Article(id=1153695641525014974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1624809600000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-28, revisedDate=1629561600000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-22, acceptedDate=1631462400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-09-13, onlineDate=1752992075568, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992075568, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992075568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992075568, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=203, endPage=212, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695641919279552, articleId=1153695641525014974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Passive Enhancement Control of Voltage-controlled Inverters in Grid-connected Microgrids Considering Control Delay and Variation in Grid Impedance, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing attention to environmental issues, more and more distributed energy systems represented by microgrids are appearing in the power system, which also poses some challenges to the traditional power systems. For example, the delay in digital control system, variations in grid impedance of weak grid and the interaction between parallel converters in microgrids will cause adverse effects on the stable operation of microgrids. On this basis, a novel type of grid-forming control method for microgrid considering control delay and variation in grid impedance is put forward to enhance the stability of microgrids under uncertainties. First, the above problems are modeled, and a delay compensation method is proposed to improve the robustness of the control system with respect to the variation in grid impedance. Then, a feedforward loop is introduced into the control system to protect it from the interference of parallel inverters in microgrids. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method.

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随着对环境问题的日益关注,越来越多以微电网为代表的分布式能源系统出现在电力系统中,这给传统电力系统带来挑战。如数字控制系统中的延迟、弱电网中的电网阻抗变化及微电网中并联变换器之间的相互作用等会对微电网稳定运行造成不利影响。基于此,提出1种计及控制延迟和电网阻抗变化的新型微电网形成控制方法,以提升微电网应对不确定性的稳定性。该方法首先对上述问题进行建模,并提出1种延迟补偿方法,提升控制系统对电网阻抗变化的鲁棒性;然后,在控制系统中引入前馈回路,使控制系统免受微电网中并联逆变器的干扰;最后,实验结果验证了所提控制方法的有效性与优越性。

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陈丽(1991-),女,通信作者,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E- mail: huzi37812@163.com。

周永博(1990-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:电力信息化技术。E-mail: lxt6856@163.com。

李瑞琪(1992-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:微电网协调控制。E-mail: 1585521250@qq.com。

卫祥(1983-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail:308310756@qq.com。

袁昊(1981-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:电力信息技术。E-mail: 2311269650@qq.com。

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陈丽(1991-),女,通信作者,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E- mail: huzi37812@163.com。

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陈丽(1991-),女,通信作者,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E- mail: huzi37812@163.com。

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周永博(1990-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:电力信息化技术。E-mail: lxt6856@163.com。

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周永博(1990-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:电力信息化技术。E-mail: lxt6856@163.com。

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李瑞琪(1992-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:微电网协调控制。E-mail: 1585521250@qq.com。

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卫祥(1983-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail:308310756@qq.com。

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袁昊(1981-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:电力信息技术。E-mail: 2311269650@qq.com。

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017. 64(1): 369-379., articleTitle=Passivity enhancement of grid-tied converters by series LC-filtered active damper, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154033009503232820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, awardId=51777027, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51777027), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154033009557758773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, awardId=51777027, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777027), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154033004302295713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154033004306490018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, companyId=1154033004302295713, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Information and Communication Corporation State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company Lanzhou 730050 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154033004314878627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, companyId=1154033004302295713, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国网甘肃省电力公司 信息通信公司 兰州 730050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154033006705631981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Block diagram of voltage control of grid-connected inverter, figureFileSmall=yBy2VQThFfHlLHndZBHbsg==, figureFileBig=jFQrdPvRJ43lzEXxABUNug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006755963631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图1, caption=并网逆变器的电压控制框图, figureFileSmall=yBy2VQThFfHlLHndZBHbsg==, figureFileBig=jFQrdPvRJ43lzEXxABUNug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006810489585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Control method for traditional voltage-controlled inverter, figureFileSmall=5XXEStzuZCciVLUyIV+ulg==, figureFileBig=K1Tz5vuoMgXZKyISDuNP/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006865015539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图2, caption=传统电压型逆变器的控制方法, figureFileSmall=5XXEStzuZCciVLUyIV+ulg==, figureFileBig=K1Tz5vuoMgXZKyISDuNP/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006923735796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Equivalent circuit of dual-loop voltage-controlled grid-connected inverter, figureFileSmall=5Y49nsGgRhBZTym9AVZb4Q==, figureFileBig=m5YWUax6tcnvWCuZZQ9a4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033006982456053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图3, caption=双环电压型并网逆变器的等效电路, figureFileSmall=5Y49nsGgRhBZTym9AVZb4Q==, figureFileBig=m5YWUax6tcnvWCuZZQ9a4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007057953527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Block diagram of control system for expanding ${f}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$, figureFileSmall=+B8xKsqBOoHBoTuZlthdoQ==, figureFileBig=Hf8FWo6gYcHkG/iiNBqeQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007120868089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图4, caption=扩展 ${f}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 的控制系统框图, figureFileSmall=+B8xKsqBOoHBoTuZlthdoQ==, figureFileBig=Hf8FWo6gYcHkG/iiNBqeQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007175394042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Variations in real part of ${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)$ with ${\omega }_{\alpha }$ and $\omega$, figureFileSmall=Cswzb+5JpJqcbF1RT//bBA==, figureFileBig=KOGoFLqBkXpLspwSsrxrBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007225725692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图5, caption=${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)$ 的实部随 ${\omega }_{\alpha }$ 和 $\omega$ 的变化, figureFileSmall=Cswzb+5JpJqcbF1RT//bBA==, figureFileBig=KOGoFLqBkXpLspwSsrxrBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007276057342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Movement of closed-loop poles in control system, figureFileSmall=5V1w1WiLf2Y0CD90rmZrsQ==, figureFileBig=8lwrzJt0fYpAVs/hz0XiSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007326388992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图6, caption=控制系统的闭环极点运动, figureFileSmall=5V1w1WiLf2Y0CD90rmZrsQ==, figureFileBig=8lwrzJt0fYpAVs/hz0XiSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007380914946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Equivalent circuit of voltage-controlled inverter, figureFileSmall=qBw8t5Hd6sWUz2npDCCR0g==, figureFileBig=eHFEJWGj60iBS1Wyu5/5DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007431246596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图7, caption=电压型逆变器的等效电路, figureFileSmall=qBw8t5Hd6sWUz2npDCCR0g==, figureFileBig=eHFEJWGj60iBS1Wyu5/5DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007485772548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Bode diagram of ${Z}_{0}\left( s\right)$ without the output current feedforward loop, figureFileSmall=Ld+bolnG3sUmGkWGDM/smw==, figureFileBig=VcFHXR4OZNWen2muyVr75Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007552881414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图8, caption=无输出电流前馈回路的 ${Z}_{0}\left( s\right)$ 伯德图, figureFileSmall=Ld+bolnG3sUmGkWGDM/smw==, figureFileBig=VcFHXR4OZNWen2muyVr75Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007611601672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Control scheme of the proposed strategy, which consists of delay compensation and output current feedforward, figureFileSmall=rYiUXlYg1xXwFAHo+kpMlg==, figureFileBig=0rkin4o1oYEfh2owgfAfFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007682904842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图9, caption=所提策略的控制方案由时延补偿和输出电流前馈组成, figureFileSmall=rYiUXlYg1xXwFAHo+kpMlg==, figureFileBig=0rkin4o1oYEfh2owgfAfFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007754208012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Bode diagram of ${Z}_{o}\left( s\right)$ with the proposed output current feedforward method, figureFileSmall=gLd6eWgSyxbjwksvNhm30g==, figureFileBig=73EcVjKvS0N9DYuJntXSBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007875842830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图10, caption=所提输出电流前馈方法下 ${Z}_{0}\left( s\right)$ 的伯德图, figureFileSmall=gLd6eWgSyxbjwksvNhm30g==, figureFileBig=73EcVjKvS0N9DYuJntXSBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007926174480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Laboratory setup, figureFileSmall=xK8/3FOzNQdtb9IitCS4Aw==, figureFileBig=XgIK7UeMxGdxGZlCSwpkRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033007980700434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图11, caption=实验室设置, figureFileSmall=xK8/3FOzNQdtb9IitCS4Aw==, figureFileBig=XgIK7UeMxGdxGZlCSwpkRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008031032084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Bode diagram of loop gain of the control system with and without delay compensation, figureFileSmall=htecaANWN6o6+9HFGqbngg==, figureFileBig=f1F1OyIl8fzNlosZ+FRT5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008089752342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图12, caption=有、无时延补偿控制系统的环路增益伯德图, figureFileSmall=htecaANWN6o6+9HFGqbngg==, figureFileBig=f1F1OyIl8fzNlosZ+FRT5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008152666904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Filter capacitor voltage under open-circuit condition with and without the delay, figureFileSmall=feEWbPsUZK/UXBOj93EOJA==, figureFileBig=Ed0WvAwnmHnIkfc4QsYlwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008207192858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图13, caption=有、无延时补偿方法时的滤波器电容开路电压, figureFileSmall=feEWbPsUZK/UXBOj93EOJA==, figureFileBig=Ed0WvAwnmHnIkfc4QsYlwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008253330204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Bode diagram of ${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}$ and ${Z}_{\mathrm{t}}$ without the output current feedforward method, figureFileSmall=qdSg6EuVpJrtq++1XkDMNA==, figureFileBig=G6QIg1hQQOc7dYy0axIzqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008320439070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图14, caption=未采用输出电流前馈方法时 ${Z}_{0}$ 和 ${Z}_{t}$ 的伯德图, figureFileSmall=qdSg6EuVpJrtq++1XkDMNA==, figureFileBig=G6QIg1hQQOc7dYy0axIzqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008374965022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Three-phase injected current to grid without the output current feedforward method in the case of grid inductance variation, figureFileSmall=W8+7iu9XDHfpGhswwpRsSg==, figureFileBig=TM34O91+fMfV2qj1X48OLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008437879584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图15, caption=电网电感变化情况下未采用输出电流前馈法的三相注入电网电流, figureFileSmall=W8+7iu9XDHfpGhswwpRsSg==, figureFileBig=TM34O91+fMfV2qj1X48OLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008492405538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Three-phase injected current to grid with the output current feedforward method in the case of grid inductance variation, figureFileSmall=1sq3URQ9mkFZ3RsECNS3Nw==, figureFileBig=lk53qWWuboI9KIr/jJtpyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008534348580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图16, caption=电网电感变化情况下, 采用输出电流前馈法向电网注入三相电流, figureFileSmall=1sq3URQ9mkFZ3RsECNS3Nw==, figureFileBig=lk53qWWuboI9KIr/jJtpyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008584680230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Schematic of equivalent impedance model for two paralleled inverters, figureFileSmall=7+thjV36wfywFs1R1+4tGg==, figureFileBig=jmVGWzz1bdI17pYpsNmTRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008643400487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图17, caption=两并联逆变器的等效阻抗模型示意, figureFileSmall=7+thjV36wfywFs1R1+4tGg==, figureFileBig=jmVGWzz1bdI17pYpsNmTRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008723092264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Bode diagram of ${Z}_{\mathrm{o}},{Z}_{\mathrm{t}}$ and ${Z}_{\mathrm{g}\_ \mathrm{{eq}}}$ without the output current feedforward loop, figureFileSmall=GEcl8RQd1/BZEYeBT5IK6Q==, figureFileBig=dZ9mK5RzecuSSIaDtqgvIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008781812521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图18, caption=无输出电流前馈回路的 ${Z}_{0},{Z}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 和 ${Z}_{\mathrm{g}\_ \mathrm{{eq}}}$ 的伯德图, figureFileSmall=GEcl8RQd1/BZEYeBT5IK6Q==, figureFileBig=dZ9mK5RzecuSSIaDtqgvIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008832144170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Bode diagram of ${Z}_{\mathrm{o}},{Z}_{\mathrm{t}}$ and ${Z}_{\mathrm{g}\_ \mathrm{{eq}}}$ with the output current feedforward loop, figureFileSmall=R6NH+hPOF/9tBRLYJweBLQ==, figureFileBig=QtRaa7vas6mqvGQA7Ub03A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008882475819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图19, caption=输出电流前馈回路下 ${Z}_{0},{Z}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 和 ${Z}_{\mathrm{g}\_ \mathrm{{eq}}}$ 的伯德图, figureFileSmall=R6NH+hPOF/9tBRLYJweBLQ==, figureFileBig=QtRaa7vas6mqvGQA7Ub03A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008941196076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=Total injected current to grid without the output current feedforward method, figureFileSmall=sJyvPfGIfvQlaDrfGNOc1A==, figureFileBig=4DxtOImXJ92eEYPdwffB3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033008991527725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图20, caption=未采用输出电流前馈法的电网注入总电流, figureFileSmall=sJyvPfGIfvQlaDrfGNOc1A==, figureFileBig=4DxtOImXJ92eEYPdwffB3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033009041859374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Fig. 21, caption=Total injected current to grid with the output current feedforward method, figureFileSmall=IqEOf4p23MHcMv+yk2TksA==, figureFileBig=lrlC5mS7Ee7tbEpHrGEsOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033009092191023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=图21, caption=输出电流前馈法注入电网的总电流, figureFileSmall=IqEOf4p23MHcMv+yk2TksA==, figureFileBig=lrlC5mS7Ee7tbEpHrGEsOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154033009146716976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameters of physical system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 参数 数值
逆变器 ${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 650
${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 1.8
$C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 4.5
${L}_{2}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.5
${f}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 1768
${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10
逆变器额定容量 /kVA 2.2
电网 ${V}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{V}$ 400
${L}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ (0,2.5)
$f/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
), ArticleFig(id=1154033009213825841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=表1, caption=物理系统参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 参数 数值
逆变器 ${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 650
${L}_{1}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 1.8
$C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 4.5
${L}_{2}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.5
${f}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 1768
${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10
逆变器额定容量 /kVA 2.2
电网 ${V}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{V}$ 400
${L}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ (0,2.5)
$f/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
), ArticleFig(id=1154033009268351794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameters of control system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制器 参数 数值
电压控制器 ${k}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 1000
${k}_{\mathrm{{rv}}}$ 500
电流控制器 ${k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$ 2.5
$f/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
延迟补偿控制器 ${k}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}$ 20
${\omega }_{\beta }$ ${0.5}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$
${\omega }_{\alpha }$ ${0.1}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$
前馈输出电流控制器 ${k}_{\text{ff }}$ 5
${\omega }_{\mathrm{p}}$ ${0.5}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$
${\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}$ ${0.3}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154033009327072051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695641525014974, language=CN, label=表2, caption=控制系统参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制器 参数 数值
电压控制器 ${k}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 1000
${k}_{\mathrm{{rv}}}$ 500
电流控制器 ${k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$ 2.5
$f/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
延迟补偿控制器 ${k}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}$ 20
${\omega }_{\beta }$ ${0.5}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$
${\omega }_{\alpha }$ ${0.1}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$
前馈输出电流控制器 ${k}_{\text{ff }}$ 5
${\omega }_{\mathrm{p}}$ ${0.5}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$
${\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}$ ${0.3}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$
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计及控制延迟和电网阻抗变化的并网微网内压控逆变器的被动增强控制
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陈丽 , 周永博 , 李瑞琪 , 卫祥 , 袁昊
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(5): 203-212
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(5): 203-212
计及控制延迟和电网阻抗变化的并网微网内压控逆变器的被动增强控制
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陈丽 , 周永博 , 李瑞琪 , 卫祥 , 袁昊
作者信息
  • 国网甘肃省电力公司 信息通信公司 兰州 730050
  • 陈丽(1991-),女,通信作者,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E- mail: huzi37812@163.com。

    周永博(1990-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:电力信息化技术。E-mail: lxt6856@163.com。

    李瑞琪(1992-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:微电网协调控制。E-mail: 1585521250@qq.com。

    卫祥(1983-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:微电网控制。E-mail:308310756@qq.com。

    袁昊(1981-),男,硕士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:电力信息技术。E-mail: 2311269650@qq.com。

Passive Enhancement Control of Voltage-controlled Inverters in Grid-connected Microgrids Considering Control Delay and Variation in Grid Impedance
Li CHEN , Yongbo ZHOU , Ruiqi LI , Xiang WEI , Hao YUAN
Affiliations
  • Information and Communication Corporation State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company Lanzhou 730050 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.203
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随着对环境问题的日益关注,越来越多以微电网为代表的分布式能源系统出现在电力系统中,这给传统电力系统带来挑战。如数字控制系统中的延迟、弱电网中的电网阻抗变化及微电网中并联变换器之间的相互作用等会对微电网稳定运行造成不利影响。基于此,提出1种计及控制延迟和电网阻抗变化的新型微电网形成控制方法,以提升微电网应对不确定性的稳定性。该方法首先对上述问题进行建模,并提出1种延迟补偿方法,提升控制系统对电网阻抗变化的鲁棒性;然后,在控制系统中引入前馈回路,使控制系统免受微电网中并联逆变器的干扰;最后,实验结果验证了所提控制方法的有效性与优越性。

控制延迟  /  相互作用  /  电网形成逆变器  /  微型电网  /  稳定

With the increasing attention to environmental issues, more and more distributed energy systems represented by microgrids are appearing in the power system, which also poses some challenges to the traditional power systems. For example, the delay in digital control system, variations in grid impedance of weak grid and the interaction between parallel converters in microgrids will cause adverse effects on the stable operation of microgrids. On this basis, a novel type of grid-forming control method for microgrid considering control delay and variation in grid impedance is put forward to enhance the stability of microgrids under uncertainties. First, the above problems are modeled, and a delay compensation method is proposed to improve the robustness of the control system with respect to the variation in grid impedance. Then, a feedforward loop is introduced into the control system to protect it from the interference of parallel inverters in microgrids. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method.

Control delay  /  interaction  /  grid-forming inverter  /  microgrid  /  stability
陈丽, 周永博, 李瑞琪, 卫祥, 袁昊. 计及控制延迟和电网阻抗变化的并网微网内压控逆变器的被动增强控制. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 203 -212 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.203
Li CHEN, Yongbo ZHOU, Ruiqi LI, Xiang WEI, Hao YUAN. Passive Enhancement Control of Voltage-controlled Inverters in Grid-connected Microgrids Considering Control Delay and Variation in Grid Impedance[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 203 -212 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.203
并网变换器在可再生能源系统与电网的连接中起着关键作用[1],因此,其稳定运行控制是极其重要的问题。通常, 并网逆变器的控制方法有 2 种, 即电网跟随控制和电网形成控制[2-5]。电网跟随控制的目标是保持并网逆变器实时跟踪参考电流;电网形成控制主要用于微电网存在有意孤岛、无意孤岛和并网孤岛 2 种模式的切换期间。在电网跟随控制方面,已有较多研究成果,而在电网形成控制方面,大多研究未考虑非理想因素, 如控制延迟、电网阻抗变化及并联逆变器之间的耦合效应${}^{\left\lbrack 6\text{-}{10}\right\rbrack }$。目前带有$\mathrm{{LC}}$$\mathrm{{LCL}}$ 滤波器的电压型逆变器已广泛应用于分布式发电系统[11] 、不间断电源[12] 和电网模拟器[13] 等。 为了保证分布式发电系统的运行目标, 通常采用双回路控制方法, 由控制电流的内环和控制电压的外环组成。双回路控制方法中, 内环可以被建模为与逆变器侧电感串联的虚阻抗[8],因此,其具有固有的主动阻尼来缓解滤波器谐振。在数字控制系统中, 虚阻抗受到控制延迟的影响, 可能会引起不稳定问题[6-8]。控制延迟给逆变器控制带来负虚阻抗和信号混叠等问题[14]。在高于${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6$ 的采样频率处,虚阻抗表现为负电阻,因此,当滤波器电容和逆变器侧电感的谐振频率高于临界频率${f}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}= {f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6$ 时,环路增益具有右半平面 RHP(right-half-plane)极点。由于 RHP 极点的存在, 系统易出现非最小相特性, 这可能会使系统不稳定[15]
为了改善控制延迟对控制系统的不利影响, 国内外学者进行了大量研究。文献[16]和文献[17]分别提出了陷波滤波器和高通滤波器的倒数法, 以减少控制延迟的负面影响; 文献[18]通过改变采样周期来缓解延迟效应, 然而, 这种方法容易产生开关噪声和信号混叠;文献[19]提出了 1 种基于重复延迟的补偿控制方法来扩展临界频率${f}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$,然而,由于在奈奎斯特频率上的无穷增益, 该方法使系统面临噪声放大的风险。上述研究及其他诸多研究都是针对控制延迟主动补偿开展的, 针对被动补偿的研究却很少, 即无源性意味着变换器的输出阻抗具有正实部, 这样不管电网阻抗如何变化, 变换器都可以保持其稳定性[20]
微电网中并联变换器的耦合效应也是一项挑战, 特别是当许多并联变换器连接到 1 个公共耦合点 PCC(point of common coupling)时。这种情况下, 由于并联变换器之间的耦合效应, 每个逆变器在输出中看到的等效电网阻抗将与实际电网阻抗不同, 可能会导致不稳定问题[21],特别是在弱电网中可能出现,由于电网阻抗变化范围很广,连接或断开 1 个逆变器会影响其他逆变器的电网阻抗。无源性的概念提供了 1 种直观的方法来研究谐波稳定问题和变换器的负电阻特性问题, 无源稳定性的目标是使所有连接的子系统在较宽的频率范围内具有无源稳定的特性。这种情况下系统的稳定性不受电网阻抗变化和并联逆变器数量的影响, 因为每个元件都是单独无源的。目前,针对无源稳定性的研究受到广泛关注。文献[22]研究了微电网中非无源逆变器在不同电网阻抗下的相互作用; 文献[23]将逆变器输出阻抗分解为 1 个无源阻抗和 1 个有源阻抗,其中无源阻抗取决于 LCL 滤波器, 论证了电流控制器和控制延迟对有源阻抗有影响; 文献[24]提出了 1 种串联 LC 滤波器的主动阻尼器来抑制谐振, 可用于无源性增强,但增加了额外的转换器,因此,增加了控制成本, 且需要复杂的控制系统。
以上大部分无源性研究都是在电流控制系统上开展的, 而针对电压控制系统的研究较少。基于此,本文针对双环电压控制逆变器进行了稳定性分析。首先,深入分析了数字控制系统中控制延迟对系统稳定性的影响; 然后, 通过超前滞后滤波器给系统引入足够的正相位来补偿控制延迟的负面影响,以保证临界频率扩展到高于频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6$,故该方法适用于采样频率较低或谐振频率高于${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6$ 的电压控制系统;此外,还设计了 1 个宽带宽控制系统,并对每个部分增加了 1 个步进控制器;最后, 提出输出电流前馈法, 在不考虑电网阻抗变化和并联逆变器间耦合影响的情况下,可保证系统的稳定性。
图1为并网逆变器的电压控制结构。
图中:${Z}_{{L}_{1}}$${Z}_{{L}_{2}}$ 分别为逆变器侧电感和电网侧电感的阻抗;${Z}_{C}$ 为电容阻抗;${Z}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为电网阻抗。其表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Z}_{{L}_{1}}= {L}_{1}s \\{Z}_{{L}_{2}}= {L}_{2}s \\{Z}_{C}= \frac{1}{{C}_{S}}\\{Z}_{S}= {L}_{S}s \end{array}\right.$
由于阻性元件提供了一定阻尼,并有助于稳定系统,因此,本文将其忽略,以考虑最坏的情况。如图1所示, 逆变器控制方法采用双环控制结构, 外环控制电容电压,内环调节逆变器侧电流。参考电压是通过功率控制器产生的, 与电压和电流控制回路相比,功率控制器具有更低的带宽。因此,在不显著影响精度的情况下, 电压和电流控制回路的稳定性评估中可忽略其动态。本文的研究是在对三相电压、 电流信号应用克拉克变换到${\alpha \beta }$ 坐标系下实现的。 考虑到系统是对称的,电压和电流控制环的$\alpha$ 轴和$\beta$ 轴相同,因此可以看作是 1 个单相系统。图2(a)${\alpha \beta }$ 坐标系下传统双环电压型并网逆变器的控制框图,其中,${G}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)$ 为电压控制器;${G}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( s\right)$ 为电流控制器;${G}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( s\right)$ 为模型计算和 PWM 延迟,可表示为
${G}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( s\right)= {\mathrm{e}}^{-{1.5}{T}_{s}s}$
式中,${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为采样周期。可将图2 $\left(\mathrm{a}\right)$ 网侧电感${L}_{2}$ 视为电网阻抗的一部分,不影响系统动态特性。在双环控制系统中, 通常使用比例调节器作为内环电流控制器[25],因此,本文考虑${G}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$。对图2(a)运用方框图代数,如图2(b)所示,表明内环可以被建模为与逆变器侧电感串联的虚阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)$,可表示为
${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)= {G}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( s\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-{1.5}{T}_{s}s}= {k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{1.5}{T}_{s}s}$
图3为双环电压型并网逆变器的等效电路。双环控制系统具有固有的主动阻尼, 可以抑制滤波器的谐振,从而提高系统的稳定性。
应用欧拉公式,将${G}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( s\right)$ 作为比例控制器,${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)$ 可以表示为
${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}\left\lbrack {\cos \left({{1.5\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)- \mathrm{j}\sin \left({{1.5\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
由式 (4) 可知,对于$0 <{f}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}< {f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6$,虚阻抗的实部为正,而对于${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6 <{f}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}< {f}_{\mathrm{s}}/2$,虚阻抗的实部为负。因此, 当滤波器电容$C$ 和逆变器侧电感${L}_{1}$ 的谐振频率高于${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6$ 时,系统环路增益将出现$\mathrm{{RHP}}$ 极点,从而使控制系统不稳定。这种情况下, 虚阻抗不仅不能提高系统的稳定性, 还会使系统存在失稳风险。如果忽略延迟,虚阻抗变成 1 个电阻,由延迟而来的负相位将改变理想状态。因此,扩大临界频率${f}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 是逆变器稳定运行的第一步。
本节提出 1 种利用超前滞后滤波器进行延迟补偿和扩展临界频率的方法, 并讨论了其调谐方面的问题。
为了扩大临界频率, 从而增强主动阻尼环对谐振频率的稳定性, 以提高临界频率, 必须校正由延迟引起的相位延迟。图4为含超前滞后滤波器的所提控制框图。其传递函数为
${G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\frac{s +{\omega }_{\alpha }}{s +{\omega }_{\beta }}$
式中:${k}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}$ 为增益;${\omega }_{\alpha }$${\omega }_{\beta }$ 为角频率。所提控制系统中的虚拟阻抗可以实现对系统的控制, 表示为
${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( s\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-{1.5}{T}_{s}s}$
由式 (6) 可知,延迟的负面影响可以通过${G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( s\right)$ 进行校正。如果超前滞后滤波器引入足够的正相位, 虚阻抗将在更宽的频率范围内保持其正的真实值, 因此,临界频率将会扩大。
利用式(6), 可以得到虚拟阻抗在频域的实部为
$\operatorname{Re}\left\{{{Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)}\right\}= \frac{{k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{k}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}}{{\omega }^{2}+ {\omega }_{\beta }^{2}}\left\lbrack {\left({{\omega }_{\alpha }{\omega }_{\beta }+ {\omega }^{2}}\right)\cos \left({{1.5\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)+ }\right.\\\left.{\omega \left({{\omega }_{\beta }- {\omega }_{\alpha }}\right)\sin \left({{1.5\omega }{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
很明显,电流控制器增益${k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$ 和超前滞后滤波器增益${k}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 对虚拟阻抗的相位没有影响,只影响${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)$ 的大小。因此,其必须被调谐,以便共振峰值减轻,并为控制系统提供足够的带宽。为避免噪声放大,${\omega }_{\beta }$ 的设计应使${G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( s\right)$ 的量值保持在一个合理的高频范围内。为此, 奈奎斯特频率可以被认为是上限, 因为在数字控制系统中, 由于采样效应, 不应超过奈奎斯特频率,故选择${\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}= {2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{s}},{f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为采样频率。对于截止频率${\omega }_{\alpha }$,采用图形化设计方法进行调谐。图5${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)$ 的实部随$\omega$${\omega }_{\alpha }$ 的变化情况。
选择${\omega }_{\alpha }$ 的原则是使${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)$ 的实际值在该频率较宽的邻域内保持为正, 以确保实际应用中的参数公差不影响稳定性。从图5可以看出,${\omega }_{\alpha }= {0.1}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 是明智的选择,使${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)$ 的真实值在频率高达${2400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 时为正,这意味着临界频率从$f/6$ 扩展到${2400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$。 超前滞后滤波器保持${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)$ 实部为正的最大频率约为${2800}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,此时${\omega }_{\alpha }= 0$。对${\omega }_{\alpha }$${\omega }_{\beta }$ 进行调整后,需要设计超前滞后滤波器的增益${k}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}$,根据式 (6),${k}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}$ 只影响${Z}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)$ 的大小,本文取${k}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}= {20}$
对于外部电压控制,采用${\alpha \beta }$ 坐标系下的积分谐振 IR 控制器代替传统 PR 控制器。IR 控制器可以在$s$ 域中表示,即
${G}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{k}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}}{s}+ {k}_{\mathrm{{rv}}}\frac{s}{{s}^{2}+ 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{o}}^{2}}$
式中:$\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}}{s}$ 为控制器的积分部分;${k}_{\mathrm{{rv}}}\frac{s}{{s}^{2}+ 2{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{o}}^{2}}$ 为控制器的谐振部分,用于消除基频稳态误差。IR 控制器在基频处的谐振部分应足够高,以减小稳态误差,因此,${k}_{\mathrm{{rv}}}= {500}$。为调整 IR 控制器的积分增益${k}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 与内环成比例,保证稳定性,将$\mathrm{{ZOH}}$ 变换应用于被控对象,得到系统环路增益$T$ 的离散形式为
$ T\left( z\right)= \\\frac{{G}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( z\right){k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}\left\lbrack {1 -\cos \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}\right\rbrack \left({z + 1}\right)}{z\left\lbrack {{z}^{2}- {2z}\cos \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)+ 1}\right\rbrack + C{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}{k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)\left({z - 1}\right){G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( z\right)} $
式中,${\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}= 1/\sqrt{{L}_{1}C}$。需要注意的是,式(9)中的电压控制器${G}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( z\right)$ 和超前滞后控制器${G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( z\right)$ 采用 Tustin 方法离散。
图6给出了 3 种典型${k}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$ 值的闭环极点图。如图6(a)所示,${k}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}= {500}$ 的极点在${k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}\geq {2.6}$ 时向单位圆外移动;当${k}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}= {1000}$ 时,情况与图6(b)相同。然而, 在${k}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}= {1500}$ 的情况下,闭环极点移动到单位圆叉外,${k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}\geq {1.7}$
图7为电压型逆变器的等效戴维南电路。图中,${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$ 为逆变器输出阻抗,${G}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}\left( s\right)$ 为闭环控制系统的传递函数,即${G}_{\mathrm{{cl}}}\left( s\right)= T\left( s\right)/\left\lbrack {T\left( s\right)+ 1}\right\rbrack$。逆变器输出阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$
${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)= {\left.\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)}{-{i}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)}\right|}_{{v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}= 0}= \\\frac{s{L}_{1}+ {k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{G}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( s\right)}{{s}^{2}{L}_{1}C + 1 +{sC}{k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{G}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( s\right)+ {G}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right){k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{G}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( s\right)} $
基于无源稳定性准则, 电压控制逆变器要保持其稳定性,必须满足 2 个约束条件[26] : ①其闭环传递函数中应无 RHP 极点, 即逆变器应内部稳定;②逆变器输出阻抗的实部必须为正,这意味着在所有频率下, 逆变器输出阻抗的相位必须在$\left\lbrack {-{90}^{\circ },{90}^{\circ }}\right\rbrack$ 的区间内。双环控制系统通过其固有的主动阻尼来减小逆变器非无源频率, 然而, 在共振频率附近的区域,${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$ 的相位可能仍然超过 90。 如果电网阻抗与${Z}_{0}\left( s\right)$ 在此区域相交,可能会使系统处于不稳定状态。这种情况可能发生在弱电网中,电网阻抗变化很大,或者在多并联系统中,逆变器之间的耦合效应会改变每个逆变器看到的电网阻抗。因此,本文采用基于无源性的稳定性来减轻${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$ 的非无源部分,并提供 1 个逆变器在非理想电网条件下可以稳定工作的条件。图8为无输出电流前馈回路的${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$ 伯德图。
图8可以看出,${Z}_{0}\left( s\right)$ 的相位超过$\pm {90}^{\circ }$ 的范围很广。在大多数非被动区域,${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$ 具有感性特性, 不会使系统不稳定, 电网阻抗主要呈感性或阻感性,而${Z}_{0}\left( s\right)$ 在高频下的容性特性可能会使系统不稳定。为了保证 2 个并联子系统的稳定运行, 其输出阻抗必须在波德图相交于频率${f}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 处有 1 个正相位裕度,即其波德图在频率${f}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 处的交点处
$\mathrm{{PM}}= {180}^{\circ }- \left\lbrack {\angle {Z}_{\mathrm{g}}\left({f}_{\mathrm{i}}\right)- \angle {Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left({f}_{\mathrm{i}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
图9为输出电流前馈控制框图, 使逆变器完全无源。
根据该结构, 可实现逆变器输出阻抗为
${Z}_{o}\left( s\right)= \\\frac{s{L}_{1}+ {k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{G}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( s\right)+ {k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{G}_{\mathrm{{ff}}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( s\right)}{{s}^{2}{L}_{1}C + 1 +{sC}{k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{G}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( s\right){G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( s\right)+ {G}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right){k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{G}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( s\right)} $
由式 (12) 可知,选择${G}_{\mathrm{{ff}}}\left( s\right)$ 作为超前滞后滤波器, 可以使${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$ 的相位在相关频率范围内得到提升,即
${G}_{\mathrm{{ff}}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\mathrm{{ff}}}\frac{s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}}{s +{\omega }_{\mathrm{p}}}$
式中:${k}_{\mathrm{{ff}}}$ 为分子和分母的增益;${\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}$${\omega }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 分别为分子和分母的截止频率。为了防止尼奎斯特频率附近的噪声放大,本文选择${\omega }_{\mathrm{z}}= {2\pi }\times {3000}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s},{\omega }_{\mathrm{p}}= {0.5}{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}$图10为所提输出电流前馈方法下${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$ 的波德图, 由于前馈回路的存在, 高频时具有容性行为的非被动区域以及中频时具有感应性行为的非被动区域都得到了缓解,逆变器的无源性扩展到${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/2$。逆变器输出阻抗的无源性保证了系统的稳定性, 不受电网阻抗变化和微电网中并联逆变器数量的影响。
图11所示为验证所提输出电流前馈和延迟补偿方法的实验装置。采用额定功率为${2.2}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的两级三相逆变器,控制系统采用 dSPACE DS1006,电网模拟器 Chroma 61845 被用作理想电网。物理系统参数和控制参数分别见表1表2
图12为有和无延迟补偿方法的控制系统环路增益伯德图, 验证所提方法扩展临界频率的有效性。从图中可以看出, 未使用延迟补偿, 系统具有非最小相位行为,是不稳定的。事实上,这种情况下, 滤波器电容和逆变器侧电感的谐振频率高于${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6$ $\left({{f}_{\mathrm{r}}= {1768}\mathrm{{Hz}}}\right)$,且虚拟阻抗的实部在谐振频率处变为负,从而引入了 RHP 极点。但由于${f}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 在前文进行了扩展,通过在内部反馈路径上使用${G}_{\mathrm{{bp}}}\left( s\right)$ 控制器, 系统可以稳定工作。
本文对采用和不采用延迟补偿方法进行了实验,逆变器与电网断开,逆变器输出电流为 0。图13为滤波电容电压,可以看出,采用延迟补偿方法后系统工作稳定,当延迟补偿停用时,变得不稳定。结果表明, 采用传统的双环控制系统, 谐振频率高于${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6$,即使在开路状态下,控制系统也不能稳定工作。实验结果与分析一致, 证明控制器设计对扩展主动阻尼区域的有效性。
compensation method
上述实验结果表明虽然系统在理想电网状态下是稳定的,但是$Z\left( s\right)$ 的频率响应中存在非无源区域, 可能会使逆变器在弱电网中不稳定。为了研究电压型逆变器的稳定性,可以将电网侧电感${L}_{2}$ 视为电网阻抗的一部分,其总值${L}_{\mathrm{t}}= {L}_{2}+ {L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 可作为基于阻抗的稳定性判据。图14为在${L}_{\mathrm{g}}= {0.5}\mathrm{{mH}}$ $\left({{L}_{\mathrm{t}}= 1\mathrm{{mH}}}\right)$${L}_{\mathrm{g}}= {2.5}\mathrm{{mH}}\left({{L}_{\mathrm{t}}= 3\mathrm{{mH}}}\right)$ 时逆变器输出阻抗的伯德图。
图14中可以看出,当${L}_{\mathrm{g}}= {2.5}\mathrm{{mH}}$ 时,电网阻抗与逆变器输出阻抗在无源区域相交,$\mathrm{{PM}}= {62.7}^{\circ }$, 说明电网逆变器可以稳定工作, 然而, 当电网电感降低到${0.5}\mathrm{{mH}}\left({{L}_{\mathrm{t}}= 1\mathrm{{mH}}}\right)$ 时,在$\mathrm{{PM}}= -{7.3}^{\circ }$ 的禁区内,${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$${L}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 对应的阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{t}}\left( s\right)$ 相交,说明系统此时失去了稳定性。为了解决这一问题, 可以采用输出电流前馈法,${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$${Z}_{\mathrm{t}}\left( s\right)$ 相交处,逆变器的 PM 为正。图15为关闭输出电流环时的电网注入电流, 当电网电感由${2.5}\mathrm{{mH}}$ 变化到${0.5}\mathrm{{mH}}$ 时,可以看出在${L}_{\mathrm{g}}= {2.5}\mathrm{{mH}}$ 时,电流是稳定的,当${L}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 减小时,变得不稳定。图16为所提输出电流前馈方法的实验波形, 采用该方法, 逆变器在不考虑电网阻抗变化的情况下保持稳定。
图17为并联逆变器的等效电路。由图17可知,每个逆变器的等效电网阻抗${Z}_{\text{g_eq }}$ 包括电网侧滤波器电感、电网阻抗及另一个并联逆变器的逆变器输出阻抗,则
${Z}_{\mathrm{g}\_ \mathrm{{eq}}}\left( s\right)= {Z}_{\mathrm{g}}\parallel \left\lbrack {{Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)+ {Z}_{{L}_{2}}}\right\rbrack +{Z}_{{L}_{2}}$
式中,并联阻抗用“I”符号表示。
图18为无输出电流前馈回路的${Z}_{\mathrm{o}},{Z}_{\mathrm{t}}$${Z}_{\mathrm{g}\text{_eq }}$ 的伯德图,逆变器为${L}_{\mathrm{t}}= {L}_{2}+ {L}_{\mathrm{g}}= {1.5}\mathrm{{mH}}$ 的电网阻抗。 如图18所示,系统在${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$$Z\left( s\right)$ 交点处有正 PM (PM=4.99),这意味着单个逆变器可以稳定地并网。 而当 2 个逆变器都接通时,系统在${Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\left( s\right)$${Z}_{\mathrm{g}\_ \mathrm{{eq}}}\left( s\right)$ 交点处有负相位裕度(PM=-143.19),这意味着 2 个逆变器的并联是不稳定的。
为了验证所提方法的有效性,图19为输出电流前馈方法的伯德图, 在 1 个或 2 个并联逆变器的情况下,逆变器输出阻抗具有无源特性, PM 在交点处为正。
图20为没有输出电流前馈回路和电网注入总电流的实验结果。该实验过程中逆变器 1 向电网供电,逆变器 2 突然接入。
图20所示, 逆变器 1 单独并网时是稳定的, 而连接第 2 逆变器后, 由于等效电网电感发生变化, 逆变器输出阻抗在新的交点上具有非被动特性, 使得 2 个逆变器变得不稳定。
图21为利用所提输出电流前馈方法再次进行上述实验的波形。很明显,由于无源控制器的设计, 使逆变器输出阻抗的相位保持在无源区域内, 即使在连接逆变器 2 后, 系统仍然保持稳定。
本文提出了 1 种适用于弱电网环境下并网微电网的新型双环电压控制方法, 详细研究了传统控制系统中,控制延迟会导致 1 个负虚拟电阻,并引入$\mathrm{{RHP}}$ 极点,这将使谐振发生在高于频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/6$ 处。 为了解决上述问题,首先将 1 个超前滞后滤波器增加到主动阻尼环中,以扩大临界频率;然后,利用前馈输出电流的方法, 缓解非被动区域, 使逆变器输出阻抗在$\left\lbrack {-{90}^{\circ },{90}^{\circ }}\right\rbrack$ 范围内的相位达到奈奎斯特频率, 可保证并网逆变器在电网阻抗变化和并联逆变器耦合效应的情况下稳定运行;最后, 通过实例分析和实验结果验证了该控制系统的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777027)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.203
  • 接收时间:2021-06-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-28
  • 修回日期:2021-08-22
  • 录用日期:2021-09-13
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51777027)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777027)
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    国网甘肃省电力公司 信息通信公司 兰州 730050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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