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To improve the state-of-charge(SOC) prediction accuracy of lithium battery, a prediction method based on the fusion model of Attention mechanism and convolution neural network-long short-term memory(CNN-LSTM) is proposed. This model uses one-dimensional CNN and LSTM neural network to learn the nonlinear relationship between SOC and lithium battery discharge data, as well as the long-term dependence existing in SOC sequences. At the same time, it adopts a "many-to-one" structure and establishes a mapping relationship between the SOC at the present moment and the discharge data at multiple historical moments, and pays attention to the historical discharge data which has a greater influence on the SOC at the present moment through the Attention mechanism, thus further improving the SOC prediction accuracy. The SOC prediction experiments under dynamic conditions show that the average prediction error of the proposed method is 0.89% under different temperature conditions, which is 81.2%, 66.7% and 56.5% lower than those of SVM, GRU and XGBoost algorithms, respectively. In addition, this method is also superior to LSTM and CNN-LSTM models that do not combine the Attention mechanism, showing a higher prediction accuracy and higher application values.
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为提高锂电池荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)预测精度,提出1种基于注意力机制和卷积神经网络-长短时记忆 CNN-LSTM(convolution neural network-long short-term memory)融合模型的锂电池荷电状态预测方法。该模型采用一维CNN和LSTM 神经网络学习得到SOC与锂电池放电数据的非线性关系,以及SOC序列存在的长期依赖性。同时,该模型采用“多对一”的结构,将当前时刻的锂电池SOC与多个历史时刻的放电数据建立映射关系,并通过注意力机制关注到对当前时刻 SOC 影响较大的历史放电数据,进一步提升 SOC 的预测准确度。动态工况下的锂电池SOC 预测实验表明,该方法在不同溫度条件下的平均预测误差为0.89%,与SVM、GRU 和 XGBoost 相比,分别降低了 81.2%、66.7%和56.5%,且优于未融合注意力机制的 LSTM 和 CNN-LSTM,具有较高的预测精度和应用价值。
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张帅涛(1994-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:锂电池荷电及健康状态预测。E-mail: zhangst5329@163.com。 |
蒋品群(1970-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:人工智能与大数据。E-mail: pqjiang@mailbox.gxnu.edu.cn。
宋树祥(1970-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:人工智能与大数据。E-mail: songshuxiang@mailbox.gxnu.edu.cn。
夏海英(1983-),女,博士,教授。研究方向:深度学习。E-mail:xhy22@gxnu.edu.cn。
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蒋品群(1970-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:人工智能与大数据。E-mail: pqjiang@mailbox.gxnu.edu.cn。
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实现 “多对一”模型结构的数据窗口化, figureFileSmall=iMxEJHSyC5HmACayW85NRA==, figureFileBig=DC4zufaFwBFpmZ1sNTh9VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032954767565308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Structure of Attention-CNN-LSTM, figureFileSmall=glLZfN2TxzCEPKd7afoFdA==, figureFileBig=8x43tUMvssS66B5OJfBeyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032954817896957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
Attention-CNN-LSTM 结构, figureFileSmall=glLZfN2TxzCEPKd7afoFdA==, figureFileBig=8x43tUMvssS66B5OJfBeyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032954864034302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
SOC prediction results of contrast experiments on ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ dataset, figureFileSmall=H0YBWhaEKMYpK1JVUpiJVw==, figureFileBig=td8A9IW/wLHkiljX/rzBhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032954981474815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
对比实验在 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 数据集上的 SOC 预测结果, figureFileSmall=H0YBWhaEKMYpK1JVUpiJVw==, figureFileBig=td8A9IW/wLHkiljX/rzBhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032955090526720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
SOC prediction results of ablation experiments, figureFileSmall=D3ATk/YrNwAbiSW87jkUHw==, figureFileBig=W6vom18avaxBDlKprqXY0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032955149246977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
消融实验在 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 数据集上的 SOC 预测结果, figureFileSmall=D3ATk/YrNwAbiSW87jkUHw==, figureFileBig=W6vom18avaxBDlKprqXY0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032955207967234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
Attention weights of discharge data in one input sample at different moments, figureFileSmall=wxMqPRfAkwDXvAR/qIDqrQ==, figureFileBig=SnwTTcT07+IcqoIHNYxojg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032955254104579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
1个输入样本中不同时刻放电数据的注意力权重, figureFileSmall=wxMqPRfAkwDXvAR/qIDqrQ==, figureFileBig=SnwTTcT07+IcqoIHNYxojg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032955312824836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Structure of Attention-CNN-LSTM network, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 层数 | 结构 | 数据 | 格式 |
| 第 1 层 | 输入层 | 放电数据 | $\tau \times 4$ |
| 第 2 层 | 一维 CNN 层 | 高级特征 | $\tau \times K$ |
| 第 3 层 | LSTM 层 | 隐藏状态 | $\tau \times N$ |
| 第 4 层 | 注意力机制层 | 注意力权重 | $\tau \times 1$ |
| 第 5 层 | 输出层 | SOC 预测值 | $1 \times 1$ |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032955367350789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
Attention-CNN-LSTM 网络结构, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 层数 | 结构 | 数据 | 格式 |
| 第 1 层 | 输入层 | 放电数据 | $\tau \times 4$ |
| 第 2 层 | 一维 CNN 层 | 高级特征 | $\tau \times K$ |
| 第 3 层 | LSTM 层 | 隐藏状态 | $\tau \times N$ |
| 第 4 层 | 注意力机制层 | 注意力权重 | $\tau \times 1$ |
| 第 5 层 | 输出层 | SOC 预测值 | $1 \times 1$ |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032955426071046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
SOC prediction errors of contrast experiments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 10 °C | 25 °C | 40 °C |
| ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% | ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% | ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% |
| SVR | 7.80 | 5.60 | 7.50 | 10.41 | 3.85 | 4.62 | 12.75 | 4.79 | 7.61 |
| GRU | 11.13 | 3.11 | 4.12 | 8.27 | 2.62 | 3.24 | 9.45 | 2.37 | 3.04 |
| XGBoost | 5.79 | 2.13 | 2.84 | 4.81 | 1.50 | 1.80 | 11.60 | 2.57 | 2.81 |
| 本文模型 | 3.03 | 1.01 | 1.18 | 4.61 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 3.14 | 0.84 | 1.03 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032955484791303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
对比实验 SOC 预测误差, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 10 °C | 25 °C | 40 °C |
| ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% | ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% | ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% |
| SVR | 7.80 | 5.60 | 7.50 | 10.41 | 3.85 | 4.62 | 12.75 | 4.79 | 7.61 |
| GRU | 11.13 | 3.11 | 4.12 | 8.27 | 2.62 | 3.24 | 9.45 | 2.37 | 3.04 |
| XGBoost | 5.79 | 2.13 | 2.84 | 4.81 | 1.50 | 1.80 | 11.60 | 2.57 | 2.81 |
| 本文模型 | 3.03 | 1.01 | 1.18 | 4.61 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 3.14 | 0.84 | 1.03 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032955535122952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=
SOC prediction errors of ablation experiments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 10 °C | 25 °C | ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ |
| ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% | ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% | ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% |
| LSTM | 9.67 | 2.31 | 2.91 | 9.85 | 2.75 | 3.31 | 9.12 | 2.12 | 2.75 |
| CNN-LSTM | 3.67 | 1.14 | 1.39 | 4.02 | 1.06 | 1.35 | 4.28 | 1.16 | 1.45 |
| Attention-LSTM | 5.11 | 1.29 | 1.65 | 4.39 | 1.31 | 1.67 | 4.33 | 1.17 | 1.40 |
| 本文模型 | 3.03 | 1.01 | 1.18 | 4.61 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 3.14 | 0.84 | 1.03 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032955639980554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645383774670, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
消融实验的 SOC 预测误差, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 10 °C | 25 °C | ${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ |
| ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% | ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% | ME/% | MAE/% | RMSE/% |
| LSTM | 9.67 | 2.31 | 2.91 | 9.85 | 2.75 | 3.31 | 9.12 | 2.12 | 2.75 |
| CNN-LSTM | 3.67 | 1.14 | 1.39 | 4.02 | 1.06 | 1.35 | 4.28 | 1.16 | 1.45 |
| Attention-LSTM | 5.11 | 1.29 | 1.65 | 4.39 | 1.31 | 1.67 | 4.33 | 1.17 | 1.40 |
| 本文模型 | 3.03 | 1.01 | 1.18 | 4.61 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 3.14 | 0.84 | 1.03 |
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