Article(id=1154037275215258408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.66, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1631894400000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-18, revisedDate=1655827200000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-22, acceptedDate=1657123200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-07-07, onlineDate=1753073527386, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073527386, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073527386, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073527386, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037276091867948, articleId=1154037275215258408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Power Control of Dual-active-bridge Isolated DC/DC Converter Based on Variable Inductance, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problems of a traditional dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter such as large switching loss, large circulating current, narrow range of load variation and low operating efficiency, a novel power control method for DAB converter based on variable inductance and phase shift (PS) angle is proposed, in which the variable inductance and PS angle are taken as the main control parameters to improve the operating efficiency of the DAB converter in a wider range of load variations. In addition, the transfer function of the DAB converter is linearized to improve the practicality and convenience of the controller. Because the device saturation is controllable in the proposed method, the core size can be reduced to optimize the converter size. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method were verified by experiments. Results show that under the condition of maximum PS angle, the inductance variation significantly affected the power transmission of the DAB converter, and its overall operating efficiency was about 5% higher than that of the traditional DAB converter under both the light and heavy load conditions.

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针对传统双有源桥 DAB(dual-active-bridge)变换器存在开关损耗大、循环电流大、负载变化范围窄且运行效率偏低等问题,提出1种基于可变电感和移相 PS(phase shift)角相结合的新型双有源桥变换器功率控制方法。该方法将可变电感和移相角作为主要控制参数,以提升 DAB 在更宽的负载变化范围内的运行效率。此外,将DAB 变换器的传递函数线性化,以提高控制器的实用性和便利性。基于所提方法中器件饱和可控,通过减小磁芯尺寸来优化变换器尺寸。最后,通过实验验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性,结果表明在最大 PS 角条件下,电感变化显著影响 DAB 变换器的功率传输,在轻载和重载条件下,其整体运行效率均比传统DAB 变换器高约5%。

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王亮(1989-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统过电压与直流控制技术。E-mail: wljgwy@163.com。

王春斌(1984-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电力工程建设。E-mail: cbwang2006@163.com。

史宇欣(1990-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统仿真计算与直流控保技术。E-mail: shi_yuxin90@163.com。

郭卓麾(1993-),男,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:电力系统电压仿真计算。E-mail:gzhhandsome@163.com。

徐自远(1980-),男,硕士,讲师。研究方向:变换器控制技术。E-mail: qianxin121@126.com。

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王亮(1989-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统过电压与直流控制技术。E-mail: wljgwy@163.com。

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王亮(1989-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统过电压与直流控制技术。E-mail: wljgwy@163.com。

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王春斌(1984-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电力工程建设。E-mail: cbwang2006@163.com。

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王春斌(1984-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电力工程建设。E-mail: cbwang2006@163.com。

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史宇欣(1990-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统仿真计算与直流控保技术。E-mail: shi_yuxin90@163.com。

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史宇欣(1990-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统仿真计算与直流控保技术。E-mail: shi_yuxin90@163.com。

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郭卓麾(1993-),男,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:电力系统电压仿真计算。E-mail:gzhhandsome@163.com。

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郭卓麾(1993-),男,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:电力系统电压仿真计算。E-mail:gzhhandsome@163.com。

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徐自远(1980-),男,硕士,讲师。研究方向:变换器控制技术。E-mail: qianxin121@126.com。

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参数 数值
额定功率/kW 2
输入电压/V 200
输出电压/V 250
峰值电感电流/A 15
开关频率/kHz 50
死区时间/μs 1
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参数 数值
额定功率/kW 2
输入电压/V 200
输出电压/V 250
峰值电感电流/A 15
开关频率/kHz 50
死区时间/μs 1
), ArticleFig(id=1154048243215360180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037275215258408, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameters of VI, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
铁芯形状和尺寸 ETD49/25/16
材质 $\mathrm{{N87}}$
电感变化范围/μH 50~150
直流电源电压/V 0~30
限流电阻器/$\Omega$ 11
峰值直流控制电流/A 3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154048243311829174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037275215258408, language=CN, label=表2, caption=可变电感的相关参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
铁芯形状和尺寸 ETD49/25/16
材质 $\mathrm{{N87}}$
电感变化范围/μH 50~150
直流电源电压/V 0~30
限流电阻器/$\Omega$ 11
峰值直流控制电流/A 3.5
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基于可变电感的双有源桥隔离 DC/DC 变换器功率控制
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王亮 1 , 王春斌 2 , 史宇欣 1 , 郭卓麾 1 , 徐自远 3
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(4): 66-73
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(4): 66-73
基于可变电感的双有源桥隔离 DC/DC 变换器功率控制
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王亮1 , 王春斌2 , 史宇欣1 , 郭卓麾1 , 徐自远3
作者信息
  • 1 国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院 太原 030001
  • 2 国网山西省电力公司 太原 030021
  • 3 南京大学(苏州)高新技术研究院 苏州 215000
  • 王亮(1989-),男,通信作者,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统过电压与直流控制技术。E-mail: wljgwy@163.com。

    王春斌(1984-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电力工程建设。E-mail: cbwang2006@163.com。

    史宇欣(1990-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统仿真计算与直流控保技术。E-mail: shi_yuxin90@163.com。

    郭卓麾(1993-),男,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:电力系统电压仿真计算。E-mail:gzhhandsome@163.com。

    徐自远(1980-),男,硕士,讲师。研究方向:变换器控制技术。E-mail: qianxin121@126.com。

Power Control of Dual-active-bridge Isolated DC/DC Converter Based on Variable Inductance
Liang WANG1 , Chunbin WANG2 , Yuxin SHI1 , Zhuohui GUO1 , Ziyuan XU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company Taiyuan 030001 China
  • 2 State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company Taiyuan 030021 China
  • 3 Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-tech Research Institute Suzhou 215000 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.66
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针对传统双有源桥 DAB(dual-active-bridge)变换器存在开关损耗大、循环电流大、负载变化范围窄且运行效率偏低等问题,提出1种基于可变电感和移相 PS(phase shift)角相结合的新型双有源桥变换器功率控制方法。该方法将可变电感和移相角作为主要控制参数,以提升 DAB 在更宽的负载变化范围内的运行效率。此外,将DAB 变换器的传递函数线性化,以提高控制器的实用性和便利性。基于所提方法中器件饱和可控,通过减小磁芯尺寸来优化变换器尺寸。最后,通过实验验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性,结果表明在最大 PS 角条件下,电感变化显著影响 DAB 变换器的功率传输,在轻载和重载条件下,其整体运行效率均比传统DAB 变换器高约5%。

可变电感  /  双有源桥  /  DC/DC 变换器  /  高频变压器

Aimed at the problems of a traditional dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter such as large switching loss, large circulating current, narrow range of load variation and low operating efficiency, a novel power control method for DAB converter based on variable inductance and phase shift (PS) angle is proposed, in which the variable inductance and PS angle are taken as the main control parameters to improve the operating efficiency of the DAB converter in a wider range of load variations. In addition, the transfer function of the DAB converter is linearized to improve the practicality and convenience of the controller. Because the device saturation is controllable in the proposed method, the core size can be reduced to optimize the converter size. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method were verified by experiments. Results show that under the condition of maximum PS angle, the inductance variation significantly affected the power transmission of the DAB converter, and its overall operating efficiency was about 5% higher than that of the traditional DAB converter under both the light and heavy load conditions.

Variable inductance  /  dual-active-bridge(DAB)  /  DC/DC converter  /  high-frequency transformer
王亮, 王春斌, 史宇欣, 郭卓麾, 徐自远. 基于可变电感的双有源桥隔离 DC/DC 变换器功率控制. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 66 -73 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.66
Liang WANG, Chunbin WANG, Yuxin SHI, Zhuohui GUO, Ziyuan XU. Power Control of Dual-active-bridge Isolated DC/DC Converter Based on Variable Inductance[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 66 -73 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.66
随着可再生能源渗透率的不断提升, 当今电力系统在运行效率、可靠性和安全性方面面临巨大挑战。为了应对上述挑战, 智能电网受到普遍关注, 该类系统通过电力电子技术将不同的电力系统连接到一起。智能电网中, 由于固态变压器 SST (solid-state-transformer)具有较好的电压调节能力, 其从根本上改变了输配电系统。SST 通常采用双有源桥 DAB(dual-active-bridge)结构, 并通过调节变换器桥间的移相 PS(phase shift)角来实现双向功率流动。然而, 这种调制方案只能在与变压器匝数比匹配的电压水平下才能实现高效率运行[1-3]。施加在变压器上的电压和电流之间的 PS 值会产生循环电流, 且在轻负载条件下的零电压开关 ZVS (zero-voltage-switching)损耗将增大。
为了克服上述问题, 国内外学者提出了 2 类方法: ①改进型的调制方法。文献[4-5]提出了多种改进型的调制方法, 但这些调制方法复杂性高, 降低了控制函数的实用性。②利用开关频率的变化作为替代参数变化来控制变换器的输出功率${}^{\left\lbrack 6\text{-}7\right\rbrack }$。由于频率变化对变换器效率有显著影响, 且开关频率变化范围也受到磁性元件即串联电感和高频变压器设计的限制, 因此在变换器运行期间, 在线改变频率比较困难, 因为这意味着采样周期的变化, 以及获取传感器正确测量的中断周期变化。针对这一问题, 近年来, 国内外学者提出了可变电感的方法来提升 DAB 的运行效率和灵活性, 以及简化控制。可变电感 VI(variable inductor)是一种电磁装置, 通过改变绕在可饱和磁芯上绕组的电感阻抗来实现[8]。此类设备在谐振变换器中运用较多,然而应用中也存在一些问题,特别是大范围负载变化时存在电磁干扰 EMI(electro-magnetic interference)、滤波器设计和采样时间变化等问题。在 DAB 变换器中应用可变电感可有效避免上述问题[9]。针对$\mathrm{{DAB}}$ 或双半桥 DHB(dual half-bridge), 国内学者提出在控制方案中增加 VI 作为新型控制参数, 以提高系统运行性能的方法[10]。文献[11]采用 VI 作为 DHB 变换器的主要能量传递元件, 结果表明该拓扑的 ZVS 运行区域通过 PS 控制来实现自适应电感, 与传统变换器相比, 可在更宽的负载范围内实现高效率运行; 文献[12]采用在轻载条件下附加串联电感的解决方案,以减少循环电流, 从而提高变换器的效率; 文献[13]提出 1 种基于固定电感值组合的机械开关, 可极大降低成本, 但其仅允许步进控制, 且速度较慢,不能提供稳定的运行,而 VI 控制允许电感的连续变化[14]。然而,上述方法均仅靠$\mathrm{{VI}}$ 来实现,也存在一定问题[15-17],如利用$\mathrm{{VI}}$ 来提高变换器功率密度的方法受到了控制磁芯饱和所需电力电子器件附加体积和损耗的限制[18]
综上, 本文提出 1 种基于 VI 和移相角相结合的 DAB 变换器功率控制方法。首先, 利用磁阻等效电路, 建立 VI 的电磁模型, 充分考虑器件损耗; 然后,研究基于 VI 控制 DAB 变换器功率传递的新控制变量, 以及移相角和可变电感相结合的运行裕度; 最后, 分析新型 DAB 的运行模式, 并提出了相应的控制策略。
图1为所提 DAB 变换器的结构, 相较于传统双有源桥隔离$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器,所提$\mathrm{{DAB}}$ 变换器包含了 1 个可变电感。
考虑到开关和导通损耗, 本文采用 SiC MOSFETs 构建全桥电路, 通过一定调制方法, 可实现一、二次有源全桥的灵活性, 以减少系统损耗, 并在宽负载和电压运行范围实现效率最大化。基于 PS 方法, 全桥变换器工作在恒定的开关频率, 最大占空比为${50}\%$。变换器的输出功率${P}_{\mathrm{{DAB}}}$
${P}_{\mathrm{{DAB}}}= \frac{\left({{\theta \pi }- {\theta }^{2}}\right){V}_{\text{in }}{V}_{\text{out }}}{\pi {X}_{\mathrm{L}}{r}_{\mathrm{t}}}$
式中:${V}_{\text{in }}$${V}_{\text{out }}$ 分别为所提 DAB 变换器的输入和输出电压;${r}_{\mathrm{t}}= {N}_{\mathrm{p}}/{N}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为高频$\mathrm{{HF}}$ (high-frequency)变压器的匝数比;$\theta$ 为一次全桥和二次全桥的移相;${X}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为感抗,${X}_{\mathrm{L}}= {2\pi fL}$,其中$f$ 为开关频率,$L$ 为线圈电感。
为了在变换器中实现 ZVS, 电感电流必须对开关的寄生输出电容进行充、放电。将电感电流波形与两桥的开关波形进行类比分析, ZVS 条件可用电压转换比$M$ 和移相比$\theta /\pi$ 表示。理想情况下当$M = 1$ 时, ZVS 可以在整个运行范围内实现; 非理性情况时, 移相必须足够大, 以提供实现 ZVS 条件所需的能量。低负载条件下的运行受到 ZVS 范围的限制, 因此, 变换器应在最大相移下运行, 以允许更高的电流值, 并实现 ZVS。然而, PS 值越高, 电流与施加在高频变压器一侧的电压的相位角也越大, 无功循环电流较高。这些电流将导致导通损耗增加, 使无功损耗升高, 最终导致变换器效率下降。 因此,为了扩大 ZVS 范围和减少循环电流, 本文引入可变电感与移相角相结合的控制方法。
为了确定变压器的特性参数, 本文对变压器绕组进行开路试验和短路试验。开路试验时, 将阻抗分析仪连接到一次绕组的两端, 使二次绕组开路, 以估计变压器的磁化阻抗。此外, 将阻抗分析仪连接到一次绕组、二次绕组接线端子进行短路测试, 以估计一次和二次绕组的串联电感和电阻。图2为变压器阻抗模型的伯德图, 可知其磁化阻抗远高于泄漏路径, 因此在计算中可以忽略并联磁化支路。
本文采用磁阻等效电路建立了双 E 磁芯 VI 模型[17-18]图3为双$\mathrm{E}$ 磁芯$\mathrm{{VI}}$ 对应的等效磁阻电路, 所提可变电感磁芯建模主要考虑了 3 种元素: ①恒定磁阻,用来模拟非铁磁材料,如气隙${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$; ②可变磁阻,用来模拟铁磁材料的非线性特性,如左、 右臂和中心臂,分别用${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$${R}_{\mathrm{R}}$${R}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 表示;③磁通源, 用来模拟绕组的电和磁的相互作用。
图3中,${N}_{\mathrm{b}}{I}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 表示控制绕组,${N}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}{I}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 表示主绕组, 根据磁路中不同路径的磁阻可以计算出电感$L$
$ L =\frac{\left({{R}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{R}}}\right){N}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{2}}{{R}_{\mathrm{g}}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{g}}{R}_{\mathrm{R}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{C}}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{C}}{R}_{\mathrm{R}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}{R}_{\mathrm{R}}}$
所提可变电感模型主要考虑了铁芯损耗和绕组涡流损耗。其中,铁芯损耗分为磁滞损耗和涡流损耗。 为简单起见, 本文忽略了磁芯中的涡流损耗。为了计算磁滞损耗,本文采用了文献[19]提出的 JA 磁滞模型, 该模型的参数通过迭代法初步估算, 以拟合厂家提供的磁性材料$B - H$ 曲线。磁性元件的绕组损耗由铜线的电阻引起,这个电阻分量${R}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 通常是恒定的, 它是关于铜材料电阻率、温度和导线几何形状的函数, 随着开关频率的升高, 会显著地改变绕组的电阻, 因此有必要计算绕组的交流电阻${R}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$,即
${R}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}= \frac{1}{3}\left\lbrack {3{R}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{M}^{\prime }+ {R}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left({{m}^{2}- 1}\right){D}^{\prime }}\right\rbrack $
式中:${M}^{\prime }$${D}^{\prime }$ 分别为关于绕组材料特性和工作频率的系数;$m$ 为层数。
为了获得完整的器件模型, 本文还考虑了杂散电容${C}_{\mathrm{s}}\cong {1.366}{C}_{\mathrm{{tt}}}\circ {C}_{\mathrm{{tt}}}= {\varepsilon }_{0}{l}_{\mathrm{t}}\left\lbrack {\frac{{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{r}}{\beta }^{* }}{\operatorname{In}\left({{D}_{\mathrm{o}}/{D}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)} +\cot \frac{{\beta }^{* }}{2}- \cot \frac{\pi }{12}}\right\rbrack$ 为线圈的匝间电容,其中${l}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为匝长,${\beta }^{* }$ 为角坐标,${\varepsilon }_{0}$${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为空气的介电常数和绝缘介质的相对介电常数,${D}_{\mathrm{o}}$${D}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 分别为有、无绝缘涂层导线的直径。 只要确定了电磁电路的重要元件, 所建立的模型就可以用于研究 DC/DC 功率变换器系统。
本文通过控制流经控制绕组的直流偏置电流, 以改变磁芯的$B - H$ 曲线上的工作点,最终改变变换器中有效电感的值[20-21]。因此,选择特定工作范围的电感值是 DAB 变换器设计的关键过程。
本文将 PS 作为${P}_{\mathrm{{DAB}}}$ 函数的主要控制参数,故移相角$\theta$
$\theta =\frac{\pi }{2}\pm \frac{\pi }{2}\sqrt{\frac{\pi {V}_{\text{in }}{V}_{\text{out }}- 4{P}_{\mathrm{{DAB}}}{X}_{\mathrm{L}}{r}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\pi {V}_{\text{in }}{V}_{\text{out }}}}$
式(4)为非线性方程, 在实际控制过程中存在控制难度大和时间长等问题。可利用电感作为额外的控制参数来实现传递函数的线性化, 从而实现线性控制函数。因此,可用式(1)中${0}^{\circ }$${30}^{\circ }$ 处的功率定义线性功率-相位关系, 即
${\theta }_{\text{lin }}= \frac{6{X}_{\mathrm{L}}{I}_{\text{out }}{r}_{\mathrm{t}}}{5{V}_{\text{in }}}$
式中,${I}_{\text{out }}$ 为 DAB 的输出电流。由式 (1)可知,通过减小感抗${X}_{\mathrm{L}}$,可增加输出功率,以保持控制函数线性化。故电感被表示为输出功率和 PS 角的函数, 即
$ L =\frac{\left({{\theta \pi }- {\theta }^{2}}\right){V}_{\text{in }}{V}_{\text{out }}}{2{\pi }^{2}f{r}_{\mathrm{t}}{P}_{\mathrm{{DAB}}}}$
由以上分析可知: 在轻负载条件下改变电感, 使其有 1 个相对较高的值, 可在更大范围内保持 ZVS, 避免对死区时间的干扰; 而在高负载条件下, 降低电感值可以减少循环电流。
所提 DAB 变换器具有 2 种运行模式:①模式 1, 以电感值作为主要控制参数; ②模式 2, 以电感值和移相角作为主要控制参数。图4为 2 种运行模式的控制框图。可知, 模式 1 是通过调节电感在最大值和最小值之间的变化, 从而在整个工作范围内调节 DAB 的功率输出。因此, 调节电感值的偏置控制电流${I}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 也可以定义为 1 个随时间变化的固定曲线。这种简化在某些应用中有利于减少传感器的数量和不必要的数字控制计算。然而, 由于运行仅基于开环计算, 所需的功率和提供的功率之间可能会存在一些差异, 这种差异可以由二次控制参数提供,即变换器桥间的 PS 角。因此,为了达到特定的功率,所需的相位角可根据式(5)计算而得。 与模式 1 相比, 模式 2 需要更多的计算, 但其可在较宽的负载范围内保持 PS 与电流的线性关系, 从而提高 DAB 运行效率。
图5图6分别为模式 1 和模式 2 下 DAB 的输出功率函数波形。可知,当${I}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 线性增加时,可以看到电感从最大值减小至最小值, PS 角在 1 个小范围内变化, 这是因为其补偿了每个运行点上设计电感值和所需电感值之间的功率差。在模式 2 中, PS 角被认为是主要的控制参数, DAB 变换器中的功率传输是通过 PS 角来调整的, 电感则是用来增强功率特性。该模式假设负载在广泛且不可预测的范围内变化,在这种情况下,参考 PS 角${\theta }_{\text{lin }}$ 的计算是作为 1 个函数的要求输出电流${\theta }_{\text{out }}^{* }$,通过使用式 (5)中表示的线性电流-相位关系来实现, 以保持控制实现的简单性。因此, 非线性扰动可通过电感的变化来补偿。最小 PS 极限由死区时间和 ZVS 的最小相位角决定。最小PS 仅是与死区相对应的角度, 在开关频率为${50}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 下对应的角度为${18}^{\circ }$。最大 PS 角为${65}^{\circ }$。因此, PS 角的饱和量由电感变化$\Delta {L}_{\text{sat }}$ 补偿,该电感变化由式(6)计算。
本文通过实验来验证所提方法的有效性。所提 DAB 由 2 个 SiC MOSFET 组成的全桥变换器构成。 每个桥均是在 1 个单独的 PCB 上实现的。一次桥和二次桥的 PCB 叠放在一起, 可变电感安装在主桥的 PCB 上。表1表2分别为 DAB 和可变电感的相关参数。为了给 VI 的控制绕组供电, 将 1 个可变直流电压源与 1 个电阻串联, 最大直流偏置控制电流为${1.5}\mathrm{\;A}$。此外,将 1 个薄膜电容器与源端并联, 以确保电压稳定, 且直流电流将尽可能平滑。 控制模块由 TMS320F28335 组成。
本文进行了 2 组实验, 以确定电感变化对 2 种运行条件(Buck 和 Boost)下功率传输变化的影响。图7为 Buck 模式下 DAB 中测量的电感和传输功率,图8为电感主绕组上的瞬时电压和电流波形。 可知,通过调节偏置控制电流${I}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 来改变电感值,随着控制电流的增加, 磁芯将接近饱和。磁性材料的磁导率将减小, 导致磁阻增加, 最终从主绕组端子测量的电感值减小。电感值的减小, 又导致了电感减少下电感阻抗变换器的开关频率恒定。
针对高负载条件, 本文进行了第 2 组实验, 即在 Boost 模式下工作,最大功率为${1.8}\mathrm{{kW}}$,峰值电感电流从未饱和时的$5\mathrm{\;A}$ 增加到磁芯完全饱和时的 15 A,图9为 DAB 工作在 Boost 模式下的开环实验结果。
本节通过 3 个案例验证所提可变电感能提升 DAB 变换器的运行效率。案例 1 为移相角作为主要控制参数, 即通过改变一次和二次全桥之间的 PS 来控制 DAB 中功率传输的传统方案, 而电感值在${110\mu }\mathrm{H}$ 时保持不变。$\mathrm{{PS}}$ 角从${0}^{\circ }$ 变换至${90}^{\circ }$, 以将功率传输到负载;案例 2 为可变电感作为主要控制参数, 即通过改变电感值来控制 DAB 中的功率传输,而 PS 保持恒定$\left({60}^{\circ }\right.$$\left.{100}^{\circ }\right)$; 案例 3 为移相角和可变电感均作为主要控制参数, 即结合前面的 2 种案例来比较 DAB 变换器的效率, 以验证通过结合这 2 个参数来控制功率传输所实现的效率提高。图10~图12分别为案例 1~案例 3 下 DAB 的运行效率变化。
图10可得,对于${90\mu }\mathrm{H}$ 的电感, DAB 的运行效率为 85%~94%,而输入功率的峰值约为 165 W。 比较不同电感值下 DAB 的运行效率曲线发现, 较低的电感可获得更高的效率, 特别是随着功率水平的增加, 即在高负载条件下, 降低电感值能够以较小的 PS 角传输相同的功率, 这是因为施加到变压器的电压和电流之间的角度较小, 从而降低了无功功率损耗。
图11可得, 不同移相角下 DAB 的运行效率变化较小,效率变化区间约为 4%。此外,当 PS 角从${100}^{\circ }$ 减小至${60}^{\circ }$ 时,效率值提升约 5.6%,这是因为循环电流的减小, 使得无功损耗减小, 最终提升了 DAB 变换器的效率。
图12可知, 与案例 1 和案例 2 的运行效率比较, 案例 3 下 DAB 的运行效率最好。
本文提出了 1 种基于 VI 的 DAB 变换器功率控制方法。该方法首先利用磁阻等效电路, 建立了 VI 的电磁模型, 充分考虑了器件损耗; 其次, 研究了基于 VI 控制的 DAB 变换器功率传递的新控制变量, 以及移相角和可变电感相结合的运行裕度; 然后, 分析了新型 DAB 的运行模式, 并提出了相应控制策略; 最后, 实验结果表明, 在最大 PS 条件下, 电感变化对 DAB 变换器功率传输的影响显著, 在轻载和重载条件下, DAB 变换器的整体效率均比传统变换器高约 5%。
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.66
  • 接收时间:2021-09-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-18
  • 修回日期:2022-06-22
  • 录用日期:2022-07-07
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    1 国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院 太原 030001
    2 国网山西省电力公司 太原 030021
    3 南京大学(苏州)高新技术研究院 苏州 215000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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