Article(id=1153695648139432413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.319, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1642003200000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-13, revisedDate=1649520000000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-10, acceptedDate=1649606400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-11, onlineDate=1752992077145, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992077145, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992077145, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992077145, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=319, endPage=324, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695648915378657, articleId=1153695648139432413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Design of Travelling Wave Tube Power Supply under Multi-mode Control, columnId=1153695648848269792, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Special Power Supply, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since there is only one working mode of continuous wave or pulse after the design of a traditional spaceborne travelling wave tube(TWT) amplifier is finished and the output power at the saturated working point is fixed, a novel design scheme for space TWT power supply is proposed, which is compatible with multiple working modes including continuous wave and pulse. The TWT power supply and multi-mode TWT designed through this scheme are integrated into a multi-mode TWT amplifier, which have functions of continuous wave mode, low repetition rate pulse mode, high repetition rate pulse mode and adjustable on-orbit power. As a result, it can be applied to communication, navigation, data transmission and remote sensing observation satellites, thus making the on-orbit reconfigurable load possible. Through a simulation test, it is found that the power efficiency of the multi-mode space TWT reaches 94%, the repetition frequency range covers the continuous wave up to 10 kHz, and the adjustable output power ranges between 47 and 53 dBm.

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由于传统星载行波管放大器设计完成后仅有连续波或者脉冲1种工作模式,且饱和工作点输出功率固定,因此提出1种新的兼容连续波和脉冲多种工作模式的空间行波管电源设计方法。通过此方法设计完成的行波管电源与多模式行波管集成多工作模式行波管放大器,具备连续波工作模式、低重频脉冲工作模式和高重频脉冲工作模式及在轨功率可调节功能;能够应用于通信、导航、数传及遥感观测卫星,使在轨可重构载荷成为可能。通过仿真测试,多模式空间行波管电源效率达到94%,重频范围覆盖连续波到 10 kHz,输出功率在47~53 dBm范围内可调节。

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张军(1988-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:特种高压电源设计及空间行波管放大器整机集成技术。E-mail: 994964702@qq.com。

路小月(1986-),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:空间行波管放大器高压电源技术和射频模块设计。E-mail:527434681@qq.com。

熊洁(1982-),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:线性化器设计和空间行波管放大器整机集成技术。E-mail:4768858@qq.com。

鲁玲(1984-),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:特种高压电源设计及空间行波管放大器整机集成技术。E-mail:178903023@qq.com。

李晖(1982-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:特种高压电源设计技术。E-mail: 505389649@qq.com。

李渝(1988-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:天基雷达和目标探测设计。E-mail: 405416718@qq.com。

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路小月(1986-),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:空间行波管放大器高压电源技术和射频模块设计。E-mail:527434681@qq.com。

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李晖(1982-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:特种高压电源设计技术。E-mail: 505389649@qq.com。

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李渝(1988-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:天基雷达和目标探测设计。E-mail: 405416718@qq.com。

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李渝(1988-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:天基雷达和目标探测设计。E-mail: 405416718@qq.com。

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输入纹波 栅极 纹波/ mV 漏极 纹波/V 阳压 纹波/mV 功率变化 比例
电压/ mV 频率/$\mathrm{{kHz}}$
27 0.27 90 ${2.65}\times {10}^{-5}$
5 30 27 0.27 100 ${2.60}\times {10}^{-5}$
27 0.27 200 ${3.57}\times {10}^{-5}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032989932605950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695648139432413, language=CN, label=表1, caption=基准电压纹波影响仿真结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入纹波 栅极 纹波/ mV 漏极 纹波/V 阳压 纹波/mV 功率变化 比例
电压/ mV 频率/$\mathrm{{kHz}}$
27 0.27 90 ${2.65}\times {10}^{-5}$
5 30 27 0.27 100 ${2.60}\times {10}^{-5}$
27 0.27 200 ${3.57}\times {10}^{-5}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154032990012297729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695648139432413, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Design results of multi-mode space TWT power supply, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 项目 设计要求 设计结果 备注
1 电源效率 $\geq {92}\%$ 94%
2 工作模式 高低重频兼容 连续波模式 低重频模式 高重频模式
3 阳极电压 调节范围 $\geq {1500}\mathrm{\;V}$ ${1800}\mathrm{\;V}$
4 上升沿 $\leq {200}$ ns 70 ns 脉冲
5 下降沿 $\leq {200}$ ns 90 ns 脉冲
6 输出功率 调节范围 $\geq 3\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 6 dB
7 输出功率 调节精度 $\leq {0.2}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 0.2 dB
), ArticleFig(id=1154032990083600901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695648139432413, language=CN, label=表2, caption=多模式空间行波管电源设计结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 项目 设计要求 设计结果 备注
1 电源效率 $\geq {92}\%$ 94%
2 工作模式 高低重频兼容 连续波模式 低重频模式 高重频模式
3 阳极电压 调节范围 $\geq {1500}\mathrm{\;V}$ ${1800}\mathrm{\;V}$
4 上升沿 $\leq {200}$ ns 70 ns 脉冲
5 下降沿 $\leq {200}$ ns 90 ns 脉冲
6 输出功率 调节范围 $\geq 3\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 6 dB
7 输出功率 调节精度 $\leq {0.2}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 0.2 dB
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一种多模式控制的行波管电源设计
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张军 , 路小月 , 熊洁 , 鲁玲 , 李晖 , 李渝
电源学报 | 特种电源 2024,22(5): 319-324
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电源学报 | 特种电源 2024, 22(5): 319-324
一种多模式控制的行波管电源设计
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张军 , 路小月 , 熊洁 , 鲁玲 , 李晖 , 李渝
作者信息
  • 西安无线电技术研究所 西安 710100
  • 张军(1988-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:特种高压电源设计及空间行波管放大器整机集成技术。E-mail: 994964702@qq.com。

    路小月(1986-),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:空间行波管放大器高压电源技术和射频模块设计。E-mail:527434681@qq.com。

    熊洁(1982-),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:线性化器设计和空间行波管放大器整机集成技术。E-mail:4768858@qq.com。

    鲁玲(1984-),女,硕士,工程师。研究方向:特种高压电源设计及空间行波管放大器整机集成技术。E-mail:178903023@qq.com。

    李晖(1982-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:特种高压电源设计技术。E-mail: 505389649@qq.com。

    李渝(1988-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:天基雷达和目标探测设计。E-mail: 405416718@qq.com。

Design of Travelling Wave Tube Power Supply under Multi-mode Control
Jun ZHANG , Xiaoyue LU , Jie XIONG , Ling LU , Hui LI , Yu LI
Affiliations
  • Xi'an Radio Technology Research Institute Xi'an 710100 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.319
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由于传统星载行波管放大器设计完成后仅有连续波或者脉冲1种工作模式,且饱和工作点输出功率固定,因此提出1种新的兼容连续波和脉冲多种工作模式的空间行波管电源设计方法。通过此方法设计完成的行波管电源与多模式行波管集成多工作模式行波管放大器,具备连续波工作模式、低重频脉冲工作模式和高重频脉冲工作模式及在轨功率可调节功能;能够应用于通信、导航、数传及遥感观测卫星,使在轨可重构载荷成为可能。通过仿真测试,多模式空间行波管电源效率达到94%,重频范围覆盖连续波到 10 kHz,输出功率在47~53 dBm范围内可调节。

连续波  /  脉冲  /  功率可调  /  行波管  /  高效率

Since there is only one working mode of continuous wave or pulse after the design of a traditional spaceborne travelling wave tube(TWT) amplifier is finished and the output power at the saturated working point is fixed, a novel design scheme for space TWT power supply is proposed, which is compatible with multiple working modes including continuous wave and pulse. The TWT power supply and multi-mode TWT designed through this scheme are integrated into a multi-mode TWT amplifier, which have functions of continuous wave mode, low repetition rate pulse mode, high repetition rate pulse mode and adjustable on-orbit power. As a result, it can be applied to communication, navigation, data transmission and remote sensing observation satellites, thus making the on-orbit reconfigurable load possible. Through a simulation test, it is found that the power efficiency of the multi-mode space TWT reaches 94%, the repetition frequency range covers the continuous wave up to 10 kHz, and the adjustable output power ranges between 47 and 53 dBm.

Continuous wave  /  pulse  /  adjustable power  /  travelling wave tube(TWT)  /  high efficiency
张军, 路小月, 熊洁, 鲁玲, 李晖, 李渝. 一种多模式控制的行波管电源设计. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 319 -324 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.319
Jun ZHANG, Xiaoyue LU, Jie XIONG, Ling LU, Hui LI, Yu LI. Design of Travelling Wave Tube Power Supply under Multi-mode Control[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 319 -324 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.319
行波管放大器由行波管电源 EPC (electronic power conditioner) 与行波管 TWT (travelling wave tube) 组成。行波管电源与卫星平台一次母线接口通过内部电路进行电压变换, 为行波管提供正常工作所需的各极电压, 并通过行波管完成功放任务, 因此行波管电源的工作模式直接决定放大器的工作状态[1]。传统星载行波管放大器设计完成后,仅能工作在连续波模式或者脉冲工作模式,且无法实现在轨功率可调节, 这使得卫星载荷的功能单一, 要实现多种功能,必须使用更多的有效载荷,严重浪费卫星资源。多模式空间行波管放大器,通过在轨调节行波管电源输出电压来实现调节行波管工作状态[2],使行波管实现连续波、脉冲工作模式的切换及在轨功率调节。
多模式行波管放大器由多模式行波管电源和多模式行波管组成。电源将母线电压变换为可调行波管需要的各极电压, 接收外部遥控指令并输出放大器工作时的遥测数据, 监测整个放大器的工作状态, 提供放大器各种保护功能。具体工作框图如图1所示。
多模式行波管电源与传统行波管电源略有不同, 具有在轨可调阳压模块和多模调制器模块, 对行波管电源阳极电压、控制极电压进行在轨调节和控制, 使得行波管在轨重构, 实现行波管输出功率调节和工作模式的切换[3]。多模式行波管电源原理框图如图2所示。
多模式切换方案主要通过设计多模式调制器来实现多模式切换功能。多模式调制器能够自动跟踪卫星平台门控信号的变化, 当门控信号识别为直流时, 多模控制调制器栅极输出直流高压, TWTA (travelling wave tube amplifier)工作在连续波模式; 当门控信号为脉冲时,多模式调制器栅极输出高压脉冲电压, TWTA 工作在脉冲模式,脉冲模式下 TWTA 能够跟踪卫星平台门控信号的重复频率和脉宽。在轨功率可调主要是应用行波管工作原理, 对控制行波管输出功率的阳极电压精确调节来实现行波管输出功率的调节功能[4]
国产行波管电源在实际研制过程中整机效率约为 90%,采用 Buck+全桥两级式拓扑结构,产品存在以下问题:①前级 Buck 变换器在大功率应用时, 开关损耗较高, 导致开关管温升较高; ②后级全桥变换器无法在较宽的负载范围内实现软开关, 从而造成产品在输出功率变化时效率较低, 并且全桥变换器使用 4 个开关管, 占用较大的体积; ③在大功率应用时, 高压变压器带来的损耗占比较大, 并且高压变压器次级漏感对初级漏感的影响不可忽略[5]。上述问题造成现有 EPC 电源效率较低,体积较大, 限制了后续大规模应用, 故提出新的拓扑对行波管 EPC 电源进行改进。
本文提出使用新型软开关 Buck 变换器,如图3所示,${V}_{\text{in }}$ 为 Buck 电路输入,通过电容滤波后,进入 Buck 电路,其中${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 分时序开启,实现 Buck 电路中开关管的软开关功能, 提高前级预稳压电路的效率,${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ 实现 Buck 电路的同步整流功能。Buck 后级电路采用推挽变换器, 如图4所示, 开关管数量减小,开关损耗降低,使效率得到进一步提升。
新 DC/AC 电路采用“同步整流降压变换器+谐振推挽”的“并联式”功率结构, 通过合理设置变压器参数, 使得绝大部分功率通过母线直接供给变压器,减少了同步整流降压变压器上的损耗。同时通过调整谐振参数${C}_{1}$,在较宽的负载范围内,使得图3中开关管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 均处于$\mathrm{{ZVS}}/\mathrm{{ZCS}}$ 软开关状态, 有效降低了开关管上的功率损耗, 提升了转换效率。 EPC 额定工作点处(320W),同步整流降压变压器和谐振推挽额最高效率均达到 97%以上,主功率 DC/AC 变换电路输出效率达到 95%,仿真与实测${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 漏源电流和电压随时间的波形如图5所示。
多模式调制器主要用来实现空间行波管放大器在轨自适应连续波模式、脉冲模式和功率调节模式, 克服现有空间行波管放大器工作模式单一, 无法满足多任务多功能有效载荷的需求[6]
门控信号作为卫星平台与 EPC 中多模控制调制器之间信息传递的桥梁, 为了实现多模调制器宽重频$\mathrm{{DC}}{10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 需求,采用差分协议传输信号,其中一线为$\mathrm{A}$,另一线为$\mathrm{B}$,如图6所示。
通常情况下, 发送驱动器$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 之间的正电平为$2 \sim 6\mathrm{\;V}$,是一个逻辑状态; 负电平为$- 6 \sim - 2\mathrm{\;V}$,是另一个逻辑状态。另有 1 个信号地 C 和 1 个可选择使用的使能端, 使能端用于控制发送驱动器与传输线的切断与连接。当使能端起作用时, 发送驱动器处于高阻状态,称作第三态,即它是有别于逻辑 1 与 0 的第三态。
接收器也作与发送端相对的规定, 收发端通过平衡双绞线将 A-A 与 B-B 对应相连,当在收端 A、B 之间存在大于$+{200}\mathrm{{mV}}$ 的电平时,输出正逻辑电平;存在小于-200 mV 时,输出负逻辑电平。接收器接收平衡线上的电平范围通常在${200}\mathrm{{mV}}$$6\mathrm{\;V}$ 之间[7],如图7所示。
依据卫星平台应用场景, 将门控信号频率区分为小于${100}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 和大于等于${100}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 这 2 类。当门控信号频率小于${100}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 时,多模调制器将产品工作模式设置为连续波工作模式,栅极电压连续输出。 主要方法是使控制门控的 FPGA 直接输出 Leading_edge,每${300\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 输出 1 次, Ending_edge 一直不输出, 产品为连续波模式, 如图8所示。当门控信号频率大于等于${100}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 时,多模调制器将产品设置为脉冲工作模式, 栅极电压在脉内连续输出正栅电压,在脉间连续输出负栅电压[8]
脉冲模式下门控频率大于${100}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,正常情况下 Ending_edge 输出 GATING_5V 信号后沿的位置信息脉宽为${1\mu }\mathrm{s}\pm {15}\mathrm{{ns}}$, Ending_edge 在 GATING_ 5V 信号的下降沿后${300}\sim {400}\mathrm{{ns}}$ 输出(且偏差范围为$\pm {15}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ ); Leading_edge 输出 GATING_5V 信号前沿的位置信息脉宽[9]${1\mu }\mathrm{s}\pm {15}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$, Leading_edge 在 GATING_5V 信号的上升沿后${300}\sim {400}\mathrm{{ns}}$ 输出(且偏差范围为$\pm {15}\mathrm{{ns}}$ ),如图9所示。
将卫星发送的高低重频门控信号稳定传输给调制器,并保证调制器正栅电压、负栅电压输出的稳定性和切换速度[10]。具体方法是门控切换信号依据脉宽设置进行输出, 若脉宽(GATING_5V 信号高电平) 大于${300\mu }\mathrm{s}$, Leading_edge 则在每${300\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 时进行展频,直到门控关闭不再展频,如图10所示。
TWT 的阴极电流与输出功率之间、阴极电流与阳压之间均有特定的函数关系, 如图11所示。相关文献研究[11] 表明阴极电流与输出功率之间的函数关系为
${I}_{\mathrm{k}}= {0.4}\times {P}_{\text{sat }}+ {C}_{\text{st }}$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{k}}$ 为阴极电流;${P}_{\text{sat }}$ 为饱和输出功率;${C}_{\mathrm{{st}}}$ 为收集级热耗。
阴极电流与阳压之间的函数关系为
${I}_{\mathrm{k}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{ev}}}{V}_{\mathrm{{A0k}}}^{\frac{3}{2}}$
式中:${P}_{\mathrm{{erv}}}$ 为电子枪的导流系数;${V}_{\mathrm{{AOK}}}$ 为阳极电压。
由式(1)~式(2)和图11可以看出:随着阴极电流的增加, 输出功率线性增加, 相应地, 阴极电流减小则输出功率也线性减小; 随着阳极电压的增加, 阴极电流线性增加, 相应地, 阳极电压减小则阴极电流也线性减小。故可以通过控制阴极电流的方式来控制输出功率的大小, 而控制阴极电流的大小需要通过控制阳极电压的方式来实现[12]
由以上原理分析可以看出, 输出功率与阳极电压呈一定的正相关关系, 通过控制阳极输出电压能够调节行波管输出功率。此次应用是基于脉宽调制的高精度电压控制技术, 精准调节阳压调节器中比较器端的基准电压, 进而改变阳压调节器的输出电压。
现有单 TWT 电源中, 阳极调节电路的调节范围为${600}\mathrm{\;V}$,而针对功率可调,则需要有较宽的阳极调节范围,即达到${1800}\mathrm{\;V}$。因此综合考虑现有器件的耐压水平、控制稳定度等,拓宽调压范围则采用功率开关管串联调压方案,其原理如图12所示。
对电路建立仿真模型进行仿真, 得到环路特性仿真结果, 如图13所示。可以看出, 控制带宽约为${1.2}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,环路相位裕量大于${60}^{\circ }$,电路可以稳定工作。
由于阳极输出电压控制过程主要通过控制线性调节器基准电压实现, 因此基准电压稳定度和敏感性较为重要。在基准电压上引入毫伏级纹波,将纹波对电路的影响进行比较[13],对此特性进行仿真,结果见表1。可以看出, 离散控制引入的纹波对电路并未带来明显的影响,可忽略不计。
图14为依据实验数据生成的占空比与基准电压之间的线性关系。可以看出, 占空比与基准电压之间呈强线性相关,与理论预算特性吻合。
通过以上设计与仿真, 获得多模式空间行波管电源及放大器的指标,如表2所示。
经过设计仿真测试,多模式空间行波管电源设计结果满足要求,与行波管集成为多模式行波管放大器后,具备高效率、宽重频、功率可调节功能,整机指标满足多任务、多功能有效载荷要求。
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.319
  • 接收时间:2022-01-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-13
  • 修回日期:2022-04-10
  • 录用日期:2022-04-11
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    西安无线电技术研究所 西安 710100
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