Article(id=1153695648969904610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.100, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1645286400000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-20, revisedDate=1648310400000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-27, acceptedDate=1649174400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-06, onlineDate=1752992077342, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992077342, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992077342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992077342, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695650085589477, articleId=1153695648969904610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Frequency-controllable Switching Law for Boost Converter Based on Common Quadratic Lyapunov Function, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problem that the switching frequency under the min-type switching law is too high to be applied in engineering practice, a switched system model of Boost converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is established, and a novel switching law based on common quadratic Lyapunov function is proposed. According to the mathematical expression of the switching law, the steady-state and dynamic performances of the converter are analyzed, and the regulation mechanism of the converter's switching frequency under the switching law is described. Simulation and experimental results show that under the proposed switching law, the Boost converter's switching frequency is controllable and the Zeno behavior which is specific to a switched system would not occur. Compared with those under the existing control strategies, the converter under the proposed strategy has a good dynamic performance, with fewer voltage fluctuations and a shorter settling time when suffering external disturbances.

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针对最小型切换律开关频率过高难以应用于工程实际的问题,建立了 Boost 变换器 CCM 运行的切换系统模型,基于共同二次 Lyapunov 函数提出1种新的切換律。根据切換律的数学表达式,分析变换器的稳态性能及动态性能,描述该切换律对变换器开关频率的调节机制。仿真及实验表明,在该切換律的作用下,Boost 变换器开关频率可控,不会出现切换系统特有的芝诺行为,且与现有控制策略相比,变换器的动态性能好,在受到外部扰动时电压波动更小,调节时间更短。

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李思琪(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变换器稳定性研究。E-mail: lisiqi199710@163.com。

张波(1962-),男,中国电源学会会士,通信作者,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: epbzhang@scut.edu.cn。

张伟悦(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变换器稳定性研究。E-mail:zhangweiyue0416@163.com。

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李思琪(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变换器稳定性研究。E-mail: lisiqi199710@163.com。

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李思琪(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变换器稳定性研究。E-mail: lisiqi199710@163.com。

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张波(1962-),男,中国电源学会会士,通信作者,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: epbzhang@scut.edu.cn。

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张波(1962-),男,中国电源学会会士,通信作者,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: epbzhang@scut.edu.cn。

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张伟悦(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变换器稳定性研究。E-mail:zhangweiyue0416@163.com。

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张伟悦(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变换器稳定性研究。E-mail:zhangweiyue0416@163.com。

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参数 数值
输入电压${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 18
参考电压${V}_{\text{ref }}/\mathrm{V}$ 48
电感$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 500
电容$C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 12
电感寄生电阻${r}_{\mathrm{L}}/\Omega$ 0.1
MOSFET 导通电阻${r}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$ 16
负载电阻$R/\Omega$ 100
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参数 数值
输入电压${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 18
参考电压${V}_{\text{ref }}/\mathrm{V}$ 48
电感$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 500
电容$C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 12
电感寄生电阻${r}_{\mathrm{L}}/\Omega$ 0.1
MOSFET 导通电阻${r}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$ 16
负载电阻$R/\Omega$ 100
), ArticleFig(id=1154033001655689811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695648969904610, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison of dynamic response under different switching laws, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扰动类型 调节时间/ms 电压波动/V
本文 文献 [14] 文献 [15] 本文 文献 [14] 文献 [15]
${V}_{\text{in }}$${18}\mathrm{\;V}$ 变至${12}\mathrm{\;V}$ 0.5 1.9 1.1 1.5 2.5 1.8
${V}_{\text{in }}$${12}\mathrm{\;V}$ 变至${18}\mathrm{\;V}$ 0.2 1.8 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.8
$R$${100\Omega }$ 变至${50\Omega }$ 0.6 1.4 0.8 3.5 5.0 4.3
$R$${50\Omega }$ 变至${100\Omega }$ 1.0 2.0 1.2 2.2 2.8 3.8
), ArticleFig(id=1154033001731187285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695648969904610, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同切换律动态响应对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扰动类型 调节时间/ms 电压波动/V
本文 文献 [14] 文献 [15] 本文 文献 [14] 文献 [15]
${V}_{\text{in }}$${18}\mathrm{\;V}$ 变至${12}\mathrm{\;V}$ 0.5 1.9 1.1 1.5 2.5 1.8
${V}_{\text{in }}$${12}\mathrm{\;V}$ 变至${18}\mathrm{\;V}$ 0.2 1.8 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.8
$R$${100\Omega }$ 变至${50\Omega }$ 0.6 1.4 0.8 3.5 5.0 4.3
$R$${50\Omega }$ 变至${100\Omega }$ 1.0 2.0 1.2 2.2 2.8 3.8
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基于共同二次 Lyapunov 函数的频率可控的 Boost 变换器切换律
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李思琪 , 张波 , 张伟悦
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(5): 100-108
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(5): 100-108
基于共同二次 Lyapunov 函数的频率可控的 Boost 变换器切换律
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李思琪 , 张波 , 张伟悦
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学 电力学院 广州 510640
  • 李思琪(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变换器稳定性研究。E-mail: lisiqi199710@163.com。

    张波(1962-),男,中国电源学会会士,通信作者,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: epbzhang@scut.edu.cn。

    张伟悦(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子变换器稳定性研究。E-mail:zhangweiyue0416@163.com。

Frequency-controllable Switching Law for Boost Converter Based on Common Quadratic Lyapunov Function
Siqi LI , Bo ZHANG , Weiyue ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electric Power Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.100
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针对最小型切换律开关频率过高难以应用于工程实际的问题,建立了 Boost 变换器 CCM 运行的切换系统模型,基于共同二次 Lyapunov 函数提出1种新的切換律。根据切換律的数学表达式,分析变换器的稳态性能及动态性能,描述该切换律对变换器开关频率的调节机制。仿真及实验表明,在该切換律的作用下,Boost 变换器开关频率可控,不会出现切换系统特有的芝诺行为,且与现有控制策略相比,变换器的动态性能好,在受到外部扰动时电压波动更小,调节时间更短。

切换律  /  共同二次 Lyapunov 函数  /  开关频率  /  Boost 变换器

Aimed at the problem that the switching frequency under the min-type switching law is too high to be applied in engineering practice, a switched system model of Boost converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is established, and a novel switching law based on common quadratic Lyapunov function is proposed. According to the mathematical expression of the switching law, the steady-state and dynamic performances of the converter are analyzed, and the regulation mechanism of the converter's switching frequency under the switching law is described. Simulation and experimental results show that under the proposed switching law, the Boost converter's switching frequency is controllable and the Zeno behavior which is specific to a switched system would not occur. Compared with those under the existing control strategies, the converter under the proposed strategy has a good dynamic performance, with fewer voltage fluctuations and a shorter settling time when suffering external disturbances.

Switching law  /  common quadratic Lyapunov function  /  switching frequency  /  Boost converter
李思琪, 张波, 张伟悦. 基于共同二次 Lyapunov 函数的频率可控的 Boost 变换器切换律. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.100
Siqi LI, Bo ZHANG, Weiyue ZHANG. Frequency-controllable Switching Law for Boost Converter Based on Common Quadratic Lyapunov Function[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.100
DC-DC 变换器是一类典型的切换系统, 从切换系统理论研究变换器及其切换律引起了国内外学者的关注[1-3]。目前, DC-DC 变换器的切换律主要是基于 Lyapunov 函数法进行构造。文献[4-8]基于共同二次 Lyapunov 函数 CQLF(common quadratic Lyapunov function)构造了多条切换律, 这类切换律统称为最小型切换律, 可以控制变换器在 Lyapunov 函数导数最小的子系统下运行。在最小型切换律的控制下, DC-DC 变换器具有全局稳定性, 但会在切换面邻域频繁切换, 导致开关频率过高, 即出现切换系统中特有的芝诺(Zeno)行为[9]。工程实际应用中, 变换器的开关频率受器件固有特性和效率等因素的制约。因此,需要在最小型切换律的基础上,探讨开关频率受限的切换律。
文献[10-11]在最小型切换律中加入时钟延时控制器或通过改变采样频率来限制开关频率, 但延时动作可能会导致系统分岔;文献[12-13]对切换面进行改进, 并通过空间正则化或时间正则化引入驻留时间(dwell time)限制开关频率,但随着驻留时间增加, 稳态误差越大; 文献[14]采用时间正则化方式限制开关频率,并加入$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制器对平衡点进行实时调节,以消除驻留时间及外部扰动对输出的影响, 但积分部分使得变换器的动态响应速度变慢;文献[15]利用采样延时限制开关频率,将积分变量加入切换系统模型中, 基于该模型构造切换律, 改善了变换器的动态性能, 但效果有限。
为此, 本文以 Boost 变换器为研究对象, 建立其连续导通模式 CCM(continuous conduction mode) 运行的切换系统模型,基于 CQLF 提出 1 种新的切换律。该切换律的切换面由 2 条曲线构成, 通过改变两曲线间的距离调节变换器的开关频率,避免了切换过程中的芝诺行为。在该切换律的作用下, 变换器的开关频率可控,且具有良好的动态性能。
图1所示, Boost 变换器由输入电压${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$ 、开关管$\mathrm{S}$ 、二极管$\mathrm{D}$ 、电感$L$ 、电容$C$ 及负载电阻$R$ 构成,${r}_{\mathrm{L}}$${r}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 分别为电感及开关管的寄生电阻,${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为电感电流,${v}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 为电容电压。
Boost 变换器工作模式为电感电流 CCM, 选择状态变量$\mathbf{x}= {\left\lbrack {i}_{\mathrm{L}},{v}_{\mathrm{C}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$,得到 Boost 变换器的切换系统模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\mathbf{x}}= {\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }\mathbf{x}+ {\mathbf{B}}_{\sigma }\\\sigma =\sigma \left( t\right)\in \{ 1,2\}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\sigma$ 为切换律,$\sigma = 1$ 表示变换器运行在开关管$\mathrm{S}$ 导通$\mathrm{D}$ 关断模态,$\sigma = 2$ 表示变换器运行在开关管$\mathrm{S}$ 关断$\mathrm{D}$ 导通模态;${\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }$${\mathbf{B}}_{\sigma }$ 为子系统矩阵。每个模态对应一个子系统,分别定义为子系统 1 和 2。根据切换理论设计切换律$\sigma$,就可控制变换器运行。 对应子系统的矩阵${\mathbf{A}}_{1}$${\mathbf{B}}_{1}$${\mathbf{A}}_{2}$${\mathbf{B}}_{2}$ 分别为
${\mathbf{A}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- \frac{{r}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {r}_{\mathrm{S}}}{L}& 0 \\ 0 &- \frac{1}{RC}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{B}}_{1}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{L}\\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \text{,}\\{\mathbf{A}}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- \frac{{r}_{\mathrm{L}}}{L}& -\frac{1}{L}\\\frac{1}{C}& -\frac{1}{RC}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack,{\mathbf{B}}_{2}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{{V}_{\text{in }}}{L}\\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack。$
根据文献[16], Boost 变换器 CQLF 求解问题可转换为线性矩阵不等式 LMI(linear matrix inequality)求解问题,具体过程如下。
第 1 步:存在 1 个矩阵$\mathbf{P}$,且满足
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{P}+ \mathbf{P}{\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }+ {\mathbf{P}}_{\text{set }}< 0 \\\mathbf{P}> \gamma \mathbf{I}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{P}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{p}_{11}& 0 \\ 0 &{p}_{22}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack > 0 \\{\mathbf{P}}_{\text{set }}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll} 0 & 0 \\ 0 &\kappa \end{array}\right\rbrack \geq 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中:$0 <\gamma < 1$;$\mathbf{P}$ 为矩阵,令$\mathbf{P}$ 为对角矩阵,可以减少相乘产生的交叉项,${p}_{11}$${p}_{22}$ 可联立式 (2)$\sim$ 式 (4) 解得;${\mathbf{P}}_{\text{set }}$ 为人为设定矩阵,调整参数$\kappa$ 可以改变式(2)的裕度。
第 2 步:最小化矩阵$\mathbf{P}$ 的特征值之和,有
$\min \operatorname{tr}\left(\mathbf{P}\right)$ (4)
则变换器 CQLF 的表达式为
$ V\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= {\left(\mathbf{x}- {\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{P}\left({\mathbf{x}- {\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)$
式中,${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}}= {\left\lbrack {i}_{\mathrm{{Le}}},{v}_{\mathrm{{Ce}}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$ 为变换器的期望工作点。
为简便表示,令$\mathbf{\xi }= \mathbf{x}- {\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}}$,对函数$V\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 进行求导,再将式(1)代入,得到
$\dot{V}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= {\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\left({{\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{P}+ \mathbf{P}{\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }}\right)\mathbf{\xi }+ 2{\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{P}\left({{\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }{\mathbf{x}}_{e}+ {\mathbf{B}}_{\sigma }}\right)$
分析式(6)发现,考虑式(2)时有
$\dot{V}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= {\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\left({{\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{P}+ \mathbf{P}{\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }}\right)\mathbf{\xi }+ 2{\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{P}\left({{\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }{\mathbf{x}}_{e}+ {\mathbf{B}}_{\sigma }}\right)< \\- {\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{P}}_{\text{set }}\mathbf{\xi }+ 2{\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{P}\left({{\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }{\mathbf{x}}_{e}+ {\mathbf{B}}_{\sigma }}\right)$
进一步, 令
${E}_{i}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= -{\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{P}}_{\text{set }}\mathbf{\xi }+ 2{\mathbf{\xi }}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{P}\left({{\mathbf{A}}_{i}{\mathbf{x}}_{e}+ {\mathbf{B}}_{i}}\right)\;i = 1,2 $
进而, 根据式 (8) 可以构造出最小型切换律的一般式,即
$\sigma =\arg \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i = 1,2}}{E}_{i}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$
显然可以看出,式(9)对应的最小型切换律是以${E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)- {E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= 0$ 为切换面,如图2所示。切换面左侧${E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)< {E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$,变换器工作在子系统$1,{i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 增大,趋向切换面; 切换面右侧${E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)> {E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$,变换器工作在子系统$2,{i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 减小,趋向切换面。由于以${E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)- {E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= 0$ 为切换面的控制条件过于苛刻, 会导致变换器在切换面邻域频繁切换, 产生芝诺行为。
为此, 本文提出 1 种新的切换律, 切换面由${E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= \delta$${E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= \delta$ 构成,其中$\delta$ 为一可控的系数, 如图3所示。在${E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= \delta$${E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= \delta$ 之间,保持原有的子系统运行, 从而减少了变换器子系统间的切换, 使开关频率受到限制。Boost 变换器频率可控的切换律为
$\sigma \left( t\right)= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\arg \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i = 1,2}}{E}_{i}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{0}\right)& t ={t}_{0}\\ 1 & t >{t}_{0},{E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)> \delta \\ 2 & t >{t}_{0},{E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)> \delta \end{array}\right.$
式中:$t ={t}_{0}$ 为初始时刻;${\mathbf{x}}_{0}$ 为初值。
图3所示,根据式$\left({10}\right),{E}_{i}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= \delta \left({i = 1,2}\right)$ 将平面${i}_{\mathrm{L}}- {v}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 划分成 3 个区域: ①区域$\mathrm{I}: {E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)< \delta,{E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)>$ $\delta$;②区域 II :${E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)< \delta,{E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)< \delta$;③区域 III :${E}_{1}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)> \delta$,${E}_{2}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)< {\delta }_{0}$$\mathbf{x}$ 在区域$\mathrm{I}$ 时,变换器工作在子系统 1 ; 当$\mathbf{x}$ 在区域 III 时,变换器工作在子系统 2。变换器的运动规律与最小型切换律相似,$\mathbf{x}$ 会从区域$\mathrm{I}$ 和区域 III 进入区域 II, 不同之处在于变换器在区域 I 内保持原子系统运行, 而不进行切换。
在切换律的作用下, Boost 变换器的状态变量轨迹如图4所示,${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{n}}= {\left\lbrack {i}_{L\left( n\right)},{v}_{C\left( n\right)}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$${\mathbf{x}}_{n + 1}= {\left\lbrack {i}_{L\left({n + 1}\right)},{v}_{\mathrm{C}\left({\mathrm{n}+ 1}\right)}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$ 在左切换面上,${\mathbf{x}}_{n +{dn}}= {\left\lbrack {i}_{L\left({n +{d}_{n}}\right)},{v}_{C\left({n +{d}_{n}}\right)}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$ 在右切换面上,故
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{2}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{n}\right)- \delta = 0 \\{E}_{1}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{n +{d}_{n}}\right)- \delta = 0 \\{E}_{2}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{n + 1}\right)- \delta = 0 \end{array}\right.$
变换器稳定时, 有
${\mathbf{x}}_{n}= {\mathbf{x}}_{n + 1}$
为保证输出电压平均值等于参考电压${V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}}$,实现输出电压零净差,需要给定${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}}$。令
$\frac{{v}_{C\left( n\right)} +{v}_{C\left({n +{d}_{n}}\right)}}{2}= {V}_{\text{ref }}= {V}_{C\mathrm{e}}$
$\delta$ 选定后,联立式(1)、式(11)~式(13),解出${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}}$
本文所提切换律的控制结构见图5,其中橙色线(虚线)表示外环,绿色线(灰线)表示内环。Boost 变换器可能变化的电路参数有${V}_{\text{in }}$$R$,其他电路参数如$L\text{、}C$ 等在设计完成后一般不会变化。电路参数变化时,切换律的参数${\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }\text{、}{\mathbf{B}}_{\sigma }$${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 需要相应调整。为此,控制器对${i}_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{C}}\text{、}{V}_{\text{in }}$ 及负载电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 采样,${v}_{\mathrm{C}}$${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的比值可以间接反映负载的变化。当控制器检测到${V}_{\text{in }}$$R$ 变化时,调整切换律的参数。切换律参数确定后,将${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$${v}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 代入式 (10) 计算,输出驱动信号${v}_{\text{gateo }}$${V}_{\text{in }}$$R$ 发生变化时,${v}_{\mathrm{{Ce}}}= {V}_{\text{ref }}$ 保持不变,${i}_{\mathrm{{Le}}}$ 变化。电感电流的变化速度远快于电容电压的变化速度,在所提切换律的作用下,电感电流快速变化达到新稳态值附近, 期间电容电压波动。输入及储能电感向电容充电, 电感电流快速达到并保持在稳态值, 可以使电容电压尽快回到稳态值。因此。在所提切换律的作用下, 变换器具有较好的动态特性。
由于区域 II 内$\dot{V}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)< {E\sigma }\left( x\right)= \delta, V\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 在 1 个开关周期内可能有增有减。若$V\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 在每个开关周期前后的变化量${\Delta V}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)\leq 0$,且当$t$ 趋于无穷时${\Delta V}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)= 0$, 则变换器依然是稳定的。下面将基于此分析变换器的稳态性能。
Boost 变换器的电路参数见表1
${\mathbf{x}}_{n}$ 出发经 1 个开关周期后$V\left( x\right)$ 的变化量${\Delta V}\left({x}_{n}\right)$
${\Delta V}\left({x}_{n}\right)= V\left({\mathbf{x}}_{n + 1}\right)- V\left({\mathbf{x}}_{n}\right)$ (14)
式中,${\mathbf{x}}_{n + 1}$ 可联立式 (1) 及式 (11) 解得。
根据式 (14),${\Delta V}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{n}}\right)$${v}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{n}\right)}\text{、}{V}_{\text{in }}$$R$ 的关系见图6,图6(a)$R ={100\Omega },{V}_{\text{in }}\in \left\lbrack {{10}\mathrm{\;V},{20}\mathrm{\;V}}\right\rbrack$,图6(b)${V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= {18}\mathrm{\;V}, R \in \left\lbrack {{40\Omega },{120\Omega }}\right\rbrack$。由于,${\Delta V}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{n}}\right)\leq 0$,随着$x$ 不断在左切换面和右切换面之间往复运动,$V\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ 将不断减小,变换器趋向平衡状态。平衡状态下有${\Delta V}\left({\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{n}}\right)= V\left({\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{n}+ 1}\right)- V\left({\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{n}}\right)= 0$。因此,不论初值${\mathbf{x}}_{0}$ 为多少, Boost 变换器总能在所提切换律的作用下趋向平衡状态,即具有全局稳定性。当输入电压${V}_{\text{in }}$ 或负载$R$ 变化时,改变切换律的参数${\mathbf{A}}_{\sigma }$${\mathbf{B}}_{\sigma }$${\mathbf{x}}_{\mathrm{e}\circ }$ 变换器在新切换面方程的作用下, 趋向对应的平衡状态。
根据式 (1)、式 (11)、式 (13),当$\delta$ 确定后,变换器的开关频率$f$ 也相应确定。$f$$\delta$ 变化的曲线如图7所示。
图7可见,$\delta$ 趋于 0 时,开关频率趋于无穷大,应避免这种情况发生; 随着$\delta$ 的增大,2 个切换面之间的距离增大,开关频率逐渐减小。因此,所提切换律可以通过改变$\delta$ 调节 Boost 变换器的开关频率, 从而避免芝诺行为。实际应用中, 可以根据设定的开关频率确定$\delta$ 的值。
为验证理论分析的正确性, 本文搭建仿真及实验平台,电路参数见表1图8为不同$\delta$ 取值下,变换器稳态时的波形。当$\delta ={8.52}\times {10}^{3}$ 时,变换器的开关频率$f ={50}\mathrm{{kHz}}$;当$\delta ={17}\times {10}^{3}$ 时,$f ={25}\mathrm{{kHz}}$。通过增大$\delta$,变换器的开关频率降低,与理论分析一致。令$\delta ={17}\times {10}^{3}$,开关频率设置为${25}\mathrm{{kHz}}$
在所提切换律的作用下, Boost 变换器在不同初值下启动后的仿真结果见图9。由图可知, 不论初值${\mathbf{x}}_{0}$ 为多少,变换器启动后$\mathbf{x}$ 会进入区域 II,并在 2 个切换面内运动,电容电压最终稳定在${48}\mathrm{\;V}$, 即变换器具有全局稳定性。
为进一步验证文中所提切换律作用下变换器的动态性能, 选取文献[14]和[15]中的切换律进行对比。不同切换律作用下变换器的动态性能对比见表2,其中调节时间的误差界取 2%,电压波动取稳态值与暂态值之差的最大值。由表2可知, 在本文所提切换律的作用下, Boost 变换器具有更好的动态性能, 在输入或负载扰动下, 电容电压的波动更小,调节时间更短。
图10~图13分别为 3 种切换律的作用下,${V}_{\text{in }}$${18}\mathrm{\;V}$ 变至${12}\mathrm{\;V}\text{、}{V}_{\text{in }}$${12}\mathrm{\;V}$ 变至${18}\mathrm{\;V}\text{、}R$${100\Omega }$${50\Omega }$$R$${50\Omega }$ 变至${100\Omega }$ 时的仿真波形。
实验平台采用数字信号处理器 TMS320F28377 作为主控芯片,完成采样、运算及输出控制信号,信号接入光耦 TLP250 的输入端, 输出端驱动 MOSFET。
图14为采用所提切换律 Boost 变换器在启动和稳态的实验波形,启动时存在一个电流过冲,稳态时电容电压稳定在${48}\mathrm{\;V}$,频率$f ={25}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,符合控制目标。图15图16分别为采用所提切换律,${V}_{\text{in }}$${18}\mathrm{\;V}$ 变至${12}\mathrm{\;V}$ 及从${12}\mathrm{\;V}$ 变至${18}\mathrm{\;V}, R$${100\Omega }$ 变至${50\Omega }$ 及从${50\Omega }$ 变至${100\Omega }$ 时的实验波形。实验结果表明, 采用所提切换律, 变换器在受到输入或负载扰动时,动态响应速度快,电压波动小,调节时间短, 验证了理论及仿真的正确性。
针对最小型切换律开关频率过高难以应用于工程实际的问题,本文建立了 Boost 变换器 CCM 运行的切换系统模型, 基于 CQLF 提出了 1 种新的切换律。该切换律为双切换面, 变换器在 2 个切换面间维持原子系统运行, 切换律通过改变 2 个切换面间的距离调节开关频率。最后,搭建仿真及实验平台进行验证, 结果证明在所提切换律的作用下, Boost 变换器的开关频率可控,不会出现芝诺行为;与现有控制策略相比,采用该切换律的 Boost 变换器动态性能更好, 在受到扰动时电压波动更小, 调节时间更短。此外, 所提切换律为通用形式, 因此不局限于 Boost 变换器,亦可应用于其他 DC-DC 变换器。
  • 国家自然科学基金智能电网联合基金资助项目(U2166601)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.100
  • 接收时间:2022-02-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-20
  • 修回日期:2022-03-27
  • 录用日期:2022-04-06
基金
Smart Grid Joint Fund Integration Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2166601)
国家自然科学基金智能电网联合基金资助项目(U2166601)
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    华南理工大学 电力学院 广州 510640
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