_{2}\left( z\right)\mathrm{d}z $
式中:${I}_{2}$ 为线缆 2 的激励源;${E}_{{z}_{21}}$ 为线缆 1 产生且平行于线缆 2 的辐射电场分量;$z$ 为线缆方向的位置变量;${I}_{2}\left( z\right)$ 为线缆 2 上的分布电流,其推导式为
${I}_{2}\left( z\right)= {I}_{2}\sin \left\lbrack {\frac{2c\pi }{f}\left({\frac{l}{2}- \left| z\right|}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中,$c$ 为光速,$c = 3 \times {10}^{8}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
${E}_{{z}_{21}}$ 可表示为
${E}_{{z}_{21}}= -\mathrm{j}\frac{\eta {I}_{1}}{4\pi }\times \\\left\lbrack {\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}k{R}_{1}}}{{R}_{1}}+ \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}k{R}_{2}}}{{R}_{2}}- 2\cos \left(\frac{k{l}_{1}}{2}\right)\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{kd}}}{d}}\right\rbrack $
式中:${R}_{1}= \sqrt{{d}^{2}+ {\left( z -\frac{l}{2}\right)}^{2}};{R}_{2}= \sqrt{{d}^{2}+ {\left( z +\frac{l}{2}\right)}^{2}};d$ 为两线缆间距。
因此, 在 2 条线缆结构、材质等参数相同的情况下, 互阻抗的计算式为
${Z}_{21}= {Z}_{12}= \frac{{V}_{21}}{{I}_{1}}= \mathrm{j}\eta {\int }_{-l/2}^{l/2}\sin \left\lbrack {k\left({\frac{l}{2}- \left| z\right|}\right)}\right\rbrack \times \\\left\lbrack {\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}k{R}_{1}}}{{R}_{1}}+ \frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}k{R}_{2}}}{{R}_{2}}- 2\cos \left(\frac{kl}{2}\right)\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{kd}}}{d}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}z/\left\lbrack {{8\pi }{\sin }^{2}\left(\frac{kl}{2}\right)}\right\rbrack $
两线缆的电压、电流关系可等效为由两线缆构成的等效阻抗二端口网络模型,如图6所示。
图6中,${Z}_{11}$ 为线缆 1 的自阻抗,${Z}_{12}$ 为线缆 2 的自阻抗,而 “${Z}_{12},{Z}_{21}$ ” 为线缆 1 与线缆 2 之间辐射电场耦合作用的互阻抗。由两线缆间的电压、电流关系可推导得到虑及互阻抗的线缆输入阻抗${Z}_{\text{in }}$,即
${Z}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= \frac{{V}_{1}}{{I}_{1}}= {Z}_{11}+ \frac{{I}_{2}}{{I}_{1}}{Z}_{12}$
若开关电源的等效干扰源为${U}_{\mathrm{S}}$,根据式 (12) 可建立线缆输入阻抗模型, 其开关电源辐射 EMI 等效电路如图7所示,其中${Z}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为开关电源等效干扰源的源阻抗,${Z}_{\text{inl }}$ 为线缆 1 的输入阻抗,${Z}_{\mathrm{{in}}2}$ 为线缆 2 的输入阻抗。
已知干扰源和线缆的辐射 EMI 阻抗, 流过线缆的高频干扰电流为
${I}_{\mathrm{S}}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\sqrt{{Z}_{\mathrm{{in1}}}^{2}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{{in2}}+ }^{2}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{S}}^{2}}}$
${U}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 作为干扰源、线缆 1 和线缆 2 作为辐射线缆时, 开关电源的辐射功率为
${P}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{1}{2}{\left|{I}_{\mathrm{S}}\right|}^{2}\left({{R}_{\mathrm{r}1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\right)$
式中,${R}_{\mathrm{r}1}\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{r}2}$ 为线缆的辐射电阻。
通过辐射功率可推导出线缆距离$r$ 处的坡印亭矢量(Poynting vector),即
$ S =\frac{{D}_{0}{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{4\pi }{r}^{2}}$
式中:$r$ 为线缆 2 上任意点与线缆 1 之间的位置关系;${D}_{0}$ 为线缆的方向性系数,可通过有限元仿真软件建模提取得到, 其表达式为
$ 2{\left\lbrack \frac{\cos \left({\frac{kl}{2}\cos \theta }\right)- \cos \left(\frac{kl}{2}\right)}{\sin \theta }\right\rbrack }^{2}$
$C +\ln \left({kl}\right)- {C}_{i}\left({kl}\right)+ \frac{1}{2}\sin \left({kl}\right)\left\lbrack {{S}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)- 2{S}_{i}\left({kl}\right)}\right\rbrack +\frac{1}{2}\cos \left({kl}\right)\left\lbrack {C +\ln \left(\frac{kl}{2}\right)+ {C}_{i}\left({2kl}\right)- 2{C}_{i}\left({kl}\right)}\right\rbrack$
若虑及辐射电场耦合效应, 则开关电源线缆辐射 EMI 电场的表达式为
${E}_{\mathrm{o}\_ \text{coup }}= \sqrt{2\eta S}= \sqrt{\frac{{2\eta }{D}_{0}{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{4\pi }{r}^{2}}}= \\\sqrt{\frac{\eta {D}_{0}{\left|{U}_{\mathrm{S}}\right|}^{2}\left({{R}_{\mathrm{r}1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\right)}{{4\pi }{r}^{2}\left({{Z}_{11}^{2}+ {Z}_{22}^{2}}\right)}}$
若不虑及辐射电场耦合效应, 则开关电源线缆辐射 EMI 电场的表达式为
${E}_{\mathrm{w}\_ \text{coup }}= \sqrt{2\eta S}= \sqrt{\frac{{2\eta }{D}_{0}{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{4\pi }{r}^{2}}}= \\\sqrt{\frac{\eta {D}_{0}{\left|{U}_{\mathrm{S}}\right|}^{2}\left({{R}_{\mathrm{r}1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{r}2}}\right)}{{4\pi }{r}^{2}\left\lbrack {\left({{Z}_{11}^{2}+ {Z}_{21}^{2}}\right)+ \left({{Z}_{22}^{2}+ {Z}_{12}^{2}}\right)}\right\rbrack }}$
式(18)建立的辐射 EMI 模型可以预测开关电源的辐射 EMI, 但未考虑到线缆之间的互耦效应, 会给开关电源的辐射 EMI 预测带来误差。
在开关电源中, 线缆常采用多线结构。本文以 2 条线缆为例进行测试, 线缆的输入阻抗测试平台如图8所示。采用矢量网络分析仪单端口测量法进行测试, 矢网端口信号线连接 2 条线缆, 接地端口良好接地, 本文采用 2 条完全相同的线缆以保证矢网信号线发射的信号到 2 条线缆的距离完全相同。 2 条待测试线缆的长度均为${500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,线缆半径为$2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,两线缆间距为${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
图9为 2 条线缆的输入阻抗建模结果与实验结果对比,可以看出:相较于未虑及互耦的输入阻抗建模,虑及互耦更接近实际测试结果;虑及互耦的线缆输入阻抗建模结果与实测结果误差小于${10}\Omega$
图10为基于式(11)建立的线缆互阻抗模型的互阻抗频率响应曲线,可见:在频率为${30}\sim {100}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 时存在最大互阻抗为${8.6}\Omega$ 的耦合效应。
图11为在 1 个标准的暗室中建立开关电源的辐射 EMI 测试平台,暗室中的设备均已通过校准。 测试设备采用带有双锥天线的全向天线, 以 1 台 DC/DC 变换器为被测开关电源, 该开关电源主要包括全桥逆变、隔离变压及全桥整流电路, 其输入电压为${40}\mathrm{\;V}$,输出电压为${20}\mathrm{\;V}$,功率为${40}\mathrm{\;W}$,输入线缆长度为${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,输入线缆的间距为${0.05}\mathrm{\;m}$,输出线缆的长度为${0.8}\mathrm{\;m}$,输出线缆的间距为${0.05}\mathrm{\;m}$。将$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器置于高度为${0.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的桌子上,距离其$3\mathrm{\;m}$ 处采用 1 个带有双锥天线的全向天线测试辐射${\mathrm{{EMI}}}_{\circ }$ 采用型号为$\mathrm{{Tektronix}}\left(\mathrm{{MSO44B}}\right)$ 的示波器及其光隔离探头(TIVP1)可以测得如图12所示 DC/DC 变换器输入、输出端口间的干扰源电压${V}_{\mathrm{{io}}}$,其电压频谱如图13所示。
对 DC/DC 变换器输入、输出线缆的辐射 EMI 进行实验测试, 同时根据式(17)和式(18)对该实验工况下的辐射 EMI 进行建模, 测试结果及建模曲线分别如图14图15所示。
将实测所得辐射 EMI 场强与本文建模的辐射场强对比后发现:相较于未虑及线缆间互耦效应的建模结果, 虑及线缆间互耦效应的建模结果更接近实测结果,且误差小于$5\mathrm{\;{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}$; 互阻抗对于开关电源线缆的辐射 EMI 发射有影响,在${3.0}\sim {4.0}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段有最大值为$6\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}$ 的影响,在${4.5}\sim {5.5}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段有最大值为$7\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}$ 的影响,在${6.0}\sim {8.0}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段有最大值为$5\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}$ 的影响,可见在中、低频段的影响较为明显。
本文分析了虑及线缆间互耦效应的开关电源线缆辐射 EMI, 基于天线理论建立了虑及互耦效应的线缆间互阻抗模型和开关电源线缆输入阻抗模型, 进而得到虑及互耦效应的开关电源线缆辐射 EMI 模型。最终,通过实验验证了所建输入阻抗模型和辐射 EMI 模型的正确性, 可以准确地预测开关电源辐射 EMI 特性。
  • 2022年度陕西省秦创原“科学家+工程师”队伍建设项目(2022KXJ-104)
  • 2023年度陕西省教育厅科学研究计划服务地方专项政企联合资助项目(23JE032)
  • 2023年碑林区应用技术研发储备工程项目(GX2341)
  • 2023年碑林区应用技术研发储备工程项目(GX2344)
  • 2023年碑林区应用技术研发储备工程项目(GX2343)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.52
  • 接收时间:2024-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-01
  • 修回日期:2024-09-06
  • 录用日期:2024-09-12
基金
Building Project of Scientist + Engineer Team of Shaanxi Province Qinchuangyuan(2022KXJ-104)
2022年度陕西省秦创原“科学家+工程师”队伍建设项目(2022KXJ-104)
Government-Enterprise Joint Funding Project of Service Local Special of Scientific Research Plan of Education Department of Shaanxi Provincial Government(23JE032)
2023年度陕西省教育厅科学研究计划服务地方专项政企联合资助项目(23JE032)
Reserve Engineering Project in Applied Technology Research and Development of Beilin District in Xi'an(GX2341)
2023年碑林区应用技术研发储备工程项目(GX2341)
Reserve Engineering Project in Applied Technology Research and Development of Beilin District in Xi'an(GX2344)
2023年碑林区应用技术研发储备工程项目(GX2344)
Reserve Engineering Project in Applied Technology Research and Development of Beilin District in Xi'an(GX2343)
2023年碑林区应用技术研发储备工程项目(GX2343)
作者信息
    1 西安理工大学 电气工程学院 西安 710048
    2 广州地铁设计研究院股份有限公司 广州 510000
    3 苏州伟创电气科技股份有限公司 苏州 215124
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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