Article(id=1153695643836076487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.37, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1721750400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-24, onlineDate=1752992076119, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992076119, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992076119, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992076119, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695644305838538, articleId=1153695643836076487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Analysis and Evaluation of Conducted Common-mode Interference of High-frequency Transformer, columnId=1153695644242923977, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Special Issue on Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Electronic Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An evaluation platform for the CM noise suppression characteristics of high-frequency transformer was established, which was suitable for batch applications in engineering. The conduction mechanism of common-mode (CM) noise in a transformer was analyzed, and the conduction characteristics of CM noise along the coupling path in the transformer was investigated for evaluating the transformer's capability of suppressing the CM noise. First, a function generator was used to generate a high-frequency voltage pulsation signal, which was assigned on the primary winding of the transformer to simulate the transmission characteristics of CM noise. Then, an oscilloscope was used to capture the voltage drop generated by the CM signal on the sampling resistor to judge the suppression effect of the transformer on the CM noise, so as to analyze the influence of the sampling resistor selection on the evaluation results. The effectiveness of the proposed evaluation method for the CM noise suppression characteristics of transformer was verified by comparing the evaluation results with the test results of conducted electromagnetic interference spectrum.

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为了搭建适合工程批量应用的高频变压器共模抑制特性评估平台,分析变压器的共模噪声传导机理,研究变压器通道上共模噪声的传导特性,评估变压器对共模噪声的抑制能力。首先,通过函数发生器产生高频跳变电位信号,将其施加于变压器原边绕组以模拟变压器的共模噪声传输特性;其次,采用示波器捕捉共模信号在采样电阻上产生的电压降的值,判断变压器对共模噪声的抑制效果,分析评估平台中采样电阻的阻值选取对评估结果的影响;最后,对比评估结果与传导电磁干扰频谱的测试结果,验证所提变压器共模抑制特性评估方法的有效性。

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傅恺宁(1993-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:18606939490@163.com。

涂江涛(2001-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail: 1092111621@qq.com。

陈为(1958-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail: chw@fzu.edu.com.

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傅恺宁(1993-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:18606939490@163.com。

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傅恺宁(1993-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:18606939490@163.com。

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涂江涛(2001-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail: 1092111621@qq.com。

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涂江涛(2001-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail: 1092111621@qq.com。

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陈为(1958-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail: chw@fzu.edu.com.

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Journal of Power Elec-tronics, 2020. 20(5): 1306-1315., articleTitle=High side flyback circuit configu-ration for CM noise cancellation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032994839945644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, awardId=51777036, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51777036), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032994919637423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, awardId=51777036, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777036), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032994999329200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, awardId=3502Z202372043, language=EN, fundingSource=National Science Foundation of Xiamen, China(3502Z202372043), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032995095798194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032992512106849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高频变压器内部电磁场分布, figureFileSmall=33YKvCg6kvBzogaVhrjpIw==, figureFileBig=6wK4POROOu39RuXbu6OYuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032992583410018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Transmission mechanism of CM noise, figureFileSmall=RbKyNvc3jm/XqeiXuDpWQw==, figureFileBig=O1LMDIU3FdGJqBTjmFb7lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032992667296099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图2, caption=共模噪声传导机理, figureFileSmall=RbKyNvc3jm/XqeiXuDpWQw==, figureFileBig=O1LMDIU3FdGJqBTjmFb7lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032992726016357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Modeling of conducted CM noise characteristics for transformer, figureFileSmall=eMFvridewR34EBHpYyVwFw==, figureFileBig=RSGsnuDvmoMHXL2P9MtYsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032992780542312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图3, caption=变压器传导共模特性建模, figureFileSmall=eMFvridewR34EBHpYyVwFw==, figureFileBig=RSGsnuDvmoMHXL2P9MtYsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032992860234093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Evaluation method of CM noise suppression characteristics of transformer, figureFileSmall=TTOWIYNR3RK+OvoT8uIOLA==, figureFileBig=QPKlHrNMJ4rEcyEt1wsbaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032992935731570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图4, caption=变压器共模抑制特性评估方法, figureFileSmall=TTOWIYNR3RK+OvoT8uIOLA==, figureFileBig=QPKlHrNMJ4rEcyEt1wsbaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993002840437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Curves of ${S}_{21}$ vs frequency under different values of ${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}$, figureFileSmall=79DI+W/Fm6EwFsB+V02tiw==, figureFileBig=npCVo4mpWnT2g+UXuOjoHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993065755000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同 ${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 值下对应的变压器 ${S}_{21}$ 参数随频率变化曲线, figureFileSmall=79DI+W/Fm6EwFsB+V02tiw==, figureFileBig=npCVo4mpWnT2g+UXuOjoHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993128669565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Simple evaluation method for CM noise suppression characteristics of transformer, figureFileSmall=u/gX+rUzJO84ljv7eBUukw==, figureFileBig=YlfmH0CHoKwGg38JTlW6/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993220944255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图6, caption=变压器共模抑制特性简易评估方法, figureFileSmall=u/gX+rUzJO84ljv7eBUukw==, figureFileBig=YlfmH0CHoKwGg38JTlW6/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993288053123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Equivalent CM noise circuit model of flyback converter, figureFileSmall=tPBf6kkXYx3oybz8GRyNkQ==, figureFileBig=92CavxYJxNoJtcCcabBdHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993376133511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图7, caption=反激变换器等效共模噪声电路模型, figureFileSmall=tPBf6kkXYx3oybz8GRyNkQ==, figureFileBig=92CavxYJxNoJtcCcabBdHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993472602508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Winding structure of each layer of PCB, figureFileSmall=3g6Ck/VtEGIzBg9FLN965A==, figureFileBig=oEIGltyvb+LS0QWs381z4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993548099985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各层 PCB 绕组结构, figureFileSmall=3g6Ck/VtEGIzBg9FLN965A==, figureFileBig=oEIGltyvb+LS0QWs381z4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993631986067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Test platform for simple evaluation method, figureFileSmall=+gMc+PG8a5YDDiUXYH7wgQ==, figureFileBig=dtAAXI7SSm+HDSY2T1BJtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993741037974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图9, caption=简易评估方法测试平台, figureFileSmall=+gMc+PG8a5YDDiUXYH7wgQ==, figureFileBig=dtAAXI7SSm+HDSY2T1BJtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993829118361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Measurement result under resistance ${R}_{2}= {10}\mathrm{k}\Omega$, figureFileSmall=y+nJSEKqAQIyLc0GxWxuqg==, figureFileBig=0wiI2rnhwBu+5Ul5NM7pAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993913004443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图10, caption=电阻 ${\mathbf{R}}_{2}= \mathbf{{10}}\mathbf{{k\Omega }}$ 时的测量结果, figureFileSmall=y+nJSEKqAQIyLc0GxWxuqg==, figureFileBig=0wiI2rnhwBu+5Ul5NM7pAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032993971724700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Measurement result under resistance ${R}_{2}= {50\Omega }$, figureFileSmall=U1lb9hU8FaG4qjtZNZ7svw==, figureFileBig=TA1AoVTUntK3hy3TpJE1oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032994068193695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图11, caption=电阻 ${\mathbf{R}}_{2}= \mathbf{{50}}\mathbf{\Omega }$ 时的测量结果, figureFileSmall=U1lb9hU8FaG4qjtZNZ7svw==, figureFileBig=TA1AoVTUntK3hy3TpJE1oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032994139496865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Curves for CM noise transmission characteristics of transformers, figureFileSmall=XTU5A+NyVq5FtulH2eUqbQ==, figureFileBig=a1ygBWyxMo2fWf1m8yIbZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032994244354467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图12, caption=变压器共模噪声传输特性曲线, figureFileSmall=XTU5A+NyVq5FtulH2eUqbQ==, figureFileBig=a1ygBWyxMo2fWf1m8yIbZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032994332434853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Measured CM noise spectra for three transformers, figureFileSmall=sxF2tuzw4b5T0nx4gTIuYQ==, figureFileBig=2WguUhxFD0UFyLQbdaA50A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032994412126630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=图13, caption=采用 $1\#\text{、}2\#\text{、}3\#$ 变压器下测得的共模噪声频谱, figureFileSmall=sxF2tuzw4b5T0nx4gTIuYQ==, figureFileBig=2WguUhxFD0UFyLQbdaA50A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032994504401319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Winding stacking sequence of transformer, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原、副 边绕组 绕组层 编号 (顶层到 底层) 绕组层 绕组尺寸 绕组 匝数 绕制 方向
原边 1 原边 4 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}$ 5 顺时针
2 原边 3 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}$ 5 顺时针
3 辅助绕组 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}\mathrm{n}$ 5 顺时针
4 屏蔽层 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {2.90}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
5 补偿绕组 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 10 顺时针
副边 6 副边绕组 3 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.124}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
7 副边绕组 1 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.147}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
8 副边绕组 4 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.124}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
9 副边绕组 2 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.147}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
原边 10 屏蔽层 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {2.90}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
11 原边 1 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 5 顺时针
12 原边 2 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 5 顺时针
), ArticleFig(id=1154032994621841833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695643836076487, language=CN, label=表1, caption=变压器绕组层叠顺序, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原、副 边绕组 绕组层 编号 (顶层到 底层) 绕组层 绕组尺寸 绕组 匝数 绕制 方向
原边 1 原边 4 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}$ 5 顺时针
2 原边 3 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}$ 5 顺时针
3 辅助绕组 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}\mathrm{n}$ 5 顺时针
4 屏蔽层 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {2.90}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
5 补偿绕组 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 10 顺时针
副边 6 副边绕组 3 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.124}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
7 副边绕组 1 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.147}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
8 副边绕组 4 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.124}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
9 副边绕组 2 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.147}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
原边 10 屏蔽层 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {2.90}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 1 顺时针
11 原边 1 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 5 顺时针
12 原边 2 $2\mathrm{{oz}}\times {0.45}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 5 顺时针
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高频变压器传导共模干扰分析与评估
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傅恺宁 1, 2 , 涂江涛 1 , 陈为 3
电源学报 | 电力电子系统中的电磁兼容专辑 2024,22(5): 37-43
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电源学报 | 电力电子系统中的电磁兼容专辑 2024, 22(5): 37-43
高频变压器传导共模干扰分析与评估
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傅恺宁1, 2 , 涂江涛1 , 陈为3
作者信息
  • 1 厦门理工学院 电气工程与自动化学院 厦门 361024
  • 2 厦门市高端电力装备及智能控制重点实验室 厦门 361024
  • 3 福州大学 电气工程与自动化学院 福州 350108
  • 傅恺宁(1993-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:18606939490@163.com。

    涂江涛(2001-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail: 1092111621@qq.com。

    陈为(1958-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail: chw@fzu.edu.com.

Analysis and Evaluation of Conducted Common-mode Interference of High-frequency Transformer
Kaining FU1, 2 , Jiangtao TU1 , Wei CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen 361024 China
  • 2 Xiamen Key Laboratory of High-end Power Equipment and Intelligent Control Xiamen 361024 China
  • 3 College of Electrical Engineering and Automation Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.37
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为了搭建适合工程批量应用的高频变压器共模抑制特性评估平台,分析变压器的共模噪声传导机理,研究变压器通道上共模噪声的传导特性,评估变压器对共模噪声的抑制能力。首先,通过函数发生器产生高频跳变电位信号,将其施加于变压器原边绕组以模拟变压器的共模噪声传输特性;其次,采用示波器捕捉共模信号在采样电阻上产生的电压降的值,判断变压器对共模噪声的抑制效果,分析评估平台中采样电阻的阻值选取对评估结果的影响;最后,对比评估结果与传导电磁干扰频谱的测试结果,验证所提变压器共模抑制特性评估方法的有效性。

高频变压器  /  共模  /  容性耦合  /  电磁干扰

An evaluation platform for the CM noise suppression characteristics of high-frequency transformer was established, which was suitable for batch applications in engineering. The conduction mechanism of common-mode (CM) noise in a transformer was analyzed, and the conduction characteristics of CM noise along the coupling path in the transformer was investigated for evaluating the transformer's capability of suppressing the CM noise. First, a function generator was used to generate a high-frequency voltage pulsation signal, which was assigned on the primary winding of the transformer to simulate the transmission characteristics of CM noise. Then, an oscilloscope was used to capture the voltage drop generated by the CM signal on the sampling resistor to judge the suppression effect of the transformer on the CM noise, so as to analyze the influence of the sampling resistor selection on the evaluation results. The effectiveness of the proposed evaluation method for the CM noise suppression characteristics of transformer was verified by comparing the evaluation results with the test results of conducted electromagnetic interference spectrum.

High-frequency transformer  /  common-mode (CM)  /  capacitive coupling  /  electromagnetic interference
傅恺宁, 涂江涛, 陈为. 高频变压器传导共模干扰分析与评估. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 37 -43 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.37
Kaining FU, Jiangtao TU, Wei CHEN. Analysis and Evaluation of Conducted Common-mode Interference of High-frequency Transformer[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 37 -43 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.37
电磁噪声发射水平是功率变换器是否满足电磁兼容强制认证的重要指标之一, 功率变换器的电磁兼容特性直接决定其能否投放消费市场[1]。电磁干扰噪声按照传导路径可分为共模 CM(common-mode)噪声和差模 DM(differential mode)噪声,其中差模噪声由电路中的电流纹波引起, 其主导作用频段通常为${150}\mathrm{{kHz}}\sim 1\mathrm{{MHz}}$,采用磁集成、多相交错并联等方式即可有效抑制[2-3]。共模噪声的产生主要是由于电路中的电位跳变点存在对地分布电容, 电位跳变施加在分布电容上而形成共模位移电流[4]。由于共模噪声的传导路径复杂多样、有效主导作用频段宽$\left({1 \sim {30}\mathrm{{MHz}}}\right)$,因此国内外学者针对共模噪声的分析、预测和抑制展开了较多研究。
因高频变压器内原、副边绕组层间的电场分布而形成的寄生电容是共模噪声传导的重要耦合路径[5]。研究变压器的传导共模干扰模型,可用于功率变换器的噪声分析[6-8] 、噪声预测[9-11] 及噪声抑制[12-15]。从变压器设计的角度可以降低流经变压器通道上的共模噪声, 进而降低整个功率变换器的噪声水平,实现 EMI 滤波器的小型化,提高功率变换器的功率密度。同时, 精确评估变压器通道上的共模噪声水平,可以合理评估功率变换器的总噪声大小,减少因盲目进行传导电磁干扰认证所耗费的人力与研发成本。
综上分析, 本文从传导共模噪声的机理出发, 研究适合工程应用的高频变压器共模抑制特性评估方法, 通过小信号测试模拟高频变压器的共模传输特性, 以 3 款具有不同共模抑制特性的变压器评估结果和实测传导 EMI 噪声频谱, 验证所提评估方法的可行性和准确性。
图1(a)和 (b) 分别为变压器内部的磁场分布与电场分布。由图1(a)可知,变压器内部的磁通包括主磁通(激磁磁通)和漏磁通,其中激磁磁通仅在磁芯内部流动, 且同时链过变压器原、副边各匝绕组,使原、副边各匝绕组上建立电位分布;漏磁通仅链过原边绕组或副边绕组,在变压器上形成漏感。 由图1(b)可知, 由于原、副边各匝绕组存在梯度电位分布, 绕组层间通过分布电容产生感应电荷, 可分为 3 类: 一是原边绕组层间感应出的原边电荷、 二是副边绕组层间感应出的副边电荷、三是相邻原、副边绕组层间感应出的共模电荷。共模电荷通过变压器内部相邻原、副边绕组层间的分布电容从原边传导至副边,经对地电容形成共模位移电流。
图2为变压器共模噪声传导机理。共模噪声经原、副边绕组层间的分布电容传导至副边,并通过对地电容${C}_{\mathrm{{SG}}}$ 流入大地。
本文以双绕组变压器为研究对象, 如图3(a)所示,原边绕组上施加电压激励${V}_{\mathrm{P}}$,副边绕组上施加感应电压${V}_{\mathrm{S}}$
假定变压器原、副边绕组电位线性分布,则原、 副边绕组层间的电位差分布曲线如图3(b)所示。 将原、副边绕组层间的结构电容${C}_{\mathrm{{Str}}}$ 也视为沿绕组高度方向均匀分布, 则变压器副边绕组上感应的共模噪声电荷量${Q}_{\text{ind }}$ 可表示为
${Q}_{\text{ind }}= {\int }_{0}^{h}\frac{{C}_{\text{str }}}{h}{\Delta u}\left( x\right)\mathrm{d}x ={\int }_{0}^{h}\frac{{C}_{\text{str }}}{h}\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{P}}- {V}_{\mathrm{S}}}{h}x \cdot \mathrm{d}x =\\\frac{1}{2}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{P}}- {V}_{\mathrm{S}}}\right){C}_{\text{str }}$
式中:$h$ 为绕组的窗口高度;$x$ 为沿绕组窗口高度方向的位置;${\Delta u}\left( x\right)$$x$ 位置处原、副边绕组之间的电位差。
图3(c)为变压器的等效共模噪声动态电容${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}$, 其位于原边绕组电位动点和副边绕组电位静点之间。将变压器副边绕组上感应的共模噪声电荷量归算到原边侧,则${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 可表示为
${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}= \frac{{Q}_{\text{ind }}}{{V}_{\mathrm{P}}}= \frac{1}{2}\frac{\left({V}_{\mathrm{P}}- {V}_{\mathrm{S}}\right)}{{V}_{\mathrm{P}}}{C}_{\text{str }}$
由式 (2) 可知, 变压器的等效共模噪声动态电容能够反映原、副边绕组电位分布与结构电容对传导共模噪声的影响。
从第 1、2 节分析可知,变压器的共模噪声动态电容是在模拟变压器共模噪声传输特性的基础上得到的。为了定量测量变压器的共模噪声动态电容,可通过网络分析仪测量变压器的散射参数来实现。测量的接线方法如图4所示:原边绕组接网络分析仪的端口一,原边电位动点接端口一的芯线, 电位静点接端口一的屏蔽外层;副边绕组的电位静点接端口二的芯线, 副边电位动点悬空。在端口一内置高频正弦激励源的作用下,共模噪声经变压器原、副边绕组的层间电容流经副边,最后进入端口二并被内置的${50\Omega }$ 电阻${R}_{2}$ 检测到。
根据散射参数${S}_{21}$ 的定义,得
${S}_{21}\left(\mathrm{\;{dB}}\right)= {20}\lg \left|\frac{{U}_{1}}{{U}_{2}}\right|$
式中:${U}_{1}$ 为采用网络分析仪评估变压器时电阻${R}_{2}$ 上的电压降;${U}_{2}$ 为端口一和端口二的中心端子直接短接时电阻${R}_{2}$ 上的电压降。可分别表示为
${U}_{1}= \frac{50}{{100}+ 1/\left({\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{Q}}}\right)}{V}_{\mathrm{{AC}}}$
${U}_{2}= \frac{50}{100}{V}_{\mathrm{{AC}}}$
式中,${V}_{\mathrm{{AC}}}$ 为网络分析仪输出的电压有效值。
将式(4)和式(5)代入(3),可得
${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}= \frac{1}{{2\pi f}\sqrt{{10}^{\frac{{40}- {S}_{21}\left(\mathrm{\;{dB}}\right)}{10}}}- {10}^{4}}$
式中,$f$ 为频率。
根据式 (6) 绘制如图5所示不同${C}_{Q}$ 值下变压器${S}_{21}$ 参数随频率变化的曲线,可以发现: 若变压器具有较大的等效共模噪声动态电容${C}_{Q}$,则对应更大的${S}_{21}$ 值,说明变压器对共模噪声的抑制特性越差。基于散射参数的变压器共模抑制特性评估方法, 需要用到网络分析仪、阻抗分析仪、EMI 接收机(带 TG)等精密二端口小信号分析仪器, 而这些仪器的价格通常较为昂贵, 目前大部分高校和中小企业难以负担, 用于评估变压器的共模抑制特性, 也难以进行大批量采购用于工程实践。
为了降低评估所需的仪器成本, 本文提出一种简易的变压器共模抑制特性评估方法, 通过函数发生器模拟高频共模激励源,利用示波器采集采样电阻上共模噪声产生的电压降的值, 如图6所示, 其中图6(a)为评估方法接线示意,图6(b)为评估方法对应的等效电路。可以发现:由于不同变压器对共模噪声的抑制效果不同, 则流经变压器的共模噪声${i}_{\mathrm{{CM}}}$ 不同,在电阻${R}_{2}$ 上产生的电压降${U}_{2}$ 也不同。 因此,通过比较电阻${R}_{2}$ 上的电压降大小即可评估不同变压器对共模噪声的抑制效果。
通过对比图4图6可以发现, 这 2 种方法实现评估的原理一致,但在实际操作中,采样电阻${R}_{2}$ 的阻值选取将对评估效果的精确性起决定性作用。 共模噪声在采样电阻${R}_{2}$ 上产生的电压降量级维持在$\mu \mathrm{V}$$\mathrm{{mV}}$,这种情况下网络分析仪可以准确测量共模噪声产生的电压降,而示波器的电压探头则难以准确测量, 造成无法精确分辨不同变压器下电阻${R}_{2}$ 电压降的大小,进而影响评估结果的精确性。
图6可知, 在测量精度不变的前提下, 需要增加电阻${R}_{2}$ 的阻值以增加电阻${R}_{2}$ 上的电压降,从而辨识不同变压器对共模噪声的抑制效果。此外, 式(2)计算的变压器等效共模噪声动态电容是在忽略原、副边绕组电位静点电位差的情况下得到的。 然而变压器原、副边的地电位并不是在任何情况下均为等电位, 直接忽略原、副边的地电位差不能真实地表征原、副边绕组层间的绕组电位分布, 从而对评估结果的准确性造成较大影响。对此,需要分析功率变换器工作在两线制(L 线和 N 线)和三线制(L 线、N 线、G 线)情况下变压器原、副边地电位的电位差。反激变换器等效共模噪声电路模式, 如图7所示。
图7(a)为三线制下的等效电路模型,发现:副边地$\mathrm{{SG}}$ 直接与大地$\mathrm{G}$ 相连,使得原边地和副边地之间相隔 1 个 LISN。在${150}\mathrm{{kHz}}\sim {30}\mathrm{{MHz}},{0.1\mu }\mathrm{F}$ 电容产生的阻抗近似为 0,且由于共模噪声的量级通常为$\mathrm{{mA}}$ 甚至是$\mu \mathrm{A}$,则共模噪声在$\mathrm{{LISN}}$ 上电压降较小 (LISN 等效于 2 个${50\Omega }$ 电阻并联),因此对于采用三线制的功率变换器, 原、副边之间的地电位差近似为 0。
图7(b)所示为两线制下的等效电路模型, 发现:副边地与原边地之间存在分布电容${C}_{\mathrm{{SG}}}$,则副边地$\mathrm{{SG}}$ 与原边地$\mathrm{{PG}}$ 之间的电位差${V}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 可表示为
${V}_{\mathrm{d}}= \left\lbrack \frac{{25}+ 1/\left({\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{{SG}}}}\right)}{1/\left({\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{Q}}}\right)+ {25}+ 1/\left({\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{{SG}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack {V}_{\mathrm{p}}$
由式(7)可知地电位差${V}_{\mathrm{d}}$${C}_{\mathrm{{SG}}}$${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 共同影响。
由于变压器共模抑制特性评估的最终目的是确定对共模噪声抑制特性最好的变压器(具有最小${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 值),当变压器的${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 值足够小时,可以满足关系
$\frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{Q}}}\gg {25}+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{{SG}}}}$
由式 (7) 和式 (8) 可知,当变压器的${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 值满足式 (8),则原、副边之间的地电位差${V}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 近似为 0。
综上所述,电阻${R}_{2}$ 的阻值选取原则: 在能分辨出${R}_{2}$ 上电压降大小的前提下,${R}_{2}$ 的阻值选取需尽可能小,以保证原、副边之间的地电位差可近似为 0,从而在真实表征变压器共模噪声传输特性的前提下, 准确评估变压器的共模噪声抑制特性。
为验证所提高频变压器共模抑制特性评估方法的有效性, 以网络分析仪的测量结果为基准, 测量 3 个不同绕组层叠方案变压器$\left({1\#\text{、}2\#\text{、}3\#}\right)$ 下采样电阻${R}_{2}$ 上的电压。3 个变压器的绕组层叠顺序如表1所示,其中$1\#\text{、}2\#\text{、}3\#$ 变压器的第 5 层绕组分别为 8 、 10、12 匝;各层 PCB 绕组结构如图8所示。
图9为评估方法测试平台,其中函数发生器激励源选择正弦波激励输出,峰峰值为$4\mathrm{\;V}$,频率为${85}\mathrm{{kHz}}$
图10为当采样电阻${R}_{2}= {10}\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 时,3 个变压器原边绕组电压${v}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 及电阻${R}_{2}$ 上的电压${v}_{{R}_{2}}$ 波形,可以看出:采用$1\#$$2\#$$3\#$ 变压器时,电阻${R}_{2}$ 上的电压波形的峰峰值分别为$9\text{、}{35}\text{、}{55}\mathrm{\;{mV}}$,即$1\#$ 变压器的抑制效果最好,$3\#$ 变压器的抑制效果最差,$2\#$ 变压器的抑制效果居中。
图11为采样电阻${R}_{2}= {50\Omega }$ 时,3 个变压器原边绕组电压${v}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 及电阻${R}_{2}$ 上的电压${v}_{{R}_{2}}$ 波形,发现: 3 种方案下,采样电阻${R}_{2}$ 上的电压波形峰峰值均为$2\mathrm{{mV}}$。这是由于电阻${R}_{2}$ 的阻值选取过小,造成实际电压波形采集过程中无法准确分辨电阻${R}_{2}$ 上电压波形的峰峰值。
图12为采用网络分析仪测量得到的变压器共模噪声传输特性曲线。根据式(6)计算可得$1\#$$2\#$$3\#$ 变压器对应的${C}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 值分别为${0.178}\text{、}{1.680}\text{、}{3.990}\mathrm{{pF}}$, 与图10所示的评估结果一致。
为进一步验证所提评估方法的有效性, 测量反激电源在 3 种不同变压器下的传导电磁干扰频谱, 如图13所示,发现:$1\#$ 变压器对应测量的噪声频谱水平最低,而$3\#$ 变压器对应测量的噪声频谱最高。这一现象与变压器单体共模噪声特性评估结果完全一致。因此, 评估变压器对共模噪声的抑制特性可以初步判定整机电磁噪声水平, 避免盲目进行标准的传导电磁干扰认证。
本文分析了高频变压器的传导共模噪声机理, 指出原、副边绕组层间的分布电容是传导共模噪声的重要耦合路径, 研究了适合工程应用的高频变压器共模抑制特性评估方法, 得到以下结论。
(1)变压器既是集高频电场、高频磁场为一体的复杂综合体, 又是集噪声源和噪声路径为一体的复杂综合体。
(2)基于散射参数的变压器共模抑制特性评估, 虽然可以精确测量变压器的等效共模噪声动态电容,但存在所需仪器成本高、难以进行大批量工程应用的不足。
(3)变压器采用不同接线方式和不同绕组层叠方案会影响原、副边绕组层间的电位分布, 进而影响变压器的共模传输特性。
(4)采样电阻的阻值选取直接影响评估结果的准确性, 阻值应保证能够测量出电位降的前提下选取得尽可能小。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777036)
  • 厦门市自然科学基金资助项目(3502Z202372043)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.37
  • 接收时间:2024-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-28
  • 录用日期:2024-07-24
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51777036)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777036)
National Science Foundation of Xiamen, China(3502Z202372043)
厦门市自然科学基金资助项目(3502Z202372043)
作者信息
    1 厦门理工学院 电气工程与自动化学院 厦门 361024
    2 厦门市高端电力装备及智能控制重点实验室 厦门 361024
    3 福州大学 电气工程与自动化学院 福州 350108
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