Article(id=1153695645358612967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.1, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719417600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-27, revisedDate=1721923200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-26, acceptedDate=1723046400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-08, onlineDate=1752992076481, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752992076481, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752992076481, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752992076481, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153695641046864317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752992075453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780969288, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004501661078353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1153695641046864317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153695646365245930, articleId=1153695645358612967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Independent Excitation-response Mechanism of PLL-based Grid-connected Unit and Role Characterization Method for Unit Based on Amplitude-frequency Motion Equation, columnId=1153695646281359849, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Invited Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For evaluating the capacity of wind powers, photovoltaics and other power electronic grid-connected units supporting power systems, the core foundation is to correctly understand the unit's functional role (i.e., the unit characteristics) that unit adjusts its own internal voltage amplitude/frequency according to the active/reactive power imbalance. However, the mainstream PLL-based grid-connection structure in power electronic units seriously hinders the understanding of the unit's functional role. In particular, based on a specific PLL-based grid-connection structure, the industry and academia at present form a "grid following" role perception that the internal voltage of unit follows the grid voltage or terminal voltage, and have not recognized the functional role that the unit should take during the system operation. Therefore, through an in-depth understanding of the independent excitation-response mechanism of current control which is hidden under the PLL-based grid-connection structure, i.e., the internal voltage response depends on current excitation alone, the functional role of PLL-based grid-connected units in which the active/reactive power imbalance independently adjusts the internal voltage amplitude/frequency is clarified. Afterwards, a role characterization method for unit is proposed based on the relationship between active/reactive power imbalance excitation and internal voltage amplitude/frequency response, i.e., the amplitude-frequency motion equation. Finally, the inevitability of characterizing the role of PLL-based grid-connected units through the relationship between power excitation and internal voltage response is elaborated on, and the existing limitations in the understanding of the role of PLL-based grid-connected units in industry and academia are pointed out.

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针对风电、光伏等电力电子并网设备对系统支撑能力评估问题,核心基础是正确认识设备根据有功/无功功率不平衡调节内电势幅值/频率的功能性角色(设备特性)。然而电力电子设备主流的锁相并网结构严重阻碍了对设备功能性角色的认知,特别是目前业界普遍基于锁相并网的具体连接结构,形成了设备内电势跟随电网电压或端电压变化的“跟网”角色认知,尚未认识到系统运行中设备所应具备的功能性角色。为此,首先通过深入认识隐藏在锁相并网结构下内电势响应取决于电流单独激励的电流控制独立激励−响应机制,澄清了锁相并网设备通过有功/无功功率不平衡独立调节内电势幅值/频率的功能性角色,进而提出基于有功/无功功率不平衡激励—内电势幅值/频率响应关系即幅频运动方程的设备特性表征方法,最后通过阐述锁相并网设备特性由功率激励-内电势响应关系表征的必然性,指出当前业界对锁相并网设备角色认知的局限。

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袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

王思成(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,博士(博士后)。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统动态稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:sicheng_wang@hust.edu.cn。

负阳阳(1999—-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器并网系统电流控制时间尺度稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yunyangyang@hust.edu.cn。

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袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

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袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

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王思成(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,博士(博士后)。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统动态稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:sicheng_wang@hust.edu.cn。

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王思成(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,博士(博士后)。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统动态稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:sicheng_wang@hust.edu.cn。

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负阳阳(1999—-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器并网系统电流控制时间尺度稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yunyangyang@hust.edu.cn。

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负阳阳(1999—-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器并网系统电流控制时间尺度稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yunyangyang@hust.edu.cn。

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figureFileBig=kmTBe8R5rO+GPPTFeEbK6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968713626407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Simulation parameters of synchronous generator, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
G1 G2
$d$ 轴同步电抗${x}_{d}$ (p.u.) 0.3610 1.7199
$d$ 轴暂态电抗${x}^{\prime }{}_{d}$ (p.u.) 0.1505 0.2308
$d$ 轴次暂态电抗$x{\mathrm{"}}_{d}$ (p.u.) 0.1000 0.2000
$q$ 轴同步电抗${x}_{q}$ (p.u.) 0.2398 1.6598
$q$ 轴暂态电抗${x}_{q}^{\prime }\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.2908 0.3780
$q$ 轴次暂态电抗$x{\mathrm{"}}_{q}$ (p.u.) 0.1403 0.3000
定子漏抗${x}_{1}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.0832 0.1500
$d$ 轴暂态开路时间常数${T}_{d0}^{\prime }/\mathrm{s}$ 8.9600 6.0000
$d$ 轴次暂态开路时间常数$T{\mathrm{"}}_{d0}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.0500 0.0300
$q$ 轴暂态开路时间常数${T}_{g0}^{\prime }/\mathrm{s}$ 0.4040 0.5350
$q$ 轴次暂态开路时间常数$T{\mathrm{"}}_{q0}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.0300 0.0700
转动惯量常数$H/\mathrm{s}$ 9.5500 3.3300
功率额定值${P}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ 247.5000 192.0000
电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 16.5000 18.0000
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参数 数值
G1 G2
$d$ 轴同步电抗${x}_{d}$ (p.u.) 0.3610 1.7199
$d$ 轴暂态电抗${x}^{\prime }{}_{d}$ (p.u.) 0.1505 0.2308
$d$ 轴次暂态电抗$x{\mathrm{"}}_{d}$ (p.u.) 0.1000 0.2000
$q$ 轴同步电抗${x}_{q}$ (p.u.) 0.2398 1.6598
$q$ 轴暂态电抗${x}_{q}^{\prime }\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.2908 0.3780
$q$ 轴次暂态电抗$x{\mathrm{"}}_{q}$ (p.u.) 0.1403 0.3000
定子漏抗${x}_{1}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ 0.0832 0.1500
$d$ 轴暂态开路时间常数${T}_{d0}^{\prime }/\mathrm{s}$ 8.9600 6.0000
$d$ 轴次暂态开路时间常数$T{\mathrm{"}}_{d0}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.0500 0.0300
$q$ 轴暂态开路时间常数${T}_{g0}^{\prime }/\mathrm{s}$ 0.4040 0.5350
$q$ 轴次暂态开路时间常数$T{\mathrm{"}}_{q0}/\mathrm{s}$ 0.0300 0.0700
转动惯量常数$H/\mathrm{s}$ 9.5500 3.3300
功率额定值${P}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ 247.5000 192.0000
电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 16.5000 18.0000
), ArticleFig(id=1154032968961090352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Simulation parameters of driect-drive wind turbines, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流电压控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pc}}}$ 2
直流电压控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ic}}}$ 200
端电压控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ot}}}$ 1
端电压控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{it}}}$ 100
电流控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$ 2
电流控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}$ 300
锁相控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ 120
锁相控制器积分参数${k}_{\text{ip }}$ 10000
功率额定值${S}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ 2
电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{V}$ 690
直流电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{{dcb}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 1200
), ArticleFig(id=1154032969053365042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=表2, caption=直驱风电机组仿真参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流电压控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pc}}}$ 2
直流电压控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ic}}}$ 200
端电压控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ot}}}$ 1
端电压控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{it}}}$ 100
电流控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$ 2
电流控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}$ 300
锁相控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ 120
锁相控制器积分参数${k}_{\text{ip }}$ 10000
功率额定值${S}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ 2
电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{V}$ 690
直流电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{{dcb}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 1200
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锁相并网设备的独立激励—响应机制及基于幅频运动方程的设备特性表征方法
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袁小明 , 王思成 , 负阳阳
电源学报 | 特邀专栏 2024,22(5): 1-14
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电源学报 | 特邀专栏 2024, 22(5): 1-14
锁相并网设备的独立激励—响应机制及基于幅频运动方程的设备特性表征方法
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袁小明 , 王思成 , 负阳阳
作者信息
  • 华中科技大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430074
  • 袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

    王思成(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,博士(博士后)。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统动态稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:sicheng_wang@hust.edu.cn。

    负阳阳(1999—-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器并网系统电流控制时间尺度稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yunyangyang@hust.edu.cn。

Independent Excitation-response Mechanism of PLL-based Grid-connected Unit and Role Characterization Method for Unit Based on Amplitude-frequency Motion Equation
Xiaoming YUAN , Sicheng WANG , Yangyang YUN
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.1
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针对风电、光伏等电力电子并网设备对系统支撑能力评估问题,核心基础是正确认识设备根据有功/无功功率不平衡调节内电势幅值/频率的功能性角色(设备特性)。然而电力电子设备主流的锁相并网结构严重阻碍了对设备功能性角色的认知,特别是目前业界普遍基于锁相并网的具体连接结构,形成了设备内电势跟随电网电压或端电压变化的“跟网”角色认知,尚未认识到系统运行中设备所应具备的功能性角色。为此,首先通过深入认识隐藏在锁相并网结构下内电势响应取决于电流单独激励的电流控制独立激励−响应机制,澄清了锁相并网设备通过有功/无功功率不平衡独立调节内电势幅值/频率的功能性角色,进而提出基于有功/无功功率不平衡激励—内电势幅值/频率响应关系即幅频运动方程的设备特性表征方法,最后通过阐述锁相并网设备特性由功率激励-内电势响应关系表征的必然性,指出当前业界对锁相并网设备角色认知的局限。

锁相并网设备  /  功能性角色  /  特性表征  /  独立激励−响应机制  /  幅频运动方程

For evaluating the capacity of wind powers, photovoltaics and other power electronic grid-connected units supporting power systems, the core foundation is to correctly understand the unit's functional role (i.e., the unit characteristics) that unit adjusts its own internal voltage amplitude/frequency according to the active/reactive power imbalance. However, the mainstream PLL-based grid-connection structure in power electronic units seriously hinders the understanding of the unit's functional role. In particular, based on a specific PLL-based grid-connection structure, the industry and academia at present form a "grid following" role perception that the internal voltage of unit follows the grid voltage or terminal voltage, and have not recognized the functional role that the unit should take during the system operation. Therefore, through an in-depth understanding of the independent excitation-response mechanism of current control which is hidden under the PLL-based grid-connection structure, i.e., the internal voltage response depends on current excitation alone, the functional role of PLL-based grid-connected units in which the active/reactive power imbalance independently adjusts the internal voltage amplitude/frequency is clarified. Afterwards, a role characterization method for unit is proposed based on the relationship between active/reactive power imbalance excitation and internal voltage amplitude/frequency response, i.e., the amplitude-frequency motion equation. Finally, the inevitability of characterizing the role of PLL-based grid-connected units through the relationship between power excitation and internal voltage response is elaborated on, and the existing limitations in the understanding of the role of PLL-based grid-connected units in industry and academia are pointed out.

PLL-based grid-connected unit  /  functional role  /  role characterization  /  independent excitation-response mechanism  /  amplitude-frequency motion equation
袁小明, 王思成, 负阳阳. 锁相并网设备的独立激励—响应机制及基于幅频运动方程的设备特性表征方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (5) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.1
Xiaoming YUAN, Sicheng WANG, Yangyang YUN. Independent Excitation-response Mechanism of PLL-based Grid-connected Unit and Role Characterization Method for Unit Based on Amplitude-frequency Motion Equation[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (5) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.1
随着电力系统中风电、光伏等电力电子设备占比不断提升并逐渐成为系统主导,电力电子设备必须承担与过去同步机相同的支撑电网的主体责任, 而正确认识电力电子设备在系统中的功能性角色 (设备特性)是评估电力电子设备对电网支撑能力的基本前提[1]。对交流电力系统而言,系统正常运行要求各并网设备建立内电势, 从而在电网中营造一定的电场环境,以实现电流和功率的传输;同时,为保证系统有功/无功功率动态平衡及各节点电压幅值/ 频率的稳定, 各并网设备还需要通过控制内电势幅值/频率调节自身吸收或发出的有功/无功功率,从而满足电网功率需求并支撑系统电压幅值和频率;因此为实现系统正常运行, 系统中各并网设备必须承担根据端口有功/无功功率平衡情况调节自身内电势幅值和频率的功能性角色[2]。例如,对同步机而言,一旦同步机电磁转矩和端电压幅值偏离其输入或指令值, 这就意味着同步机期望输出与实际输出的有功/无功功率不平衡,而不平衡的有功/无功功率会驱动转子和励磁系统调节内电势频率/幅值, 同步机这一运行原理直观体现了上述功能性角色${}^{\left( 3\right)}$。 然而, 对于由复杂的电力电子电路和多尺度控制算法构成的电力电子设备而言, 其功能性角色并不如同步机那样直观; 特别是现有电力电子设备主流机型普遍通过锁相环检测端电压频率和相位并网,更增加了并网设备仅在端口功率独立激励下即能响应内电势这一功能性角色认识的难度[4]。目前,锁相环已成为业界理解基于锁相环实现并网的电力电子设备(后文简称锁相并网设备)功能性角色的核心障碍。
针对锁相并网设备在系统运行中的角色认识, 业界基于设备的具体连接结构已形成一些主流观点。例如, 根据典型锁相并网设备的具体连接结构, 变换器端口的内电势不仅直接与电流控制器有关, 还直接由锁相环决定,看似内电势由端电压产生并且内电势频率需要跟随端电压频率的变化而变化。 因此, 业界主流观点认为锁相并网设备是跟网型控制设备,即设备自身无法主动建立端口电压幅值和频率, 需要外部电源构建电网以提供电压幅值和频率, 进而认为锁相并网设备不能独自带负荷或者相互组网运行[5-10]。为弥补上述电力电子设备跟网型控制的局限, 业界提出了对应的构网型控制策略, 使得电力电子设备从直观上看对外表现出能够主动建立端口电压幅值和频率的受控电压源特性[11-14]。 但在大扰动运行场景下,由于电力电子设备耐压、 耐流等能力有限, 为避免自身受损, 设备将从构网型控制切换回跟网型控制, 实际上难以实现对电网的有效支撑[13-16]。此外,少部分研究成果[17-18] 指出,即使在仅由锁相并网设备互联构成的孤岛系统中, 通过增加一定的附加控制措施, 锁相并网设备也能够组网运行。综上可知, 当前业界基于电路或控制的具体连接结构形成的对锁相并网设备角色的认识, 在实际应用中仍然受限或存在相互矛盾的问题,尚未认识到隐藏在锁相并网设备具体连接结构背后的功率独立激励一内电势响应这一功能性角色。总体而言, 目前业界在面对电力电子设备需要对电网支撑什么及如何实现等问题时,仍然存在诸多困难和疑问, 尚处于不断探索的阶段。
综上分析,本文旨在澄清锁相并网设备在系统运行中的功能性角色, 以便为进一步探讨电力电子设备对电网的支撑问题奠定认知基础。首先介绍锁相并网设备电流控制的独立激励响应原理,然后阐明锁相并网设备的有功/无功功率不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应功能性角色,进而提出锁相并网设备特性表征的幅频运动方程思想,最后通过阐述基于幅频运动方程表征设备特性的必然性, 指出当前对锁相并网设备角色认知的局限。
典型锁相并网设备的电路和控制结构如图1所示, 其中电流控制内环的一般结构如图中虚线框①部分所示,包含${dq}$ 电流控制器和锁相环。电流控制内环通过检测线路电流$\mathbf{I}$ 和并网端口端电压${\mathbf{U}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 作为输入,并输出内电势指令${\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{r}}$。其中,${\mathbf{U}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 经锁相环形成锁相频率${\omega }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 和锁相相位${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}},\mathbf{I}$${dq}$ 电流控制器形成锁相坐标系下的${dq}$ 内电势${\mathbf{E}}_{dq}^{\mathrm{p}}$ (分量形式为$\left.{{e}_{d}^{\mathrm{p}}/{e}_{q}^{\mathrm{p}}}\right);{\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$${\mathbf{E}}_{dq}^{\mathrm{p}}$ 共同决定电流控制内环输出的${\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{r}}$; 在不考虑开关过程的情况下,电流控制内环输出的${\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 即为锁相并网设备变换器端口的实际内电势$\mathbf{E}$。需注意的是,如无特别说明,本文中三相交变电气量均用旋转矢量表示。
在锁相并网设备的电路和控制结构约束下, 系统动态过程中$\mathbf{I}\text{、}\mathbf{E}\text{、}{\mathbf{U}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 三者间存在明确的因果闭环调节关系,如图2所示。具体而言,图2(a)为系统稳态时线路电流、内电势、端电压矢量三者间稳定的相对位置关系; 假设在电网发生某种扰动的场景下电流和端电压均将偏离其稳态值发生变化, 如图2(b)所示, 由于此时电流控制并未动作, 因此从逻辑上来看此时内电势矢量并未发生改变;随着电流控制感受到端电压和电流的变化,${dq}$ 电流控制器和锁相环开始动作, 相应地内电势矢量也会偏离其稳态值发生变化,如图2(c)所示。变化的内电势矢量将与其他设备的内电势一起作用于网络, 从而更新设备端口的端电压和线路电流; 同样, 被更新的端电压和线路电流又将作用于电流控制, 更新内电势;如此循环往复,线路电流、端电压和内电势不断在图2(b)和(c)间被循环迭代更新,直至系统恢复稳定或持续动态调节。
图2可以直观地看到, 在电流控制根据所关注的电流反馈和指令的平衡情况形成和调节内电势的过程中, 还需要从电网额外检测端电压信息作为输入, 这就容易使人误解电流控制输出的内电势并不是完全由线路电流决定。例如, 目前业界主流观点认为:内电势频率主要是由端电压或电网电压频率决定的。对此, 本文将对图2所示的闭环调节过程进行深入剖析, 并指出业界主流观点的误区。
图2所示的线路电流、内电势和端电压三者间的因果闭环调节过程中,对于流过锁相并网设备滤波器的线路电流和锁相并网设备并网端口的端电压而言, 两者均是该设备内电势和其余设备内电势作用到同一网络后得到的确定响应结果。当锁相并网设备检测线路电流和端电压等电气量信息作为电流控制输入时, 其检测信息并非相互独立。具体而言, 如图2所示, 在闭环动态过程任意阶段, 黑色虚线箭头所代表的内电势和端电压的电压差与线路电流总是受到设备内电势激励下的滤波电感电路关系约束, 即
$\mathbf{I}= \frac{1}{{L}_{\mathrm{f}}}\int \left({\mathbf{E}- {\mathbf{U}}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right)\mathrm{d}t $
由式 (1) 可知, 滤波电感在内电势激励下, 如果给定了设备检测的线路电流信息,那么由于式(1)的滤波电感积分关系约束, 设备检测的端电压信息也是唯一确定的。换言之, 在图1虚线框①所示的电流控制原始结构中, 尽管设备同时从电网中检测了线路电流和端电压信息, 但设备检测的线路电流和端电压信息实际上是相互冗余的, 设备检测的端电压信息完全可以由设备检测的线路电流信息与设备输出的内电势通过式(1)的滤波电感积分约束关系所确定。因此,图1虚线框①所示的电流控制同时从电网中检测线路电流和端电压信息的原始结构, 完全可以用图3中仅检测线路电流信息的等效结构表示, 其中阴影部分表示线路电流和内电势经滤波电感电路约束关系确定的端电压。为书写简便, 图中${dq}$ 电流和内电势等均用其矢量形式表示。此外,粗实线表示矢量或两维信号流通路径(后文同)。
结合图3的等效结构,图2系统动态过程中的线路电流、内电势和端电压三者间因果闭环调节过程可重新描述:从图2(a)稳态相位开始,一旦电网受扰,如果线路电流偏离其稳态值动态变化,那么由线路电流和受扰时因电流控制尚未动作而仍然保持不变的内电势共同通过滤波电感电路关系约束确定的端电压也会同时动态变化,如图2(b)所示; 然后, 线路电流与由电流和内电势共同决定的端电压一起作用于电流控制, 进一步使得内电势动态变化,如图2(c)所示;动态变化的内电势与其他设备内电势又一起作用于网络更新线路电流动态, 同时被更新的线路电流动态又与刚才动态变化的内电势一起通过滤波电感约束关系更新端电压动态, 新的线路电流和端电压动态再次通过电流控制更新内电势动态, 如此循环往复。由此可见, 设备一旦检测到线路电流信息,线路电流就与其和设备内电势通过滤波电感电路约束决定的端电压一起经电流控制决定设备内电势, 其中设备检测的端电压信息实际上是可以由线路电流和内电势通过滤波电感电路约束确定的中间变量,即电流控制输出的内电势可进一步看作是由输入的线路电流和输出的内电势经电流控制算法和滤波电感电路约束两者共同决定。这种存在输入和输出共同决定输出的内部闭环结构, 整体上可以看作是输入的线路电流单独决定输出内电势的开环结构, 类似于简单闭环系统的开环等效[19]。因此,从端口外特性角度来看, 电流控制输出的内电势完全可以在线路电流的单独激励下得到, 即图1虚线框①所示的具有从电网中同时检测线路电流和端电压原始控制结构的电流控制, 实际上是按照图3粗虚线框所示仅根据检测的线路电流即能实现内电势构建和调节的独立激励响应原理运行。综上可知, 由于电流控制按照一定的独立激励响应原理运行, 那么在其电流输入和内电势输出之间将存在仅由电流控制算法和滤波电感电路元件共同决定的独立激励响应特性, 接下来将对此进行具体阐述。
根据电流控制的原始结构可知, 电流控制最终产生的$\mathbf{E}$ 是由${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$${\mathbf{E}}_{dq}^{\mathrm{p}}$ 通过 Park 坐标变换数学运算得到, 其中 Park 坐标变换对应的几何关系如图4(a)所示。可见, 变换器输出端口的三相交流内电势瞬时值${e}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{e}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{e}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 实际上来源于内电势旋转矢量在各相上的投影, 且各相交流内电势瞬时值的动态完全由内电势旋转矢量的径向长度(即内电势幅值${A}_{\mathrm{e}}$ )和内电势旋转矢量的切向角速度(即内电势(角)频率$\left.{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$ 决定,相应的数学关系为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{E}= {A}_{\mathrm{e}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}}= {A}_{\mathrm{e}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{{e0}}}}\right)} \\{e}_{\mathrm{a}}= {A}_{\mathrm{e}}\cos \left({\int {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}0}}\right)\\{e}_{\mathrm{b}}= {A}_{\mathrm{e}}\cos \left({\int {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}0}- \frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\\{e}_{\mathrm{c}}= {A}_{\mathrm{c}}\cos \left({\int {\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{c}0}+ \frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为内电势相位,${\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}= \int {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}0};{\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}0}$ 为内电势相位初始值;${A}_{\mathrm{e}}$${\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}$ 均为随时间瞬时变化的变量。
图4(a)可以进一步看到,内电势幅值与${dq}$ 内电势之间存在 1 个直角三角形的几何关系约束, 而内电势频率由${dq}$ 内电势动态和锁相频率共同决定, 相应的数学表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{A}_{\mathrm{e}}= \sqrt{{\left({e}_{d}^{\mathrm{p}}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({e}_{q}^{\mathrm{p}}\right)}^{2}}\\{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}= {\omega }_{p}+ {\left\lbrack \arctan \left(\frac{{e}_{q}^{\mathrm{p}}}{{e}_{d}^{\mathrm{p}}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{\prime }\end{array}\right.$
式中,上标“”代表对时间求导运算。
由此可知, 电流控制最终形成内电势, 本质上是先由电流控制产生内电势幅值和频率, 内电势幅值和频率即决定了内电势旋转矢量,三相交流内电势瞬时值仅为内电势旋转矢量在各相上的投影。据此认识,图3的电流控制等效框图可以进一步表示为如图5所示的形式, 直观展示了内电势的形成过程。图5中,原本由${dq}$ 内电势和锁相相位得到内电势的 Park 坐标变换数学运算环节, 被右侧阴影部分 2 个级联的物理环节所替代,1 个是由${dq}$ 内电势和锁相频率一起形成内电势幅值和频率的环节 (即幅频形成环节),1 个是由内电势幅值和频率共同决定内电势旋转矢量及其在各相上投影形成内电势瞬时值的环节(即振荡器环节),其数学关系分别对应式 (3) 和式 (2)。
锁相环是电流控制的重要组成部分, 同时也是认识电流控制独立激励响应特性的核心, 锁相环的典型结构如图1虚线框②或图5灰色虚线框部分所示, 其中对锁相控制器的输入做了归一化处理, 以消除端电压幅值的影响。从控制结构的连接关系角度来看, 锁相环的作用是通过控制器调节锁相频率和锁相相位来实现对端电压频率${\omega }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 和端电压相位${\theta }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 的跟踪, 对应的几何关系如图4(b)所示。锁相环对端电压实现完美跟踪的标志是${\theta }_{\mathrm{t}}$${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 之差即锁相误差${\Delta \delta }= 0$,一旦存在锁相误差,锁相控制器就会动作, 调节锁相相位, 以使锁相误差恢复为 0。
图4(b)可以进一步看到,${\Delta \delta }$ 还可以表示为控制功角${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 和实际功角$\delta$ 之差,其中${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}$${\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}$${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 之差,$\delta$${\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}$${\theta }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 之差。由图4(b)中的几何关系可知, 控制功角与实际功角之差完全等效于端电压相位与锁相相位之差。从认识锁相环在电流控制独立激励响应特性中所扮演的功能性角色角度讲, 前者的表示形式能够帮助形成更加深刻的物理理解。具体而言, 控制功角能够反映设备预期向电网注入或吸收功率的大小, 而实际功角能够反映设备实际向电网注入或吸收功率的大小, 因此将锁相误差以控制功角和实际功角之差的形式表示时, 锁相误差所蕴含的作用于设备的功率不平衡内涵就能够被直接体现出来。那么锁相环在电流控制独立激励响应特性中所扮演的功能性角色也能够得到直观呈现,即根据设备端口功率不平衡的情况主动通过锁相控制来调节锁相频率和锁相相位, 以帮助恢复功率平衡。
综上所述, 从方便理解锁相环如何帮助设备调节系统功率平衡的功能角度, 可以将图5灰色虚线框部分所示的以端电压作为输入且包含锁相相位反馈的锁相环原始闭环结构转换为图6虚线框① 部分所示的以${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}$$\delta$ 作差得到的${\Delta \delta }$ 作为输入的锁相环等效开环结构。其中,${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 可以由${dq}$ 内电势确定,而${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}$${dq}$ 内电势之间受到图4 $\left(\mathrm{a}\right)$ 中内电势幅值和${dq}$ 内电势确定的直角三角形几何关系约束, 相应的数学表达式为${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}= \arctan \left({{e}_{q}^{\mathrm{p}}/{e}_{d}^{\mathrm{p}}}\right);{dq}$ 内电势由${dq}$ 电流误差$\Delta {\mathbf{I}}_{dq}^{\mathrm{p}}$ (分量形式为$\Delta {i}_{d}^{\mathrm{p}}/\Delta {i}_{q}^{\mathrm{p}}$ )经电流控制器形成的过程在图中虚线框②部分被重复绘制,以突显控制功角形成的路径;$\delta$ 可以由内电势相位与由内电势和电流经滤波电感约束确定的端电压的相位之差得到,如图6中虚线框③部分所示,其中内电势、电流和实际功角之间约束关系被简记为${f}_{I, E \rightarrow \delta }$, 据式(2)可知此处内电势可用内电势幅值和频率直接表示。另外, 由于在内电势和电流经滤波电感约束确定端电压部分引入了内电势反馈闭环, 不利于直观认识实际功角的形成路径, 因而为清晰展示实际功角形成的路径,内电势由${dq}$ 电流误差和实际功角经图6中实线框④所示复杂约束确定的关系在虚线框③部分被重复绘制,并将该约束关系简记为${f}_{\Delta {I}^{\circ }{\omega }_{l},\delta \rightarrow E \circ }$
对于电流控制而言, 其基本运行目标和工作方式是通过建立并调节输出端口内电势, 从而使并网端口实际输出的有功/无功电流实际值${\mathbf{I}}_{dq}$ (分量形式为${i}_{d}/{i}_{q}$ )与电压外环期望输出的有功/无功电流指令值${\mathbf{I}}_{{dq}\mathrm{r}}$ (分量形式为${i}_{d\mathrm{r}}/{i}_{q\mathrm{r}}$ )一致,即保证有功/无功电流实际值与其指令值平衡, 从而间接调节变换器并网设备输出的有功/无功功率,并维持设备输入和输出的有功/无功功率平衡。一旦有功/无功电流实际值与指令值存在不平衡,即出现有功/无功电流误差$\Delta {\mathbf{I}}_{dq}$,电流控制就会动作并改变其输出的内电势, 从而使有功/无功电流实际值与指令值恢复平衡。需要说明的是, 本文所指的有功/无功电流是变换器并网端口端电压处的有功/无功电流, 可以表示为电流矢量相对端电压矢量径向和切向的投影。
然而,图6所示的电流控制等效框图仍未直观体现上述运行目标和工作方式。因为在系统动态时, 电流控制框图中${dq}$ 电流反馈${\mathbf{I}}_{dq}^{\mathrm{p}}$ 及其指令${\mathbf{I}}_{{dq}\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{p}}$ 并非是实际的有功/无功电流${\mathbf{I}}_{dq}$ 和对应的指令值${\mathbf{I}}_{dq}$,它们之间存在由于${\Delta \delta }$ 引起的动态差异,所以需要对图6进行等效变换,如图7所示。具体而言,设备检测的线路电流信息用有功/无功电流实际值直接表示,${\mathbf{I}}_{dqr}^{\mathrm{p}}/\Delta {\mathbf{I}}_{dq}^{\mathrm{p}}$${\mathbf{I}}_{dqr}/\Delta {\mathbf{I}}_{dq}$ 间的转换关系分别如图中的${T}_{1}$${T}_{2}$,从而得到直接以有功/无功电流实际值和指令值不平衡即有功/无功电流误差作为电流控制激励的形式。相应地, 内电势和电流到实际功角三者间的约束关系${f}_{I, E -\delta }$ 转换为内电势和有功/无功电流到实际功角间的约束关系${f}_{{l}_{a}, E \rightarrow \delta };{dq}$ 电流误差和实际功角到内电势三者间的约束关系${f}_{\Delta {I}_{\alpha }^{c}, E \rightarrow \delta }$ 转换为有功/无功电流误差和实际功角到内电势三者间的约束关系${f}_{\Delta {I}_{a},\delta \rightarrow E}$,其具体形式如图7实线框④部分所示。此外, 为表示电流控制由有功/无功电流不平衡驱动,图7中将约束关系${f}_{{L}_{s}, E \rightarrow \delta }$ 的有功/无功电流实际值输入, 等效表示为有功/无功电流指令值与有功/无功电流误差之差。${T}_{1}\text{、}{T}_{2}$${f}_{{I}_{a}, E \rightarrow \delta }$ 的具体数学表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{1}: {i}_{d\mathrm{r}}+ \mathrm{j}{i}_{q\mathrm{r}}= \left({{i}_{d\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{p}}+ \mathrm{j}{i}_{q\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{p}}}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{\Delta \delta }}\\{T}_{2}: \Delta {i}_{d}^{\mathrm{p}}+ \mathrm{j}{i}_{q\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{p}}= \left({\Delta {i}_{d}+ \mathrm{j}\Delta {i}_{q}}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\Delta \delta }}\\{f}_{{i}_{\omega, f}\rightarrow \delta }: \left\{\begin{array}{l}\left({{i}_{d}+ \mathrm{j}{i}_{q}}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left({\mathrm{f}{\omega }_{0}+ \mathrm{j}{\omega }_{0}}\right)} =\\\frac{1}{{L}_{\mathrm{f}}}\left({{\int }_{a}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left({\mathrm{f}{\omega }_{0}+ \mathrm{j}{\omega }_{0}}\right)} -{A}_{\mathrm{t}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left({\mathrm{f}{\omega }_{0}}\right)+ \mathrm{j}{\omega }_{0}}}\right)\mathrm{d}t \\\end{array}\right.\\\delta =\left({{\omega }_{0}- {\omega }_{0}}\right)\mathrm{d}t +{L}_{2}- {\omega }_{0}\end{array}\right.$
式中,${\varphi }_{\mathrm{t}0}$ 为端电压相位初始值。
图7可见, 电流控制的运行机制完全可以描述为有功/无功电流不平衡单独驱动内电势旋转矢量的两维运动方向的状态即内电势幅值/频率运动。其中,有功/无功电流不平衡一方面通过${dq}$ 电流控制器所在路径决定了内电势幅值动态, 另一方面通过粗虚线框①部分由滤波电感电路元件和${dq}$ 电流控制器构成的复杂约束首先决定了锁相误差, 进而通过锁相控制器决定了锁相频率, 并与有功/ 无功电流不平衡通过${dq}$ 电流控制器所在路径决定的部分内电势频率动态一起最终决定了全部内电势频率动态。
因此, 在电流控制的有功/无功电流不平衡激励和内电势幅值/频率响应间,存在由电流控制算法和滤波电感电路元件的结构/参数一起决定的独立激励响应特性。即在关注电流控制的自身特性时, 不应仅关注控制算法, 还应将控制算法及外部相关的滤波电感电路元件共同作为决定电流控制特性的基本因素。
在明确电流控制的独立激励响应特性基础上, 整个具有多尺度控制结构的锁相并网设备在系统动态过程中所承担的功能性角色容易被直观认识。 以图1的直驱风力发电机组为例, 考虑网侧变换器电压外环和电流内环参与系统动态的情况, 结合电流控制的独立激励响应特性, 即可直观认识锁相并网设备在有功/无功功率不平衡激励下,通过电压外环和电流内环相互协同调节内电势幅值/频率以恢复功率平衡的过程。
在系统稳态时,一方面,如果不考虑开关损耗和线路电阻损耗等,设备并网端口输出的有功功率$P$ 与机侧变换器输入到直流母线的功率${P}_{\text{in }}$ 相等,由于无不平衡功率${\Delta P}$ 流入直流母线电容${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,直流母线电压${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 将与其指令值${u}_{\mathrm{{dcr}}}$ 保持一致。另一方面, 端电压实际值也与其指令值相等,设备并网端口输出的无功功率$Q$ 也与为支撑端电压幅值达到其指令值时设备在并网端口所需要输出的无功功率期望值${Q}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 相等。此时,由于设备的有功/无功功率实际输出值与其输入值或期望值保持平衡, 电压外环的直流电压控制和端电压控制均不动作。相应地, 有功/无功电流实际值也与电压外环输出的有功/无功电流指令值相等,那么由电流控制独立激励响应关系决定的内电势幅值和频率将保持不变。
在系统动态时, 设备并网端口输出的有功/无功功率将偏离其输入值或期望值而动态变化。如图8所示,一方面,设备并网端口输出有功功率$P$ 与输入功率${P}_{\text{in }}$ 间的不平衡功率${\Delta P}$ 将注入直流母线电容,在电容电路关系${f}_{{\Delta P}\rightarrow \Delta {u}_{+ }}$ 约束下直流母线电压将偏离其指令值变化, 进而引起直流电压控制器动作,调节其输出的有功电流指令。另一方面,设备并网端口输出无功功率实际值偏离保障端电压幅值达到其指令值的无功功率期望值后, 端电压幅值实际值${A}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 也将偏离其指令值${A}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}$ 变化,端电压幅值误差将驱动端电压控制器动作,进而调节其输出的无功电流指令。一旦有功/无功电流实际值与电压外环输出的有功/无功电流指令值不相等, 电流控制即将在不平衡的有功/无功电流驱动下通过其独立激励响应关系来改变内电势幅值和频率。最终, 设备输出内电势幅值/频率将和其他设备输出的内电势幅值/频率一起作用于网络, 以实现各设备并网端口有功/无功电流和功率的调节, 从而维持各设备输入和输出有功/无功电流和功率的平衡。其中,无功功率实际值/期望值与端电压实际值/指令值间的对应关系用符号${f}_{Q}/{f}_{Q}$ 表示,据此也可以直接建立端电压幅值与其指令值间误差$\Delta {A}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 和无功功率实际值与其期望值间的不平衡功率${\Delta Q}$ 间的对应关系,用符号${f}_{{\Delta Q}\rightarrow \Delta {A}_{1}}$ 表示; 电流控制的有功/无功电流实际值也可以由有功/无功功率不平衡和内电势确定,对应的约束关系用符号${f}_{{\Delta P},{\Delta Q}, E \rightarrow {I}_{4}}$ 表示。${f}_{{\Delta P}\rightarrow \Delta {u}_{dc}},{f}_{Q},{f}_{Q},{f}_{{\Delta Q}\rightarrow \Delta {A}_{1}}$${f}_{{\Delta P},{\Delta Q}, E \rightarrow {I}_{dc}}$ 的具体表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{f}_{G}< Q =- {A}_{1}{i}_{q}\\{f}_{Q}: {C}_{r}= -{A}_{1t}{i}_{q}\\{f}_{{AQ}- {\Delta t}}\leq Q = Q -{Q}_{r}= -\left({{A}_{t}- {A}_{1u}}\right)= -\Delta {A}_{t}{i}_{q}\\{f}_{{AP}- \Delta {u}_{k}}\leq Q ={U}_{kd}\cdot \frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{dk}}{\mathrm{d}t}\\{A}_{2k}= {u}_{2k}- {u}_{2{u}_{kd}}\\{f}_{{AP}- {\Delta t}}= {f}_{AP}\cdot {f}_{AP}\end{array}\right.$
此外, 为简洁表达,图7中粗虚线框①部分所示的有功/无功电流误差与锁相误差间的复杂约束关系在图8中用符号${f}_{\Delta {I}_{\Delta t}\rightarrow {\Delta \delta }}$ 进行简单表示。
为直观展示图8所示系统动态时锁相并网设备在有功/无功功率激励下调节内电势幅值/频率的物理过程, 在 MATLAB/Simulink 中搭建如图9所示的 3 机 9 节点系统仿真模型[20],其中母线 3 接 1 台等值的直驱风电机组,直驱风电机组机侧变流器设置为恒功率输出模式,其他仿真参数分别见表1表2。在系统稳定运行后完全切除母线 5 的功率负荷, 相关物理量的动态演化波形如图10所示。可见: 在系统动态时,有功/无功功率实际值$P/Q$ 将偏离其输入值或期望值${P}_{\mathrm{{in}}}/{Q}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 而动态变化; 然后,在有功/无功功率实际值与期望值间的不平衡功率${\Delta P}$ /${\Delta Q}$ 驱动下,直流母线电压/端电压幅值${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/{A}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 偏离其指令值${u}_{\mathrm{{dcr}}}/{A}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}$ 变化,直流母线电压/端电压幅值的实际值与指令值间的误差$\Delta {u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\Delta {A}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 将进一步驱动直流电压控制器和端电压控制器动作来调节有功/ 无功电流指令${i}_{dr}/{i}_{qr}$;接着,有功/无功电流实际值${i}_{d}/{i}_{q}$ 与其指令值间的有功/无功电流误差$\Delta {i}_{d}/\Delta {i}_{q}$ 将通过电流控制的独立激励响应关系调节内电势幅值/频率${A}_{\mathrm{e}}/{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}\circ }$ 以上仿真结果说明,锁相并网设备内电势幅值和频率的变化是有功/无功功率不平衡驱动的结果, 与图8所示的物理运行机制相符。
需要说明的是,由图10中可以看出,在${0.16}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后有功/无功电流误差几乎接近于 0,即有功/无功电流实际值和指令值接近平衡, 这容易使人误解此种情形下电流控制不应动作且不会引起内电势幅值和频率的变化。事实上,由图10可以看到${0.16}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后有功/无功电流实际值和指令值的动态均较慢 (约百毫秒时间尺度级别),至少比电流控制动作时间尺度(约十毫秒时间尺度级别)大 1 个数量级;相对而言, 在此慢尺度动态范围内电流控制能够快速动作并调节内电势幅值和频率,从而使有功/无功电流实际值能够跟踪其指令值, 有功/无功电流误差相应地也会接近于 0。因此, 从整个设备层面看, 即使${0.16}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后有功/无功电流误差几乎接近于 0,内电势幅值和频率仍会随端口功率不平衡而动态变化。以上过程涉及到电力电子设备多尺度控制间的序惯动作机制, 文献[21-22]已做详细阐述, 本文不再赘述。
综上可知, 在认识电流控制的独立激励响应特性基础上,具有多尺度控制结构的锁相并网设备能够被直观认识到是按照有功/无功功率不平衡调节内电势幅值/频率的基本机制运行,并且在系统动态过程中承担着根据并网端口的有功/无功功率与自身输入或期望输出的有功/无功功率不平衡情况调节内电势幅值/频率,以维持系统功率平衡的功能性角色。因此, 为直观表征锁相并网设备的基本运行机制和功能性角色,锁相并网设备特性应当以图8所示的有功/无功功率不平衡激励和内电势幅值/频率响应间的约束关系描述,即幅频运动方程。 这就与同步机转子运动方程所蕴含的不平衡功率或转矩驱动自身运动状态即转子转速运动的物理内涵类似, 幅频运动方程能够清晰反映锁相并网设备在不平衡有功和无功功率驱动下调节自身内电势幅值和频率状态运动的基本物理机制。
本文以图1所示直驱风力发电机组典型控制为例, 具体阐述了锁相并网设备的有功/无功不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应基本运行机制和设备在系统中的功能性角色,从而提出了以有功/无功不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应关系表征锁相并网设备动态特性的幅频运动方程方法。实际上,幅频运动方程方法同样适用于考虑不同控制策略情况下的设备特性表征,也适用于双馈风电机组、光伏发电单元和直流输电等不同类型电力电子并网设备的特性表征[23-27]。原因在于,交流电网的主要物理载体是输电线路, 传输物质为电荷, 这就要求系统中的有源并网设备必须主动建立内电势, 以确保在电网中形成电荷传输的电压平台。在此基础上,系统正常运行需要维持系统节点电压矢量幅值和频率的稳定及有功/无功功率平衡, 而由于系统节点电压主要由内电势决定, 因此系统中的有源并网设备必须主动形成内电势幅值和频率,并通过一定的储能元件及其控制器维持内电势幅值和频率的稳定;同时由于各设备内电势幅值/频率间的动态差异决定了电网功率的动态传输与分配情况, 因此各有源并网设备需要根据自身输入和输出有功/ 无功功率不平衡情况主动调节内电势幅值/频率, 从而改变电网中的功率传输和分配以保障系统功率平衡。由此可见, 在系统动态过程中各有源并网设备所体现的动态特性,应当用有功/无功功率不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应关系进行表征, 这是系统正常运行对并网设备的基本内在需求。
综上可知, 无论是电力电子接口设备还是同步机,均必须按照有功/无功功率不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应机制运行, 这是系统为保障自身正常运行对设备特性的基本要求。即使电力电子接口设备采用锁相控制实现并网, 但由第 1、2 节的阐述可知锁相并网设备也是按照此机制运行。也就是说, 对于电力电子接口设备而言, 尽管采用了锁相并网方式, 但这并不意味着设备内电势频率由电网电压或者端电压频率决定, 以及被动跟随电网电压或者端电压频率变化, 或者锁相并网设备正常运行需要外部电网或设备提供电压幅值和频率等等[5-14]。 相反, 如图8所示, 锁相并网设备其实和同步机相同,其内电势频率仅由设备内部控制和电路产生, 并且受设备根据自身输入和输出端口功率不平衡情况进行主动调节,进而和其他设备内电势一起构建并影响电网电压频率; 各设备内电势频率在设备根据自身功率不平衡情况不断地自主调节下将达到同步,进而使得各设备输入和输出端口功率恢复平衡。此外,所谓“跟网”的基本内涵,也不应当指锁相并网设备的内电势频率通过锁相环对电网电压或者端电压频率进行跟踪, 而是应当指由于锁相并网设备的功率不平衡和内电势间激励响应关系所描述的设备的能量存储能力较小, 设备内电势将对其并网端口的功率变化情况做出快速响应; 如果通过某种措施能够使锁相并网设备的激励响应关系所描述的设备的能量存储能力增强, 那么设备在感受到端口功率变化的情况下同样可以维持自身内电势幅值/频率慢变, 从而体现出较好的支撑系统电压幅值和频率的能力。总而言之, 锁相并网设备及其他设备对系统电压幅值和频率支撑性能的评估, 均应当以设备的有功/无功功率不平衡-内电势幅值/频率激励响应关系为基础展开,这是由设备运行的基本物理机制所决定的必然选择。因此, 当前对锁相并网设备的主流认识仍然存在局限,根本原因在于这些认识仍然停留在设备直接呈现出的具体连接结构层面, 并未从系统运行的第一性原理出发,深入认识系统正常运行要求设备所必须具备的有功/无功功率不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应内秉运行机制。
系统的正常运行要求并网设备承担在输入和输出有功/无功功率不平衡驱动下调节其所建立内电势幅值/频率的功能性角色,但电流控制的锁相并网结构阻碍了对常见电力电子设备功能性角色的认知。因此, 本文从锁相并网设备的典型电路和控制结构出发,首先阐述了设备自身电路约束下电流和端电压间的相互冗余关系, 以及设备电路和控制共同约束下内电势响应完全取决于电流单独激励的电流控制的独立激励响应工作原理; 然后进一步澄清了隐藏在锁相并网原始结构下电流控制的有功/无功电流不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应基本运行机制, 进而明确了锁相并网设备的有功/无功功率不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应基本运行机制;最后提出了基于有功/无功不平衡激励和内电势幅值/频率响应间关系即幅频运动方程的锁相并网设备功能性角色(设备特性)表征方法。本文所发现的锁相并网设备的独立激励响应运行机制, 不但澄清了业界主流对锁相并网设备的跟网型角色认知局限,而且明确了锁相并网设备的功率激励-内电势响应关系才是开展设备支撑能力问题研究的基础,相关地具体分析工作有待后续进一步展开。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B6008)
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2024年第22卷第5期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.5.1
  • 接收时间:2024-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27
  • 修回日期:2024-07-26
  • 录用日期:2024-08-08
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23B6008)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B6008)
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    华中科技大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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