Article(id=1154037270643462943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.53, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1641830400000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-11, revisedDate=1647964800000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-23, acceptedDate=1648656000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-31, onlineDate=1753073526296, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073526296, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073526296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073526296, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037271218082593, articleId=1154037270643462943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Overview of Topologies and Control Strategies for Dual-active-bridge Converters, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter is a key device in a bidirectional power transmission system. In this paper, its fundamental operation principle and topologies are reviewed at first. Then, four basic modulation strategies for the DAB converter are introduced, including single-phase-shifted, dual-phase-shifted, extended-phase-shifted and triple-phase-shifted strategies. Moreover, the modeling and optimization methods based on these four modulation strategies are compared and analyzed. Finally, some problems faced by practical applications and the corresponding solutions are discussed. Along with the development of DC power distribution, energy storage and distributed energy resources, DAB converters will have broad application prospects.

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针对功率双向传输系统中的核心——双有源桥 DAB(dual-active-bridge)变换器,首先对其基本原理与拓扑结构进行概述;然后,介绍了 DAB 变换器单移相、双重移相、拓展移相与三重移相这4种基本调制策略;进一步地,对基于这4种调制策略的控制优化建模、优化实现进行了对比分析;最后,对DAB 变换器在实际应用中所面临的问题与解决方案进行了探讨。随着直流配电、储能、分布式能源技术的进一步发展,DAB 变换器将迎来广阔的应用前景。

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黄匀飞(1977-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力基建工程建设。E-mail : huangyunfei23@126.com。

钟启濠(1993-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子与控制、变电继保、基建工程建设。E-mail: 835063137@qq.com。

欧阳有鹏(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail:ouyangyp@nrec.com。

张雷(1980-),男,本科。研究方向:变电基建工程建设。E-mail : zhanglei1031vip@163.com。

何晓坤(1983-),女,博士。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:hexiaokun@seu.edu.cn。

陈武(1981-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail:chenwu@seu.edu.cn。

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黄匀飞(1977-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力基建工程建设。E-mail : huangyunfei23@126.com。

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黄匀飞(1977-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力基建工程建设。E-mail : huangyunfei23@126.com。

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钟启濠(1993-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子与控制、变电继保、基建工程建设。E-mail: 835063137@qq.com。

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钟启濠(1993-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子与控制、变电继保、基建工程建设。E-mail: 835063137@qq.com。

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欧阳有鹏(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail:ouyangyp@nrec.com。

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欧阳有鹏(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail:ouyangyp@nrec.com。

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张雷(1980-),男,本科。研究方向:变电基建工程建设。E-mail : zhanglei1031vip@163.com。

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张雷(1980-),男,本科。研究方向:变电基建工程建设。E-mail : zhanglei1031vip@163.com。

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何晓坤(1983-),女,博士。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:hexiaokun@seu.edu.cn。

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何晓坤(1983-),女,博士。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:hexiaokun@seu.edu.cn。

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陈武(1981-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail:chenwu@seu.edu.cn。

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陈武(1981-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail:chenwu@seu.edu.cn。

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文献 调制策略 建模方法 优化目标 优化算法 控制实现
文献[27] DPS 时域分析法 最高传输效率 Lagrange 乘数法; MATLAB 算法求解 查表法
文献[28] DPS 时域分析法 最小电流应力 Lagrange 乘数法 公式法
文献[32] EPS 时域分析法 最小回流功率 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker 算法 公式法
文献[36] TPS 时域分析法 最小电流有效值 Global optimal condition 求解 公式法
文献[26] TPS 谐波分析法 最小电流应力 Lagrange 乘数法 公式法
文献[25,33] TPS 时域分析法 最小电流应力+ZVS 实现 Lagrange 乘数法 公式法
文献[34] TPS 谐波分析法 最小回流功率 Lagrange 乘数法 公式法
文献[35] TPS 谐波分析法 最小回流功率 粒子群算法 查表法
), ArticleFig(id=1154048245614498463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270643462943, language=CN, label=表1, caption=典型的 DAB 变换器建模方法、优化目标、优化算法与控制实现方法对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献 调制策略 建模方法 优化目标 优化算法 控制实现
文献[27] DPS 时域分析法 最高传输效率 Lagrange 乘数法; MATLAB 算法求解 查表法
文献[28] DPS 时域分析法 最小电流应力 Lagrange 乘数法 公式法
文献[32] EPS 时域分析法 最小回流功率 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker 算法 公式法
文献[36] TPS 时域分析法 最小电流有效值 Global optimal condition 求解 公式法
文献[26] TPS 谐波分析法 最小电流应力 Lagrange 乘数法 公式法
文献[25,33] TPS 时域分析法 最小电流应力+ZVS 实现 Lagrange 乘数法 公式法
文献[34] TPS 谐波分析法 最小回流功率 Lagrange 乘数法 公式法
文献[35] TPS 谐波分析法 最小回流功率 粒子群算法 查表法
), ArticleFig(id=1154048245677413027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270643462943, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Methods for eliminating DC bias, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 消除方式
被动平衡 隔直电容[29] 特殊磁芯[30] 偏磁预测[36]
主动消除 磁芯直接测量 [31 -34 ] 电流采样 [35 ] 渐变移相 [38 ]
), ArticleFig(id=1154048245765493414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037270643462943, language=CN, label=表2, caption=直流偏磁消除方法, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 消除方式
被动平衡 隔直电容[29] 特殊磁芯[30] 偏磁预测[36]
主动消除 磁芯直接测量 [31 -34 ] 电流采样 [35 ] 渐变移相 [38 ]
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双有源桥变换器拓扑结构与控制策略研究综述
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黄匀飞 1 , 钟启濠 1 , 欧阳有鹏 2 , 张雷 1 , 何晓坤 3 , 陈武 3
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(4): 53-65
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(4): 53-65
双有源桥变换器拓扑结构与控制策略研究综述
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黄匀飞1 , 钟启濠1 , 欧阳有鹏2 , 张雷1 , 何晓坤3 , 陈武3
作者信息
  • 1 广东电网有限责任公司 东莞供电局 东莞 523000
  • 2 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 南京 211102
  • 3 东南大学 先进电能变换技术与装备研究所 南京 210096
  • 黄匀飞(1977-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力基建工程建设。E-mail : huangyunfei23@126.com。

    钟启濠(1993-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子与控制、变电继保、基建工程建设。E-mail: 835063137@qq.com。

    欧阳有鹏(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:柔性直流输电技术。E-mail:ouyangyp@nrec.com。

    张雷(1980-),男,本科。研究方向:变电基建工程建设。E-mail : zhanglei1031vip@163.com。

    何晓坤(1983-),女,博士。研究方向:功率电子变换技术。E-mail:hexiaokun@seu.edu.cn。

    陈武(1981-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail:chenwu@seu.edu.cn。

Overview of Topologies and Control Strategies for Dual-active-bridge Converters
Yunfei HUANG1 , Qihao ZHONG1 , Youpeng OUYANG2 , Lei ZHANG1 , Xiaokun HE3 , Wu CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1 Dongguan Power Supply Bureau Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd Dongguan 523000 China
  • 2 Nanjing Nari Jibao Electric Co., Ltd Nanjing 211102 China
  • 3 Center for Advanced Power-conversion Technology and Equipment Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.53
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针对功率双向传输系统中的核心——双有源桥 DAB(dual-active-bridge)变换器,首先对其基本原理与拓扑结构进行概述;然后,介绍了 DAB 变换器单移相、双重移相、拓展移相与三重移相这4种基本调制策略;进一步地,对基于这4种调制策略的控制优化建模、优化实现进行了对比分析;最后,对DAB 变换器在实际应用中所面临的问题与解决方案进行了探讨。随着直流配电、储能、分布式能源技术的进一步发展,DAB 变换器将迎来广阔的应用前景。

双向DC-DC变换器  /  双有源桥变换器  /  优化控制  /  拓扑结构

The dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter is a key device in a bidirectional power transmission system. In this paper, its fundamental operation principle and topologies are reviewed at first. Then, four basic modulation strategies for the DAB converter are introduced, including single-phase-shifted, dual-phase-shifted, extended-phase-shifted and triple-phase-shifted strategies. Moreover, the modeling and optimization methods based on these four modulation strategies are compared and analyzed. Finally, some problems faced by practical applications and the corresponding solutions are discussed. Along with the development of DC power distribution, energy storage and distributed energy resources, DAB converters will have broad application prospects.

Bidirectional DC-DC converter  /  dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter  /  optimal control  /  topology
黄匀飞, 钟启濠, 欧阳有鹏, 张雷, 何晓坤, 陈武. 双有源桥变换器拓扑结构与控制策略研究综述. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 53 -65 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.53
Yunfei HUANG, Qihao ZHONG, Youpeng OUYANG, Lei ZHANG, Xiaokun HE, Wu CHEN. Overview of Topologies and Control Strategies for Dual-active-bridge Converters[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 53 -65 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.53
近年来, 随着直流配电、储能、分布式能源等技术的应用与发展, 其中的关键装置—双向隔离型直流变换器也受到了广泛的关注与深入研究[1]。双有源桥 DAB(dual-active-bridge)变换器由于结构简单、易于实现零电压开关 ZVS(zero voltage switch) 的特点备受瞩目。
自 20 世纪 90 年代德国 de Doncker RWAA 教授等[2] 首次提出 DAB 变换器的基本拓扑结构与单移相 SPS(single-phase-shifted)调制策略, 其已经经历了 30 年的发展。根据 Web of Science 数据库以 “DAB converter” 为论文标题关键词检索得到的每年发表论文数量, DAB 变换器在初期并未受到太多关注, 直到 2005 年左右随着电动汽车、储能、 直流配电技术的发展才逐渐成为研究热点, 而现在 DAB 变换器的相关研究依然方兴未艾。
目前, 对 DAB 变换器的研究主要集中于拓扑结构与控制策略 2 个层面。从拓扑结构的角度, 众多文献根据不同应用场合的需求, 相应地提出了如三相 DAB 变换器、多端口 DAB 变换器等 DAB 变型结构;在 DAB 控制策略方面,为了改善传统 SPS 调制策略下 DAB 变换器运行性能, 学者们分别提出了双重移相 DPS(dual-phase-shifted)、拓展移相 EPS(extended-phase-shifted)和三重移相 TPS(triple-phase-shifted)等新型调制策略, 并在此基础上, 以最小回流功率、最小开关应力、最高运行效率等为目标, 进一步优化了 DAB 变换器的控制策略, 改善了其在宽输入电压、宽运行功率下的软开关条件, 提升了传输效率。
本文从 DAB 变换器调制方式、优化控制与实际应用问题这 3 个方面对现有研究成果进行了梳理与总结,并结合实际应用需求对 DAB 变换器的未来发展趋势进行了分析。
DAB 变换器典型的电路结构如图1(a)所示, 其由 2 个有源桥式电路${H}_{1}$${H}_{2}$、传输电感${L}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 与高频隔离变压器${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{{ra}}}$ 组成。原、副边端口电压分别为${V}_{1}\text{、}{V}_{2}$,原、副边桥式电路输出交流电压分别为${v}_{\mathrm{p}}$${v}_{\mathrm{s}}$。DAB 变换器等效工作原理如图1(b)所示,可得传输电感电流${i}_{L}$ 与传输功率$P$ 的表达式分别为
$ L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{L}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {v}_{\mathrm{p}}- N{v}_{\mathrm{s}}$
$ P =\frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{v}_{\mathrm{p}}{i}_{L}\mathrm{\;d}t $
由式 (1) 与式 (2) 可知,通过调节${v}_{\mathrm{p}}$${v}_{\mathrm{s}}$,可实现对${i}_{L}$ 的控制,进而对传输功率进行控制。
随着 DAB 变换器应用场景的不断拓展, 简单的单相全桥 DAB 变换器已经不能满足某些场景的需求。部分研究在图1(a)所示 DAB 变换器基本结构的基础上,通过改进电路${H}_{1}$${H}_{2}$ 的结构、改进变压器结构或引入谐振腔电路, 形成了众多 DAB 变换器的变型拓扑以满足不同场景的使用需求, 如半桥 DAB 变换器[3] 、三电平 DAB 变换器[4] 、三相 DAB 变换器[5] 、多端口 DAB 变换器结构[6]。相较于图1所示的全桥 DAB 变换器, 半桥 DAB 变换器可以有效节省开关器件数量, 降低成本; 三电平 DAB 变换器的提出则有效降低了开关器件的电压应力, 使得 DAB 变换器可应用于中、高压场合; 而为了满足更大功率、大电流场合需求, 文献[5-7] 提出了三相 DAB 变换器, 即在相同传输功率下, 其具有更低的电流应力, 更小的直流滤波电容, 但三相 DAB 变换器开关管的电压应力与端口电压相同, 不适用于中压直流配电系统等电压较高的场合。为了同时满足大功率和中、高压场合的需要, 文献[8]提出了 1 种三相三倍压 DAB 变换器, 该变换器在中压侧采用串联式三相桥式电路, 大大降低了中压侧开关器件的电压应力, 而在低压侧采用三相并联式桥式电路, 降低了低压侧开关器件的电流应力, 其详细工作原理及与其他几种 DAB 变换器的性能比较详见文献[8-9]。针对电动汽车等需要多端口连接的场合, 文献[6,10-11]提出了多端口有源桥式变换器, 并对其不同端口间的电压、功率解耦控制进行了研究, 实现了多端口的独立控制、能量传输和电气隔离。由于全桥 DAB 变换器仍是目前应用最为广泛、研究最为深入的 DAB 变换器, 后续将对其调制方式、优化控制的研究成果展开综述。
全桥 DAB 变换器主要采用移相调制策略, 包含单移相、双重移相、拓展移相与三重移相这 4 种类型, 本文将针对这 4 种移相调制策略及其相关研究成果展开综述。
单移相调制是 DAB 变换器中最为经典的控制方式[2],其主要运行波形如图2所示。其中,原、 副边开关管均采用 50%占空比方波控制, 同一桥臂开关信号互补, 对角开关管驱动信号一致, 且原、 副边对应开关管驱动存在 1 个可控移相时间$D{T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$。 此处${T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 表示 DAB 变换器开关周期${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$$1/2, D$ 为原、副边驱动移相占空比。
SPS 调制下 DAB 传输功率可表示为
${P}_{\mathrm{S}}= \frac{N{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}D\left({1 - D}\right)$
式中:${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$$\mathrm{{DAB}}$ 变换器开关频率;$N$ 为变压器原、 副边匝比。由式 (3) 可知,通过改变${v}_{\mathrm{p}}$${v}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 之间的移相角可以实现对传输功率大小和方向的控制。
此外, 由式(3)不难发现: 通过调节开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 还可以实现对传输功率${P}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 的控制[12],即 DAB 变换器可采用变频调制[3]; 但若要实现零功率传输,${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 需为无穷大,而实际上这一条件并不能达到,因此变频控制需要与移相控制联合, 方可实现 DAB 变换器的全功率范围运行。另外, 变频控制增加了 DAB 变换器中、高频变压器与传输电感的设计难度。尽管 SPS 调制策略控制简单, 但也存在以下问题:
(1)如图2所示, 高频变压器原、副边存在较大的回流功率, 增加了电流应力, 导致变换器损耗升高;
(2)在轻载或输入输出电压不匹配时, SPS 调制下的 DAB 变换器容易丢失 ZVS 开通。究其原因, SPS 调制策略仅有 1 个控制自由度, 难以根据不同运行情况对回流功率进行优化调节。因此, 引入额外的控制自由度, 双重移相、拓展移相与三重移相等策略相继被提出, 以提升 DAB 变换器在不同场景的运行性能。
为解决 SPS 控制中的问题, 文献[13]提出了如图3所示的 DPS 调制方式, 在 SPS 调制中外移相角控制的基础上,对全桥${H}_{1}$${H}_{2}$ 内部的桥臂间添加了内移相角, 通过调节内、外移相角实现对回流功率的实时控制。此处,内移相时间表示为${D}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$, 外移相时间表示为${D}_{2}{T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$
在功率由原边侧流向副边侧的情况下, DPS 调制有 2 种工作状态,即$0 \leq {D}_{1}\leq {D}_{2}\leq 1$$0 \leq {D}_{2}<$ ${D}_{1}\leq 1$,其分别对应图3(a)和(b),其传输功率${P}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 表示为
${P}_{\mathrm{D}}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{N{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}L}\left\lbrack {{D}_{2}\left({1 -{D}_{2}}\right)- \frac{1}{2}{D}_{1}^{2}}\right\rbrack 0 \leq {D}_{1}\leq {D}_{2}\leq 1 \\\frac{N{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}L}{D}_{2}\left({1 -{D}_{1}- \frac{1}{2}{D}_{2}}\right) 0 \leq {D}_{2}< {D}_{1}\leq 1 \end{array}\right.$
在功率由副边侧流向原边侧的情况下, DPS 调制与上述同理, 此处不再赘述。此外, 除图3中所示移相控制外, 文献[14]采用图4所示的非对称占空比调制的方式得到相同的${v}_{\mathrm{p}}$${v}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 波形,也可实现相同的控制目的。
EPS 调制同样可以作为 SPS 调制的 1 种改进方法[15-16]。如图5所示, EPS 调制在 SPS 外移相调制的基础上, 在一侧全桥中引入额外的内移相角控制。根据原、副边侧直流电压大小不同,包含 2 种工作模式: Buck 模式$\left({{V}_{1}> N{V}_{2}}\right)$ 和 Boost 模式$\left({{V}_{1}< }\right.$ $\left.{N{V}_{2}}\right)$。此处,内移相时间表示为${D}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$,外移相时间表示为${D}_{2}{T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$
当功率正向(或反向)传输时, Buck 和 Boost 模式各具有 2 种工作模态。其中, 功率正向传输时 Buck 模式下的工作波形如图5所示, 其传输功率表达式为
${P}_{\mathrm{E}}= \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{N{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{4{f}_{\mathrm{s}}L}\left({-{D}_{1}^{2}+ 2{D}_{1}{D}_{2}- {D}_{1}- 2{D}_{2}{}^{2}+ 2{D}_{2}}\right)\\ 0 \leq {D}_{1}\leq {D}_{2}\leq 1 \\\frac{N{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{4{f}_{\mathrm{s}}L}\left({{D}_{1}^{2}- 2{D}_{1}{D}_{2}- {D}_{1}+ 2{D}_{2}}\right)\\ 0 \leq {D}_{1}\leq {D}_{2}\leq 1 \end{matrix}\right.$
其他工作模态与上述类似,此处不再赘述。
在 DPS 调制的基础上, 进一步分别控制原、 副边全桥的内移相角, 可得到三重移相调制策略[17]。如图6所示, TPS 调制包含 3 个控制变量: 原、副边全桥内移相角及外移相角。因此, TPS 控制下 DAB 运行模态较多,分析较为复杂。文献[18] 中重新定义了 3 个控制变量, 提出了统一移相调制 UPS(unified-phase-shifted), 从而简化了 TPS 控制下的模态分析与传输功率公式。
图6所示,原边全桥内移相时间为${D}_{1}{T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$, 副边全桥内移相时间为$\left({{D}_{3}- {D}_{2}}\right){T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$,原、副边外移相时间为${D}_{2}{T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$。在此定义下, DAB 变换器传输功率可表示为
${P}_{\mathrm{T}}= \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{N{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{4{f}_{\mathrm{s}}L}\left({-{D}_{1}+ {D}_{2}+ {D}_{3}- {D}_{1}^{2}- {D}_{2}^{2}- {D}_{3}^{2}+ }\right.\\\left.{{D}_{1}{D}_{2}+ {D}_{1}{D}_{3}}\right){D}_{1}\leq {D}_{2}\leq {D}_{3}\leq 1 \\\frac{N{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{4{f}_{\mathrm{s}}L}\left({-{D}_{1}+ {D}_{2}+ {D}_{3}+ {D}_{1}{D}_{3}- {D}_{3}^{2}- {D}_{1}{D}_{2}}\right)\\{D}_{2}\leq {D}_{1}\leq {D}_{3}\leq 1 \\\frac{N{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{4{f}_{\mathrm{s}}L}\left({-{D}_{1}+ {D}_{2}+ {D}_{3}+ {D}_{1}^{2}- {D}_{1}{D}_{2}- {D}_{1}{D}_{3}}\right)\\{D}_{3}\leq {D}_{1}\leq {D}_{2}\leq 1 \end{matrix}\right.$
对比以上调制策略, 不难发现: 令 TPS 调制中原、副边全桥内移相角相等,可得到 DPS 调制策略; 令 TPS 调制中一侧全桥内移相角为 0, 可得到 EPS 调制; 令 TPS 调制中原、副边内移相角均为 0, 可得到 SPS 调制策略。因此, TPS 调制可看作是以上移相策略的综合, 具有更多的控制自由度, 但同时也增加了控制与优化的复杂度。
文献[16,19-20]、文献[21-22]、文献[17,23-24] 分别分析了 DPS、EPS、TPS 调制下 DAB 变换器的传输功率与软开关情况。而根据文献[25]定义 SPS、DPS、EPS、TPS 调制策略的等效移相角${D}_{\mathrm{f}}$
${D}_{\mathrm{f}}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} D &\text{ SPS }\\{D}_{2}& \text{ DPS }\\{D}_{2}- {D}_{1}/2 &\text{ EPS }\\{D}_{2}/2 +{D}_{2}/2 -{D}_{1}/2 &\text{ TPS }\end{array}\right.$
可得 4 种调制方式下传输功率随等效移相角${D}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 的变化范围如图7所示,其中${P}^{* }= N{V}_{1}{V}_{2}/\left({8{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$。 可见, SPS 调制下,功率仅随${D}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 变化,因此任意${D}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 仅对应 1 个功率点,而对于 DPS、EPS、TPS 调制策略, 得益于控制自由度的增加, 任意功率点可对应多个功率点。对于固定的${D}_{\mathrm{f}}$, TPS 的功率可调范围最广, EPS 次之, DPS 较小。
文献[26]给出了TPS 调制策略下开关管 ZVS 的判定方法。基于该判定方法, 可得到 SPS、DPS、 EPS、TPS 的 ZVS 范围随电压传输比$\left({K ={V}_{1}/\left({N{V}_{2}}\right)}\right)$ 与标幺传输功率变化的关系。其中, EPS 与 TPS 策略可以通过调节原、副边内移相角使不同电压传输比情况下原、副边电压始终处于匹配状态, 因此可以保证开关管 ZVS 的实现。而对于 SPS 与 DPS 调制策略, 其 ZVS 区域随电压传输比与标幺化传输功率的变化曲线(功率正向传输),如图8所示。 由于这 2 种策略不能调节原、副边电压的匹配程度, 随着$K$ 越偏离 1, ZVS 区域不断缩小。特别地,对于 DPS 调制策略, 尽管其可以通过调节内移相角降低回流功率,但其原、副边全桥内移相角相同, 不能调节原、副边电压匹配程度, 从而拓展 ZVS 区域。
从 SPS 到 DPS、EPS、TPS 调制策略,随着控制自由度的增加, 对 DAB 变换器不同运行状态下的优化成为可能,文献 [18] 针对 DAB 变换器的优化控制策略进行了大量研究。DAB 变换器的优化通常包括变换器建模、优化目标、算法的选取及具体控制实现等步骤。
DAB 变换器建模主要包含 2 种方法:时域分析法与谐波分析法。
在时域分析法中, 通常需要对 DAB 变换器不同运行模态进行划分, 并写出各运行模态中关键电流、电压的表达式。继而, 根据不同的优化目标建立相应的数学表达式, 在此基础上进行优化。文献 [28,32] 、文献$\left\lbrack {25}\right\rbrack$、文献$\left\lbrack {{34}- {35}}\right\rbrack$ 分别建立了 DPS、 EPS、TPS 调制下的 DAB 数学模型, 并在此基础上建立了如回流功率、开关电流应力、传输效率的数学模型, 从而优化不同电压传输比、不同功率下的移相角。
在文献 [23,26,34] 的谐波分析法中,首先对原、副边全桥输出交流电压进行傅里叶级数展开, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{v}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5,\ldots }}\frac{4{V}_{1}}{n\pi }\cos \left({n\frac{{\alpha }_{1}}{2}}\right)\sin \left({n{\omega }_{0}t}\right)\\{v}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5,\ldots }}\frac{{4N}{V}_{2}}{n\pi }\cos \left({n\frac{{\alpha }_{2}}{2}}\right)\sin \left\lbrack {n\left({{\omega }_{0}t -\beta }\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
并在式(8)基础上计算 DAB 变换器的回流功率、电流应力或传输效率的傅里叶级数形式表达式, 从而进行相关优化。
对比上述 2 种建模方法, 时域分析法可以更直观地反映 DAB 变换器在某时刻的工作状态,也是 DAB 变换器研究中最为广泛使用的方法, 但在分析过程中需要对 DAB 变换器的每个工作模态进行建模, 分析较为复杂。而对于谐波分析法, 其分析的准确度与最高谐波次数有关, 分析的谐波次数越高, 准确性越好, 但过高的谐波次数也会增加计算难度, 因此研究中往往将最高的谐波次数设置为 3。但当考虑寄生参数(如开关管寄生电容)与死区的影响时, 谐波分析法由于计算谐波次数的限制, 分析准确性不佳。
各文献典型的建模方法、优化目标、优化算法与控制实现对比如表1所示, 其分别从软开关实现、最小回流功率、最小电流应力、最低开关器件损耗及最高传输效率等角度对 DAB 变换器的运行性能进行优化。一般地, 研究中均指定唯一的优化目标, 但文献[25,33]特别将开关管 ZVS 实现作为优化的约束条件。文献[27]建立 DPS 调制下 DAB 变换器的功率损耗模型, 分析了软开关与非软开关条件下的开关损耗。
DAB 优化控制的另一重点在于优化算法的选取。 由表1可见, 大多数文献采用 Lagrange 乘数法 LMM(Lagrange multiplier method)进行优化。在 LMM 方法中, 需要构建优化目标的拉格朗日函数, 即
$ L\left({{D}_{1},{D}_{2},{D}_{3}}\right)= f\left({{D}_{1},{D}_{2},{D}_{3}}\right)+ $
$\lambda \left\lbrack {P\left({{D}_{1},{D}_{2},{D}_{3}}\right)- {P}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right\rbrack $
式中: 函数$f$ 为优化目标函数;$\lambda$ 为辅助变量;$P$ 为传输功率函数;${P}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为给定的传输功率。通过求解相应的偏微分方程,可得到功率为${P}^{* }$ 下优化函数的条件极值及对应的优化解$\left({{D}_{1},{D}_{2},{D}_{3}}\right)$
文献[26]指出:在采用 LMM 时必须检验其 Hessian 矩阵以验证条件极值的存在性; 且当考虑开关管 ZVS 约束时, LMM 的优化解可能在 ZVS 边界外。文献 [25,33] 采用 LMM 对 TPS 调制下的 DAB 变换器控制进行了优化, 求解了最小电流应力与实现 ZVS 条件下的${D}_{1}$${D}_{2}$${D}_{3}$ 表达式。而考虑到复杂优化模型(如变换器全损耗模型[27] )下 LMM 求解的困难性, 文献[27]和文献[35]分别采用 MATLAB 数值计算与粒子群优化算法求解相应控制变量的数值解。
基于优化算法结果, 即解析解或数值解, 优化控制的实现方法也主要分为 2 类: 公式法与查表法。其控制环路通常包含单一电压(或电流、功率) 闭环与优化控制变量生成这 2 个部分。通过闭环控制生成外移相角或控制传输功率,结合实时采样的输入、输出电压参数, 基于公式法或查表法得到实时优化控制参数$\left({{D}_{1}\text{、}{D}_{2}\text{、}{D}_{3}}\right)$,最后进行波形调制。
虽然已有的DAB变换器控制研究的优化目的与优化算法各有不同,但最终目的均是为了提升 DAB 变换器的传输效率。从这个角度来看, 文献[27]已经进行了较为完备的工作, 但受限于DPS 本身的控制限制, 并未能达到 DAB 的最佳运行状态。而对单一目标(如电流应力、回流功率)的优化难以保证开关管软开关的全功率、宽电压范围的实现, 在轻载情况下可能出现丢失 ZVS, 开关尖峰增大甚至效率下降的问题。文献 [25,33] 所提出的基于 TPS 调制的优化控制策略可同时实现最小电流应力与开关管 ZVS, 可能最接近于最高传输效率的目的。
另一方面, 优化控制的准确性依赖于其数学模型的精度, 然而目前优化控制在建模中未考虑开关寄生参数与死区时间的影响, 因此在轻载情况下控制的准确性将难以保证(下一章中将介绍死区效应相关研究)。文献 [26] 仅将 ZVS 条件定义为同一桥臂互补开关管关断电流大于 0,文献[25]虽考虑了开关寄生电容的影响, 但依然忽略了死区效应。因此, 如何细化 DAB 变换器数学模型, 提升优化控制的准确性, 是亟待解决的问题。
DAB 变换器在实际应用中也呈现出诸多问题, 如高频变压器可能由于电路的不一致性或暂态运行状态变化造成直流偏磁。文献[37-56]分别针对 DAB 变换器运行过程中直流偏磁、死区效应及浪涌电流等问题的分析和解决方法进行了归纳概括。
DAB 变换器运行过程中变压器容易产生直流偏置, 使得其高频变压器易发生磁饱和而影响其正常工作。产生直流偏置的原因主要有: ①开关器件的参数不一致(例如导通压降, 开通时间等); ②驱动信号时序不一致;③端口直流电压的波动;④移相调制时相位角的突然变化。其中, 原因①、②所产生的直流偏置在变换器运行过程中始终存在, 属于稳态偏磁;原因③、④所产生的直流偏置属于暂态偏磁, 将在产生一段时间后由于器件或电路中的寄生电阻而被消除。
表2所示, 直流偏置的消除方法主要有被动平衡与主动消除这 2 种方式。其中, 被动平衡方法通常是添加额外的隔直电容来抵消造成偏磁的直流偏置电压[37],或在磁芯中开气隙提升磁芯对直流偏磁的耐受能力[38]。文献[37]指出,隔直电容会使 DAB 变换器发生低频振荡, 造成低频 EMI 问题, 并且隔直电容将增大功率损耗与装置体积。而在磁芯导磁回路中增加气隙的做法并未消除偏磁现象, 仅是提升了磁芯对直流偏磁的耐受能力。文献[44] 提出了 1 种考虑驱动、开关器件寄生电阻差异性的变压器最大偏磁预测方法, 从而对变换器进行合理设计来控制其稳态直流偏置不超过最大允许值。而主动消除方式则是采用测量控制调节驱动信号或直接通过外置绕组来消除高频变压器中的直流偏磁。文献[39-42]分别提出了基于“磁耳”、“磁芯柱开槽”、导磁回路气隙、特殊磁芯的直接测量磁芯磁通的方法。文献[43]则通过测量变压器原、副边电流对其差值进行积分得到励磁电感直流偏置电流, 进一步通过调节驱动信号来消除直流偏磁。文献[45]针对 DAB 变换器中移相角突变造成变压器偏磁的问题, 提出了移相角渐变调节方式来消除 DAB 变换器移相角变化过程中产生的直流偏置。
此外, 在消除直流偏置的同时, 也要尽量从根本上控制其产生, DAB 变换器需要在器件选型时尽量选取误差较小的同型号器件以减小器件的差异, 同时采用精度较高的控制器及性能一致的驱动电路来保证驱动信号的准确性。选取合适的控制方式保证移相角变化时不产生直流偏置, 对变压器参数进行合理设计以留取一定抗偏磁裕量。
近年来,$\mathrm{{SiC}}$$\mathrm{{GaN}}$ 等宽禁带器件的应用日益广泛, 变换器的开关频率也在不断提高, 死区效应对其影响也越来越显著。死区效应可能会引起电压反转、相位偏移及占空比丢失等现象,最后造成电流畸变、优化控制策略失效等问题。文献[46]分析了死区效应对 SPS 调制的 DAB 变换器开关换相过程、传输功率与回流功率的影响。SPS 调制下 DAB 变换器极性反转的波形如图9所示,其中$D$ 为移相占空比,${D}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为死区占比。在$\left\lbrack {{t}_{1},{t}_{2}}\right\rbrack$ 期间,由于电感电流为负,${D}_{1}$${D}_{4}$ 导通,此时发生原边侧电压极性反转的现象。文献[47]分析了 DPS 调制下具有死区效应的 DAB 变换器的开关特性,对死区时间造成的现象进行了总结, 并使系统在隐性死区时间模式下运行, 避免了死区效应, 从而获得更好的系统性能。
文献[48]将死区作为 1 个控制自由度, 提出了可拓宽软开关范围的死区占空比控制方法。文献[50]提出了 1 种控制死区时间随着传输功率和电压配比不同而变化的电流应力优化控制策略。目前对 DAB 变换器死区效应的研究大多仍建立在 SPS 调制的基础上, 对于计及死区效应的 DPS、EPS、 TPS 调制优化策略仍值得进一步研究。
浪涌电流是指电源接通瞬间或是在电路出现异常时产生的远大于稳态电流的电流, DAB 变换器中浪涌电流主要出现在启动过程及移相角突变时刻。启动过程中,由于负载侧电压较低,移相控制难以有效调节充电电流大小, 导致了较高的启动电流。文献[51]在变换器输入侧串联启动电阻,限制启动电流大小,当变换器完成启动后通过机械开关旁路启动电阻。虽然该启动方法简单便捷, 但启动电阻体积较大, 串联机械开关也增加了导通的损耗。因此, 文献[52]中采用基于耦合绕组结构的辅助电路实现变换器的软启动, 该耦合绕组大大增加了电路结构的复杂性。另一方面, 文献[53]在启动阶段,通过缓慢增加原边侧输出方波电压占空比,有效降低了启动电流。进一步地, 文献[54]提出两段式充电控制策略。在第 1 阶段, 闭锁输出侧开关管, 利用其反并联二极管对负载侧电容充电。待输出电压稳定时, 进入启动过程的第 2 阶段, 采用移相调制策略调节输出电压, 但在 2 个阶段的切换过程中仍有较大的浪涌电流。 文献[55]综合了以上 2 种策略, 提出三段式启动策略, 第 1 阶段控制策略与文献[45]中第 1 阶段相同, 待输出电压稳定在${V}_{\mathrm{{out}}1}$ 后,进入第 2 阶段,以${V}_{\mathrm{{out}}1}$ 为输出电压参考值使用移相调制, 待其输出电压稳定后, 进入第 3 阶段, 使输出电压参考值渐变至所需输出电压参考值, 最终完成变换器的启动过程。另外, 文献[56]讨论了多重移相控制下, 当其中 1 个移相角改变时,可能导致其他移相角调节产生波动, 继而导致浪涌电流的问题, 并提出了 1 种新型的 DPS 调制策略, 大大降低了浪涌电流。 此种调节方式亦可借鉴至DAB变换器 EPS 与 TPS 控制策略中。
DAB 变换器由于功率双向传输、软开关易于实现的特性, 被广泛应用于各类需要功率双向传输的场合。本文从典型调制策略、优化方法、实际应用问题这 3 个方面对现有 DAB 变换器研究成果进行了梳理与总结, 可得到以下结论, 以及未来发展中需要重点关注的方面。
(1)SPS、DPS 与 EPS 调制均为 TPS 调制方式的特例, TPS 调制由于其具有较多的调制自由度, 可实现对 DAB 变换器运行状态的准确控制, 是进一步优化 DAB 变换器运行性能的基础。但同时需要注意, TPS 调制复杂度较高, 降低了系统的可靠性, 若在研究 DAB 变换器优化控制策略时考虑可靠性需求, 将更有利于相关优化控制策略的实际工程应用。
(2)在 DAB 变换器控制优化方面,时域分析法与谐波分析法各有所长。但随着宽禁带半导体器件的应用, 变换器开关频率越来越高, 死区效应愈加显著, 导致优化过程中对变换器模型精确性的要求越来越高, 在使用谐波分析法时应注意谐波次数的选取,在保证分析准确性的基础上再考虑快速性。 而对于时域分析法, 应考虑死区导致的极性翻转等现象, 建立变 DAB 变换器的完备模型, 以提升优化结果的准确性。
(3)DAB 变换器实际应用中的问题也值得关注与研究, 例如第 4 节中所述的偏磁、死区效应与浪涌电流等方面。此外,随着$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 等宽禁带半导体器件的应用,器件高$\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}t$ 特性加剧了变换器对如高频变压器寄生电容等寄生参数的敏感性, 所产生的高频振荡等问题也降低了变换器的运行效率与可靠性, 而目前对这方面的研究很少, 难以指导实际工业应用。因此, 有必要围绕 DAB 变换器实际应用问题展开更深入的研究。
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.53
  • 接收时间:2022-01-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-11
  • 修回日期:2022-03-23
  • 录用日期:2022-03-31
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    1 广东电网有限责任公司 东莞供电局 东莞 523000
    2 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 南京 211102
    3 东南大学 先进电能变换技术与装备研究所 南京 210096
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