Article(id=1153695649490002417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.309, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1636300800000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1642435200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-01-18, onlineDate=1752992077467, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992077467, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992077467, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992077467, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=309, endPage=318, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695650475663861, articleId=1153695649490002417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Hybrid Simulation Analysis of Novel Traction Transformer under DC Bias Excitation, columnId=1152281495990793077, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Passive Components and Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stability of an urban rail transit traction power supply system is related to the safety of urban power grid and the stable operation of traffic. Due to the large amounts of cables and a series of power electronic devices which have been put into use, problems such as harmonics and reactive power will arise and seriously damage the safety of the traction power supply system. As the core equipment of the traction power supply system, the traction transformer has important functions such as transmitting power supply and filtering nonlinear load harmonics. DC bias is a widespread phenomenon adversely affecting the traction transformer, and it may directly threaten the safe and stable operation of the traction transformer. Based on PSCAD/EMTDC and ANSYS, the UMEC model and finite element model of a novel traction transformer are established, respectively. By means of multi-platform hybrid simulation, the electromagnetic, loss and other excitation characteristics of this traction transformer under DC bias are observed and analyzed. With a comparison with the traditional traction transformer, the excitation situation of the novel traction transformer under DC bias is evaluated.

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城市轨道交通牵引供电系统的稳定关乎城市电网的安全和交通稳定运行,由于大量投入使用的电缆和一系列电力电子装置,产生了严重破坏牵引供电系统安全性的谐波和无功问题。牵引变作为牵引供电系统的核心设备,具有传输供电和滤除非线性负载谐波等重要作用,直流偏磁是1种广泛存在的会对牵引变产生不利影响的现象,严重时会直接威胁牵引变的安全稳定运行。基于PSCAD/EMTDC 及ANSYS分别建立了1种新型牵引变的UMEC 及有限元模型,由励磁电流特性入手,通过多平台混合仿真的手段对这一新型牵引变遭受直流偏磁影响时的电磁、损耗等励磁特性进行了观测和分析,并与传统牵引变进行对比,评估了该新型牵引变遭遇直流偏磁时的励磁状态。

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杨柳林(1977-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算、深度学习、大数据及其应用。E-mail:kk456678910@gmail.com。

王韬策(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化、电能质量。E-mail:799047323@qq.com。

王涛(1977-),男,高级工程师。研究方向:特种变压器。E-mail: ttw0229@163.com。

李永革(1969-),男,高级工程师。研究方向:特种变压器。E-mail: ly740215@163.com。

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杨柳林(1977-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算、深度学习、大数据及其应用。E-mail:kk456678910@gmail.com。

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杨柳林(1977-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算、深度学习、大数据及其应用。E-mail:kk456678910@gmail.com。

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王韬策(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化、电能质量。E-mail:799047323@qq.com。

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王韬策(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化、电能质量。E-mail:799047323@qq.com。

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王涛(1977-),男,高级工程师。研究方向:特种变压器。E-mail: ttw0229@163.com。

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王涛(1977-),男,高级工程师。研究方向:特种变压器。E-mail: ttw0229@163.com。

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李永革(1969-),男,高级工程师。研究方向:特种变压器。E-mail: ly740215@163.com。

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High Voltage Apparatus, 2015. 51(5): 40-46 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Simulation study of DC bias loss characteristics of 500 kV power transformer, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032962057261914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695649490002417, awardId=AB18126026, language=EN, fundingSource=Major Research Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Department(AB18126026), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032962103399259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695649490002417, awardId=AB18126026, language=CN, fundingSource=广西科技厅重大研究资助项目(AB18126026), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032954994053892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695649490002417, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032954998248197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695649490002417, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032961843352406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695649490002417, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Excitation current harmonics with and without DC bias, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变压器 类型 偏磁 情况 谐波大小及含有率 1 2 3 4 5 6
传统 牵引变 无偏磁 n 次谐波含有率1% 100 1.11 1.13 0.17 0.42 0.30
电流/A 3.6472 0.0405 0.0411 0.0062 0.0155 0.0011
直流偏磁 n 次谐波含有率1% 100 12.88 16.25 6.93 9.35 6.40
电流/A 7.4090 0.9544 1.2043 0.5137 0.6928 0.4741
新型 牵引变 无偏磁 n 次谐波含有率1% 100 0.29 0.27 0.12 0.22 0.17
电流/A 3.5966 0.0103 0.0096 0.0043 0.0078 0.0006
直流偏磁 n 次谐波含有率1% 100 7.22 5.80 3.63 0.62 2.99
电流/A 7.5229 0.5435 0.4400 0.2729 0.0464 0.2246
), ArticleFig(id=1154032961897878361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695649490002417, language=CN, label=表1, caption=正常运行及直流偏磁下的励磁电流谐波情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变压器 类型 偏磁 情况 谐波大小及含有率 1 2 3 4 5 6
传统 牵引变 无偏磁 n 次谐波含有率1% 100 1.11 1.13 0.17 0.42 0.30
电流/A 3.6472 0.0405 0.0411 0.0062 0.0155 0.0011
直流偏磁 n 次谐波含有率1% 100 12.88 16.25 6.93 9.35 6.40
电流/A 7.4090 0.9544 1.2043 0.5137 0.6928 0.4741
新型 牵引变 无偏磁 n 次谐波含有率1% 100 0.29 0.27 0.12 0.22 0.17
电流/A 3.5966 0.0103 0.0096 0.0043 0.0078 0.0006
直流偏磁 n 次谐波含有率1% 100 7.22 5.80 3.63 0.62 2.99
电流/A 7.5229 0.5435 0.4400 0.2729 0.0464 0.2246
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新型牵引变直流偏磁励磁的混合仿真分析
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杨柳林 1 , 王韬策 1 , 王涛 2 , 李永革 2
电源学报 | 无源元件与材料 2024,22(5): 309-318
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电源学报 | 无源元件与材料 2024, 22(5): 309-318
新型牵引变直流偏磁励磁的混合仿真分析
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杨柳林1 , 王韬策1 , 王涛2 , 李永革2
作者信息
  • 1 广西大学 电气工程学院 南宁 530004
  • 2 广西柳州特种变压器有限责任公司 柳州 545036
  • 杨柳林(1977-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统分析与计算、深度学习、大数据及其应用。E-mail:kk456678910@gmail.com。

    王韬策(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统及其自动化、电能质量。E-mail:799047323@qq.com。

    王涛(1977-),男,高级工程师。研究方向:特种变压器。E-mail: ttw0229@163.com。

    李永革(1969-),男,高级工程师。研究方向:特种变压器。E-mail: ly740215@163.com。

Hybrid Simulation Analysis of Novel Traction Transformer under DC Bias Excitation
Liulin YANG1 , Taoce WANG1 , Tao WANG2 , Yongge LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
  • 2 Guangxi Liuzhou Special Transformer Co., Ltd Liuzhou 545036 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.309
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城市轨道交通牵引供电系统的稳定关乎城市电网的安全和交通稳定运行,由于大量投入使用的电缆和一系列电力电子装置,产生了严重破坏牵引供电系统安全性的谐波和无功问题。牵引变作为牵引供电系统的核心设备,具有传输供电和滤除非线性负载谐波等重要作用,直流偏磁是1种广泛存在的会对牵引变产生不利影响的现象,严重时会直接威胁牵引变的安全稳定运行。基于PSCAD/EMTDC 及ANSYS分别建立了1种新型牵引变的UMEC 及有限元模型,由励磁电流特性入手,通过多平台混合仿真的手段对这一新型牵引变遭受直流偏磁影响时的电磁、损耗等励磁特性进行了观测和分析,并与传统牵引变进行对比,评估了该新型牵引变遭遇直流偏磁时的励磁状态。

牵引变  /  直流偏磁  /  励磁特性  /  混合仿真

The stability of an urban rail transit traction power supply system is related to the safety of urban power grid and the stable operation of traffic. Due to the large amounts of cables and a series of power electronic devices which have been put into use, problems such as harmonics and reactive power will arise and seriously damage the safety of the traction power supply system. As the core equipment of the traction power supply system, the traction transformer has important functions such as transmitting power supply and filtering nonlinear load harmonics. DC bias is a widespread phenomenon adversely affecting the traction transformer, and it may directly threaten the safe and stable operation of the traction transformer. Based on PSCAD/EMTDC and ANSYS, the UMEC model and finite element model of a novel traction transformer are established, respectively. By means of multi-platform hybrid simulation, the electromagnetic, loss and other excitation characteristics of this traction transformer under DC bias are observed and analyzed. With a comparison with the traditional traction transformer, the excitation situation of the novel traction transformer under DC bias is evaluated.

Traction transformer  /  DC bias  /  excitation characteristics  /  hybrid simulation
杨柳林, 王韬策, 王涛, 李永革. 新型牵引变直流偏磁励磁的混合仿真分析. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 309 -318 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.309
Liulin YANG, Taoce WANG, Tao WANG, Yongge LI. Hybrid Simulation Analysis of Novel Traction Transformer under DC Bias Excitation[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 309 -318 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.309
我国轨道交通主要采用直流牵引供电系统,其电流经由接触网流入机车的内部并通过轨道返回供电站, 实际上导轨无法保证对地绝缘, 一部分杂散电流会由导轨泄露到地面, 并从变压器中性点流入交流电网,导致变压器直流偏磁的发生[1-2]。在国内轨道交通快速发展的大背景下,这一工况频繁发生。当变压器受到直流电流的侵入时, 会产生励磁电流畸变、铁芯振幅加大、噪音增强和变压器过热等一系列对正常工作造成威胁的问题, 直流偏磁现象的相关研究具有广泛意义。由于牵引变负责交/直流变换这一直流牵引供电系统中的关键环节, 作为换流变压器中的一种,具备传送电力、变换交流系统电压、实现脉动整流及滤除电车负载谐波等必要作用, 其可靠性关乎整个直流牵引供电系统的安全稳定运行, 因此对于直流偏磁影响下牵引变励磁特性的研究对实际工程应用具有重要价值[3]
近年来, 研究人员在直流偏磁方面已经取得了诸多进展,大多集中于直流偏磁的理论性研究[4-5], 包括直流偏磁产生机理、对变压器的影响及控制措施等。在对于特定变压器直流偏磁的研究中, 文献[6-8]的研究对象为普通电力变压器; 文献[9-11] 专注于高压直流输电中的换流变压器;文献[12-13] 剖析了新型直流输电换流变压器的不同特性; 文献[14-15]分别通过监测和仿真的手段对轨道交通杂散电流引起的直流偏磁进行了分析。上述研究成果大多以高压直流输电工程中的电力变压器和换流变压器为研究背景, 而对轨道交通牵引变遭受直流偏磁时的运行特性的研究成果鲜有报道, 少量轨道交通直流偏磁问题的研究也是以目前已经投入使用的传统牵引变为主,未涉及近年来生产研制的新型牵引变的直流偏磁问题, 且基本采用单一仿真手段对变压器直流偏磁进行分析, 缺乏对包括电、磁在内牵引变直流偏磁下各项特性的针对性仿真研究。
本文的研究对象是 1 种受广西重点研发计划支撑,基于磁势平衡原理的新型牵引变,其具备优异的双重滤波效果,已经大量投入生产。以往用于变压器直流偏磁特性研究的仿真软件包括 PSCAD/EMT-DC、ANSYS、MATLAB 等,由于非线性饱和特性、线圈漏磁特性、涡流损耗及铁芯和绕组的拓扑结构等一系列因素均会对牵引变遭受直流偏磁时的运行情况产生影响[16],为尽可能保证仿真实验结果的准确性和可靠性, 本文结合 PSCAD/EMTDC 和 ANSYS 这 2 种工具, 以适于电气特性分析的 PSCAD/EMT-DC 建立新型牵引变的 UMEC 模型和电气仿真系统, 将获取的电特性仿真数据导入至 ANSYS 中建立的有限元模型进行混合仿真,并将仿真结果与传统牵引变进行对比,旨在获得直流偏磁影响下本文所提新型变压器在电、磁、损耗方面的励磁特性。
在正弦稳态情况下, 新型牵引变的绕组布置和等效电路分别如图1(a)和 (b) 所示。 1~12 号绕组为高压网侧绕组, 1~3 号与 10~12 号分别为 D 形连接的上、下主绕组,4~6号与 7~9 号分别为$\mathrm{Y}$ 形连接的上、下移相绕组;${13}\sim {15}$ 号绕组为负载侧$\mathrm{Y}$ 形连接绕组,${16}\sim {18}$ 号为负载侧 D 形连接绕组,其匝数比为$1 :\sqrt{3};{19}\sim {21}$ 号与${22}\sim {24}$ 号分别为$\mathrm{D}$ 形连接的 2 组滤波绕组。低压负载侧的$\mathrm{Y}$$\mathrm{D}$ 形绕组布置于最接近铁芯柱的位置, 高压网侧绕组则远离铁芯柱,在两者之间添加 2 组滤波绕组作为中间绕组。
负载侧的 Y-D 连接绕组与高压侧上、下移相绕组相配合可以起到与传统牵引变类似的移相滤波作用,滤除掉 5、7、17、19 等次数的非特征谐波。 2 组滤波绕组为除了高低压绕组之外的第三绕组, 作用为滤除传统牵引变移相滤波无法滤除的特征谐波, 其所连接的滤波装置可以根据需要来进行设置, 滤波装置通常设置用于针对 11 次和 13 次这 2 种谐波。 新型牵引变可以实现移相和感应双重滤波, 有效解决了传统牵引变对特征谐波的滤波能力较弱的问题,并且能够抑制谐波进入高压网侧,降低谐波对配电网的影响, 起到谐波屏蔽的效果, 有良好的实用价值。
本文基于 PSCAD/EMTDC4.6.2 建立电气仿真系统,而传统牵引变仿真系统可以通过调用元件库元件来进行搭建。对于新型牵引变来说, 铁芯的非线性和磁滞损耗等因素均会对变压器的直流偏磁情况产生一定影响, 经典的变压器模型未对铁芯的实际物理结构进行考虑, 难以反映直流偏磁时复杂绕组变压器内部的电磁耦合情况。因此, 本文以自定义元件方式建立了 1 种绕组可调 UMEC 变压器模型并搭建了牵引供电系统仿真系统。这种模型采用$V - I$ 曲线来对非线性特性进行模拟,考虑了同相绕组的磁耦合关系、铁磁材料的磁滞效果和铁芯的非线性情况, 与变压器的实际情况较为接近, 能够准确地对变压器的直流偏磁现象进行模拟。
传统牵引变仿真系统如图2所示,其中$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{B}$$\mathrm{C}$ 分别为高压网侧绕组、低压$\mathrm{D}$ 接绕组、低压$\mathrm{Y}$ 接绕组, 根据典型牵引变参数, 在仿真平台中设定该牵引变的额定容量为${2500}\mathrm{{kVA}}$,系统电源频率为${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,变比为${35}\mathrm{{kV}}/{1000}\mathrm{\;V}$
新型牵引变仿真系统如图3所示, 其中 W1、 W5 为高压网侧上、下移相绕组, W3、W7 为高压网侧上、下主绕组, W2、W4 分别为连接 11 次、13 次滤波装置的感应滤波绕组, W6、W8 分别为低压$\mathrm{D}$ 接绕组、低压$\mathrm{Y}$ 接绕组。容量和系统电源设置与传统系统相同,高压、滤波和低压变比分别设置为${35}\mathrm{{kV}}\text{、}{500}\mathrm{\;V}$${1000}\mathrm{\;V}$
设置步长为${25\mu }\mathrm{s}$,仿真时长为${0.5}\mathrm{s}$,在 2 种牵引变二次侧接数值极高的电阻,一次侧设置额定交流电压源激励, 在额定空载情况下进行实验, 得到的稳定无直流偏磁的励磁电流波形及其频谱分布如图4所示。可以看到, 在正常空载运行时, 由于牵引变铁芯发生磁饱和, 相较于标准正弦波, 励磁电流波形发生畸变,此时铁芯饱和程度不高,因此励磁电流波形也只是轻微畸变。图4(a)和(c)中这 2 种牵引变励磁电流的波形非常接近, 区别并不显著, 结合图4(b)和 (d) 来看, 能够发现两者的主要差异在于传统牵引变励磁电流中 2、3 次谐波含有量稍高于新型牵引变。
在牵引变接大电阻保持空载的情况下, 将 1 个可调的直流电压源分别接入 2 种牵引变的一次侧绕组,通过对直流电压源的输出进行控制,通入$3\mathrm{\;A}$ 直流电流来模拟变压器的直流偏磁现象, 然后处理得到相同偏置情况下稳定后的 2 种牵引变的励磁电流波形及其频谱分布,如图5所示。观察图5(a)和 (c) 可见, 由于 2 种牵引变均受到直流偏磁的影响, 铁芯饱和程度加大, 励磁电流正半波峰值急剧增大, 负峰值则逐渐减小, 波形的畸变均有一定程
度的加深, 显然传统牵引变励磁电流的波形畸变更为严重;由图5(b)和(d)可见,2 种牵引变的谐波含量均因为直流偏磁的发生而显著提高, 传统牵引变励磁电流中的各次谐波含量普遍高于新型牵引变;表明了其波形畸变更为严重的原因。
表1展示了 2 种牵引变在正常运行及直流偏磁情形下的励磁电流谐波情况, 新型牵引变在无偏磁和直流偏磁情况下励磁电流中的谐波含有率均要比传统牵引变更低, 在直流偏磁情况下两者的差距非常明显,可见新型牵引变相较传统牵引变具有更强的抗直流偏磁干扰的能力,在一、二次侧之间的滤波绕组妥善处理了一部分由直流偏磁导致的谐波。
本文基于 ANSYS2020R1 建立新型牵引变有限元模型,铁芯材料所使用硅钢的$B - H$ 曲线图6(a)所示, 采用圆筒式绕组, 通过改变线圈匝数来设置与 PSCAD/EMTDC 仿真相同的变比。在建模和求解的过程中, 近似地将变压器结构件视作材料均匀、各向同性, 假设场量在场域中作正弦变化、内部绕组的中心点的连线纵向轴面前、后对称且不对拉板和夹件结构进行考虑, 将复杂问题简单化, 最终得到的新型牵引变有限元模型如图6(b)所示。为了便于进行观测,本文保留中间相以单相结构进行仿真
实验,将中间铁芯柱作为主心柱,两侧铁芯柱作为边铁芯柱, 以电流激励的形式将本文 PSCAD 平台仿真所得的新型牵引变励磁电流导入到牵引变有限元模型中, 并于 Maxwell 模块中进行瞬态仿真求解,步长为$1\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,仿真时间为${100}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$
2 种牵引变绕组结构上的主要区别在于新型牵引变一、二次侧绕组之间的滤波绕组,在空载励磁的条件下, 滤波绕组上的磁密及损耗均较小, 因此牵引变的磁密和损耗特点主要体现在铁芯上, 由于单相绕组缠绕于主铁芯柱上, 因此主铁芯柱受到绕组上的励磁电流影响最大,其磁密和损耗远大于 2 个边铁芯柱。为量化观察主铁芯柱磁密和损耗在无偏磁及直流偏磁下的变化特点,在牵引变的主铁芯柱中部放置磁密及损耗监测点。
2 种牵引变铁芯磁密分布情况如图7所示, 监测点磁密波形见图8
观察图7(a)~(d)可见,在无直流偏磁情况下, 新型牵引变铁芯正、负半周期的磁密峰值相差不大,随着直流偏磁程度的加剧,磁饱和程度加深,励磁电流正向偏移, 正半周期的磁密会持续增强而负半周期的磁密呈下降态势;比较图7(c)(d)(e)(f)可知, 由于传统牵引变的励磁电流受到直流偏磁影响较为严重,传统牵引变的铁芯磁密所受影响也更为明显,具体表现为正半周期磁密更大,负半周期磁密更小。对比图8(a)图4(c)新型牵引变无偏磁情况, 磁密波形逐渐趋于稳定, 新型牵引变励磁电流与标准正弦波接近, 铁芯磁密的大小与励磁电流大小正相关, 在励磁电流正、负半波峰值时刻磁密均达到较高值且其数值极为接近, 与图7(a)(b)结论相符。由于无偏磁时的励磁电流已使牵引变铁芯达到轻微饱和状态, 监测点磁密极大值附近表现为平波;图8(b)直流偏磁磁密波形与图8(a)相比,磁密极大值略高,磁密极小值偏低,且更多时刻磁密处于较大值,结合图4(c)图5(c)来看, 直流偏磁导致励磁电流正向偏移, 正向励磁电流使铁芯进入深度饱和,因此正周期磁密峰值相比于无偏磁情况提升不大, 而负向励磁电流减少铁芯进入未饱和状态, 因此负周期磁密峰值有较大幅度减小,并且励磁电流正半周在整个励磁过程中所占比例增大,正、负半周不再保持平衡,与图7(a)~(d)所得结论相符;图8(c)中传统牵引变的磁密极大值更大,极小值更小,基于图5(a)和(c) 中的励磁电流来看,这是因为传统牵引变在同等励磁条件下, 励磁电流畸变及偏移更为严重, 正向深度饱和程度更严重,负向铁芯饱和程度进一步降低,与图7(a)(b)(e)(f)所得结论相符。磁密的大小与电磁力息息相关,而电磁力关系到变压器的振动和噪声问题,过高的磁密会是牵引变不可忽视的故障隐患。实验表明,直流偏磁是导致这一现象的常见因素, 因此需要结合磁密的分布情况和变化规律来对牵引变进行评估,新型牵引变抗偏磁能力强于传统牵引变。
图9(a)(c)(e)是峰值时刻铁芯的损耗密度分布情况,图9(b)(d)(f)是铁芯监测点损耗波形。由图9$\left(\mathrm{a}\right)\text{、}\left(\mathrm{c}\right)$(e)可以看出,无直流偏磁时, 主铁芯柱上的损耗密度较小, 存在直流偏磁时, 新型牵引变和传统牵引变的主铁芯柱损耗密度均较高,两者在分布图中的密度数据看不出明显差异。 因此,在图9(b)(d)(f)中结合图4图5中的励磁电流波形进行量化分析, 可见铁芯上的损耗与励磁电流大小呈正相关关系, 直流偏磁情况下, 由于励磁电流的畸变和偏移, 励磁电流的极值有较大幅度的提升,高次谐波进入结构件,新型牵引变的铁芯损耗峰值由${28}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 跃升到${64}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,达到正常励磁损耗的 2 倍以上, 而传统牵引变的铁芯损耗峰值更是高达${68}\mathrm{{kW}}$。过高的铁芯损耗会对牵引变的温升产生较大影响, 极有可能导致铁芯过热, 缩短设备的使用寿命。实验表明,直流偏磁工况下,牵引变励磁时的铁芯损耗会显著增大,达到正常情况下的数倍以上, 新型牵引变的抗直流偏磁过热能力略强于传统牵引变,但仍需采取必要的抑制手段。
本文对 1 种新型基于磁势平衡的牵引变的结构及滤波机理进行了简要介绍, 根据新型牵引变的实际电路及结构参数分别在 PSCAD/EMTDC 和 AN-SYS 上建立了该牵引变的 UMEC 模型和有限元模型, 搭建了便于对新型牵引变电磁特性进行分析的混合仿真系统, 经由对该新型牵引变的仿真实验和分析,得出以下结论。
(1)新型牵引变在遭受直流偏磁影响时,其铁芯会高度磁饱和,导致空载励磁电流及负载电流中的谐波含量增大, 电流波形发生一定程度的畸变, 更多的电力谐波进入到牵引变一次侧中,但相比于传统牵引变, 新型牵引变新增的滤波绕组可以在一定程度上分流直流偏磁产生的谐波, 因此具备更好的直流偏磁滤波效果。
(2)正常励磁情况下,新型牵引变正、负半周期磁密大小均衡, 直流偏磁导致励磁电流发生畸变和偏移, 铁芯趋于深度饱和, 新型牵引变铁芯的磁密逐渐向正半周期偏移, 由于新型牵引变励磁电流受到直流偏磁的影响相比于传统牵引较小, 因此新型牵引变正、负半周期磁密的偏移程度也相对较小。
(3)直流偏磁对牵引变的励磁电流产生的影响会导致牵引变铁芯上的损耗增大, 严重时该损耗会达到正常励磁时的数倍, 牵引变的安全稳定运行难以得到保证, 新型牵引变的励磁电流峰值低于传统牵引变, 直流偏磁所导致的损耗相对于传统牵引变有所改善。
(4)牵引变高磁密高损耗的非正常励磁状态极可能是直流偏磁现象造成的, 长期工作于非正常励磁状态会产生振动、噪声及过热等一系列问题, 新型牵引变直流偏磁工况下的磁密、损耗等励磁特性的研究对于该牵引变电路、磁路结构的改进、电磁材料及直流偏磁抑制手段的选择具有指导意义, 并为后续该牵引变直流偏磁下振动特性和温升特性问题的研究奠定了基础。
  • 广西科技厅重大研究资助项目(AB18126026)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.309
  • 接收时间:2021-11-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-08
  • 录用日期:2022-01-18
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Major Research Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Department(AB18126026)
广西科技厅重大研究资助项目(AB18126026)
作者信息
    1 广西大学 电气工程学院 南宁 530004
    2 广西柳州特种变压器有限责任公司 柳州 545036
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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