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In the background of environment protection and power-saving awareness, the requests for new energy electric vehicles and their on-board charger(OBC) keep growing. As one of the important components in the OBC module, magnetics is getting more and more attention accordingly. The magnetics integration of differential mode (DM) and com-mon mode(CM) chokes for a 3-phase 4-wire (3P4W) electromagnetic interference(EMI) filter used in OBC is theoretically analyzed and studied. Based on the analysis and comparison of the background of power supply applications, the inte-gration principle for DM and CM chokes, and the available integration schemes in industry and academia, an integration of DM and CM chokes for 3P4W with quasi-cross DM magnetic branches is proposed. Through the magnetic flux simula-tion analysis, electrical characteristics under DC-bias and the on-board tested data, the effect of the magnetics integra-tion scheme was proved, i.e., it can obviously decrease the DC-bias on DM magnetic branches in the case of unbalanced 3-phase current and effectively improve the anti-EMI performance of power supply.

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随着环保、节能意识不断深入人心,对新能源电动汽车及其车载充电机的要求越来越高。磁性元件作为车载充电机中一类重要的元器件,也相应获得越来越广泛的关注与研究。针对车载充电机抗电磁干扰滤波电路中三相四线制差共模电感的集成进行理论分析和研究。基于电源应用背景、差共模电感集成原理及业界和学术界已有集成方案的对比分析,提出1种采用“准十字”差模磁支路的三相四线制差共模集成电感,通过对集成电感单体的磁场特性分析、偏磁情况下的电气性能研究及上机测试,验证了所提集成方案的有效性,可显著减小三相不平衡电流情况下差模磁支路的偏磁问题并有效帮助电源改善抗电磁干扰性能。

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杨海军(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子功率变换技术及高频磁技术。E-mail:songlinnavy@163.com。

卢增艺(1979-),男,博士。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:zengyi.lu@deltaww.com。

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杨海军(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子功率变换技术及高频磁技术。E-mail:songlinnavy@163.com。

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杨海军(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子功率变换技术及高频磁技术。E-mail:songlinnavy@163.com。

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卢增艺(1979-),男,博士。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:zengyi.lu@deltaww.com。

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图例 组装结构 推荐适用的材料
图4 叠合式 铁氧体、磁粉芯、硅钢、纳米晶/非晶等
图5 卡合式 铁氧体、磁粉芯等
图6 卡合式 硅钢、纳米晶/非晶等
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图例 组装结构 推荐适用的材料
图4 叠合式 铁氧体、磁粉芯、硅钢、纳米晶/非晶等
图5 卡合式 铁氧体、磁粉芯等
图6 卡合式 硅钢、纳米晶/非晶等
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应用于车载充电机的三相四线制差共模集成电感————种带“准十字”差模磁支路的差共模集成电感
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杨海军 , 卢增艺
电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2024,22(5): 325-330
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电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2024, 22(5): 325-330
应用于车载充电机的三相四线制差共模集成电感————种带“准十字”差模磁支路的差共模集成电感
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杨海军 , 卢增艺
作者信息
  • 台达电子企业管理(上海)有限公司 磁技术研发部 上海 201209
  • 杨海军(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力电子功率变换技术及高频磁技术。E-mail:songlinnavy@163.com。

    卢增艺(1979-),男,博士。研究方向:电力电子高频磁技术。E-mail:zengyi.lu@deltaww.com。

Integration of DM and CM Chokes for 3P4W in the Application of On-board Charger: Integration of DM and CM Chokes with Quasi-cross DM Magnetic Branches
Haijun YANG , Zengyi LU
Affiliations
  • MSBU Delta Electronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd Shanghai 201209 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.325
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随着环保、节能意识不断深入人心,对新能源电动汽车及其车载充电机的要求越来越高。磁性元件作为车载充电机中一类重要的元器件,也相应获得越来越广泛的关注与研究。针对车载充电机抗电磁干扰滤波电路中三相四线制差共模电感的集成进行理论分析和研究。基于电源应用背景、差共模电感集成原理及业界和学术界已有集成方案的对比分析,提出1种采用“准十字”差模磁支路的三相四线制差共模集成电感,通过对集成电感单体的磁场特性分析、偏磁情况下的电气性能研究及上机测试,验证了所提集成方案的有效性,可显著减小三相不平衡电流情况下差模磁支路的偏磁问题并有效帮助电源改善抗电磁干扰性能。

“准十字”  /  磁集成  /  差模  /  共模  /  三相四线制

In the background of environment protection and power-saving awareness, the requests for new energy electric vehicles and their on-board charger(OBC) keep growing. As one of the important components in the OBC module, magnetics is getting more and more attention accordingly. The magnetics integration of differential mode (DM) and com-mon mode(CM) chokes for a 3-phase 4-wire (3P4W) electromagnetic interference(EMI) filter used in OBC is theoretically analyzed and studied. Based on the analysis and comparison of the background of power supply applications, the inte-gration principle for DM and CM chokes, and the available integration schemes in industry and academia, an integration of DM and CM chokes for 3P4W with quasi-cross DM magnetic branches is proposed. Through the magnetic flux simula-tion analysis, electrical characteristics under DC-bias and the on-board tested data, the effect of the magnetics integra-tion scheme was proved, i.e., it can obviously decrease the DC-bias on DM magnetic branches in the case of unbalanced 3-phase current and effectively improve the anti-EMI performance of power supply.

Quasi-cross  /  magnetics integration  /  differential mode(DM)  /  common mode(CM)  /  3-phase 4-wire(3P4W)
杨海军, 卢增艺. 应用于车载充电机的三相四线制差共模集成电感————种带“准十字”差模磁支路的差共模集成电感. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 325 -330 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.325
Haijun YANG, Zengyi LU. Integration of DM and CM Chokes for 3P4W in the Application of On-board Charger: Integration of DM and CM Chokes with Quasi-cross DM Magnetic Branches[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 325 -330 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.325
随着新能源电动汽车市场需求的高速增长, 车载充电机电源也蓬勃发展起来。车载充电机的功率级架构通常为四级,由输入 EMI 滤波电路、PFC 功率因数校正电路、LLC 电路或 Boost SRC 电路和输出 EMI 滤波电路级联形成, 其 EMI 通常要求满足 CISPR25 Class 3 或更高标准。因为车载充电机电源对高效率、高功率密度及小体积、轻质量、低成本的持续追求, 其 PCB 板的布局均较紧凑, 每颗元器件的设计与布置均需充分考虑其尺寸大小和与其他元器件之间的相对位置关系。本文主要针对单/ 三相兼容的三相四线制 EMI 滤波器中的电感进行研究,特别是对 1 种差共模集成[1-3] 电感进行分析和讨论。首先对业界及学术界常用的三相三线制和三相四线制 EMI 共模滤波电感惯用的差模磁支路设计方式进行了调研, 即其常采用一体成型的 “Y” 字形[4-6] 或 “十” 字形[7-8] 磁体,或采用分相 (也包含中性线)磁体(即“分线式”方案)[9-11] 的设制方式,以此来提升差模感量和差模阻抗,增强 EMI 滤波器对差模干扰的滤除效果, 但每条磁支路均是独立的, 导致其对工频电流偏置较为敏感, 即当三相电流不平衡时, 极易发生差模磁支路的偏磁问题, 甚至影响到共模磁支路的饱和[12],导致共模阻抗的显著降低, 恶化 EMI 性能。本文就以上问题提出了 1 种新型差共模集成方案, 以期可以同时满足提高差模阻抗和减小三相工频电流不平衡时的差模磁支路偏磁问题。
为了兼顾单/三相工作的需要, EMI 滤波电感需采用三相四线制, 即单相工作时为两线制 (一相线和一中性线),三相工作时为四线制。为高效、充分地利用充电机 PCB(print circuit board)板上的紧凑空间, 差共模集成的 EMI 滤波电感变得不可或缺。三相四线制 EMI 滤波电路示意如图1所示, 从左到右由差共模电容 1 、差共模电感 1 、差共模电容 2、差共模电感 2、差共模电容 3 等五级电路串联形成,对差共模电感集成是$\mathrm{{OBC}}$ 电源减小体积和质量的重要方法之一。
分析发现,无论是 “分线式” 差模磁支路方案, 还是“Y”字形或“十”字形集成方案, 其实质均为 “分线式”结构。尤其是三相四线制, 当三相电流不平衡时, 此集成方案将会导致较严重的偏磁问题。 从三相四线制绕组电流的时域关系出发, 通过算式演化, 从而提出对磁通有纠偏效果的 “准十字” 差模磁支路集成方案。
四线电流和为 0 (或趋于 0 ), 三相四线制电流的时域关系为
$ N\left( t\right)+ A\left( t\right)+ B\left( t\right)+ C\left( t\right)= 0 $
传统的差共模集成如前所述, 均是将式(1)单线上的电流作为研究对象,以$N$ 线为例可得
$ N\left( t\right)= -\left\lbrack {A\left( t\right)+ B\left( t\right)+ C\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack $
从而在较大电流偏置那一线上将产生较大的偏磁, 进而影响到差共模集成电感阻抗特性的稳定性。针对上述固有缺陷, 本文提出 1 种全新的算式重组方案,即将式(1)中的任意相邻两线作为 1 个整体(设定 4 个绕组在共模磁路上的排列次序为$A$ -$B - C - N - A)$,即$\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{B}$,得
$ N\left( t\right)+ C\left( t\right)= -\left\lbrack {A\left( t\right)+ B\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack $
$\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{B}/\mathrm{C}$ 同理,不再赘述。基于式 (3),并与式(2)进行对比分析:假定三相电流不平衡, A 相电流$X,\mathrm{\;B}$ 相正偏$+ a\%,\mathrm{C}$ 相负偏$- a\%$,从而在式 (2)“十”字形最大相偏差$\mathrm{B}$ 相中的磁通正比于$X\left({1 + a\%}\right)$, 而式(3)“准十字”体的偏差分析如图2所示, 以 N/C 对$\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{B}$ 为例,通过对三相电路电流相量的分析,可得$\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{B}$ 的矢量和为
$\sqrt{{\left( X -\frac{1}{2}Y\right)}^{2}+ {\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}Y\right)}^{2}}= \sqrt{{X}^{2}+ {Y}^{2}- {XY}}= \\ X\sqrt{1 -\left({1 + a\%}\right)+ {\left( 1 + a\%\right)}^{2}}$
式中:$X$$\mathrm{A}$ 相电流;$Y$$\mathrm{B}$ 相电流,$Y = X\left({1 + a\%}\right)$
图3所示,是根据式$Y = X\left({1 + a\%}\right)$ 和式 (4) 的图形具化, 本文新提出的 “准十字” 差共模集成方案较已有的“十”字形差共模方案在以下方面具有明显优势:①对不平衡电流的纠偏效果;②仅需采用简单结构的磁体按“准十字”叠合或卡合,可以使用高相对磁导率、低相对磁导率、块状、条状、片状等各型材料而不再受限于材料本身及其生产制作工艺, 可优选高相对磁导率片状的硅钢片。
图3中,灰色实线表示“十”字形差模磁体磁通偏差比例与电流偏置量$a\%$ 的关系,黑色实线示意 “准十字”形差模磁体磁通偏差比例与电流偏置量$a\%$ 的关系,虚线为黑色实线偏差比例与灰色实线偏差比例的相对比值。可知, 在最大相电流正向偏置小于 25%以内,“准十字” 结构的差共模集成电感的差模磁支路磁通偏置量比“十”字形减小45%, 即新提出的集成方案不仅解决了差模磁支路制造的难题, 还使 EMI 集成电感的抗偏磁能力提高约 80%。
本文提出的新型集成方案主要基于四线电流和时刻为 0 的条件, 通过算式演化并用磁支路叠合或卡合的积木方式重构差模磁支路与共模电感的集成。图4~图6所示为几种典型的差模磁支路磁体的变形。其中图4为叠合式, 可以为条状或棒状的差模磁支路磁体;图5为块状卡合式,可以为各种压合成型的结构;图6为片材叠装型卡合式, 可为各种片状材料叠装成型的卡合式结构, 如硅钢、 纳米晶或非晶等。针对各种差模磁支路磁体的推荐性适用范围见表1
图4所示的叠合式结构, 其适用范围最广, 可以涵盖目前业界可用的几乎所有磁芯材料, 如铁氧体、磁粉芯、硅钢和纳米晶/非晶等,且制造简单, 但因其横截面较小, 并未充分利用好共模磁芯内部的有效空间, 故对差模电感及差模阻抗的提升有限。
图5所示的块状卡合式结构,其适用范围主要为铁氧体和磁粉芯等易于压铸成型的材料, 其横截面较大,差模电感及其阻抗增加明显,有较广泛的应用。
图6所示的片材叠装型卡合式结构,其适用范围主要是片材叠装成型的材料,因卡合点处的截面有限缩, 其差模磁支路优选高饱和磁密材料, 以提高差模电感及其阻抗, 也具有一定程度的抗饱和特性,如硅钢、纳米晶/非晶等。
对于三相四线制的应用,“准十字”差共模集成电感相对于差模电感和共模电感分离元件设计, 减少了 4 颗差模电感的体积和质量;相对于传统“分线式”集成,有效减小了不平衡偏置电流的影响,且使差模磁支路的制作和安装大为简化。
本文就单/三相兼容的${11}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 车载充电机 EMI 特性及其对 EMI 滤波电感的要求进行分析。原始设计采用环形铁氧体磁芯${\Phi 51.5}\times {31.5}\times {16.0}$,相对磁导率${\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}= {10000}$,共 4 个绕组,每一绕组匝数为 11, A 相和$\mathrm{N}$ 线采用${\Phi 2.1}$ 铜线,$\mathrm{B}$ 相和$\mathrm{C}$ 相采用${\Phi 1.5}$ 铜线。在三相平衡及充电机满功率${11}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 运行下,每一相线上的峰值电流为${22.54}\mathrm{\;A}$,考虑${10}\%$ 的电流不平衡度,即 A 相电流 22.54 A, B 相 24.84 A, C 相 20.24 A,此时 N 线上为 3.98 A。
本文对比分析了原始与添加“准十字”磁支路磁体的差模电感特性,其“准十字”磁体材料采用硅钢片,材质为$\mathrm{B}{50}\mathrm{A}{470}$,最大磁通密度${B}_{\max }= {1.5}\mathrm{\;T}$,尺寸为${29.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {18.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$, 7 片叠合厚度为${3.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,如图7图8所示, 可见其差模电感量显著增加。
仿真分析和对比了“十”字形与“准十字”差模磁支路在上述三相不平衡电流下的磁通特性, 如图9所示, 可见 “准十字” 结构的差模磁支路除了制造简单外, 还优化了磁通的分布并增强了抗偏磁能力, 与第 2 节理论分析吻合。其简洁的卡合式组装工艺,也使此技术易于推广和使用。
将“准十字”差共模集成电感应用于单/三相兼容的${11}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 车载充电机 EMI 滤波电路中,并与原始的 EMI 测试结果进行对比,结果如图10(a)~(d) 所示。可见:采用“准十字”硅钢片卡合式差模磁支路的差共模集成电感对车载充电机的差模抑制能力得到了提升,在${150}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 频率点增强了${15}\sim {22}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 的 EMI 抑制能力,证明了前文理论分析的正确性。
叠合式或卡合式差模磁支路磁体结构,可进一步推广应用于更多线制的电源中, 如 6 线制、8 线制等。以 6 线制为例, 仅需满足 6 线上的实时电流和为 0 或近似为 0, 即可沿用此设计概念, 如图11所示。图11左侧的差模磁支路叠合或卡合在各磁支路的同一位置, 也可以如右侧图所示, 两两叠合或卡合在磁体的不同位置, 而不影响本方案的实质,可根据具体情况选择使用。
本文针对 1 种新型的应用于单/三相兼容车载充电机的差共模集成电感进行了理论分析、仿真对比和实际板载上机测试等,证明了所提采用“准十字”差模磁支路的差共模集成方案的有效性, 简化了生产工艺并增强了集成电感的抗偏磁能力。结论如下。
(1)应用于车载充电机的三相四线制电路,其对体积、质量等较敏感,充分利用共模电感内部的空置空间,相对于分离元件,可有效减小体积和质量, 实现集成, 提高功率密度; 相对于传统的 “分线式” 集成方式, 亦可有效降低不平衡电流的偏置影响, 且使差模磁支路单体易于生产制作且便于与共模电感组装。
(2)“准十字”差模磁支路,可以采用叠合式或卡合式结构, 其设计可以涵盖业界所能提供的几乎全部磁材料,包括铁氧体、磁粉芯、硅钢和纳米晶/ 非晶等。
(3)叠合式或卡合式的“准十字”差共模集成方法, 可进一步推广应用到更多线制的电路中, 如 6 线制等。
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.325
  • 接收时间:2022-03-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-17
  • 修回日期:2022-06-02
  • 录用日期:2022-06-21
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    台达电子企业管理(上海)有限公司 磁技术研发部 上海 201209
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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