Article(id=1153695647283794393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.286, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1627574400000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-30, revisedDate=1634659200000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-20, acceptedDate=1637251200000, acceptedDateStr=2021-11-19, onlineDate=1752992076940, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992076940, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992076940, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992076940, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=286, endPage=293, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695647879385564, articleId=1153695647283794393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Progress in Failure Analysis of Lithium-based Batteries under Harsh Environmental Conditions, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The adjustment of energy structure is an important issue for China's energy development in the 21st century, in which the development of renewable new energy is an important means to optimize the energy structure and reduce environmental pollution. Nowadays, lithium-based batteries are still the main devices that can achieve reversible storage of renewable energy, whose electrochemical performance is often affected under harsh environmental conditions such as different temperatures, mechanical stress and humidity. As a result, problems including the damage of battery components, capacity fading, short-circuit explosion, and thermal runaway will occur. The failure mechanism of lithium-based batteries under harsh environmental conditions is systematically analyzed. Then, the main methods for improving their electrochemical and safety performance are reviewed. Finally, the urgent problems to be solved are summarized. This paper provides ideas for the failure mechanism research on lithium-based batteries as well as the development and applications under harsh environmental conditions.

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能源结构调整是我国 21 世纪能源发展的重要问题,其中发展可再生新能源是优化能源结构,减少环境污染的重要手段。当今,锂电池依然是实现可再生能源可逆存储的主要器件。锂电池的电化学性能常受不同温度、机械应力及湿度等外界特殊环境的影响,导致电池组件出现损坏、容量衰减或短路爆炸、热失控等问题。系统分析了特殊环境下锂电池的失效机理;归纳了改善锂电池特殊环境下电化学性能和安全性能的主要方法;总结了特殊环境下锂电池仍亟需研究解决的问题,为锂电池的失效机理研究、特殊环境锂电池的研发与应用提供思路。

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石海鹏(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:315255541@qq.com。

刁凤新(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:281170915@qq.com。

袁浩(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail:howieyuen@126.com。

丁洋(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail: dingyang08250920@163.com。

王秀丰(1995-),男,本科,助理工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail: 609310879@qq.com。

周静(1976–),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail:zhoujing@neepu.edu.cn。

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石海鹏(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:315255541@qq.com。

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石海鹏(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:315255541@qq.com。

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刁凤新(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:281170915@qq.com。

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袁浩(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail:howieyuen@126.com。

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袁浩(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail:howieyuen@126.com。

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丁洋(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail: dingyang08250920@163.com。

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王秀丰(1995-),男,本科,助理工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail: 609310879@qq.com。

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周静(1976–),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail:zhoujing@neepu.edu.cn。

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温区 方法 策略 措施
低温 物理法 外部加热法 加热套加热法、空气加热法、 液体加热法、PCM 加热法、 帕尔贴效应加热法
物理法 内部加热法 高/低频交流电加热法、 自热型锂电池
化学法 电解液工程 共溶剂、添加剂、 局部高浓度电解液
化学法 电极材料工程 材料纳米化、离子掺杂、 表面包覆
高温 化学法 电解液工程 高温添加剂、 高热稳定性的溶剂和盐
化学法 电极材料工程 材料复合、离子掺杂
化学法 隔膜优化 隔膜添加剂、复合隔膜
), ArticleFig(id=1154032944952890025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695647283794393, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同温度下锂电池的性能优化策略, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温区 方法 策略 措施
低温 物理法 外部加热法 加热套加热法、空气加热法、 液体加热法、PCM 加热法、 帕尔贴效应加热法
物理法 内部加热法 高/低频交流电加热法、 自热型锂电池
化学法 电解液工程 共溶剂、添加剂、 局部高浓度电解液
化学法 电极材料工程 材料纳米化、离子掺杂、 表面包覆
高温 化学法 电解液工程 高温添加剂、 高热稳定性的溶剂和盐
化学法 电极材料工程 材料复合、离子掺杂
化学法 隔膜优化 隔膜添加剂、复合隔膜
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特殊环境下锂电池失效研究进展
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石海鹏 1 , 刁凤新 1 , 袁浩 2 , 丁洋 2 , 王秀丰 1 , 周静 2
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(5): 286-293
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(5): 286-293
特殊环境下锂电池失效研究进展
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石海鹏1 , 刁凤新1 , 袁浩2 , 丁洋2 , 王秀丰1 , 周静2
作者信息
  • 1 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司 电力科学研究院 呼和浩特 010000
  • 2 东北电力大学 化学工程学院 吉林 132012
  • 石海鹏(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:315255541@qq.com。

    刁凤新(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:281170915@qq.com。

    袁浩(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail:howieyuen@126.com。

    丁洋(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail: dingyang08250920@163.com。

    王秀丰(1995-),男,本科,助理工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail: 609310879@qq.com。

    周静(1976–),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:储能材料与器件。E-mail:zhoujing@neepu.edu.cn。

Progress in Failure Analysis of Lithium-based Batteries under Harsh Environmental Conditions
Haipeng SHI1 , Fengxin DIAO1 , Hao YUAN2 , Yang DING2 , Xiufeng WANG1 , Jing ZHOU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Science Research Institute State Grid Inner Mongolia East Electric Power Co., Ltd. Hohhot 010000 China
  • 2 School of Chemical Engineering Northeast Electric Power University Jilin 132012 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.286
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能源结构调整是我国 21 世纪能源发展的重要问题,其中发展可再生新能源是优化能源结构,减少环境污染的重要手段。当今,锂电池依然是实现可再生能源可逆存储的主要器件。锂电池的电化学性能常受不同温度、机械应力及湿度等外界特殊环境的影响,导致电池组件出现损坏、容量衰减或短路爆炸、热失控等问题。系统分析了特殊环境下锂电池的失效机理;归纳了改善锂电池特殊环境下电化学性能和安全性能的主要方法;总结了特殊环境下锂电池仍亟需研究解决的问题,为锂电池的失效机理研究、特殊环境锂电池的研发与应用提供思路。

锂电池  /  温度  /  机械应力  /  湿度  /  失效机理  /  优化策略

The adjustment of energy structure is an important issue for China's energy development in the 21st century, in which the development of renewable new energy is an important means to optimize the energy structure and reduce environmental pollution. Nowadays, lithium-based batteries are still the main devices that can achieve reversible storage of renewable energy, whose electrochemical performance is often affected under harsh environmental conditions such as different temperatures, mechanical stress and humidity. As a result, problems including the damage of battery components, capacity fading, short-circuit explosion, and thermal runaway will occur. The failure mechanism of lithium-based batteries under harsh environmental conditions is systematically analyzed. Then, the main methods for improving their electrochemical and safety performance are reviewed. Finally, the urgent problems to be solved are summarized. This paper provides ideas for the failure mechanism research on lithium-based batteries as well as the development and applications under harsh environmental conditions.

Lithium-based battery  /  temperature  /  mechanical stress  /  humidity  /  failure mechanism  /  optimization strategy
石海鹏, 刁凤新, 袁浩, 丁洋, 王秀丰, 周静. 特殊环境下锂电池失效研究进展. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 286 -293 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.286
Haipeng SHI, Fengxin DIAO, Hao YUAN, Yang DING, Xiufeng WANG, Jing ZHOU. Progress in Failure Analysis of Lithium-based Batteries under Harsh Environmental Conditions[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 286 -293 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.286
能源的可逆存储与转换是实现经济和社会可持续发展的关键因素[1]。自 1991 年索尼公司将锂电池商业化以来, 锂电池凭借其高比能量密度、稳定的循环性能、低质量等特点在各储能领域得到了广泛应用[2]。锂电池的设计、生产和使用在“碳中和战略”中占据重要地位。锂电池根据负极材料的不同分为锂离子电池和锂金属电池。锂离子电池是基于锂离子$\left({\mathrm{{Li}}}^{+ }\right)$ 在正、负极之间嵌入和脱出,并通过氧化还原反应来实现电子得失的摇床式电池;以金属锂做负极材料的电池称为锂金属电池, 可分为锂硫电池和锂空气电池等。一般而言, 锂电池在正常使用寿命内会出现一定程度的老化和失效问题, 主要表现在电池的电化学性能衰退和电池组件的损坏这 2 个方面[3-4],严重时会导致安全事故[5]。近年来, 三星、特斯拉和波音飞机失火等由于锂电池失效所引发的事故使人们更加注重电池的安全性[6]
锂电池在储能设备中占据优势地位, 深海作业、地质勘探、极地科考、太空探索和国防科技等特殊环境科研活动对其的需求也在逐年增加[7]。锂电池用于上述活动时所面临的特殊环境条件,包括不同温度、机械应力及湿度等,均会改变其原有的动力学过程和热力学过程, 在一定程度上加重了对电池各组件的损坏, 加速了锂电池的老化和失效,会带来更为严重的电化学性能下降与安全问题[8-11]。因此明晰锂电池在特殊环境条件下的电池失效机理和性能优化策略, 以此保证电池在特殊环境中使用的安全性具有重要意义。
高温和低温工作条件是锂电池使用过程中常见的特殊环境之一。通常, 锂电池的最佳工作温度范围为${15}\sim {35}^{\circ }{\mathrm{C}}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack }$。过高或过低的工作温度均会对电池的内部化学反应、电极结构、固体电解质相界面 SEI(solid electrolyte interface) 和电解液离子电导率造成不同程度的影响, 进而降低电池的容量和缩短电池的使用寿命。针对温度对电池的影响, 现阶段研究常采用不同物理法或化学法对电池进行优化, 如表1所示。
在高纬度地区和航空航天应用中, 锂电池面临着严峻且苛刻的极端低温环境。研究[13] 表明,电池在低温下的性能受到动力学限制的影响, 在充、放电过程中,Li${}^{+ }$ 在正极和负极之间转换并同时发生溶剂化和去溶剂化过程。Zhang S S 等[14] 指出,低温严重影响Li${}^{+ }$ 的去溶剂化过程,易引起高电荷转移电阻。此外, 低温环境下锂电池表现出较低的化学反应活性和离子导电性,以及电极中较低的离子扩散性,高过电势, 降低了电池低温下的可逆容量和倍率性能。
为应对低温环境, 锂电池常采用物理措施对电池进行二次加热[15],以保证电池的正常使用。该法主要是在电池外部增设加热套, 但该方法存在效率低、质量增加、成本高等弊端。此外,内部加热法是近年来提出的 1 种新型的热管理系统,其结构如图1(a)所示。 Wang Chaoyang 等。[16] 提出了 1 种 “全气候”电池结构, 该电池可不依靠外部加热装置或电解液添加剂在 0 ℃以下快速自发热,但该电池改变了现有锂电池的基本结构和生产工艺,其安全性还有待进一步研究。
相比于物理法, 目前人们常采用化学法来解决低温下锂电池的常见问题。通过对正极和负极活性材料的修饰, 以提高离子在电极表面的锂化和去锂化过程, 有利于提高低温下电池的动力学过程。常见电极材料改性手段包含:材料纳米化、表面包覆及离子掺杂等[6]。此外,使用诸如醚类等低凝固点溶剂或改变电解液配方中溶剂、盐和添加剂的比例等来保持电解液低温下的高离子电导率、更高的电荷转移动力学过程也是被公认的常规手段[17]。其中, 常见的低凝固点醚类溶剂有四氢呋喃(THF,-108 °C)、 2-甲基四氢呋喃(2-MeTHF,-137 °C)及 1,3-二氧戊环(1,3-DOL,-97.2 °C)等。
设计溶剂化结构并优化电池在界面处的去溶剂化能力是锂电池应对低温环境的关键。如图1(b)所示, Jiang Lili 等[18] 提出了 1 种通过双$(2,2,2$ -三氟乙基)醚(BTFE)作为稀释剂的局部高浓度电解液, 稀释剂的加入使得自由溶剂分子消失, 形成接触离子对和聚集体。独特的溶剂化结构设计可有效增加 Li+嵌入/脱出的动力学过程,在低温-20 °C下,电流密度为${0.1}\mathrm{C}$ 时该电解液体系下的锂电池可提供${90}\mathrm{{mAh}}/\mathrm{g}$ 的高比容量。除 BTFE 以外,1,1,2,2-四氟乙基-2,2,3,3四氟丙基醚(TTE)和三(三氟乙氧基)甲烷(TFEO)等也是常见的低温局部高浓度电解液稀释剂[19]。理想的稀释剂应当具有低黏度、低成本、适当的介电常数和配位环境、高稳定性等特点。但是, 当前稀释剂仍然存在毒性大等弊端, 综合考虑 Gutman’s Donor Number(DN 值)、介电常数、 熔点、沸点及黏度等因素,选择安全、无毒的稀释剂用于低温局部高浓度电解液、调控电解液溶剂化结构是未来研究的主要研究方向。
高温环境导致的电池问题远比低温复杂得多。 首先,高温电解液分解会引发电极自放电现象;其次,电解液分解副产物不仅会堵塞隔膜孔道,阻碍离子迁移,更会导致正极材料溶解,晶体结构塌陷,诱导负极侧 SEI 的再生;此外,高温电解液分解产生气体,易引起电池鼓包,活性物质从集流体上脱落,从而导致电池失效。与此同时, 高温促进了电极材料与电解液的表面化学反应速率,动力学稳定性变差,导致电池高温下循环充、放电容量迅速降低[20]
针对上述问题, 电解液调控是改善高温锂电池弊端常用的方法之一。Park$\mathrm{{SH}}$[21] 指出,通过${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ 作为氧化还原穿梭添加剂的自放电降低了电池的荷电状态,有效改善了${\mathrm{{LiCoO}}}_{2}$ /石墨电池的高温气体析出问题;除电解液添加剂以外, 使用高温下具有高稳定性的溶剂和盐也是改善锂电池高温性能的重要方法之一。如图2(a)所示, Shangguan Xuehui 等[22]${\mathrm{{LiPO}}}_{2}{\mathrm{\;F}}_{2}$ 作为添加剂,以低熔点和高沸点的碳酸丙烯酯(PC)和碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)作为溶剂, 将自合成的全氟叔丁氧基三氟硼酸锂(LiTFPFB) 和双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)结合以配制新型的$1\mathrm{M}$ 双盐电解液,有效提高了电池在$-{40}\sim {60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下的倍率和循环稳定性。但是, 该新型电解液在面向产业化应用时仍面临成本较高等显著弊端。
另一方面, 改性电极材料、提高电极材料的高温稳定性也是缓解高温锂电池弊端的常用方法之一。 Mussa Y 等[23] 提出了 1 种${\mathrm{{Co}}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}/\mathrm{{RGO}}$ 纳米复合负极材料, 该电极材料中 RGO 的加入有效增加了电极材料的比表面积, 而增大的比表面积不仅增加了Li${}^{+ }$ 的活性位点,且在${100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 高温下循环 50 次后容量保持率仍为 100%。此外, 新型耐高温隔膜的制备也是改善锂电池高温性能的关键。如图2(b)所示, Ali S 等[24] 通过转相法成功制备了聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(PVDF-HFP)/胶体${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 复合隔膜。隔膜基体中的胶体${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 有效提高了复合隔膜的机械强度,且在${150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下热收缩率仅为${4.5}\%$,新型隔膜的高耐热性可助力锂电池在高温下表现出更加优异的电化学性能。但适应高温的隔膜,除了考虑热稳定性及热收缩率外, 还应考虑高温环境下新型隔膜对电解液的耐腐蚀性和浸润性等。
在组装或使用电池过程中发生的机械物理冲击和挤压碰撞将导致锂电池在外力作用下变形并影响电池的性能。苛刻的外压环境条件对锂电池的影响可以通过机械滥用试验对其进行评估, 其中外压环境主要包括压痕、钉扎、挤压、侧向压缩和三点弯曲等[25]。
较高的外压不仅会导致活性物质与集流体的分离、脱落、破裂及隔膜的形变而影响离子迁移率, 严重时还会造成电池鼓包破裂,导致电池容量衰减。 Zhu Xiaoqing 等[26] 的研究表明,当外加机械力导致内部短路 (ISCr) 后, 在锂离子电池中可观察到其容量损失,其电池容量相对于原值降低了${0.5}\%\sim {6.0}\%$
其次, 施加外压会导致锂离子电池充、放电循环过程中的电压滞后问题。Lu Bo 等[27] 提出了 1 个修正的 Butler-Volmer 电化学动力学方程来解释机械应力对锂离子电池电极电化学反应的影响。研究发现,活性材料表层的压应力阻碍了Li${}^{+ }$ 的嵌入,因此需要额外的过电势来克服应力引起的反应势垒。
除此之外, 在锂金属电池中, 一定的外压场可以有效地调节锂枝晶的生长。如图3所示, Shen Xin 等[28] 通过构建力-电化学耦合相场模型揭示了外部压力对锂枝晶的影响机制。研究结果表明,适当的外压场调节,即施加超过${1.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的外部压力有利于改善锂金属负极的性能, 使锂枝晶的形态变得光滑致密,但最佳值不超过${5.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。除以上研究外, Vijayaraghavan$\mathrm{V}$[25] 与 Wang${\mathrm{H}}^{\left\lbrack {29}\right\rbrack }$ 等的研究指出, 机械应力本身如压痕引起的位移和压痕深度同样会对锂电池性能造成不良影响。
针对上述机械应力对于锂电池产生的影响, 常见的解决策略是引入安全机制。如图4(a)所示, Naguib M 等[30] 通过使用“易碎电极”来减轻锂离子电池的机械滥用问题。在电池发生过度挤压、碰撞时,该技术可使隔膜在被刺穿前将电池内部短路的部分与电池的其余部分隔离, 通过限制流经短路区域的电流,最大限度地减少发热,防止热失控。
其二, 耐弯曲折叠的柔性电池是抗机械外力的另一手段。常见的柔性电池结构设计思想有叠层结构、波形结构、折叠结构、纺织结构、线缆式结构和点阵互联结构等[31]。如图4(b)所示, Wang Aoxuan 等[32] 在锂金属电池中将锂集成至可弯曲的还原氧化石墨烯(r-GO)膜支架中, 在改善耐弯曲性的同时增加了锂均匀沉积的面积, 可提高电池的循环性能。
其三, 电极配方的优选可进一步改善电池的抗机械强度。Gaikwad A M 等[33] 用聚苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶(PSBR)代替 PVDF 粘结剂,提高了石墨电极与集流体的结合力和粘接强度。具有修饰电极的锂钴氧化物-碳(LCO-C)电池在以 C/3 倍率循环 200 次后可保持初始容量的 93.4%,而具有标准电极的电池在以 C/3 倍率循环 200 次后容量保持率下降至 52.3%。
对于以有机液体为电解液溶剂的锂电池而言, 水分的介入将破坏电池 SEI 膜的成分、厚度、形态及电极材料的腐蚀[34-35],从而导致电池内阻的增加和不可逆的容量损失。水进入电池中通常还有以下几种方式:①初始电极材料储存来自周围大气的水分;②隔膜所吸收环境中的水分;③电解液组分自身所引入的水分。
水分会破坏锂电池电解液溶质的稳定性。${\mathrm{{LiPF}}}_{6}$ 是锂离子电池常用的商用电解质锂盐。${\mathrm{{LiPF}}}_{6}$ 中不稳定的$\mathrm{P}- \mathrm{F}$ 键对${\mathrm{{LiPF}}}_{6}$ 电解液中的水分敏感。 如图5(a)所示,水会与${\mathrm{{LiPF}}}_{6}$ 反应生成${\mathrm{{POF}}}_{3}$$\mathrm{{HF}}$ 等物质, 该副产物对电极材料有腐蚀作用, 导致锂离子电池电化学性能下降,安全性变差[36]。此外,如图5(b)所示, Li Chunli 等[37] 发现潮湿环境可导致电解液溶质 LiBOB 持续不断的发生水解反应、以及吸附水和结晶水的形成, 从而导致电池阻抗增加, 电化学性能衰减。另外,在锂金属电池中,锂金属能与水发生剧烈反应, 在短时间内释放大量热量和可燃性气体(如氢气),高温会引起氢气与电解液的燃烧,最终导致电池热失控。
过量的水分介入, 除影响电解液外, 还会影响电池电极、隔膜等组件,因此严格的电池装配环境和电池器件干燥工艺是必要的工艺流程。但现阶段研究表明, 适量的痕量水可在一定程度上提高电池的电化学性能。Huttner$\mathrm{F}$[38] 通过实验证实,在电池装配或使用过程中, 电极与隔膜的过度干燥会导致不可逆的粘结剂网状结构损坏, 从而导致电池更差的电化学性能,然而保持${326}\times {10}^{-6}$ 的水分在一定程度上可以获得良好的电池性能。Zhang Yeshui 等[39] 的研究同时证实了较高的干燥速率会导致粘结剂在整个电极中的分布不均, 进而导致集流体- 电极界面处的黏合强度降低, 并导致电极分层; 而较慢的干燥速率则会促进粘结剂的均匀分布,从而提高电池的容量。其次, 通过控制痕量水的含量$\left({{25}\times {10}^{-6}\sim {50}\times {10}^{-6}}\right)$ 可抑制锂金属电池中锂枝晶的形成。Qian Jiangfeng 等[40] 发现在高于${2.0}\mathrm{\;V}$ 电压下, 电化学还原反应形成的 HF 和其他水解副产物可进一步生成致密且机械强度较高的、富含 LiF 的 SEI 膜。该SEI 膜能够使锂在电极表面上均匀分布, 并抑制锂枝晶生长。
虽然有效的电池密封包装是保护电池不受水环境破坏的“铠甲”, 但电池包装受损后, 电池仍面临水环境的侵害。因此,新型电解液的开发仍是改善水对锂电池性能影响的关键。如图6所示, Wagner R 等[41] 将已知的${\mathrm{{LiPF}}}_{6}$ 水解产物,即氟代磷酸二甲酯(DMFP)和氟代磷酸二乙酯(DEFP)作为电解液添加剂,应用于${\mathrm{{LiNi}}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{{Mn}}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{{Co}}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}/\mathrm{{Li}}$ 半电池中进行研究, 含有添加剂的电池显示出了高循环稳定性、高库伦效率和长循环寿命。
近几年,虽然关于不同特殊环境下锂电池的失效研究呈上升趋势, 但是特殊环境下锂电池的失效分析与优化研究还处于起步阶段。本文总结了在不同温度、机械应力和湿度等特殊环境条件下锂电池失效的最新进展。低温环境会显著减缓电池内部的动力学过程, 高温环境则增大了电池内部副反应发生的概率。针对不同温度对锂电池性能产生的不利影响, 优化电解液溶剂化结构和电极材料是常用的改性措施;其次,对电池施加的外压超过其阈值,可导致电极极片上活性物质的脱落及隔膜的变形, 因此可通过设计柔性电池、引入安全机制和改进电极材料制备的配方等进行优化。此外, 高湿度极易引起电解液副反应,生成具有腐蚀性的副产物,加速电极材料的分解, 同时对 SEI 膜的成分、厚度和结构产生影响, 通常的解决措施是预先对电极材料和隔膜进行适当程度的干燥处理,此外新型电解液的开发也可抑制电解液与水的反应从而提高电池的使用寿命。
综上所述, 如何根据特殊环境条件下电池失效的分析结果促进对电池安全使用的认识, 进而建立电池性能评价的实验方法, 仍然是亟待认识和解决的问题。其二,当前失效机理的相关研究分析主要是针对电池在某一特殊环境下进行的, 针对多种不同特殊环境对电池耦合影响分析的研究仍较少。其三, 当前应对电池失效采取的策略大部分仍处于实验室研究阶段, 不适合在实际生产中大规模应用, 因此开展针对不同特殊环境下稳定电池的优化研究具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51772049)
  • 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司科技资助项目(526604210006)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.286
  • 接收时间:2021-07-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-30
  • 修回日期:2021-10-20
  • 录用日期:2021-11-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51772049)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51772049)
Science and Technology Project of State Grid East Inner Mongolia Electric Power Co., Ltd.(526604210006)
国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司科技资助项目(526604210006)
作者信息
    1 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司 电力科学研究院 呼和浩特 010000
    2 东北电力大学 化学工程学院 吉林 132012
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.286
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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