Article(id=1153695641806033343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.230, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1632844800000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-29, revisedDate=1638460800000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-03, acceptedDate=1639929600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-12-20, onlineDate=1752992075634, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992075634, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992075634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992075634, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=230, endPage=241, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695642179326402, articleId=1153695641806033343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Design and Analysis of Multi-directional WPT Coupling Mechanism, columnId=1152281494212408178, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Wireless Power Transfer, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional coupling mechanism of multi-directional wireless power transfer (WPT) often adopts an xyz orthogonal circular coil structure, which requires three power supplies and has a charging area limited by the coil structure. To solve this problem, a novel multi-directional WPT coupling mechanism composed of two groups of 8-shaped coils and one group of circular coils is proposed. It presents five circular rings in different directions as a whole and only needs one single power supply. Based on the S-S type transmitter topology, the magnetic field distribution in the coil is changed by controlling the circuit, thus realizing power transfer inside and outside the coil and broadening the charging area. Based on the coil structure, a mathematical model of the proposed coupling mechanism is established, and the calculation formulas for mutual inductance and efficiency at any spatial position are derived. The best working area of the coupling mechanism is determined according to simulation and experimental results.

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针对传统的多方位无线电能传输耦合机构常采用xyz正交圆线圈结构,需要3个电源且充电区域受线圈结构限制的问题,提出1种新型多方位无线电能传输耦合机构,该机构由2组8字型线圈和1组圆形线圈组合而成,整体呈现5个不同方位的圆环状,仅需单电源供电。对基于S-S型发射端拓扑进行了改进,通过对电路的操纵改变线圈磁场分布,实现了线圈的内、外部电能传输,拓宽了充电区域。基于线圈结构,建立了该耦合机构的数学模型,推导出任意空间位置的互感和效率计算式。通过仿真和试验确定了该耦合机构的最佳工作区域。

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常雨芳(1980-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子、无线电能传输、微电网。E-mail: changyf@hbut.edu.cn。

尹帅帅(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:多方位无线电能传输。E-mail: 2659067497@qq.com。

阎晟(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输抗偏移。E-mail:1447188792@qq.com。

李飞(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输阻抗匹配。E-mail:2623024362@qq.com。

唐杨(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输参数优化。E-mail:1946341348@qq.com。

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常雨芳(1980-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子、无线电能传输、微电网。E-mail: changyf@hbut.edu.cn。

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常雨芳(1980-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子、无线电能传输、微电网。E-mail: changyf@hbut.edu.cn。

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尹帅帅(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:多方位无线电能传输。E-mail: 2659067497@qq.com。

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尹帅帅(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:多方位无线电能传输。E-mail: 2659067497@qq.com。

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阎晟(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输抗偏移。E-mail:1447188792@qq.com。

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阎晟(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输抗偏移。E-mail:1447188792@qq.com。

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李飞(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输阻抗匹配。E-mail:2623024362@qq.com。

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李飞(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输阻抗匹配。E-mail:2623024362@qq.com。

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唐杨(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输参数优化。E-mail:1946341348@qq.com。

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唐杨(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输参数优化。E-mail:1946341348@qq.com。

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参数 数值
$f/k\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 127
${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}{C}_{3}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 15、47、10
${L}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{R}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 27.33 、27.94 、44.62 、32.56
${R}_{1}\text{、}{R}_{2}\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}/\Omega$ 16.36、4.61、10.00
${N}_{\mathrm{T}}{N}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 9、12
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参数 数值
$f/k\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 127
${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}{C}_{3}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 15、47、10
${L}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{R}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 27.33 、27.94 、44.62 、32.56
${R}_{1}\text{、}{R}_{2}\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}/\Omega$ 16.36、4.61、10.00
${N}_{\mathrm{T}}{N}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 9、12
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线圈结构 工作频率/kHz 应用场景 电源数量 优缺点
平面螺旋线圈/太极 线圈/DD 线圈 85 单一方向 1 优点:应用广泛,传输效率高,成本低 缺点:抗偏移性差,传输方向单一
${xyz}$ 正交圆线圈 550 多方位 3 优点: 磁场方向全面, 发射线圈间无互感, 可通过 3 组电流 调控磁场 缺点:电源数量多,成本高,线圈内部磁场无法利用,磁场 调控复杂,效率适中
正方体型线圈 13560 多方位 1 优点:一体化线圈结构,成本低,磁场方向较全面 缺点:需额外导线用以改变线圈方向,充电区域仅限正方 体侧面一圈,效率偏低
本文线圈 127 多方位 1 优点:成本适中,磁场方向全面,磁场可根据需求变动,增 设内部充电功能 缺点:发射线圈间存在互感,效率偏低
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线圈结构 工作频率/kHz 应用场景 电源数量 优缺点
平面螺旋线圈/太极 线圈/DD 线圈 85 单一方向 1 优点:应用广泛,传输效率高,成本低 缺点:抗偏移性差,传输方向单一
${xyz}$ 正交圆线圈 550 多方位 3 优点: 磁场方向全面, 发射线圈间无互感, 可通过 3 组电流 调控磁场 缺点:电源数量多,成本高,线圈内部磁场无法利用,磁场 调控复杂,效率适中
正方体型线圈 13560 多方位 1 优点:一体化线圈结构,成本低,磁场方向较全面 缺点:需额外导线用以改变线圈方向,充电区域仅限正方 体侧面一圈,效率偏低
本文线圈 127 多方位 1 优点:成本适中,磁场方向全面,磁场可根据需求变动,增 设内部充电功能 缺点:发射线圈间存在互感,效率偏低
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多方位无线电能传输耦合机构设计与分析
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常雨芳 1, 2 , 尹帅帅 1, 2 , 阎晟 1, 2 , 李飞 1, 2 , 唐杨 1, 2
电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024,22(5): 230-241
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电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024, 22(5): 230-241
多方位无线电能传输耦合机构设计与分析
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常雨芳1, 2 , 尹帅帅1, 2 , 阎晟1, 2 , 李飞1, 2 , 唐杨1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430068
  • 2 太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430068
  • 常雨芳(1980-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子、无线电能传输、微电网。E-mail: changyf@hbut.edu.cn。

    尹帅帅(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:多方位无线电能传输。E-mail: 2659067497@qq.com。

    阎晟(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输抗偏移。E-mail:1447188792@qq.com。

    李飞(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输阻抗匹配。E-mail:2623024362@qq.com。

    唐杨(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输参数优化。E-mail:1946341348@qq.com。

Design and Analysis of Multi-directional WPT Coupling Mechanism
Yufang CHANG1, 2 , Shuaishuai YIN1, 2 , Sheng YAN1, 2 , Fei LI1, 2 , Yang TANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China
  • 2 Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System Wuhan 430068 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.230
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针对传统的多方位无线电能传输耦合机构常采用xyz正交圆线圈结构,需要3个电源且充电区域受线圈结构限制的问题,提出1种新型多方位无线电能传输耦合机构,该机构由2组8字型线圈和1组圆形线圈组合而成,整体呈现5个不同方位的圆环状,仅需单电源供电。对基于S-S型发射端拓扑进行了改进,通过对电路的操纵改变线圈磁场分布,实现了线圈的内、外部电能传输,拓宽了充电区域。基于线圈结构,建立了该耦合机构的数学模型,推导出任意空间位置的互感和效率计算式。通过仿真和试验确定了该耦合机构的最佳工作区域。

无线电能传输  /  耦合机构  /  多方位  /  互感  /  传输效率

The traditional coupling mechanism of multi-directional wireless power transfer (WPT) often adopts an xyz orthogonal circular coil structure, which requires three power supplies and has a charging area limited by the coil structure. To solve this problem, a novel multi-directional WPT coupling mechanism composed of two groups of 8-shaped coils and one group of circular coils is proposed. It presents five circular rings in different directions as a whole and only needs one single power supply. Based on the S-S type transmitter topology, the magnetic field distribution in the coil is changed by controlling the circuit, thus realizing power transfer inside and outside the coil and broadening the charging area. Based on the coil structure, a mathematical model of the proposed coupling mechanism is established, and the calculation formulas for mutual inductance and efficiency at any spatial position are derived. The best working area of the coupling mechanism is determined according to simulation and experimental results.

Wireless power transfer(WPT)  /  coupling mechanism  /  multi-directional  /  mutual inductance  /  transfer efficiency
常雨芳, 尹帅帅, 阎晟, 李飞, 唐杨. 多方位无线电能传输耦合机构设计与分析. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 230 -241 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.230
Yufang CHANG, Shuaishuai YIN, Sheng YAN, Fei LI, Yang TANG. Design and Analysis of Multi-directional WPT Coupling Mechanism[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 230 -241 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.230
无线电能传输 WPT(wireless power transfer)是指电能从电源到负载的一种未经过电气直接接触的能量传输方式。无线电能传输可以使用电设备摆脱线缆的束缚, 避免由于金属触点拔插引起的电弧和磨损,因此在工业自动化生产线、水下及矿井设备、 电动交通工具、植入式医疗器械、家用电器及消费类电子产品等诸多重要应用中有着独特的优势[1]
无线电能传输技术的研究方向主要可归纳为拓扑创新[2-3] 、参数设计与优化[4-6] 、耦合机构设计[7] 等。其中,耦合机构作为无线电能传输系统的重要组成部分, 对系统的耦合系数、传输功率、传输效率和传输距离等有着重要的影响。耦合机构包含发射线圈、接收线圈和铁氧体,高品质的耦合机构可以大幅提升系统的性能。
目前常用的耦合线圈结构为平面螺旋线圈[8],该结构可满足最基本的单一方向上的无线电能传输。 DD 型线圈${}^{9}$ 是由 2 个电路并联、磁路串联的矩形线圈组成, 克服了传统平面螺旋线圈和磁通管式线圈耦合系数低、抗水平偏移特性差等缺点。文献[10]基于 DD 线圈提出了太极线圈,该机构使 WPT 系统具有更好的抗偏移性能, 传输效率更高、距离更远。由此可见,新的耦合机构设计可以优化系统性能。
然而, 上述耦合机构设计均是基于单一方向上的无线电能传输, 而多方位无线电能传输可以使磁场方位更全面,抗偏移性能增强,实现一对多传输。 传统的多方位无线电能传输耦合机构通常采用${xyz}$ 正交圆线圈结构,由 3 个电源分别对每个线圈提供电能[11]。Zhang Cheng 等[12] 基于此线圈结构采用电流幅度控制的方法实现了旋转磁场矢量, 从而在三维空间实现了多方位无线电能传输, 但这样的系统需要 3 个独立的电源, 电流幅度控制也较复杂; 同时, 该结构磁场最强区域处于${xyz}$ 正交圆内部,受结构影响,其内部空间使用受到限制; Ha-Van N 等[13-14] 提出 1 种由单导线绕制而成的正方体型多方位无线电能传输线圈结构,仅需单电源供电,但该线圈在绕制时需要额外布置较长的导线段来改变线圈的缠绕方向,且正方体内部磁场相互抵消,无法较好地实现内部空间的电能传输。
综上所述, 本文提出 1 种新型多方位无线电能传输耦合机构,旨在实现多方位无线电能传输的前提下,相较于${xyz}$ 正交圆线圈结构,减少电源数量, 缓解结构上的限制,使线圈内部磁场得到合理利用。
本文提出 1 种多方位无线电能传输线圈结构, 应用于发射线圈。线圈整体由 3 个部分串联组成, 分别命名为线圈 a、线圈 b 和线圈 c,其结构如图1所示。其中,线圈 a 与线圈 b 呈弯折 90°的 8 字型, 线圈 c 为圆形,各线圈均为单匝状态。
该耦合机构的电流流向有 2 种方式, 如图2所示。 将图2(a)所示电流流向定义为模式 1,将图2(b)所示电流流向定义为模式 2。${I}_{\mathrm{a}1}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{a}2}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{b}1}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{b}2}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为电流流经线圈不同区域时的电流,由于该机构为单电源系统,因此所有电流源自同一电源,且 3 组线圈为串联结构,故${I}_{\mathrm{{al}}}=$ ${I}_{\mathrm{a}2}= {I}_{\mathrm{b}1}= {I}_{\mathrm{b}2}= {I}_{\infty }$
图2(a)俯视视角下,对立面线圈流经的电流方向相反,即${I}_{\mathrm{a}1}$${I}_{\mathrm{b}1}$ 反向,${I}_{\mathrm{a}2}$${I}_{\mathrm{b}2}$ 反向。根据安培定则可知, 在同一时刻,${I}_{\mathrm{{al}}}$ 所在等效线圈产生的磁场方向与${I}_{\mathrm{{bl}}}$ 相反; 同理,${I}_{\mathrm{a}2}$${I}_{\mathrm{b}2}$ 所在等效线圈的磁场方向相反。因此线圈内部区域磁场相互抵消。图2(b)中,改变了${I}_{\mathrm{b}1}$${I}_{\mathrm{b}2}$ 流向,同理可知,对立面线圈磁场方向相同,线圈内部区域磁场相互叠加。
本文所提线圈应用于无线电能传输系统,应用场景如图3所示。无线电能传输发射端提供高频交流电给发射线圈,发射线圈感应到磁场,接收线圈在交变磁场环境下感生出交流电,交流电通过整流电路变为直流电, 供给负载设备。
无线电能传输系统的 4 种基本补偿拓扑分别为 S-S 型、S-P型、P-S型和P-P型吗。S-S型相较于其他 3 种拓扑结构更加简单,更适用于实际应用,且能承受较大的频率波动,同时保持高效率[16]。因此,本文补偿拓扑采用 S-S 谐振补偿结构, 即传输线圈的 2 个绕组各自串联补偿电容, 组成串-串联谐振式无线电能传输系统。
根据图3,建立等效电路模型,如图4(a)所示。为实现通过控制电路改变线圈磁场分布,基于图4(a)改进拓扑结构,如图4(b)所示。
图4中,${U}_{\mathrm{{DC}}\text{-in }}$ 为直流电源电压;${U}_{\mathrm{{AC}}\text{-in }}$ 为直流电源电压通过逆变电路后的等效交流电压;$C$ 为并联大电容,${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 为发射端补偿电容,${C}_{2}$ 为接收端补偿电容;${L}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{b}}$${L}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为线圈$\mathrm{a}$ 、线圈$\mathrm{b}$ 和线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 的自感;${L}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为接收线圈的自感;${R}_{1}$ 为发射端等效内阻,${R}_{2}$ 为接收端等效内阻;${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为负载;${\mathrm{V}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{V}}_{4}$ 为 MOSFET;${\mathrm{{VD}}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{{VD}}}_{4}$ 为反馈二极管;${\mathrm{{VT}}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{{VT}}}_{4}$ 为肖特基二极管;$\mathrm{S}$ 为双刀双掷开关,当控制$\mathrm{S}$ 接通动触点 1、3 时为模式 1,当控制$\mathrm{S}$ 接通动触点 2、4 时为模式 2。
构建发射线圈与接收线圈的数学模型, 如图5所示。为便于分析,线圈$\mathrm{a}$ 与线圈$\mathrm{b}$ 可等效看作 4 个平行于$z$ 轴的圆形线圈。
以线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 的圆心作为直角坐标系的原点$O;{R}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为与$z$ 轴平行的每个圆形线圈的半径,忽略线圈间距,则线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 半径为$\sqrt{2}{R}_{\mathrm{T}};M$ 为接收线圈的圆心, 其半径为${R}_{\mathrm{R}\circ }$
线圈 c 上任意一点坐标可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{\mathrm{t}}= \sqrt{2}{R}_{\mathrm{T}}\cos \theta \\{y}_{\mathrm{t}}= \sqrt{2}{R}_{\mathrm{T}}\sin \theta \\{z}_{\mathrm{t}}= 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中,$\theta \in \left\lbrack {0,{2\pi }}\right\rbrack$
沿线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 的微分元素为
$\mathrm{d}{\overrightarrow{l}}_{\mathrm{T}}= \sqrt{2}{R}_{\mathrm{T}}\left\lbrack {-\sin \theta \overrightarrow{\mathbf{i}}+ \cos \theta \overrightarrow{\mathbf{j}}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}\theta $
式中,$\mathbf{i}\text{、}\mathbf{j}$ 分别为$x$ 轴、$y$ 轴的单位方向矢量。
建立接收线圈所在平面的一般表达式
$\lambda \equiv {ax}+ {by}+ {cz}+ d = 0 $
则垂直于平面$\lambda$ 的单位向量为
$\overrightarrow{n}= \left\{{{n}_{x},{n}_{y},{n}_{z}}\right\}$
式中:${n}_{x}= \frac{a}{L};{n}_{y}= \frac{b}{L};{n}_{z}= \frac{c}{L};L =\sqrt{{a}^{2}+ {b}^{2}+ {c}^{2}}$
接收线圈圆心$M\left({{x}_{\mathrm{m}},{y}_{\mathrm{m}},{z}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)$ 到接收线圈上任意一点$D\left({{x}_{\mathrm{d}},{y}_{\mathrm{d}},{z}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)$ 的单位向量为
$\overrightarrow{u}= \left\{{{u}_{x},{u}_{y},{u}_{z}}\right\}$
式中:${u}_{x}= \frac{\left({x}_{\mathrm{d}}- {x}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}{{R}_{\mathrm{R}}};{u}_{y}= \frac{\left({y}_{\mathrm{d}}- {y}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}{{R}_{\mathrm{R}}};{u}_{z}= \frac{\left({z}_{\mathrm{d}}- {z}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}{{R}_{\mathrm{R}}};{R}_{\mathrm{R}}=$
$\sqrt{{\left({x}_{\mathrm{d}}- {x}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({y}_{\mathrm{d}}- {y}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({z}_{\mathrm{d}}- {z}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}^{2}}\circ $
与接收线圈相切的单位向量$\overrightarrow{v}$ 可由向量$\overrightarrow{n}$ 与向量$\overrightarrow{u}$ 的叉乘得到,即
$\overrightarrow{v}= \overrightarrow{n}\times \overrightarrow{u}= \left\{{{v}_{x},{v}_{y},{v}_{z}}\right\}$
式中:${v}_{x}= {n}_{y}{u}_{z}- {n}_{z}{u}_{y};{v}_{y}= {n}_{z}{u}_{x}- {n}_{x}{u}_{z};{v}_{z}= {n}_{x}{u}_{y}- {n}_{y}{u}_{x \circ }$
接收线圈上任意点$D\left({{x}_{\mathrm{d}},{y}_{\mathrm{d}},{z}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)$ 的参数坐标[17]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{\mathrm{d}}= {x}_{\mathrm{m}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{R}}{u}_{x}\cos \varphi +{R}_{\mathrm{R}}{v}_{x}\sin \varphi \\{y}_{\mathrm{d}}= {y}_{\mathrm{m}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{R}}{u}_{y}\cos \varphi +{R}_{\mathrm{R}}{v}_{y}\sin \varphi \\{z}_{\mathrm{d}}= {z}_{\mathrm{m}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{R}}{u}_{z}\cos \varphi +{R}_{\mathrm{R}}{v}_{z}\sin \varphi \end{array}\right.$
式中,$\varphi \in \left\lbrack {0,{2\pi }}\right\rbrack$
沿着接收线圈的微分元素为
$\mathrm{d}{\overrightarrow{l}}_{\mathrm{R}}= {R}_{\mathrm{R}}\left\lbrack {\left({-{u}_{x}\sin \varphi +{v}_{x}\cos \varphi }\right)\overrightarrow{i}+ \left({-{u}_{y}\sin \varphi +}\right.}\right.\\\left.{{v}_{y}\cos \varphi }\right)\overrightarrow{\mathbf{j}}+ \left({-{u}_{z}\sin \varphi +{v}_{z}\cos \varphi }\right)\overrightarrow{\mathbf{k}}\rbrack \mathrm{d}\varphi $
式中,$\mathbf{k}$$z$ 轴的单位方向矢量。
$\mathrm{d}{\overrightarrow{l}}_{\mathrm{T}}$$\mathrm{d}{\overrightarrow{l}}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 之间的距离$r$ 可表示为
$ r =\sqrt{{\left({x}_{\mathrm{d}}- {x}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({y}_{\mathrm{d}}- {y}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({z}_{\mathrm{d}}- {z}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)}^{2}}= \\\sqrt{A + B\cos \theta + C\sin \theta }$
其中
$\left\{\begin{matrix} A = 2{R}_{\mathrm{T}}^{2}+ {R}_{\mathrm{R}}^{2}+ {x}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}+ {y}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}+ {z}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}+ 2{R}_{\mathrm{R}}\left\lbrack {{x}_{\mathrm{m}}\left({{u}_{x}\cos \varphi +{v}_{x}\sin \varphi }\right)+ }\right.\\\left.{{y}_{\mathrm{m}}\left({{u}_{y}\cos \varphi +{v}_{y}\sin \varphi }\right)+ {z}_{\mathrm{m}}\left({{u}_{z}\cos \varphi +{v}_{z}\sin \varphi }\right)}\right\rbrack \\ B =- 2\sqrt{2}{R}_{\mathrm{T}}{x}_{\mathrm{d}}\\ C =- 2\sqrt{2}{R}_{\mathrm{T}}{y}_{\mathrm{d}}\end{matrix}\right.$
纽曼公式[18] 的基本表达式为
$ M =\frac{{\mu }_{0}}{4\pi }\oint {\oint }_{{T}_{1}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\overrightarrow{l}}_{\mathrm{T}}\mathrm{d}{\overrightarrow{l}}_{\mathrm{R}}}{4\pi }$
式中,${\mu }_{0}$ 为磁常数。
将式(2)、式(8)和式(9)代入式(11)得
${M}_{\mathrm{{TI}}- \mathrm{R}}= \frac{\sqrt{2}{\mu }_{0}{R}_{\mathrm{T}}{R}_{\mathrm{R}}}{4\pi }{\int }_{0}^{2\pi }{\int }_{0}^{2\pi }\left\lbrack {\frac{\sin \theta \left({{u}_{x}\sin \varphi -{v}_{x}\cos \varphi }\right)}{\sqrt{A + B\cos \theta + C\sin \theta }}- }\right.\\\left.\frac{\cos \theta \left({{u}_{y}\sin \varphi -{v}_{y}\cos \varphi }\right)}{\sqrt{A + B\cos \theta + C\sin \theta }}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}\theta \mathrm{d}\varphi $
式中,${M}_{\mathrm{{TLR}}}$ 为线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 与接收线圈之间的互感(单匝)。
当发射线圈与接收线圈均为多匝时 [19], 有
${M}_{N\_ \mathrm{{Tl}}- \mathrm{R}}= {N}_{\mathrm{{Tl}}}{N}_{\mathrm{R}}{M}_{\mathrm{{Tl}}- \mathrm{R}}$
式中:${M}_{N -\mathrm{{TIR}}}$ 为线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 与接收线圈之间的互感(多匝);${N}_{\mathrm{{TI}}}$${N}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 分别为线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 与接收线圈的匝数。
则总互感为
${M}_{\text{sum }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{5}{M}_{N\_ \mathrm{T}k \cdot \mathrm{R}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{5}{N}_{\mathrm{T}k}{N}_{\mathrm{R}}{M}_{\mathrm{T}k \cdot \mathrm{R}}$
式中,${M}_{\text{sum }}$ 为发射线圈与接收线圈之间的总互感;$k =$ $\{ 1,2,3,4,5\}$,代表5个不同方位的圆形发射线圈。
由于发射线圈之间也存在互感,因此需要进一步分析。其中,线圈$\mathrm{a}$ 和线圈$\mathrm{b}$ 的磁场方向平行于$x - y$ 平面,磁感线不穿过线圈$\mathrm{c}$; 线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 的磁场方向平行于$z$ 轴,磁感线不穿过线圈$\mathrm{a}$ 和线圈${\mathrm{b}}_{0}$ 故线圈$\mathrm{a}$ 和线圈$\mathrm{b}$ 与线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 之间无互感,仅考虑线圈$\mathrm{a}$ 和线圈 b 之间互感即可。
在模式 1 下, 线圈 a 与线圈 b 构成 4 个圆形线圈的磁场向四周发散, 相邻面线圈互感受线圈相交点附近的磁感线的微弱影响,互感较小;对立面的线圈受结构影响距离较远,互感也较小。为简化计算, 仅做近似分析, 可忽略模式 1 状态下的发射线圈之间的互感。
在模式 2 下, 线圈 a 与线圈 b 构成 4 个圆形线圈的磁路主要呈 2 个闭合圆 (3.1 节仿真验证), 即线圈 a 与线圈 b 2 组相邻面构成 2 组磁感线回路,互感不可忽略;而对立面线圈受距离和磁感线路径影响互感微弱,可忽略不计。
因此, 为简化计算, 仅做近似分析, 发射线圈之间的互感可仅考虑模式 2 状态下线圈 a 与线圈 b 相邻面线圈之间的互感。计算方法同上,记为${M}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$
根据基尔霍夫电压定律和第 2.1 节分析对图4(b)列写方程:
模式 1 下的平衡方程为
$\left\{\begin{matrix}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{AC}}- \mathrm{{in}}}= \left\lbrack {{R}_{1}+ \mathrm{j}\omega \left({{L}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{1}}}\right\rbrack {\dot{I}}_{1}+ \\\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{sun}}}{\dot{I}}_{2}\\{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{RL}}}= \left({{R}_{2}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{R}}+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{2}}}\right){\dot{I}}_{2}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{sun}}}{\dot{I}}_{1}= \\- {R}_{2}{\dot{I}}_{2}\end{matrix}\right.$
模式 2 下的平衡方程为
$\left\{\begin{matrix}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{AC}}- \mathrm{{in}}}= \left\lbrack {{R}_{1}+ \mathrm{j}\omega \left({{L}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{c}}+ 4{M}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}}\right)+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{3}}}\right\rbrack {\dot{I}}_{1}+ \\\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{sun}}}{\dot{I}}_{2}\\{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{RL}}}= \left({{R}_{2}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{R}}+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{2}}}\right){\dot{I}}_{2}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{sun}}}{\dot{I}}_{1}= \\- {R}_{2}{\dot{I}}_{2}\end{matrix}\right.$
式中:$\omega$ 为角频率;${\dot{I}}_{1}$ 为发射端电流;${\dot{I}}_{2}$ 为接收端电流;${\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{RL}}}$ 为负载电压。
当系统谐振时, 模式 1 状态下有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{j}\omega \left({{L}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{1}}= 0 \\\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{B}}+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{2}}= 0 \end{array}\right.$
模式 2 状态下有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{j}\omega \left({{L}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{c}}+ 4{M}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}}\right)+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{3}}= 0 \\\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{B}}+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{2}}= 0 \end{array}\right.$
推得
$\eta =\left|\frac{{\omega }^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{{sum}}}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}}{\left({{R}_{2}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\left\lbrack {{R}_{1}\left({{R}_{2}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)+ {\omega }^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{{sum}}}^{2}}\right\rbrack }\right|$
式中,$\eta$ 为传输效率。
为进一步验证第 2.1 节关于发射端互感的分析, 利用 COMSOL 有限元仿真软件, 单独对线圈 a 与线圈$\mathrm{b}$ 建模仿真,计算 2 种工作模式下的互感。求得模式 1 下线圈 a 和线圈 b 间互感为${2.32\mu }\mathrm{H}$,互感较低,为简化计算,忽略不计;模式 2 下线圈 a 和线圈 b 间互感为${9.63\mu }\mathrm{H}$,互感较大,不可忽略。利用 COMSOL 得到线圈的磁场分布云图,如图6所示。
图6(a)和(b)为线圈在 2 种模式下的空间磁场状态,图6(c)和(d)为截取的$x - y$ 平面$\left({z = 0}\right)$ 磁场分布,可进一步了解线圈内、外部磁场情况。通过图6可以发现,线圈$\mathrm{a}$ 和线圈$\mathrm{b}$ 间的互感主要来自两线圈相交处 (图6(e)和(d)中左下角与右上角) 附近磁场的相互影响, 模式 2 下该区域面积更大, 也再次说明模式 2 下互感更强。
观察图6(c),模式 1 磁场主要围绕线圈 a 和线圈 b 构成的 4 个圆面, 4 个角的区域磁场相对薄弱,线圈内部磁场微弱; 观察图6(d),模式 2 磁场主要以左下角和右上角区域为中心, 由强至弱向外扩散,其内部空间也有较强磁场。
本文利用 COMSOL 有限元仿真软件, 对提出的线圈结构进行仿真, 分析线圈磁场分布情况, 如图7所示。
图7(a)和(b)显示了发射线圈的磁路情况。模式 1 时,$x - y$ 平面的磁场向四周发散,$x - z$$y - z$ 平面的磁场主要聚集 4 个部分,上、下部分受线圈 c 磁场影响场强不同;模式 2 时,$x - y$$x - z$$y - z$ 平面的磁场主要聚集 2 个部分,且 2 个部分场强相近。
图7(c)和 (d) 显示了发射线圈不同区域的磁场强度。对比图7(c)和 (d)$x - y$ 平面的磁场云图,模式 1 时, 内部磁场强度相对均匀, 但磁场强度较弱; 模式 2 时,线圈 a 和线圈 b 相邻处区域 (左下角与右上角) 作为磁路的 2 个中心点, 磁场强度强于其他区域, 其内部磁场整体强但分布相对不均。观察图7(c)$x - z$$y - z$ 平面,受线圈$\mathrm{c}$ 磁场影响,内部空间上、下区域磁场强度分布不均,内部磁场上半区域更强,下半区域较弱。观察图7 $\left(\mathrm{\;d}\right) x - z$$y - z$ 平面,内部磁场最强区域位于中线附近,因此其上、下区域磁场分布对称,相对均匀。
当接收线圈垂直于$x$ 轴且圆心$M$ 交于$x$ 轴上时,记作初始状态${0}^{\circ }$。利用 COMSOL 对接收线圈以角度为变量进行参数化扫描,研究不同角度下的互感变化趋势。以步长为${5}^{\circ }$,从${0}^{\circ }$${180}^{\circ }$ 旋转,因变化趋势呈现对称性,故仅分析 0~180${}^{\circ }$。互感变化趋势如图8所示。
图8(a)为接收线圈距$O$$8\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 处绕$z$ 轴旋转时的互感变化趋势, 此时接收线圈处于发射线圈外部。可以看出, 模式 1 状态下的峰-谷值小于模式 2 的峰-谷值, 说明模式 1 下的磁场分布比模式 2 均匀,波动较小,且模式 1 可以 360°传输,无工作死区;模式 2 状态下的互感在$0 \sim {38}^{\circ }$${52}^{\circ }\sim {180}^{\circ }$ 区域内高于模式 1, 传输性能更好, 但在 45%时存在工作死区。
图8(b)为接收线圈在$O$ 点时绕$z$ 轴旋转的互感变化趋势, 此时接收线圈处于发射线圈内部。可以看出,在模式 1 状态下,接收线圈绕$z$ 轴旋转时互感为 0,无法实现电能传输;在模式 2 状态下,接收线圈绕$z$ 轴旋转时的互感呈现“下降-上升-下降”趋势, 其中,在 45°时出现死区,在 135°时达到峰值。
图8(c)和(d)为接收线圈在$O$ 点时绕$x$$y$ 轴旋转的互感变化趋势, 此时接收线圈处于发射线圈内部。两者变化趋势一致, 这是因为两者接收线圈的旋转角度变化趋势均为 “竖直-水平-竖直”,在内部呈对称的磁场下, 变化趋势一致。模式 1 状态下互感呈现“上升-下降”趋势,在 90°时出现最大值, 说明互感主要来自线圈$\mathrm{c}$,接收线圈水平时互感最强; 模式 2 状态下互感呈现 “下降-上升-下降” 趋势,在${40}^{\circ }$ 时出现工作死区,在${120}^{\circ }$ 时达到最大值, 最大值处互感来自线圈 c 与线圈 a 和线圈 b 的叠加, 因此与模式 1 互感最大值时的角度不同。
当接收线圈处于发射线圈外部时, 距离越远, 互感越小, 该结论显而易见, 因此不再进行仿真分析,本文只探讨接收线圈处于发射线圈内部时距离与互感的关系。
以发射线圈中心$O$ 点作为$x$ 轴 0 点,接收线圈向左移动用负数表示,向右移动用正数表示,则距离与互感的关系如图9所示。由于模式 2 下内部磁场相互叠加,模式 1 下内部磁场相互削弱,因此接收线圈处于内部不同位置时, 模式 2 下的互感均强于模式 1。接收线圈在移动过程中,距离$O$ 点越近,受到 2 个对立面线圈的互感差值越小, 因此模式 1 状态下,在$O$ 点出现磁场完全抵消,互感为 0,而模式 2 则不会出现死区。在该条件下, 模式 2 优于模式 1。
依据本文提出的线圈结构, 绕制线圈, 并搭建试验平台,如图10所示。
导线采用规格为${0.1\phi }\times {100}$ 股的利兹线,利兹线由多股直径极小的漆包线通过特定工艺绞合而成,通常应用于高频环境,可有效减弱趋肤效应。利用直流电源DP832A 稳定输出${10}\mathrm{\;V}$ 电压供给逆变电路,利用信号发生器 DG5252 输出高电平$5\mathrm{\;V}$ 、低电平 0、占空比为 50%的方波信号。将方波信号输送给或非门芯片 74HC02, 引出两路交替导通的方波信号输送给芯片 IR2184S,用以驱动 MOS 管 IRLR7843, 实现电能变换。利用示波器记录 2 组模式 1 状态下, 接收线圈位于外部区域时不同角度的逆变电路输出端与整流电路输入端波形, 观察波形变化, 如图11所示。并将其余方位数据记录并计算后绘制成折线图。
接收线圈位于${0}^{\circ }$ 时,逆变电路输出电压为${9.98}\mathrm{\;V}$,波形为方波,含较大谐波分量;输出电流有效值为${0.919}\mathrm{\;A}$,波形为正弦波。整流侧输入电压为${7.38}\mathrm{\;V}$,波形为方波,输入电流有效值为${0.468}\mathrm{\;A}$, 波形为非正弦波, 出现一定畸变。接收线圈位于${45}^{\circ }$ 时,逆变电路输出电压为${9.95}\mathrm{\;V}$,波形为方波, 含较小谐波分量;输出电流有效值为${1.580}\mathrm{\;A}$,波形为正弦波。整流侧输入电压为${6.37}\mathrm{\;V}$,波形为方波,输入电流有效值为${0.433}\mathrm{\;A}$,波形为正弦波。不同角度下接收端电压、电流波形相位发生一定变动。
试验元件参数如表1所示。
本文试验包含 2 个部分内容, 其一验证多方位无线电能传输的可实施性, 其二验证角度、距离对传输效率的影响。
在接收线圈负载侧串联 1 个 LED 灯, 通过点亮 LED 灯及其亮度来表现不同方位下的传输性能,如图12所示。其中,图12(a)~(d)为模式 1 状态下的特征方位,图12(e)~(h)为模式 2 状态下的特征方位。
观察图12(a)和 (b), 灯泡均被点亮且亮度接近, 证明模式 1 状态下磁场分布相对均匀; 观察图12(c)和(d),灯泡未被点亮,证明模式 1 状态下竖直向接收线圈处于$O$ 点时无法实现电能传输;对比图12(e)和(f),灯泡均被点亮但亮度有较大差别, 证明模式 2 状态下磁场分布不均匀; 观察图12(g)和(h),接收线圈处于${135}^{\circ }$ 时被点亮,处于${45}^{\circ }$ 时未被点亮,证明模式 2 状态下内部电能传输在 45°时存在死区;观察图12(a)和 (e),图12(e)灯泡亮度高于图12(a),证明接收线圈在${0}^{\circ }$ 时模式 2 下的互感高于模式 1。上述结论与仿真一致,验证了分析的正确性。
接收线圈置于距发射线圈中心点$O8\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 处, 绕发射线圈${180}^{\circ }$ 旋转,记录不同角度下的传输效率,如图13(a)所示。接收线圈置于发射线圈内部, 沿$x$ 轴水平移动,记录不同位置下的传输效率,如图13(b)所示。其中,${\eta }_{\text{out }}$${\eta }_{\text{in }}$ 分别为接收线圈处于发射线圈外部与内部时的传输效率;$x$$y$$z$ 表示旋转轴分别为$x$ 轴、$y$ 轴、$z$ 轴;1、2 表示模式 1、模式 2。
观察图13(a),${\eta }_{\text{out }{z1}}$ 随角度在${16.2}\%\sim {38.8}\%$ 波动;${\eta }_{\text{in }{z1}}$ 始终为 0。${\eta }_{\text{out }{z2}}$ 随角度在 1.5%~56.4%波动,其中${45}^{\circ }$ 时为工作死区;${\eta }_{\mathrm{{in}},{z2}}$ 随角度在$0 \sim {36.2}\%$ 波动, 其中 45°时为工作死区,135°时传输效率达到最大。 忽略测量等方面造成的微小误差,${\eta }_{\text{in }{x1}}\left({\eta }_{\text{in }{y1}}\right)$ 随角度在$0 \sim {32.5}\%$ 波动,在${90}^{\circ }$ 达到最大;${\eta }_{\text{in }{x2}}\left({\eta }_{\text{in }{y2}}\right)$ 随角度在$0 \sim {38.2}\%$ 波动,在${40}^{\circ }$ 时出现死区,在${120}^{\circ }$ 时达到最大。
观察图13(b),模式 1 状态下,${\eta }_{\mathrm{{in}}\_ 1}$ 随传输距离在$0 \sim {28.5}\%$ 波动,距离中心点$O$ 越远,即越靠近线圈,传输效率越高,在$O$ 点传输效率为 0 ; 模式 2 状态下,${\eta }_{\mathrm{{in}},2}$ 随传输距离在${22.4}\%\sim {51.2}\%$ 波动,观察$0 \sim$ ${5.5}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 区域,波形先上升后下降,说明线圈存在欠耦合和过耦合现象。 通过以上数据,得出结论。
(1)接收线圈处于发射线圈外部时,模式 1 状态下,可将工作区域定为$0 \sim {180}^{\circ }$,工作范围广但整体效率不高;模式 2 状态下,0~35°和${60}^{\circ }\sim {180}^{\circ }$ 适合作为工作区域,传输效率高于模式 1,而 35 ~ 60 °不宜作为工作区域, 工作范围相对较窄。
(2)接收线圈处于发射线圈内部时,$z$ 轴型线圈 (接收线圈平行于$z$ 轴) 选择模式 2 工作;$x$ 轴或$y$ 轴型线圈 (接收线圈平行于$x$ 轴或$y$ 轴) 在$0 \sim {22}^{\circ }$${85}^{\circ }\sim {180}^{\circ }$ 选择模式${2.22}^{\circ }\sim {85}^{\circ }$ 选择模式 1。其他角度的接收线圈, 先判断其更贴合哪一类型线圈后再选择合适的工作模式。
需要特别强调的是,以上结论是基于 0~180°分析,由于对称性,${180}^{\circ }\sim {360}^{\circ }$ 时的结论与上述相似。
将本文提出的耦合机构与常见的其他耦合机构进行对比分析, 可以得到如表2所示的比较结果。
本文耦合机构较单一方向类线圈而言, 拓宽了充电区域;较${xyz}$ 正交圆线圈而言,节约了成本,增设了内部充电区域, 且磁场变动操作简单; 较正方体型线圈而言, 充电区域更全面, 磁场可变动, 且结构方面不需多余导线段。综上, 本文耦合机构结合了 xyz 正交圆线圈和正方体型线圈的部分优点, 兼顾了成本、性能和操作难易程度等因素, 为无线电能传输核心部件电磁耦合机构做了有益的探索和实践。
本文提出 1 种新型多方位无线电能传输耦合机构, 由 3 组线圈串联组成, 通过控制 3 组线圈的连接方式来改变线圈的磁场分布;推导了线圈的互感和传输效率计算式, 利用 COMSOL 有限元仿真软件分析了线圈性能,并探究了角度、距离对互感的影响。基于线圈结构搭建实物, 验证了多方位无线电能传输的可实施性,测量了在单一变量(角度/ 距离)下的传输效率与互感变化趋势一致。得出以下结论:外部区域, 模式 1 状态下无工作死区; 模式 2 状态下,在$0 \sim {35}^{\circ }$${60}^{\circ }\sim {180}^{\circ }$ 范围内适用于电能传输,且传输效率高于模式 1。内部区域,$z$ 轴型接收线圈选择模式 2 工作;$x$ 轴、$y$ 轴型接收线圈在 0~${22}^{\circ }$${85}^{\circ }\sim {180}^{\circ }$ 范围选择模式 2,在${22}^{\circ }\sim {85}^{\circ }$ 范围选择模式 1。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(61903129)
  • 南方电网公司无线传能联合实验室开放基金资助项目(GXKJXM20210149)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.230
  • 接收时间:2021-09-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-29
  • 修回日期:2021-12-03
  • 录用日期:2021-12-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(61903129)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(61903129)
Opening Foundation Projects of Southern Power Grid Corporation Wireless Power Transmission Joint Laboratory(GXKJXM20210149)
南方电网公司无线传能联合实验室开放基金资助项目(GXKJXM20210149)
作者信息
    1 湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430068
    2 太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430068
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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