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A frequency regulation method for a large number of electric vehicles (EVs) in an isolated grid with high permeability renewable energy sources is proposed. First, a disturbance observer is designed for the system's order reduction model to generate additional frequency control signals for clustered EVs. This order reduction model is obtained by combining the changes in load, wind power, photovoltaic system and clustered EVs, thus generating a lumped disturbance estimated by the disturbance observer. Second, a robust model predictive control method based on the Tube model is proposed to provide effective control signals to improve the responsiveness of clustered EVs. The control signals are generated to obtain the minimum frequency deviation error by means of the minimum control actions while considering various physical constraints on the system operation. Third, the influence of time delay on communication link is studied through the stability analysis, and the time delay margin is obtained. Finally, through simulation analysis, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified, and the advantages of the proposed method over traditional model predictive control, fuzzy proportional integral control and linear quadratic regulator control are also verified.
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提出1种适用于高渗透率可再生能源孤岛型电网中大量电动汽车 EVs(electric vehicles)的频率调节方法。首先,针对系统的降阶模型设计了扰动观测器,为聚集的电动汽车产生附加频率控制信号。该降阶模型通过结合负荷、风电、光伏系统和聚集电动汽车的变化而获得,可以产生1个由扰动观测器估计的集总扰动;然后,提出1种基于Tube 模型的鲁棒预测控制 RMPC(robust model predictive control)方法,以提供有效的控制信号,提高聚合后电动汽车的响应能力。控制信号的产生是为了以最小的控制动作获得频率偏差误差的最小值,同时考虑各种系统运行物理约束;接着,通过稳定性分析研究了时延对通信链路的影响,获得了时延裕度;最后,通过仿真分析验证了所提方法的有效性,并验证了所提方法相对于传统 MPC、模糊比例积分控制和线性二次调节器控制的优越性。
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王晖南(1975-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:电动汽车调频控制方法。E-mail:dtwhn@sina.com。 |
王昱瑾(1992-),女,硕士研究生,工程师,研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:sxdlsj@126.com。
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王晖南(1975-),男,通信作者,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:电动汽车调频控制方法。E-mail:dtwhn@sina.com。
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王昱瑾(1992-),女,硕士研究生,工程师,研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:sxdlsj@126.com。
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27(2): 932-941., articleTitle=Delay dependent stability for load frequency control with constant and time varying delays, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032984056389823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, awardId=5700-202055171A-0-0-00, language=EN, fundingSource=State Grid Headquarters Science and Technology Project(5700-202055171A-0-0-00), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032984144470209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, awardId=5700-202055171A-0-0-00, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5700-202055171A-0-0-00), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032976011715534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032976015909838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, companyId=1154032976011715534, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Marketing Service Center State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company Taiyuan 030032 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032976225625041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, companyId=1154032976011715534, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国网山西省电力公司 营销服务中心 太原 030032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154032981736939638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Schematic of participation of EVs in frequency regulation, figureFileSmall=4mxv3rBBRPEgqZ0uNkSgJw==, figureFileBig=pD8YWe8NxTZ/MCpif3yIMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032981783076985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
电动汽车参与频率调节的示意, figureFileSmall=4mxv3rBBRPEgqZ0uNkSgJw==, figureFileBig=pD8YWe8NxTZ/MCpif3yIMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032981871157370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Block diagram of control for EVs cluster, figureFileSmall=tPMUTkH8MlTudJ9EEPoViw==, figureFileBig=l4CzXw87/KfLBGnbyWAkyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032981980209275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
电动汽车集群控制的框图, figureFileSmall=tPMUTkH8MlTudJ9EEPoViw==, figureFileBig=l4CzXw87/KfLBGnbyWAkyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982043123837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Structure of controller for frequency regulation in isolated grid, figureFileSmall=YWOGQB+P8DPYyOFWeCDlsw==, figureFileBig=oXVxloAG6mlq5GbSUJrtIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982101844096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
孤岛电网频率调节控制器结构, figureFileSmall=YWOGQB+P8DPYyOFWeCDlsw==, figureFileBig=oXVxloAG6mlq5GbSUJrtIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982168952962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Fluctuations in wind and photovoltaic power, figureFileSmall=gnHSaCL2WTIckn/eEUKpKw==, figureFileBig=SMvf/9QGH8evQhfbYcvn5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982231867523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
风功率和光伏功率的波动, figureFileSmall=gnHSaCL2WTIckn/eEUKpKw==, figureFileBig=SMvf/9QGH8evQhfbYcvn5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982294782084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Frequency response under various control strategies, figureFileSmall=hglX+MhHU0YQHzVy2pe/TQ==, figureFileBig=3n6iG2XvVcYMbezl0xFf7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982378668167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同控制策略下的频率响应, figureFileSmall=hglX+MhHU0YQHzVy2pe/TQ==, figureFileBig=3n6iG2XvVcYMbezl0xFf7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982475137161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Output power from generator and EV aggregator, figureFileSmall=J++cR6nh6DFKJX8S7n0pSA==, figureFileBig=QqC4fmGKlmGy2yRQ4YumGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982584189067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
发电机和电动汽车聚合器的输出功率, figureFileSmall=J++cR6nh6DFKJX8S7n0pSA==, figureFileBig=QqC4fmGKlmGy2yRQ4YumGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982676463757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Dynamic performance of disturbance observer, figureFileSmall=72/KRQM01deSgmVra+Zv9A==, figureFileBig=GnH5JVH+LIf09w5jMwD5rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982764544142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
扰动观测器的动态性能, figureFileSmall=72/KRQM01deSgmVra+Zv9A==, figureFileBig=GnH5JVH+LIf09w5jMwD5rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982831653008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Frequency response under various control strategies in the case of insuf cient reserve capacity, figureFileSmall=sLwOgnOifgKBpko7xYzAGw==, figureFileBig=9HFLBWWTyk6JmaNLoaC1Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982890373266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
备用容量不足时各种控制策略下的频响, figureFileSmall=sLwOgnOifgKBpko7xYzAGw==, figureFileBig=9HFLBWWTyk6JmaNLoaC1Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032982986842263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
RMS values of frequency deviation for different tuning coefcients, figureFileSmall=UJsTgbT0i3zg8hXu8NN/mA==, figureFileBig=TwfzmBgr4KHm0cEr6PiyBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032983045562522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
不同调谐系数的频率偏差均方根值, figureFileSmall=UJsTgbT0i3zg8hXu8NN/mA==, figureFileBig=TwfzmBgr4KHm0cEr6PiyBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032983112671389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=
Comparison among the proposed controller, traditional MPC, LQR control, and fuzzy-PI control, figureFileSmall=PbKjPqVyKNbAPqzItUwe6g==, figureFileBig=utPDnEhFzSJbOZ2cDgEI0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032983171391648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
所提控制器与传统 MPC、LQR 控制和模糊 PI 控制的比较, figureFileSmall=PbKjPqVyKNbAPqzItUwe6g==, figureFileBig=utPDnEhFzSJbOZ2cDgEI0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032983251083428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=
Performance analysis under various time delays, figureFileSmall=XmcrzzSDTN3FEW7y8Bx5EQ==, figureFileBig=eNmzeND77qpFCpdOHqNgpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032983305609382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
不同时延下的性能分析, figureFileSmall=XmcrzzSDTN3FEW7y8Bx5EQ==, figureFileBig=eNmzeND77qpFCpdOHqNgpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032983397884073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Generator parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 | 参数 | 数值 |
| ${T}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.08 | $M\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 0.1667 |
| ${T}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.3 | $D\left(\text{ p.u.}\right)$ | 0.0084 |
| ${T}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 10 | $R\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 5.6 |
| ${K}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.5 | ${BB}$ (p.u.) | 0.425 |
| ${K}_{1}$ | 0.033 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032983473381548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
发电机的参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 | 参数 | 数值 |
| ${T}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.08 | $M\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 0.1667 |
| ${T}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.3 | $D\left(\text{ p.u.}\right)$ | 0.0084 |
| ${T}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 10 | $R\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 5.6 |
| ${K}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.5 | ${BB}$ (p.u.) | 0.425 |
| ${K}_{1}$ | 0.033 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032983565656240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
Parameters of EV aggregator, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 | 参数 | 数值 |
| ${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( 0\right)$ | 60% | ${K}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}$ | 0.0024 |
| ${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\text{AGmin }}$ | 10% | $\Delta {P}_{\text{AGmax }}$ (p.u.) | 0.01 |
| ${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\text{AGmax }}$ | 90% | ${Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}1}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ | 24 |
| ${R}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 0.045 | ${Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}2}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ | 22 |
| ${T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.035 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032983641153715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
EV 聚合器的参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 | 参数 | 数值 |
| ${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left( 0\right)$ | 60% | ${K}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}$ | 0.0024 |
| ${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\text{AGmin }}$ | 10% | $\Delta {P}_{\text{AGmax }}$ (p.u.) | 0.01 |
| ${\mathrm{{SoC}}}_{\text{AGmax }}$ | 90% | ${Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}1}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ | 24 |
| ${R}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 0.045 | ${Q}_{\mathrm{{EV}}2}/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}}\right)$ | 22 |
| ${T}_{\mathrm{{AG}}}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.035 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032983792148664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=
Computation time, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 控制器 | 时间/s |
| 传统 MPC | 7.68 |
| Tube-MPC | 8.15 |
| LQC 控制 | 13.94 |
| 模糊 PI 控制 | 21.07 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032983863451834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645648015823, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
计算时间, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 控制器 | 时间/s |
| 传统 MPC | 7.68 |
| Tube-MPC | 8.15 |
| LQC 控制 | 13.94 |
| 模糊 PI 控制 | 21.07 |
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