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For evaluating the capacity of wind powers, photovoltaics and other power electronic grid-connected units supporting power systems, the core foundation is to correctly understand the unit's functional role (i.e., the unit characteristics) that unit adjusts its own internal voltage amplitude/frequency according to the active/reactive power imbalance. However, the mainstream PLL-based grid-connection structure in power electronic units seriously hinders the understanding of the unit's functional role. In particular, based on a specific PLL-based grid-connection structure, the industry and academia at present form a "grid following" role perception that the internal voltage of unit follows the grid voltage or terminal voltage, and have not recognized the functional role that the unit should take during the system operation. Therefore, through an in-depth understanding of the independent excitation-response mechanism of current control which is hidden under the PLL-based grid-connection structure, i.e., the internal voltage response depends on current excitation alone, the functional role of PLL-based grid-connected units in which the active/reactive power imbalance independently adjusts the internal voltage amplitude/frequency is clarified. Afterwards, a role characterization method for unit is proposed based on the relationship between active/reactive power imbalance excitation and internal voltage amplitude/frequency response, i.e., the amplitude-frequency motion equation. Finally, the inevitability of characterizing the role of PLL-based grid-connected units through the relationship between power excitation and internal voltage response is elaborated on, and the existing limitations in the understanding of the role of PLL-based grid-connected units in industry and academia are pointed out.
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针对风电、光伏等电力电子并网设备对系统支撑能力评估问题,核心基础是正确认识设备根据有功/无功功率不平衡调节内电势幅值/频率的功能性角色(设备特性)。然而电力电子设备主流的锁相并网结构严重阻碍了对设备功能性角色的认知,特别是目前业界普遍基于锁相并网的具体连接结构,形成了设备内电势跟随电网电压或端电压变化的“跟网”角色认知,尚未认识到系统运行中设备所应具备的功能性角色。为此,首先通过深入认识隐藏在锁相并网结构下内电势响应取决于电流单独激励的电流控制独立激励−响应机制,澄清了锁相并网设备通过有功/无功功率不平衡独立调节内电势幅值/频率的功能性角色,进而提出基于有功/无功功率不平衡激励—内电势幅值/频率响应关系即幅频运动方程的设备特性表征方法,最后通过阐述锁相并网设备特性由功率激励-内电势响应关系表征的必然性,指出当前业界对锁相并网设备角色认知的局限。
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 |
袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。 |
王思成(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,博士(博士后)。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统动态稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:sicheng_wang@hust.edu.cn。
负阳阳(1999—-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器并网系统电流控制时间尺度稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yunyangyang@hust.edu.cn。
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袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。
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袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。
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王思成(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,博士(博士后)。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统动态稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:sicheng_wang@hust.edu.cn。
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王思成(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,博士(博士后)。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统动态稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:sicheng_wang@hust.edu.cn。
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负阳阳(1999—-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器并网系统电流控制时间尺度稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yunyangyang@hust.edu.cn。
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负阳阳(1999—-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:变换器并网系统电流控制时间尺度稳定分析与控制。E-mail:yunyangyang@hust.edu.cn。
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IEEE Access,
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12: 74148-74160., articleTitle=Mechanism of conversion between AC and DC electrical variables in LCC main circuits during grid dynamics using time-varying amplitude/frequency rotating vectors, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154032969284051766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, awardId=U23B6008, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23B6008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154032969363743544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, awardId=U23B6008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B6008), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154032961449091721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032961453286026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, companyId=1154032961449091721, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154032961486840460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, companyId=1154032961449091721, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华中科技大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430074)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154032967300145918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Schematic of circuit and control structure of typical PLL-based grid-connected units (Take a PMSG WT as an example), figureFileSmall=PhYbFPyePmt0sUuYspftUA==, figureFileBig=27fShYXWKrcsS7utmHShdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967379837698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
典型锁相并网设备电路和控制结构示意(以永磁直驱风力发电机组为例), figureFileSmall=PhYbFPyePmt0sUuYspftUA==, figureFileBig=27fShYXWKrcsS7utmHShdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967438557956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Cause-and-effect closed-loop regulation process among line current, internal voltage and terminal voltage, figureFileSmall=62LfclUc/vYT3wd+12RcMg==, figureFileBig=zN93As4wcRf8tBdO5gr3qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967497278214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
线路电流、内电势和端电压间的因果闭环调节过程, figureFileSmall=62LfclUc/vYT3wd+12RcMg==, figureFileBig=zN93As4wcRf8tBdO5gr3qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967564387079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Principle for current control with internal voltage response solely depending on current excitation, figureFileSmall=r9E1j6HDtKRHDrMKULLa3A==, figureFileBig=pYcaOvdfjNjEmMphVOXsvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967614718728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
电流控制的电流独立激励一内电势响应原理, figureFileSmall=r9E1j6HDtKRHDrMKULLa3A==, figureFileBig=pYcaOvdfjNjEmMphVOXsvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967681827593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Geometric connotation of constraint relationships among part of variables, figureFileSmall=9LWGVnivjDO7W8MWsWhW9Q==, figureFileBig=CkJvHSxHAfLot/2EjvIDWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967732159242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
部分变量间约束关系的几何内涵, figureFileSmall=9LWGVnivjDO7W8MWsWhW9Q==, figureFileBig=CkJvHSxHAfLot/2EjvIDWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967786685195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Fundamental formation mechanism of internal voltage in a unit, figureFileSmall=fpntIh3/bFLHqXF2+lE7Jg==, figureFileBig=vJQ8E9iDh97OQCSXb4au9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967866376973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
设备内电势的基本形成机制, figureFileSmall=fpntIh3/bFLHqXF2+lE7Jg==, figureFileBig=vJQ8E9iDh97OQCSXb4au9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967933485838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Essence of input of phase-locked error to phase-locked loop, figureFileSmall=4kGPsNXLJ/4Zil8WJoYiSw==, figureFileBig=9deZ/JvH/veW6u+bzMRXPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032967979623184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
锁相环的锁相误差输入本质, figureFileSmall=4kGPsNXLJ/4Zil8WJoYiSw==, figureFileBig=9deZ/JvH/veW6u+bzMRXPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968084480787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Operation mechanism of active/reactive current imbalance excitation and internal voltage amplitude/frequency response in current control, figureFileSmall=D+BxIQvXQwtidbboQDTmSg==, figureFileBig=FiSWW9p7Wjj96DZ6schz0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968155783958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
电流控制的有功/无功电流不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应运行机制, figureFileSmall=D+BxIQvXQwtidbboQDTmSg==, figureFileBig=FiSWW9p7Wjj96DZ6schz0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968260641560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Operation mechanism of active/reactive power imbalance excitation and internal voltage amplitude/frequency response in PLL-based grid-connected unit, figureFileSmall=DOP3fpWcjZxwUw9GmQV0kg==, figureFileBig=gSc9BolcYq1s7qrtW7lfjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968336139035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
锁相并网设备的有功/无功功率不平衡激励-内电势幅值/频率响应运行机制, figureFileSmall=DOP3fpWcjZxwUw9GmQV0kg==, figureFileBig=gSc9BolcYq1s7qrtW7lfjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968415830815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
System with 3 generators and 9 nodes, figureFileSmall=8Xfe33nSq8PqFqJtybtz5g==, figureFileBig=MXrfmWju0VBRdf4CoMWgJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968495522594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
3机 9 节点系统, figureFileSmall=8Xfe33nSq8PqFqJtybtz5g==, figureFileBig=MXrfmWju0VBRdf4CoMWgJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968558437155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=
Dynamical evolution waveforms of related physical variables in PMSG WT, figureFileSmall=DK9f10TrHWAZACHWOrXsYg==, figureFileBig=kmTBe8R5rO+GPPTFeEbK6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968617157414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
直驱风力发电机组的相关物理量动态演化波形, figureFileSmall=DK9f10TrHWAZACHWOrXsYg==, figureFileBig=kmTBe8R5rO+GPPTFeEbK6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154032968713626407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Simulation parameters of synchronous generator, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 |
| G1 | G2 |
| $d$ 轴同步电抗${x}_{d}$ (p.u.) | 0.3610 | 1.7199 |
| $d$ 轴暂态电抗${x}^{\prime }{}_{d}$ (p.u.) | 0.1505 | 0.2308 |
| $d$ 轴次暂态电抗$x{\mathrm{"}}_{d}$ (p.u.) | 0.1000 | 0.2000 |
| $q$ 轴同步电抗${x}_{q}$ (p.u.) | 0.2398 | 1.6598 |
| $q$ 轴暂态电抗${x}_{q}^{\prime }\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 0.2908 | 0.3780 |
| $q$ 轴次暂态电抗$x{\mathrm{"}}_{q}$ (p.u.) | 0.1403 | 0.3000 |
| 定子漏抗${x}_{1}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 0.0832 | 0.1500 |
| $d$ 轴暂态开路时间常数${T}_{d0}^{\prime }/\mathrm{s}$ | 8.9600 | 6.0000 |
| $d$ 轴次暂态开路时间常数$T{\mathrm{"}}_{d0}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.0500 | 0.0300 |
| $q$ 轴暂态开路时间常数${T}_{g0}^{\prime }/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.4040 | 0.5350 |
| $q$ 轴次暂态开路时间常数$T{\mathrm{"}}_{q0}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.0300 | 0.0700 |
| 转动惯量常数$H/\mathrm{s}$ | 9.5500 | 3.3300 |
| 功率额定值${P}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ | 247.5000 | 192.0000 |
| 电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ | 16.5000 | 18.0000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032968831066923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
同步机仿真参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 |
| G1 | G2 |
| $d$ 轴同步电抗${x}_{d}$ (p.u.) | 0.3610 | 1.7199 |
| $d$ 轴暂态电抗${x}^{\prime }{}_{d}$ (p.u.) | 0.1505 | 0.2308 |
| $d$ 轴次暂态电抗$x{\mathrm{"}}_{d}$ (p.u.) | 0.1000 | 0.2000 |
| $q$ 轴同步电抗${x}_{q}$ (p.u.) | 0.2398 | 1.6598 |
| $q$ 轴暂态电抗${x}_{q}^{\prime }\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 0.2908 | 0.3780 |
| $q$ 轴次暂态电抗$x{\mathrm{"}}_{q}$ (p.u.) | 0.1403 | 0.3000 |
| 定子漏抗${x}_{1}\left(\text{p.u.}\right)$ | 0.0832 | 0.1500 |
| $d$ 轴暂态开路时间常数${T}_{d0}^{\prime }/\mathrm{s}$ | 8.9600 | 6.0000 |
| $d$ 轴次暂态开路时间常数$T{\mathrm{"}}_{d0}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.0500 | 0.0300 |
| $q$ 轴暂态开路时间常数${T}_{g0}^{\prime }/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.4040 | 0.5350 |
| $q$ 轴次暂态开路时间常数$T{\mathrm{"}}_{q0}/\mathrm{s}$ | 0.0300 | 0.0700 |
| 转动惯量常数$H/\mathrm{s}$ | 9.5500 | 3.3300 |
| 功率额定值${P}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ | 247.5000 | 192.0000 |
| 电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ | 16.5000 | 18.0000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032968961090352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
Simulation parameters of driect-drive wind turbines, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 |
| 直流电压控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pc}}}$ | 2 |
| 直流电压控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ic}}}$ | 200 |
| 端电压控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ot}}}$ | 1 |
| 端电压控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{it}}}$ | 100 |
| 电流控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$ | 2 |
| 电流控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}$ | 300 |
| 锁相控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ | 120 |
| 锁相控制器积分参数${k}_{\text{ip }}$ | 10000 |
| 功率额定值${S}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ | 2 |
| 电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{V}$ | 690 |
| 直流电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{{dcb}}}/\mathrm{V}$ | 1200 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154032969053365042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1153695645358612967, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
直驱风电机组仿真参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | 数值 |
| 直流电压控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pc}}}$ | 2 |
| 直流电压控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ic}}}$ | 200 |
| 端电压控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ot}}}$ | 1 |
| 端电压控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{it}}}$ | 100 |
| 电流控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$ | 2 |
| 电流控制器积分参数${k}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}$ | 300 |
| 锁相控制器比例参数${k}_{\mathrm{{pp}}}$ | 120 |
| 锁相控制器积分参数${k}_{\text{ip }}$ | 10000 |
| 功率额定值${S}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{MW}}$ | 2 |
| 电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{V}$ | 690 |
| 直流电压额定值${U}_{\mathrm{{dcb}}}/\mathrm{V}$ | 1200 |
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