Article(id=1154037280730764091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.292, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1631548800000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-14, revisedDate=1640016000000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-21, acceptedDate=1643212800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-01-27, onlineDate=1753073528702, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073528702, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073528702, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073528702, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=292, endPage=300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037281838060354, articleId=1154037280730764091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Aging Monitoring Method for Power Device Bond Wires in PMSM DTC System Involving Flux Linkage and Current, columnId=1153024086025429058, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Semiconductor Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In a closed-loop control system, the aging monitoring method for power devices based on electrical parameters is one of the difficulties in the field of power electronics reliability. The direct torque control (DTC) system of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is taken as an example, and an on-line monitoring method for the aged state of power devices in a power inverter is studied based on the phase diagram of flux linkage and current. First, the aged characteristics of power devices are analyzed, and it is concluded that the on-state resistance will increase due to the aging of bond wires. Second, the relationship between power device bond wires aging and the phase diagram of flux linkage and the relationship between aging and direct axis current and three-phase current peak value are studied, and the aging monitoring methods are proposed accordingly. Finally, through several groups of simulation experiments, it is verified that both the monitoring method based on the phase diagram of flux linkage and the monitoring method based on current can realize on-line monitoring of the aged state of power device bond wires in the power inverter. The monitoring method based on the phase diagram of flux linkage is easy to observe when there are some fluctuations in the system flux, so it is not desirable considering that the power device has already been in a failure state at the same time. In comparison, the monitoring method based on three-phase current can more accurately monitor the aged state of power devices, and its effect is more advantageous.

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在闭环控制系统中,基于电参数的功率器件老化监测方法是电力电子可靠性领域的难点之一。以永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统为例,研究基于磁链相图和电流的功率逆变器中功率器件老化状态的在线监测方法。首先,分析功率器件老化的特征,得到键合线老化引起通态电阻增加的结论;其次,研究得到功率器件键合线老化与磁链相图、直轴电流和三相电流峰值变化的关系,进而提出功率器件键合线老化的监测方法;最后,通过多组仿真实验验证了基于磁链相图和电流的在线监测方法均可实现功率逆变器中功率器件键合线老化状态的在线监测。其中,基于磁链相图的在线监测方法需要系统磁链出现一些波动时才易观测,此时功率器件处于失效状态,该方法并不可取;而基于三相电流的监测方法能够更为精确地监测功率器件的老化情况,效果更为优越。

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赵相睿(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:永磁同步电机的故障诊断。E-mail: 894467322@qq.com。

董超(1978-),男,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程。E-mail: dongpengjin@163.com。

姚婉荣(1983-),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:新能源汽车控制技术。E-mail: yaowanrong4218@dingtalk.com。

杜明星(1980-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子装置可靠性与电磁兼容。E-mail: dumx@tjut.edu.cn。

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赵相睿(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:永磁同步电机的故障诊断。E-mail: 894467322@qq.com。

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赵相睿(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:永磁同步电机的故障诊断。E-mail: 894467322@qq.com。

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董超(1978-),男,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程。E-mail: dongpengjin@163.com。

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董超(1978-),男,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程。E-mail: dongpengjin@163.com。

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姚婉荣(1983-),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:新能源汽车控制技术。E-mail: yaowanrong4218@dingtalk.com。

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姚婉荣(1983-),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:新能源汽车控制技术。E-mail: yaowanrong4218@dingtalk.com。

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杜明星(1980-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子装置可靠性与电磁兼容。E-mail: dumx@tjut.edu.cn。

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杜明星(1980-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子装置可靠性与电磁兼容。E-mail: dumx@tjut.edu.cn。

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IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2021. 63(4): 1274-1283., articleTitle=Aged monitoring of bond wires based on differential mode conducted interference spectrum for IGBT module, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154048206284513800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, awardId=20YDTPJC00510, language=EN, fundingSource=Tianjin Special Project for Guiding Technological Innovation(20YDTPJC00510), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154048206347428362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, awardId=20YDTPJC00510, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市技术创新引导专项资助项目(20YDTPJC00510), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154048196025245970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154048196029440275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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figureFileBig=tRUUIel7WD5curgqWzhIDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048202551583166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Three-phase inverter of PMSM, figureFileSmall=lZwHQdCKjqQJdz9zXDAEhg==, figureFileBig=4Y4QYbq4mPEfiFrCf9rqog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048202610303424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图2, caption=永磁同步电机三相逆变器, figureFileSmall=lZwHQdCKjqQJdz9zXDAEhg==, figureFileBig=4Y4QYbq4mPEfiFrCf9rqog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048202706772419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Aged characterization of bond wires inside IGBT module, figureFileSmall=5ptd5KP34xiBVtbxpYfXAQ==, figureFileBig=mNcOo31qzBHOTXv040jRlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048202782269893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图3, caption=IGBT 模块内部键合线老化表征, figureFileSmall=5ptd5KP34xiBVtbxpYfXAQ==, figureFileBig=mNcOo31qzBHOTXv040jRlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048202832601544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Torque and flux linkage when impedance of power device ${\mathbf{Q}}_{1}$ is $\mathbf{0}{.72\Omega }$, figureFileSmall=Uof2NVgm8cKNpyM63YKPsw==, figureFileBig=v5qP0N6cfeL0EhPzjGHAqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048202895516107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图4, caption=功率器件 ${Q}_{1}$ 的阻抗为 ${0.72\Omega }$ 的转矩和磁链, figureFileSmall=Uof2NVgm8cKNpyM63YKPsw==, figureFileBig=v5qP0N6cfeL0EhPzjGHAqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048202945847759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Phase diagram of flux linkage and sector distribution in healthy state of power devices, figureFileSmall=3j4hTBW7PFqiudkSQotLKw==, figureFileBig=LfXg0OeubnTS+DFGu4uE+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048203000373715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图5, caption=功率器件健康状态下磁链相图和扇区分布, figureFileSmall=3j4hTBW7PFqiudkSQotLKw==, figureFileBig=LfXg0OeubnTS+DFGu4uE+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048203059093975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Phase diagram of flux linkage in aged state of different power devices, figureFileSmall=jakcAjbh2oZlAZG8Tb28Xg==, figureFileBig=rhpEEN4nE+mD7luJwED9jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048204988473820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同功率器件老化状态下的磁链相图, figureFileSmall=jakcAjbh2oZlAZG8Tb28Xg==, figureFileBig=rhpEEN4nE+mD7luJwED9jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205051388384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Changes in ${i}_{d}$ and ${i}_{q}$ after aging of power devices, figureFileSmall=pzE2ti8h8DTg6zFtDN0PFQ==, figureFileBig=Eziqp5ZNVC5eS6lGWtp5Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205114302948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图7, caption=功率器件老化后 ${i}_{d}$ 和 ${i}_{q}$ 的变化, figureFileSmall=pzE2ti8h8DTg6zFtDN0PFQ==, figureFileBig=Eziqp5ZNVC5eS6lGWtp5Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205189800422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Changes in ${i}_{d}$ after aging of power devices, figureFileSmall=ZRuwBRKA+yU05H1Tvo4F/w==, figureFileBig=GYOmlcK4N1kdznGiLZYz8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205252714984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图8, caption=功率器件老化后 ${i}_{d}$ 的变化, figureFileSmall=ZRuwBRKA+yU05H1Tvo4F/w==, figureFileBig=GYOmlcK4N1kdznGiLZYz8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205311435243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Changes in three-phase current after aging of power devices, figureFileSmall=WToIbrlsCDB7XnjnBQ5xkA==, figureFileBig=ReVEv0KpTUrenkba7DdhbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205395321327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图9, caption=功率器件老化后三相电流的变化, figureFileSmall=WToIbrlsCDB7XnjnBQ5xkA==, figureFileBig=ReVEv0KpTUrenkba7DdhbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205458235890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Changes in three-phase current after aging of different power devices, figureFileSmall=G5gwX3rtYgXNt4DzF94pHg==, figureFileBig=foRGourHPcO0FZ8BeZSseg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205542121973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同功率器件老化后三相电流的变化, figureFileSmall=G5gwX3rtYgXNt4DzF94pHg==, figureFileBig=foRGourHPcO0FZ8BeZSseg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205617619446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Changes in characteristic current waveform after aging of different power devices, figureFileSmall=YCID3GesomA07kTayeGLeg==, figureFileBig=jfPiTg+OwZQMXb7GDiNKGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205667951096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同功率器件老化后其特征电流的波形变化, figureFileSmall=YCID3GesomA07kTayeGLeg==, figureFileBig=jfPiTg+OwZQMXb7GDiNKGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048205743448570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Setting of motor parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
定子电阻$R/\Omega$ 1.3
电枢电感$L/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.85
极对数${p}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 2
永磁体磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 0.175
转动惯量$J/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 0.0008
阻尼系数$B/\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0.0001
直流侧电压${U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 300
), ArticleFig(id=1154048205806363132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=表1, caption=电机参数设定, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
定子电阻$R/\Omega$ 1.3
电枢电感$L/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 0.85
极对数${p}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 2
永磁体磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{Wb}}$ 0.175
转动惯量$J/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 0.0008
阻尼系数$B/\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0.0001
直流侧电压${U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 300
), ArticleFig(id=1154048205873471998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Aged state monitoring of power devices based on phase diagram of flux linkage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扇区分布 老化功率器件
扇区 I ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$
扇区 II ${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$
扇区皿 ${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$
扇区IV ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$
扇区 V ${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$
扇区VI ${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154048205927997952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=表2, caption=基于磁链相图的功率器件老化状态监测, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扇区分布 老化功率器件
扇区 I ${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$
扇区 II ${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$
扇区皿 ${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$
扇区IV ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$
扇区 V ${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$
扇区VI ${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154048205990912514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Aged state monitoring of power devices based on three-phase current, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化功率器件 电流特征值
${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{A}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\downarrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{A}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\uparrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{B}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\downarrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{B}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\uparrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{C}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\downarrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{C}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\uparrow$
), ArticleFig(id=1154048206066409988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280730764091, language=CN, label=表3, caption=基于三相电流的功率器件老化状态监测, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化功率器件 电流特征值
${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{A}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\downarrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{A}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\uparrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{B}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\downarrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{B}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\uparrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{C}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\downarrow$
${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ ${i}_{\mathrm{C}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\uparrow$
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计及磁链和电流的PMSM DTC 系统中功率器件键合线老化监测方法
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赵相睿 1 , 董超 1 , 姚婉荣 2 , 杜明星 1
电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024,22(4): 292-300
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电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024, 22(4): 292-300
计及磁链和电流的PMSM DTC 系统中功率器件键合线老化监测方法
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赵相睿1 , 董超1 , 姚婉荣2 , 杜明星1
作者信息
  • 1 天津理工大学 天津市复杂系统控制理论及应用重点实验室 天津 300384
  • 2 天津中科华盈科技有限公司 天津 300300
  • 赵相睿(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:永磁同步电机的故障诊断。E-mail: 894467322@qq.com。

    董超(1978-),男,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:控制理论与控制工程。E-mail: dongpengjin@163.com。

    姚婉荣(1983-),女,本科,工程师。研究方向:新能源汽车控制技术。E-mail: yaowanrong4218@dingtalk.com。

    杜明星(1980-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子装置可靠性与电磁兼容。E-mail: dumx@tjut.edu.cn。

Aging Monitoring Method for Power Device Bond Wires in PMSM DTC System Involving Flux Linkage and Current
Xiangrui ZHAO1 , Chao DONG1 , Wanrong YAO2 , Mingxing DU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Complex System Control Theory and Application Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 China
  • 2 Tianjin Zhongke Huaying Technology Co., Ltd Tianjin 300300 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.292
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在闭环控制系统中,基于电参数的功率器件老化监测方法是电力电子可靠性领域的难点之一。以永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统为例,研究基于磁链相图和电流的功率逆变器中功率器件老化状态的在线监测方法。首先,分析功率器件老化的特征,得到键合线老化引起通态电阻增加的结论;其次,研究得到功率器件键合线老化与磁链相图、直轴电流和三相电流峰值变化的关系,进而提出功率器件键合线老化的监测方法;最后,通过多组仿真实验验证了基于磁链相图和电流的在线监测方法均可实现功率逆变器中功率器件键合线老化状态的在线监测。其中,基于磁链相图的在线监测方法需要系统磁链出现一些波动时才易观测,此时功率器件处于失效状态,该方法并不可取;而基于三相电流的监测方法能够更为精确地监测功率器件的老化情况,效果更为优越。

永磁同步电机  /  直接转矩控制  /  功率器件  /  键合线  /  老化监测  /  磁链相图

In a closed-loop control system, the aging monitoring method for power devices based on electrical parameters is one of the difficulties in the field of power electronics reliability. The direct torque control (DTC) system of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is taken as an example, and an on-line monitoring method for the aged state of power devices in a power inverter is studied based on the phase diagram of flux linkage and current. First, the aged characteristics of power devices are analyzed, and it is concluded that the on-state resistance will increase due to the aging of bond wires. Second, the relationship between power device bond wires aging and the phase diagram of flux linkage and the relationship between aging and direct axis current and three-phase current peak value are studied, and the aging monitoring methods are proposed accordingly. Finally, through several groups of simulation experiments, it is verified that both the monitoring method based on the phase diagram of flux linkage and the monitoring method based on current can realize on-line monitoring of the aged state of power device bond wires in the power inverter. The monitoring method based on the phase diagram of flux linkage is easy to observe when there are some fluctuations in the system flux, so it is not desirable considering that the power device has already been in a failure state at the same time. In comparison, the monitoring method based on three-phase current can more accurately monitor the aged state of power devices, and its effect is more advantageous.

Permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)  /  direct torque control (DTC)  /  power device  /  bond wire  /  aging monitoring  /  phase diagram of flux linkage
赵相睿, 董超, 姚婉荣, 杜明星. 计及磁链和电流的PMSM DTC 系统中功率器件键合线老化监测方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 292 -300 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.292
Xiangrui ZHAO, Chao DONG, Wanrong YAO, Mingxing DU. Aging Monitoring Method for Power Device Bond Wires in PMSM DTC System Involving Flux Linkage and Current[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 292 -300 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.292
闭环控制系统又称反馈控制系统,即通过信号正向通路和反馈通路构成闭合回路的自动控制系统。永磁同步电机直接转矩系统是 1 个转矩磁链双闭环系统,通过实时检测电机定子电压和电流来计算转矩和磁链幅值, 并分别与参考值作比较, 最后在滞环控制的作用下输出所需的空间电压矢量, 从而达到理想输出结果[1-2]。相比于传统开环控制,磁链和转矩在闭环控制的作用下维持稳定, 减小了磁链和转矩脉动, 但增大了监测器件健康状态的难度[3-4]
永磁同步电机控制系统一般由电机驱动模块、 功率变换模块和控制管理模块这 3 个部分组成, 其中功率变换模块中的功率器件工作于高频开关模式下易引起器件发热, 是电机驱动系统最易出现故障的部位。如果能够对功率器件的健康状态进行实时在线监测, 那么就能够有效避免因功率器件损坏而引起的系统故障, 从而提高系统的安全性和可靠性。因此, 永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统关于功率器件老化状态的研究具有重要意义。
功率变换模块中的功率器件多为 IGBT, 故本文功率器件以 IGBT 为例, 基于器件特性进行老化状态监测。有研究表明,通态电阻[5] 、导通压降[6-7] 、 阈值电压[7-8] 、开关延迟时间[9] 、拖尾电流[10] 和热时间常数[11] 等均可作为 IGBT 模块老化的监测参数, 然而这些参数均不太适用于在线监测, 更不适用于系统的整体监测, 且监测成本较高。因此在分析过程中, 需要从直接转矩控制策略本身特性提取有效的参数作为老化监测的参考。
为了提高系统的安全性和可靠性, 本文提出了基于磁链相图和三相电流的方法在线监测功率器件健康状态。首先, 构建功率器件老化模型, 并在直接转矩控制系统模型中模拟功率器件老化后的状态; 其次, 分析逆变器中各功率器件在不同老化状态下的数据, 获取能够反映功率器件老化状态的特征值——磁链相图和三相电流峰值;再次, 对比仿真结果, 获取功率器件老化与特征值之间的关系;最后,总结永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统下的功率器件老化状态监测表。其中, 基于磁链相图的在线监测方法需要系统磁链出现一些波动时才易观测, 此时功率器件处于失效状态, 该方法并不可取; 而基于三相电流的监测方法能够更为精确地监测功率器件的老化情况, 效果更为优越。
常见的永磁同步电机直接转矩系统的结构框图如图1所示。本文通过 MATLAB/Simulink 进行建模仿真分析, 设定的电机系统参数见表1
在永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统中, 电机转矩公式为
${T}_{\mathrm{e}}= \frac{3}{2}\frac{{p}_{\mathrm{n}}}{{L}_{d}}\left|{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}\right|{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}\sin \delta +\frac{3\left({{L}_{d}- {L}_{q}}\right)}{4{L}_{d}{L}_{q}}{\left|{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}\right|}^{2}\sin \left({2\delta }\right)$
式中:${T}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为负载转矩;${p}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为电机极对数;${L}_{d}$${L}_{q}$ 分别为定子直轴和交轴电感;${\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}$${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为定子磁链和转子磁链;$\delta$ 为转矩角,即定子磁链和转子磁链之间的夹角。
由式 (1)中可以看出, 电机转矩可分为 2 个部分, 前一部分为电磁转矩, 由电机的定子、转子之间的磁场相互作用产生; 后一部分为磁阻转矩, 由电机凸极结构产生。对于本文所选取的表贴式三相永磁同步电机,定子电感满足${L}_{d}= {L}_{q}= {L}_{\mathrm{s}}$,其转矩可简化为
${T}_{\mathrm{e}}= \frac{3}{2}\frac{{p}_{\mathrm{n}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{s}}}\left|{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}\right|{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}\sin \delta $
由式(2)可以看出转矩与磁链之间的关系。
永磁同步电机三相逆变器如图2所示, 图中${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 为逆变器的 6 组功率器件,其对应的控制信号分别为${s}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{s}_{\mathrm{a}}^{\prime }\text{、}{s}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{s}_{\mathrm{b}}^{\prime }\text{、}{s}_{\mathrm{c}}$${s}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\prime }$。根据其上、下桥臂间的互补关系,可用逆变器 3 个上桥臂的开关状态$\left\lbrack {{s}_{\mathrm{a}}{s}_{\mathrm{b}}{s}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right\rbrack$ 来描述其工作状态。 根据逆变器中功率器件的对称性, 本文以功率器件${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 作为实验对象进行分析验证。
图2所示逆变器常用 IGBT 模块作为功率器件来实现对电机的各种控制, IGBT 模块内部集电极接线端子、IGBT 芯片、发射极接线端子和二极管芯片通过键合线与 DBC 上铜层连接, IGBT 模块最常见的老化部位就是键合线[12],其中键合线跟部裂纹和脱落是 2 种常见的老化形式, 如图3所示, 其中${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为栅极电阻,由 IGBT 模块封装电路决定;${C}_{\mathrm{{gc}}}$ 为芯片集电极和栅极之间的寄生电容,${C}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 为芯片栅极和发射极之间的寄生电容, 寄生电容由芯片内部沟道长度和宽度决定;${Z}_{\text{bandwires }}$ 为键合线阻抗,由键合线老化程度决定, 当键合线发生异常时, 阻抗增加;${i}_{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right)$ 为经过 IGBT 的电流。
当键合线出现图3所示的老化现象后, 键合线连接部分间的阻抗增加, 即 IGBT 芯片与发射极接线端子之间的阻抗增加。根据 IGBT 工作时的状态进行分析,功率器件老化后,键合线阻抗${Z}_{\text{bandwires }}$ 增加, 则功率器件的阻抗增加。由于键合线异常带来的电感变化可忽略, 故本文以内阻的增加来模拟功率器件的老化[7]
直接转矩控制是 1 种以电磁转矩和磁链为控制目标的快速响应控制策略, 考虑到式(2)中转矩与磁链的关系, 可以推论出在常见的系统故障中, 直接转矩控制中磁链和转矩会存在耦合。基于此, 本文首先从转矩和磁链角度分析功率器件老化对系统的影响。在仿真建模时,设定磁链参考值${\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}= {0.22}\mathrm{{Wb}}$, 参考转速${n}_{\text{ref }}= {600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$,负载转矩${T}_{\mathrm{e}}= 1\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m},{\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 的阻抗${Q}_{1}\left(\mathrm{R}\right)= {0.72\Omega }$。实验结果如图4所示。可见, 功率器件老化导致转矩和磁链出现脉动, 但仅能判断出可能有功率器件出现异常, 而无法确定老化器件的位置。对于系统磁链的观测, 除了直接监测磁链外, 还可以通过磁链相图的状态对系统的健康状态进行监测。图5为功率器件健康状态下的磁链相图和扇区分布。
图5可见, 在功率器件健康状态下磁链相图呈圆形, 这意味着形成了旋转磁场。磁链相图的仿真结果如图6所示, 设置三相逆变器 6 个功率器件的阻抗为${1.0\Omega }$ 进行仿真,可见: 功率器件老化会引起磁链波动, 使得磁场不再是完整的圆形, 进而导致磁链相图发生畸变; 不同功率器件老化后所引起磁链相图的畸变分布在不同扇区, 这意味着可以通过判断磁链相图的畸变分布得到逆变器中老化的功率器件。表2为基于磁链相图的功率器件老化状态监测。
上述步骤虽然可以通过磁链相图实现功率老化状态的在线监测, 但是这种方法存在一定局限性, 其需要在磁链出现一定的脉动后才能够明显观测出磁链相图的畸变, 进而实现对老化功率器件的判断。但常规功率器件老化后通态电阻达不到仿真时的阻值, 这意味着无法用该方法对功率器件进行在线监测。反之,一旦监测到磁链相图出现畸变, 说明功率器件已经处于失效状态, 系统处于危险中, 应立即对系统进行维护。为了寻求更合适的监测方法, 进一步分析磁链的形成原因, 其中影响磁链的另一决定性因素是电流, 通过分析电流可以更加清晰地掌握其内部耦合关系。
第 2 章提出了基于磁链相图实现对永磁同步电机系统功率器件老化状态的在线监测, 但是存在一定局限性。在直接转矩控制系统中, 电流无闭环控制, 其电流响应速度快, 能够更精准地检测到功率器件细微的老化变化。在直接转矩控制中${i}_{d}$${i}_{q}$ 可表示为三相 PMSM 经过 Clark+Park 变换后同步旋转坐标下的电流, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{d}= \frac{{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}\cos \delta -{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}}{{L}_{d}}\\{i}_{q}= \frac{\left|{\psi }_{\mathrm{s}}\right|\sin \delta }{{L}_{d}}\end{array}\right.$
由式(3)可以看出,${i}_{d}$${i}_{q}$ 会受到磁链的影响, 故在功率器件老化后, 电流也会发生一定变化。在磁链监测中, 为了能够监测到磁链脉动, 选取的阻抗值偏大。然而,为了更加符合实际使用场景,设定健康状态下功率器件的阻抗$Q\left(\mathrm{R}\right)= {0.01\Omega }$,功率器件的失效区间设定为${0.02}\sim {0.03}{\Omega }^{\left\lbrack 5\right\rbrack }$。实验中,设定参考转速${n}_{\text{ref }}= {600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$,负载转矩${T}_{\mathrm{e}}= 1\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$,${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 的阻抗${Q}_{1}\left(\mathrm{R}\right)= {0.02\Omega }$。实验结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,功率器件老化后${i}_{d}$${i}_{q}$ 均会发生一定变形:${i}_{q}$ 的波形会增加一定的脉动,但变化不明显;${i}_{d}$ 的波形存在明显的变化趋势。因此取${i}_{d}$ 的变化作为功率器件老化的特征参数,将功率器件${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 的阻抗分别设置为${0.015}\text{、}{0.020}\text{、}{0.025}$${0.030\Omega }$ 进行仿真。老化后${i}_{d}$ 与健康状态下${i}_{d}$ 的变化如图8所示。可见, 随着功率器件老化程度的增加,${i}_{d}$ 波形的变化程度进一步增加,但是无法有效判断出逆变器中哪个功率器件出现了老化现象,故需要进一步研究。
相比于同步旋转坐标, 三相坐标系更能体现逆变器的开关状态, 即三相电流能够更好地体现出逆变器不同器件老化后对系统的影响,将${i}_{d}$${i}_{q}$ 进行坐标变换,转换为三相电流${i}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{B}}$${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$,即
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{A}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{B}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{C}}\end{array}\right\rbrack ={\mathbf{T}}_{2\mathrm{r}/3\mathrm{s}}\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}& -\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}\\\cos \left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}- \frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)& -\sin \left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}- \frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\\\cos \left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}+ \frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)& -\sin \left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}- \frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{i}_{d}\\{i}_{r}\\{i}_{s}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中:${\mathbf{T}}_{2\mathrm{r}/3\mathrm{\;s}}$ 为坐标变化矩阵;${\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为坐标系中${i}_{d}$${i}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 的夹角。本文分析和计算均采用恒幅值变换。
在永磁同步电机控制系统中, 逆变器的三相电流分别经过不同桥臂, 由于直接转矩控制无电流闭环, 在功率器件老化后, 逆变器不同桥臂的电流变化必然不同。实验设定参考转速${n}_{\text{ref }}= {600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$,负载转矩${T}_{\mathrm{e}}= 1\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m},{\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 的阻抗${Q}_{1}\left(\mathrm{R}\right)= {0.02\Omega }$。实验结果如图9所示。
图9可见, 与标准的三相正弦波相比, 在功率器件老化后电流波形发生明显变化,${i}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 的波形出现明显畸变,${i}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 减小,${i}_{\mathrm{B}}$${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 则增加。根据功率器件的对称性,如果功率器件${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 出现老化,则对应${i}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 增加,${i}_{\mathrm{B}}$${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 减小;功率器件${\mathrm{Q}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{4}$ 对应${i}_{\mathrm{B}}$;功率器件${\mathrm{Q}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 对应${i}_{\mathrm{C}}$。为了验证以上猜想,分别设置三相逆变器 6 个功率器件${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{Q}}_{6}$ 的阻抗为${0.02\Omega }$,仿真结果如图10所示。
图10可见, 仿真结果符合预期猜想, 逆变器中不同功率器件老化后, 三相电流的变化趋势是不同的, 其中流经该桥臂电流的变化趋势与另外两相电流相反。当上桥臂功率器件发生老化后, 流经该桥臂的电流减小;当下桥臂功率器件发生老化后, 流经该桥臂的电流增加。因此取三相电流峰值作为判断功率器件老化的特征值, 当监测到某相电流峰值增加时, 则对应流经该电流的下桥臂功率器件发生老化,反之,上桥臂功率器件发生老化。为了验证该方法的有效性, 将三相逆变器桥臂的功率器件阻抗${Q}_{n}\left({n = 1,2,\cdots,6}\right)$ 分别设置为${0.015}\text{、}{0.020}$、 0.025 和${0.030\Omega }$ 进行仿真。老化后与健康状态下的特征电流差异, 如图11所示。
图11可见, 当功率器件老化程度增加时, 其对应特征电流的变化进一步增加, 因此取每相电流的峰值作为监测功率器件老化的特征值, 则逆变器下桥臂功率器件的老化程度与其对应的电流特征值呈正相关, 逆变器上桥臂功率器件的老化程度与其对应的电流特征值呈负相关。基于三相电流的功率器件老化状态监测,如表3所示。
表3中,${i}_{\mathrm{A}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)\text{、}{i}_{\mathrm{B}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)$${i}_{\mathrm{C}}\left({P}_{\max }\right)$ 表示电流正向峰值。可知: 在对功率器件健康状态的监测中, 如果三相电流发生畸变, 或者在数字监视中电流峰值发生变化, 根据功率器件老化状态监测表找出对应变化的特征值, 即可判断出发生老化的功率器件; 再根据功率器件的老化程度与其对应的电流特征值之间的关系对照特征值的变化区间进行判断, 即可得出功率器件的老化程度; 最后, 根据实际使用标准判断该功率器件是继续使用还是选择更换。文献[5]中,当功率器件通态电阻增加至${0.02}\sim {0.03\Omega }$ 时, 功率器件属于严重老化状态, 此时功率器件可能面临失效,即对应电流特征值变化率为 10%~20%时, 对应功率器件属于失效区间。通过在线监测系统功率器件的老化状态, 能够提前做出判断和维护, 避免了因功率器件损坏引起的系统故障, 进一步提高了系统的安全性和可靠性。
本文以永磁同步电机直接转矩系统为例, 分别提出了基于磁链相图和电流信号的功率器件老化状态的在线监测方法。基于磁链相图的在线监测方法通过分析功率器件老化引起磁链脉动并使磁链相图发生畸变, 进而根据畸变的扇区可以判断出发生老化的功率器件。该方法可以实现老化功率器件的定位, 但存在一定的约束性, 适用于磁链波动较大的情况, 此时老化已经十分严重甚至失效, 并不适用于监测功率器件老化状态, 更适合对系统进行预警。为了进一步提高功率器件老化监测的敏感性, 从磁链分析入手, 提出基于电流的在线监测方法, 由于直接转矩控制是磁链闭环非电流闭环, 得到功率器件老化后电流${i}_{d}$${i}_{q}$ 的变化,再根据逆变器特点将其转换为三相电流, 通过仿真得到受老化影响的三相电流, 根据其畸变趋势分析出特征值, 该方法能够更为精确地监测功率器件的老化情况, 效果更为优越, 更适合应用于实际工作中。
  • 天津市技术创新引导专项资助项目(20YDTPJC00510)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.292
  • 接收时间:2021-09-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-14
  • 修回日期:2021-12-21
  • 录用日期:2022-01-27
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Tianjin Special Project for Guiding Technological Innovation(20YDTPJC00510)
天津市技术创新引导专项资助项目(20YDTPJC00510)
作者信息
    1 天津理工大学 天津市复杂系统控制理论及应用重点实验室 天津 300384
    2 天津中科华盈科技有限公司 天津 300300
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